EARTH INTEGRATED HOUSING

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors YOON, KI-BYUNG

Publisher The University of Arizona.

Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.

Download date 06/10/2021 10:52:59

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555280 EARTH-INTEGRATED HOUSING

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

KI-BYUNG YOON PYiskjes

EARTH-INTEGRADED HOUSING

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE DECEMBER 1983 This thesis is presented to the College of Archi­

tecture of the University of Arizona in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of

Architecture degree.

Committee Chairman" Fred S. Matter 4 T'LijZ) s X

Committee Member Kenneth N. Clark % l/*ik__ —

Committee Member v William II. Haven TO MY PARENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS PART B: PROGRAMMING

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Location 1.1 Basic Types 1.2 Analysis of the Development Plan (The 1.2 Advantages of an Earth-Integrated House Hills) 1.3 Disadvantages of an Earth-Integrated House 2.0 SITE ANALYSIS

PART A: EARTH-INTEGRATED HOUSE DESIGN 2.1 Neighborhood Context A. Natural Physical Features 2.0 DESIGN CONCERNS B. Utilities C. Others 2.1 Human Aspects 2.2 On-Site Context 2.2 Energy A. Natural Physical Features 2.3 Natural Lighting B. Legal 2.4 Landscaping C. Others 2.5 Air 2.3 Climate 2.6 Structure 2.7 Waterproofing 3.0 PRECEPTS 2.8 Insulation PART C : DESIGN 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPENDIX 3.1 Topography 3.2 Soil BIBLIOGRAPHY 3.3 Orientation

4.0 SUMMARY INTRODUCTION in the way of public acceptance of earth- integrated architecture. Some people are against In the last 10 years, people have begun to learn living in earth-integrated structures because of more about the importance of energy conservation the connotation of living in a cave, a fear of and the limits of the existing supply of energy. seclusion, and the associated feeling that the Cheap and simple fossil fuels have always been home may be damp, unhealthy, unventilated, dirty available for heating and air conditioning. and unsafe. Design methods and modern technology Planning for the energy factor was neglected in make it possible to construct a structure that is design and building processes. But after the 1975 dampness-free, has good ventilation, is more energy crisis, the era of cheap energy had ended. brightly lit, and can provide better living The United States, as well as other countries, now conditions equal to above-ground structures. faces energy problems that are more critical than at any other time in history. Energy conservation It is important to realize that our world has its measures have become as important as the search limits. We have to find a way of living in for new energy resources. harmony with nature, while using a miniumum of energy. Energy problems we now face have increased the interest in earth-integrated architecture. Earth- integrated architecture provides a good alterna­ tive, not only for energy conservation but also for an architecture that is very ecologically sound.

However, there still are some barriers that stand

1 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BASIC TYPES 1.2 ADVANTAGES OF AN EARTH- INTEGRATED HOUSE 1.3 DISADVANTAGES OF AN EARTH INTEGRATED HOUSE

2 1.1 BASIC TYPES OF EARTH-INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE Earth-integrated architecture is also divided into . two categories. The first is the elevational Underground architecture is divided into two type, and the other is the atrium type. According general categories. One is deep underground archi­ to their relationship with the surface tecture, and the other is earth-integrated surroundings, earth-integrated structures can be architecture. Deep underground architecture has divided into semi-recessed (bermed) and thermal, acoustical and structural advantages and fully-recessed types. can utilize areas such as abandoned mines. Precision instrument production, telephone The advantages of semi-recessed (bermed) type switching, warehousing, cold storage, etc. can all earth-integrated architecture are: benefit from being located underground. 1) It is the most adaptable mode: it can be Even though there is no universally accepted used on flat ground with a high water, definition of earth-integrated housing, the Under­ table. On a slope, it needs only a ground Space Center at the University of Minnesota shallow cut. Furthermore, it can be indicates that anywhere from 50 to 80 percent of easily utilized in populated areas. ' the exterior envelope of the roof area must be covered with earth. As a broader definition, 50 2) The least amount of excavation is neces­ percent of the exterior ^envelope of the building sary for utilization of the land. must be earth covered. However, it can be defined as an earth-integrated house if earth is a 3) It can utilize the best view that is major factor of the form and structure of the offered by the top* of a hill without house for protection from the environment. requiring deep excavation.

3 SEMI-RECESSED TYPE FULLY-RECESSED TYPE

4 4) In a cold climate, the berm allows the soil to heave without all of the force being directed into the wall of the structure.

