DOCSLIB.ORG

The Integration of Building and Landscape in a Highway Proximal Environment Through the Smart Use of Earth Berm Sound Barriers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Integration of Building and Landscape in a Highway Proximal Environment Through the Smart Use of Earth Berm Sound Barriers The integration of building and landscape in a highway proximal environment through the smart use of earth berm sound barriers Maria Kaskareli Department of Architecture, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands 14 January 2014 ABSTRACT This paper is investigating the possibility of merging building and landscape in a highway proximal environment in the Netherlands. Green in urban areas is under constant pressure and adding green in cities is a contemporary challenge. This merging is approached by examining how to make smarter use of the earth berm sound barriers that are commonly used on the sides of highways by making them multifunctional. This approach can fit under the earth sheltering technique. Five aspects are identified and studied individually. First, the technique of earth sheltered construction is studied including considerations such as structural loading, the application of thermal insulation, moisture and humidity. Secondly, lighting conditions for earth covered or underground spaces are presented. Next, the acoustic performance of the earthen sound barriers is studied, including general principles, geometry, surface cover and the influence of vegetation. The fourth aspect studied is the greening part, which is comparable to intensive green roof design, taking into consideration the slope. The final aspect studied is the thermal properties of soil, the potentials that are presented with its high thermal mass and the thermal energy storage that is possible in it. Moreover, some references are presented as examples for the study. Finally, it is concluded that such integration, however complex, is a possible task that can have very positive effects of the dense urban environment of present cities. Keywords: Earth sheltering; Earth berms; Sound barriers; Building - landscape integration; Underground building; Green roof; Thermal mass; Heat storage; Building with soil; Highway environment 1. Introduction around cities. “More trees are still being chopped down than planted, and more green areas are being It is a fact that world population is growing and that replaced by buildings and paving than are being [1] urbanisation is increasing. As a result, cities are added.” It is a fact that almost 40% of the Dutch growing, in their need to accommodate more population lives in districts with insufficient green people. It is frequent that a city is surrounded by recreational facilities. The shortages are greatest in [2] major transportation infrastructure belts, which the Randstad urban conglomerate. This is while acting as connections in one direction, are especially true of the increasing urban density in great barriers on the other direction (perpendicular the Groene Hart zone of the Netherlands. The need to their axis of movement). Such transport for more buildings means that green is undervalued channels, whether highways or railways, are and construction is preferred over parks and green creating several problems to the areas they pass public areas, also because it brings higher profit. through. Mainly the sound pollution that they are a source of, has as a result that the proximal areas 1 Heat. More Urban Green Keeps the City Cooler 2 remain unused or are used but with low occupant “The monitor of the National Spatial Strategy and a study conducted by Alterra (2005) show that a great deal needs to be satisfaction. Architecture can take the role of done to bring Dutch towns and cities back to the level where reconnecting separated components of a city and they should be: almost two-thirds of the fifty largest Dutch physically absorbing infrastructure. municipalities offer less than 75 m2 of green within a radius of 500 metres of a given home. Forecasts predict that the pressure on urban vegetation will increase further, since the population One other issue that appears with the growing cities is growing and policy dictates that the density of existing built- is the pressure that green areas are subject to in and up areas be increased.” - The social and economic importance of green and blue areas 1 Adding green public space in a tight environment is more common in the United States than in Europe, a great contemporary challenge. A current where – as the name indicates – buildings are movement that is calling for more green in cities is covered by soil and thus can be made to blend in taking the form of green roofs and facades. with the natural landscape. However, even more important is the retention of existing green areas at ground level in order to have an essential impact on the urban living conditions.[3] Green has been proven to have numerous benefits and is much desired and even necessary in urban areas. In recent years, more information is becoming available about the benefits of green in cities. The fact that vegetation enhances the quality of life is something that urban planners have been aware of since the start of the profession. “Most people prefer living in green districts. House prices Fig.1.1 in green districts or along water or areas of vegetation are relatively higher than elsewhere. To draw citizens with higher levels of education, towns and cities need to be attractive and offer green and culture. Highly educated engineers, in particular, 2. Methodology prefer to remain close to green areas: both for where they live and for their holiday This earth sheltering technique is simple in its destinations.”