The Case for International Venture Capital Firms
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1 Global Innovation – The Case for International Venture Capital Firms By Adj. Prof. Dr. Martin Haemmig, August 2004 The global economy has fuelled the growth of entrepreneurship and created investment opportu- nities almost anywhere in the world. Entrepreneurs continue to develop innovations that create new markets and businesses. These companies increasingly need to be global in scale, in order to successfully capture market share and build out to a sustainable business that pays solid returns to investors. The following overview by the author is a compilation of research, think-tank initiatives, round tables, conferences and discussions over the last 6 months with investors, VC firms, corporate investors, entrepreneurs and venture capital associations in Asia, Europe, Israel and the United States. It includes the cumulative learning from the “Globalizing Venture Capital” module at NVCA’s Venture Capital Institute (graduate program), which the author designed and moderated in February 2004 in San Jose/CA. Global Technology Demand Drives International Startups and Their VC Firms Competition drives small and large corporations for efficiencies in any aspect of the business. Technology is one relevant factor that can assist these firms to either remain or emerge as leaders in their global environment. The pressure from shareholders on their returns forces these players to focus increasingly on their core business, speeding up time to market with new products or services, and thus search for external technologies to complement their internal R&D efforts. This provides huge opportunities for startups to provide some missing product or service pieces to help these larger firms stay competitive in their offering. This demand spurs increasingly a circle that includes larger corporations, startup companies, their venture capital firms and fund investors. It is this environment that requires international VC firms to provide their expertise of building companies and their global network to enable startups to go international. The added value by international VCs helps build faster and more globally exposed startup companies that lead to bigger and more competitive firms and thus potentially higher re- turns for VC funds if executed properly. Global Direct Investment Flows Into Startups Across Geographies Foreign “direct investments” to local portfolio firms and investments made outside the domestic market can be significant (2003 data – VentureXpert/Venture Economics). EU 2.8% USA 51.3% USA 96.7% USA 84.1% Asia 0.8% Asia 0.5% Asia 40.1% Israel 0.3% U.S.-based VCs invest 81% domestically Israel 0.4% Israel 0.2% EU 3.1% EU 3.7% and 19% in foreign countries. Europe’s VCs ($1.4B) ($3.2B) ($0.6B) ($1.8B) invest 88% in their region, while an additio- +6% +52% +140% +88% nal 12% goes overseas. Israel’s VCs invest 86% in Israeli and/or Israel-related startups. Asian VCs invest 71% in their region, while 88% 29% is directed to overseas companies, 81% $6.2B 86% mainly in the U.S. but increasingly in Israel. $24.2B $0.42B 71% On the other hand, U.S. portfolio compa- $2.0B nies receive an additional 6% on top by foreign VC firms. Europe’s VC-backed 19% 12% 13% 29% entrepreneurial firms obtain an additional ($5.6B) ($0.8B) ($0.1B) ($0.8B) 52% (mainly USA) on top of their VC firms, EU 10.7% USA 9.7% USA 12.0% USA 21.8% Asia 5.7% Asia 1.0% Asia 0.6% Israel 6.5% Israeli firms 140% and Asian companies Israel 1.3% Israel 0.3% EU 1.4% EU 1.3% 88% above their domestic VC volume. RoW 1.4% RoW 0.7% RoW 0% RoW 0.4% Global Investment Flows in 2003 – USA, Europe, Israel, Asia (VentureXpert/Venture Economics, 06-2004) 2 Opportunities and Challenges for International Venture Capital Firms Innovation in high-technology by startup companies in recent years has occurred increasingly outside the Silicon Valley and Boston’s Route 128, since governments in other parts of the world have understood the relevance of commercializing innovations as a major force for the competi- tiveness of their nation. Entrepreneurship education has gained grounds in most countries in Europe and in key countries in Asia and in Israel. America’s National Venture Capital Association (NVCA) survey in 2002 revealed that 90% of respondents wanted to know more regarding venture capital outside the United States, both for looking at investment opportunities and to access capi- tal. This was unheard of a decade ago. The entrepreneurial environment outside the U.S. is substantially improving and the impact of American VC firms, with their longstanding tradition of building companies with their hands-on style, has gained great acceptance, particularly through co-investment opportunities with these seasoned venture capitalists. The younger venture capital markets outside the United States have inefficiencies that can be exploited in joint efforts between the