The disadvantage of bermed-type construction is that often the excavation needed is so small that there may not be enough soil on the site for backfill. SECTION A. Elevational Type

The general concept of the elevational type plan is to maximize the earth cover around the house by concentrating all of the window openings on one side of the house, preferably on the south side in the northern hemisphere. The plan must be arranged so that all of the major living and sleeping spaces are along the exposed elevation, with secondary spaces not requiring windows being placed behind them. PLAN

ELEVATIONAL TYPE

6 1) Characteristics to give it greater shear strength, as a. Appropriate for colder climates. well as to help it resist expansive b. Elongated in an east-west direction to pressure. increase exposure to the sun for lighting and ventilation purposes. 4) Plan c. The need for large lots and a more a. The entry placement and design is a spread out arrangement. very important consideration in the d. Can be built on slopes of up to 50 elevational type. A north, east or percent. west entry can be accomplished. The e. The structure can be applied to a advantage of a south-side entry is the variety of climates. simplicity of construction and protec­ tion of the house from winter winds.

2) Advantages The disadvantage is that the public a. Lower profile to the north and entry is on the same side as the northwest wind in a cold climate. private outdoor space, which could b. Visual harmony with the environment. affect privacy. c. It is the best solution for a sloping b. An earth-covered garage is more expen­ site. sive than a conventional garage. c. If the floor level is below the street

3) Disadvantages level, driveway access could be a. The lateral forces have to be dealt difficult. Sewer connection could with by additional reinforcement of also be difficult. the wall. The wall should always be d. A single, long, flat facade can result tied to both the footing and the roof in stark and uninteresting architec-

6 ture. To prevent this, greehouses, decks, sunshades and rooms extending out from the exposed wall can add variety without complicating the basic structure. Another alternative is the detached garage, used to define outdoor space and to relieve monotony, e. Major living and sleeping areas are always placed along the exposed elevation.

B. Atrium Type PLAN ATRIUM TYPE

The atrium plan is based on the idea of placing the living spaces around a courtyard, with all the window openings oriented into the court. 1) Characteristics a. The house does not depend on any special orientation. b. It is generally good for flat land (under 15 percent slope), or a north-facing slope. c. It is less appropriate in hot and SECTION humid areas, where ventilation is a major factor.

7 d. In warm climates, the atrium can be 3) Disadvantages larger and may be used for circulation a. The expansive pressure will have to be between atrium spaces. dealt with by additional reinforcement e. In colder climates open courtyards are of the walls. unusable in winter, so that b. The terrain provides no positive slope circulation must be enclosed in or drain-moisture control. corridors around the atrium. c. It does not receive any natural winds f . It is particularly good for an area that can be used for ventilation. which has no attractive views, or has d. One is unable to see outside. undesirable or noisy surroundings. e. There is some difficulty involved in arranging rooms around a single court­ 2) Advantages yard. a. It changes the natural landscape the f. There are problems in providing a least. public entry. b. In cold areas, it is completely g. There is difficulty in creating a good isolated from the wind-chill. relationship between the house and the c. Ground area over the structure can be roads, parking and garage. used for a variety of purpose. d. The structure is invulnerabile to 1. Underground Space Center, University of Minne­ tornadic winds, or even to nuclear sota, Earth Sheltered Homes: Plans and Designs (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, blast. 1981), p. 127) e. The inner atrium can be well utilized as an open courtyard. f. It is isolated from noise.

8 1.2 ADVANTAGES OF AN EARTH-INTEGRATED HOUSE

As a result of earth covering of the structure, an earth-integrated house has its unique advantages over conventional structures. These are as follows:

1) Energy: Less heat is transferred through the walls and roof of this type of building, reducing 25-50% of the energy 3) Open space is maximized by building under­ required by pre-energy-crisis houses. ground, and use roof surface as open This type of house is easier to heat in space. winter- and easier to cool in summer. 4) Earth-sheltering is the concept of working

2) Sites that may be undesirable for with nature as a part of the design plan, conventional homes may be successfully creating an ecologically sound form of adapted for residential use through earth structure. By building , beneath the sheltering. Example: an earth-sheltered surface, or by utilizing soil and plant townhouse complex in Minneapolis, adjacent cover as an integral part of building insu­ - to an interstate highway. The townhouses lation and structure, one provides the are earth-sheltered on the freeway side opportunity to re-establish a plant commu­ (north), to create a visual and noise nity and its associated wildlife habitats. barier, and they are open to the south for passive and active solar gain. 5) An attractive landscape or view can be preserved while allowing access to natural light.

6) Weatherproofing: Natural disasters such as tornadoes and severe storms have less effect on this type of structure.