[4] It is also a fact that vegetation principle and brings several benefits. One is the reduces stress levels and helps people to recover integration with the landscape. The building can be faster from illnesses. made to blend in with its surroundings and almost disappear. Another is the stabilization of internal Nature is being burdened and threatened constantly thermal environment due to the thermal mass of by the building sector. The solution is clearly not to soil. With around 40% of the total energy stop building, but ways must be found to continue consumed by the building sector being used for construction in agreement with nature. The term space conditioning, this aspect of earth sheltering is “nature” is used here in two ways, meaning first particularly important. As this paper will further nature as the natural landscape (green areas, explain, a building designed with this technique can vegetation, biodiversity etc.) and on the other hand present great energy savings from the respect of the natural resources (minimising energy space heating and cooling. It is interesting to see consumption, renewable resources, low emissions). that in the past, people used earth sheltering to It seems inevitable that we must learn how to better protect from the environment, while today, people overlap architecture and green space in smart ways. use it to protect the environment. In this specific case, a benefit of the technique is also its ability to be formed into a sound barrier and the sound In a dense urban centre, the increasing lack of insulation properties of soil. If not taken into space and the increasing land values often forfeit consideration, lighting in such semi-underground the luxury of autonomous building typologies, and buildings can become a great disadvantage. quite often, disparate programs are forced to be Therefore this also needs to be given the combined. This paper will be dealing with the importance that it deserves. In order to study how specific case of an environment surrounding a busy the technique can be used as a solution to the highway in the Netherlands, with all the problems problem posed, it has been broken down to five it introduces, as above discussed. In order to aspects: achieve the merging of landscape and building in such an environment, the problem can be approached as making the typical earthen sound constructing an earth shelter barriers smart, by integrating functions in them and light conditions & comfort in earth turning them into usable green areas, doing this in a sheltered buildings sustainable way and including energy earth berm sound barriers & acoustic considerations [Fig.1.1]. The technical solution of properties of soil this approach can be fitted under the construction green over earth sheltered buildings technique known as “earth sheltering”, a technique thermal properties of soil & heat storage in the soil 3 Pötz, p. 247 4 The social and economic importance of green and blue areas In order to research this broad topic, each of the five aspects, forming a distinct topic, has been 2 approached separately. To avoid presenting houses of Iceland being one of the most irrelevant research for the five separate topics and characteristic [Fig.3.1.1]. including excess information, the results for each topic have been limited to the information that could be directly relevant to the specific research, with all its limitations. Most of the research has been carried out by literature study. Books were usually a source of broader information, while focused articles on the specific topics provided the more detailed information. Moreover, some references were studied. Finally, professional experience has been taken into account by having direct contact with experts in each field within the academic environment. In order to make the results of this multifaceted research clearer, they have been translated into a diagrammatic form. In this Fig. 3.1.1 way (and as this paper is mainly directed at architects, and architects have a more visual Earth sheltered construction can be categorised in perception) the results can be easily read, three basic construction methods: appreciated and can inform a design in a more direct way than plain text would. Sometimes earth berming: where earth is packed against the underground buildings were used as reference walls of a building and over its roof and let to slope when the conditions studied were similar. down to the ground level, in-hill construction: where a building is set into a sloping hillside, and fully recessed construction: where a building is set below ground and is arranged around a central 3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 56 Stories Desire for Freedom and the Uncommon Courage with Which They Tried to Attain It in 56 Stories 1956