American and foreign VC firms. Governments in most countries are improving their legal, regulatory, fiscal and educational environment, which pave the wave for large business opportunities. These countries try to build some clusters of expertise with an appropriate ecosystem for venture creation, which permit their entrepreneurs to build their companies in their home country. There is no doubt, however, that the main markets for most of them will be overseas or in neighboring countries. Israel as a small country, with virtually no local market, has proven the VC-model. Many other countries are rich in technological innovations and/or have a large domestic market, where exploi- tation of such opportunities is waiting, although cultural issues in Europe and Asia have so far been a major stumbling block. Current and forthcoming stories of successful startups in these geogra- phies will start breaking down these cultural barriers. Key issues center on management control and lack of understanding market dynamics for building larger, global companies, because entre- preneurs are too focused on their technology and less on building a global company. Apart from the U.S. and Israel, Europe and Asia start to see their first serial entrepreneurs on their second startup firm, a critical element of shortening the industry’s learning curve. The VC firms will be able to hire new partners with the valuable experience of building a venture-backed startup with a global market. With these elements gaining momentum and critical mass, combined with the learning of the failures during the bubble, Europe and Asia will experience a professionalization of the venture industry in the years to come and with it larger opportunities for investments and lucra- tive returns. Most American venture firms are locally focused businesses and most European VCs concentrate at best on the European market, yet market forces pushes them to expand their international capa- bilities, not only to invest in foreign startups but also to assist their portfolio companies to access their global markets. Exits through public exchanges are not as liquid in Europe and Asia when compared with Nasdaq in the U.S. and thus a fast-growth company may find it crucial to go public where their main market and investors are…. the United States. Market Dynamics Market opportunities are the key driver for innovation. The needs and competition is often global, however, the markets to be addressed are regional or local. Especially in new emerging and inno- vative markets, it may take a few years to see the key players being active in all the larger econo- mies. Startups that concentrate solely on their less competitive local or regional market may be squeezed out later when their strong international competitor moves in. The example of Brokat proves this case: The company started in the new segment of transaction based middleware for the Internet in the European market, initially almost without competition. Potential American com- petitors such as NetDynamics and Kiva (later acquired by Sun Microsystems) or BEA Systems, focused initially on the large, attractive U.S. market. Only when Americas high-growth market was 3 substantially exploited, and their partners such as Sun and Hewlett-Packard targeting the under- served European market, did the young American companies start their European market pene- tration systematically and consequently, in a joint effort with their large collaborators. European local players such as Brokat got gradually squeezed out and faltered their business. It is of crucial importance that startups understand the competitive landscape and forces in the different regions, an activity that is time consuming and often costly for individual companies but something that could done by venture capital firms, especially if they focus on certain industry sectors. Most startups don’t understand sufficiently their current and potential competitors and focus on simply building the faster “mousetrap”. If a new market seems promising, large corpora- tions, however, can easily allocate either substantial resources to catch up and become not the first-mover but first-prover, or acquire a small, emerging competitor. 4,253 USA: Of 6,217 VC-backed companies, only 148 (2.4%) have a physical presence in Europe. 6,217 227 (5.3%) EU: Of 4,253 VC-backed companies, 30 (7.1%) only 227 (5.3%) have a physical 148 (2.4%) presence in the United States. 424 IL: Of 424 VC-backed companies 138 (32.6%) (about 1/2 of Israel’s pool), 138 (32.6%) have a physical presence in USA and 30 (7.1%) in Europe. International Offices of VC-Backed Companies in 2003 (VentureOne) Many startups don’t understand the nuances of power and decision making mechanisms in the different regions. Those not understanding the entities defining the requirements, the decision makers and the ones that finally procure the product or services, will hardly ever have a chance to succeed in a new market.