    For those who bore witness to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, it had a significant and lasting influence on their lives. The stories in this book tell of their universal 56 Stories desire for freedom and the uncommon courage with which they tried to attain it in 56 Stories 1956. Fifty years after the Revolution, the Hungar- ian American Coalition and Lauer Learning 56 Stories collected these inspiring memoirs from 1956 participants through the Freedom- Fighter56.com oral history website. The eyewitness accounts of this amazing mod- Edith K. Lauer ern-day David vs. Goliath struggle provide Edith Lauer serves as Chair Emerita of the Hun- a special Hungarian-American perspective garian American Coalition, the organization she and pass on the very spirit of the Revolu- helped found in 1991. She led the Coalition’s “56 Stories” is a fascinating collection of testimonies of heroism, efforts to promote NATO expansion, and has incredible courage and sacrifice made by Hungarians who later tion of 1956 to future generations. been a strong advocate for maintaining Hun- became Americans. On the 50th anniversary we must remem- “56 Stories” contains 56 personal testimo- garian education and culture as well as the hu- ber the historical significance of the 1956 Revolution that ex- nials from ’56-ers, nine stories from rela- man rights of 2.5 million Hungarians who live posed the brutality and inhumanity of the Soviets, and led, in due tives of ’56-ers, and a collection of archival in historic national communities in countries course, to freedom for Hungary and an untold number of others.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparedness Planning for a Nuclear Crisis .Pdf
    I- HS-4 ---(MAR 87) I I I I I I I I. A Citizen's Guide to Civil Defense and Self-Protection Preparedness Planning For a Nuclear Crisis A Citizen’s Guide to Civil Defense and Self-Protection Text Table of Contents Page Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 Risk Analysis: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons ............................... 3 Chapter 2 Civil Defense and Emergency Planning .......................................... 31 Chapter 3 Planning for Evacuation .............................................................. 45 Chapter 4 Preparing Fallout Shelters ........................................................... 57 Chapter 5 Preparing for Shelter Living ......................................................... 87 Appendix Expedient Shelter Plans ........................................................................... 123 Expedient Shelter Equipment .................................................................... 130 / INTRODUCTION This book is about making personal plans for an emergency that most people do not want to think about-nuclear attack. Planning how to respond to this possibility is no less wise than planning how to escape a burning building, survive an earthquake, avoid injury from an accident involving hazardous chemicals or a nuclear power plant or any major emergency. You make plans, not because you believe these emergencies will happen, but because you want to be prepared just in case they ever do. Planning how you will respond
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Minnesota River Watershed
    Minnesota River Basin 2010 Progress Report Middle Minnesota River Watershed MIDDLE MINNESOTA RIVER WATERSHED This major watershed is characterized by its irregular shape compared Nine Mile Creek to the other major watersheds in the Minnesota River Basin and the fact John Cross it is drained by a numerous smaller tributaries but no major river. The only other major watershed not defined by a main stem tributary in the basin is the Lower Minnesota River Watershed. Little Cottonwood River is the largest sub-watershed, a total of 230 square miles. Ranked sixth in size compared to 12 major watersheds, the Middle Minnesota is approximately 1,347 square miles or 862,060 acres. Agriculture dominates much of the watershed with a number of major river communities found within its boundaries including parts of Redwood Falls, New Ulm and Mankato along with St. Peter, located right before Morgan Creek Vineyard the Minnesota River flows into the Lower Minnesota River Watershed. 38. Lake 35. Red Top Farms Washington Water Demonstration Site Quality Project 2. St. Peter Treaty 33. Wetland Site History Center Litigation 37. Pehling Farm 34. Paired Watershed 1. St. Peter Water 32. Mississippi River Studies for Nutrient 36. State Highway Treatment Plant Basin Health Reduction 169 Erosion 3. GAC Recycle Watersheds Initiative Control Mania 4. Lake Emily 31. New Ulm Clean-up Wastewater Treatment Plant 5. Seven Mile Creek Watershed Project 30. Capitol for a • 6. Wetland day – New Ulm Restorations • 7. Conservation Highlights 29. River Regional • 8. Farm Practice River History & Survey Information Center • 9. Groundwater Vulnerability 28. Coalition for a Study Clean Minnesota • 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth Shelter Test Facility at Oklahoma State University for Energy-Related Investigations: Program and Concept Design
    EARTH SHELTER TEST FACILITY AT OKLAHOMA -STATE -UNIVERSITY FOR ENERGY RELATED INVESTIGATIONS: PROGRAM AND CONCEPT DESIGN By JOSEPH HENRY HACKNEY II Bachelor of Architectural Studies Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1981 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING December, 1983 EARTH SHELTER TEST FACILITY AT OKLA STATE UNIVERSITY FOR ENERGY RELATED INVESTIGATIONS: PROGRAM AND CONCEPT DESIGN Thesis Approved: ii 1170224 t PREFACE This study is concerned With the development of an emperical means of qualifying and quantifying various energy-related aspects of earth sheltered buildings in temperate to warm climates such as found in Oklahoma. The underlying goal is to develop a program and provide conceptual design alternatives for a test facility which w~ll provide the necessary data to determine the energy-saving potential of earth sheltering as a design alternative. A questionnaire, sent to selected professionals in the field of earth sheltering, aided in the identification of useful investigations and testing procedures. These investigations may be performed to provide information to professionals involved in research, design, and engineering concerning the relative impact of various design strategies on the total energy performance of earth sheltered buildings. The author wishes to thank his major ~dviser, Dr. Lester L. Boyer, for his guidance, assistance, and instruction throughout this study. Gratitude is also extended to Professor. Walter Grondzik for his invaluable assistance and support and for introducing me to a cognizance of earth sheltering far beyond the scope of this study. Much appreciation is given to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Underground Buildings Van Dronkelaar, C
    Eindhoven University of Technology MASTER Underground buildings van Dronkelaar, C. Award date: 2013 Link to publication Disclaimer This document contains a student thesis (bachelor's or master's), as authored by a student at Eindhoven University of Technology. Student theses are made available in the TU/e repository upon obtaining the required degree. The grade received is not published on the document as presented in the repository. The required complexity or quality of research of student theses may vary by program, and the required minimum study period may vary in duration. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain Eindhoven University of Technology Department of the Built Environment Master’s thesis Underground buildings February 2013 Author: Advisors: Chris van Dronkelaar prof. dr. ir. J.L.M. Hensen Building Physics and Services dr. ir. D. Cóstola R.A. Mangkuto MSc CONTENT I. Underground buildings - Comparative analysis using literature Size: 15 pages This paper summarizes the many potential benefits and drawbacks associated with underground buildings, while discussing the effects different functions and underground building concepts have on them. Some design strategies are identified to alleviate the negative psychological and physiological effects.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey
    United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey Bibliography of radon in the outdoor environment and selected references on gas mobility in the ground by Allan B. Tanner Open-file report 92-351 May 1992 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey standards and nomenclature. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. DISTRIBUTION OF THIS REPORT This report is available in three formats: Open-file report 92-351-A: Paper copy (300 pages) Open-file report 92-351-B: 3.5-inch, 1.44-MB high-density floppy diskette Open-file report 92-351-C: 5.25-inch, 1.2-MB high-densit) r floppy diskette Diskette versions are formatted in WordPerfect® 5.0 for IBM-compatible personal computers using MS-DOS® 3.3 or higher operating systems and having at least 1.1 MB of disk space available for the bibliography file. Superscripts, subscripts, italics, and the special characters composed by WordPerfect® are freely used in the report and require graphics capability in display monitors (VGA recommended) or printers. Translation to other word processing formats has not been attempted. Copies may be obtained from: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Reports Section, MS 517 Box 25425, Denver Federal Center DENVER CO 80225 Prices and delivery times depend upon the format desired (-A, -B, or -C) and may be obtained by calling 303-236-7476. Introduction "Radon" denotes both the chemical element containing 86 protons in its nucleus, and the specific isotope of radon whose nucleus also contains 136 neutrons, giving the isotope a mass number of 222.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth-Covered Buildings: an Exploratory Analysis for Hazard and Energy Performance
    EARTH-COVERED BUILDINGS: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS FOR HAZARD AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE MORELAND ASSOCIATES FORT WORTH, TEXAS Prepared for THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY DIVISION OF MITIGATION AND RESEARCH WASHINGTON, D.C 20472 November, 1981 Approved for Public Release Distribution Unlimited Final Report FEMA Work Unit Number 4411E Contract 81-600091 REPRODUCED BY NATIONAL TECHNICAL /INFORMATlON SERVICE j u.s. DEPARTMENT Of COMMERCE . Sl'RIIlGFlELD, VA 22161 . SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data E(ltered) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER 12. GOVT ACCESSION NO••. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER MAl-8l ~n2 18956 4 4. TITLE (and ~ubtltlto) 5. TYPE OF REPORT &. PERIOO COVERED Final Report 9-79/11-81 Earth-Covered Buildings: An Exploratory , Analysis For Hazard And Energy Perfor- 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER mance 7. AUTHOR(Ir) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(Ir) Frank L. Moreland, et al. B:b.6:tl.fiJ19-1 .. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK AREA &. WORK UNIT NUMBERS Moreland Associates 908 Boland, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 4411E 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE November 1981 FEMA - Washington 20472 IS. NUMBER OF PAGES 312 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME &. AOORESS(1l different from Controlling Office) '5. SECURITY CLASS. (of rhJe report) unclassified 158. DECLASSIFICATION DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of thle Report) Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the lIbetr~ct entered J(I Block 20, it dllferent hom Report) 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 19. KEY WORDS (ContJnulI on reverae aide If (lecellaat")' and Identify by block number) earth-covered buildipgs, earth-covered settlements, performance, long-term benefits, fire, storms, nuclear radiation shielding, energy consumption, economic analysis, hazard analysis, public policy 20, ABSTRACT (Ccmt&zue ..,.--.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elimination of the Tibolddaróc Cave Dwellings; Non-Gypsies in the CS Housing Program1
    Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 62(2), 407–440 (2017) DOI: 10.1556/022.2017.62.2.8 The Elimination of the Tibolddaróc Cave Dwellings; Non-Gypsies in the CS Housing Program1 Tamás Hajnáczky Ethnic and Minority Policy Expert, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary Abstract: This paper presents the case of the elimination of cave houses in Tibolddaróc in the socialist era with the help of the affordable housing program implemented by the 2/1965 ÉM- PM regulation. The housing program aimed to eliminate poor living condition in slums where Gypsy* and non-Gypsy people lived. Contrary to popular belief, 30% of the people living in the settlements “not complying with social requirements” were non-Gypsies, according to the settlement survey of 1964. Most surveyed non-Gypsy dwellers lived in cave houses, barracks, miner colonies or family houses. To provide a comparison, the author found it important to investigate the case of cave-dwellings in Tibolddaróc, where a well-definable group of non- Gypsies were accepted into the affordable housing program. In addition to demonstrating the elimination process in the locality, the author describes the discrepancies in the execution of the affordable housing program as compared to the original plan aimed at the Gypsy population. Furthermore, the paper reflects on the role of the socialist regime and its responsibility in the favorable or detrimental outcome of the elimination program. Keywords: socialist era, forced assimilation policy of gypsies, affordable housing program, cave houses * Proof-reader’s note: The term “Gypsy” was the standard expression denoting the ethnic group in question in the historical period examined in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth Sheltering Is the Architectural Practice of Using Earth Against
    Earth sheltering - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sheltering From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Earth sheltering is the architectural practice of using earth against building walls for external thermal mass, to reduce heat loss, and to easily maintain a steady indoor air temperature. Earth sheltering has become relatively more popular in modern times, especially among environmentalists and advocates of passive solar and sustainable architecture. However, the practice has been around for nearly as long as humans have been constructing their own shelters. Turf houses in Keldur, Iceland. 1 Definition 2 Background 3 Types of construction 4 Benefits 5 Potential problems 6 Landscape and site planning 6.1 Topography 6.2 Regional climate 6.3 Vegetation 6.4 Soil and drainage 7 Construction methods Turf house in Sænautasel, Iceland. 7.1 Current methods 7.2 Materials 7.2.1 Structural 7.2.2 Waterproofing 7.2.3 Insulation 8 Design for energy conservation 9 Earth sheltering with solar heating 10 Earth shelter construction: history and examples 10.1 Berming 10.2 In-hill 10.3 Underground 11 Gallery 12 See also Turf house in Sænautasel, Iceland. Inside 13 Notes view showing the turf layers on the walls. 14 References 15 External links 1 of 12 1/4/2017 5:47 PM Earth sheltering - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sheltering The expression earth-sheltering is a generic term, with the general meaning: building design in which soil plays an integral part. A building can be described as earth-sheltered if its external envelope is in contact with a thermally significant volume of soil or substrate (where “thermally significant” means making a functional contribution to the thermal effectiveness of the building in question.) Earth-sheltered buildings consist of one or more of three types: earth-covered, earth-bunded, and subterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth-Sheltered Houses ENERGY Let’S Assume You’Re in the Market for a Beginning Your Project, and Cost—Will New Home
    DOE/GO-10097-373 FS 120 ENERGY February 1997 EFFICIENCY AND RCLEARINGHOUSE ENEWABLE Earth-Sheltered Houses ENERGY Let’s assume you’re in the market for a Beginning Your Project, and Cost—will new home. Let’s further assume that, like answer some questions you may have. many other people, you’re concerned Once you’ve decided on an earth- about the limited supplies of domestic oil sheltered house, the sections on Design, and gas, the unpredictable cost, and the Construction Considerations, including loca- environmental price tag attached to the tion, climate, site, and soils, and Construc- continued use of these fuels. tion Materials can help you make the house a reality. Is there any way to reconcile your con- cerns and still build your dream home? Advantages The solution might lie in earth-sheltered There are many advantages to earth- housing. These structures offer many sheltered construction. An earth-sheltered energy-efficient features and are often home is less susceptible to the impact of designed to use solar energy for heating extreme outdoor air temperatures, so you and cooling. Some designs make use of won’t feel the effects of adverse weather recycled materials in their construction. as much as in a conventional house. Tem- peratures inside the house are more stable If you do your homework, earth-sheltered than in conventional homes, and with less construction can be an attractive and temperature variability, interior rooms rewarding choice in housing. The follow- seem more comfortable. ing sections—Advantages, Disadvantages, NREL / PIX02909 This house in Tempe, Arizona, uses earth-sheltered construction methods to help decrease cooling costs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shetland House
    SHETLAND ISLANDS COUNCIL THE SHETLAND HOUSE Guidance for Housing Development in Shetland December 2008 Produced by Shetland Islands Council Development Plans Planning Service Grantfield Lerwick Shetland ZE1 0NT Tel: 01595 744800 www.shetland.gov.uk You may contact the Development Plans Team at: email: [email protected] THE SHETLAND HOUSE CONTENTS Introduction: page 5 Your housing needs Where to live? Financing the project Early stages: 6 Choosing a site Special considerations Planning issues and Permission Buying the land Services Getting the best from the site: 10 Orientation Site layout, outbuildings & garages. Landscape, environment and wildlife Designing the house: 14 Sustainability What type of design?: rural & urban contexts :colour/scale/proportion/detailing Materials and maintenance Energy saving (= money saving) Landscaping Other issues: underbuilding/ribbon/infill/overlooking Daylight&sunlight blocking/disabled design Getting it built: 30 Using an architect Choosing Contractors Planning Permission and Building Warrant Contracts and project management Inspection and acceptance Renovating, Converting or Extending: 33 Choosing a property Surveys and Finance Special considerations Planning Permission Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Design 3 Development Plans December 2008 Appendices: 37 1) Examples of Shetland houses 2) Scottish Executive Planning Guidance 3) Shetland house evolution 4) Useful addresses 5) Other Planning issues: Housing Zones & General Requirements 6) Road, access
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Energy. the Power to Choose Charts the Progress Made in Renewable Energy in Recent Years and Outlines Renew- Able Energy's Prospects
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 228 081 SE 041 278 AUTHOR Deudney, Daniel; Flavin, Christopher TITLE Renewable Energy. The _Power to Choose. INSTITUTION Worldwatch Inst., Washington, D.C. 4-- , REPORT NO ISBN-0-3937,01710-9 PUB DATE 83 NOTE . 445p. AVAILABLi FROMW. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500Fifth Avenue, New York; NY 10110 ($18.95). .PUg TYPE" Reports - General (140) -- Books (010) EDRS PRICE 41F01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Building Design; Energy; Energy Occupations; Environmental Education; Fuel Consumption; *Fuels; Industry; *Poker Technology; *Solar Energy; *Technological Advancement; *Wind Energy IDENTIFIERS *Alternative Energy Sources; Energy Education;\ Geothermal Energy; *Renewable Energy Resources ABSTRACT. This book, consisting of 13 chapters, charts the progress made in renewableenergy in recent'years and outlines renewable energy's prospects. Arias addressedinclude: energy at the crossroads (discussing oil, gas,,coal, nuclear power, and the conservation revolution); 'solar buildingdesign; solar collection; sunlight to electricity; wood; energy from crops.andwaste; energy 'from water; wind energy; and geothermal energy.Additional areas addressed include renewable energy'spote4ial (discussing rebuilding, industry role, renewable energy for the farmand rural poor, and issues related totransportation and electricity); institutions,for the-transition to renewable energy(focusing.on a new researchanedevelopment.agenda, renewable energy technology--vernacular technology, and.seed moneyfor the transition to renewable energy); and shapes of arenewable society (coniidering new lands9apes, renewablejobs, rebalancing city and country,rising regional/local self-reliance, shifting powere and newbalances between rich/po-or, between nations, andbetween *generatiOns). Notes and selected references are providedfor each chapter. Notes on energy units and an index arealso provkded. (JN) * * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that canbe made * * from the original document.
    [Show full text]