7) It can be adapted for use as a fallout shelter in case of a nuclear disaster.

8) The masonry/concrete structure is rot- and vermin-proof, and is usually more fire- resistant than materials used in above-ground counterparts.

9) The exclusion of external noise is accomplished with less trouble.

10 1 1.3 DISADVANTAGES OF AN EARTH-INTEGRATED HOUSE bring to the inside environment. Skylights can also increase contact with There is no architectural form which is entirely the outside world, but these must be free of troubles: earth-integrated houses have carefully designed so that energy is not these as well. One of the major disadvantages of lost unduly. Also, interior decoration an earth-integrated house is the possibility of can have a dramatic effect on the ambience negative psychological influences. These are of the house and ~can create a feeling of considered to be the major obstacles to the lightness. For example, careful choice of greater utilization of underground space, creating wall colors can make a room look bigger problems in the mind of the public. The following and brighter. is a list of problems related to the image of underground environments. Artificial lighting can create visual interest in the house by varying the 1) Claustrophobia: degree and quality of light produced. Different intensities and colors of Access to daylight helps eliminate claus­ electric light and the mixing of neon and trophobic feelings. In earth sheltered fluorescent light can combine to keep the design, the correct positioning of interior exciting to the eye. skylights, glass panels and courtyards will help to allay these feelings. 2) Dampness:

Comfort in earth shelters seems not to be Dampness is the result of dry concrete linked so much to the number of windows walls and the interior air absorbing but to the sense of visual contact they moisture from the ground. There are 11 various effective water and damp-proofing stronger than its above-ground counter­ membranes which have been developed to part. It must meet the higher demands of impede moisture penetration. An earth soil and snow loads. Strong, effective shelter has drainage tile around its structural systems minimize building foundation and roof line to carry excess failure from tornadoes, hailstorms,, ground water away from the home. windstorms, and even aircraft accidents.

3) Cold, unpleasant temperature Other drawbacks of earth-integrated houses are:

Far from being unpleasantly cool, the soil 1) Potential higher initial construction surrounding an earth-sheltered home costs. reduces the effect of severe climate temperature fluctuations in severe 2) Long time delay before most economic advan­ climates. Insulation is available which tages are realized. can significantly reduce heat transfer through walls, ceilings, and floor. Due 3) Difficulties involved in future home expan­ to its mass and the vegetation cover, the sion. sod-covered roof reduces and delays heat gain and/or loss from above. 4) Restrictions imposed by climate and local geology. 4) Fear of being buried alive:

The structural system of an earth- integrated house must be substantially

12 1. Mike Edelhart, The Handbook of Earth Shelter Design (New York: A Dolphin Book, 1982), p. 127.

2. George T. Braun, Andrew J. Boer and James C. Macintosh, The Earth Shelter Handbook (Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Tech/Data Publications, 1980), p. 7.

13 PART As EARTH-INTEGRATED HOUSE DESIGN 2.0 DESIGN CONCERNS

2.1 HUMAN ASPECTS 2.2 ENERGY

2.3 NATURAL LIGHTING 2.4 LANDSCAPING 2.5 AIR 2.6 STRUCTURE 2.7 WATERPROOFING 2.8 INSULATION 2.1 HUMAN ASPECTS OF EARTH-SHELTERED 2) The interior of an earth-integrated house ARCHITECTURE must be dry and bright-colored, with light-colored walls that reflect and A. Psychological Factors: enhance the available light to give a more spacious feeling than dark colors. As mentioned earlier, the major drawbacks to public acceptance of earth-integrated structures 3) It is very advantageous to introduce are psychological barriers, and these are crucial green, growing plants into the interior design considerations. Many people have gotten space, to maximize a natural feeling. the impression that living in an earth-sheltered house would be a damp, cold, unhealthy, dirty, 4) An efficient ventilation system must be unsafe and claustrophobic experience. developed to eliminate odors and dampness.

There are some basic design concerns that can be 5) High ceilings minimize and mobile dividing used to cope with these psychological barriers: partitions strengthen the feeling of spaciousness. 1) Visual stimulation is very important. Any earth-sheltered structure should have 6) Free, clear circulation patterns and conve­ windows which offer both light and a view nient exits strengthen the feeling of of the outdoor environment. It is crucial safety and security. to maximize natural light and sun penetration into the structure.

16 B. Privacy

A proper site plan is required in order to develop privacy for an earth-integrated house. Without all the surrounding houses also being underground, it is not very easy to solve the privacy problem in a crowded residential zone. Moreover, because of the novelty of an earth-integrated house, the residents can expect to have unexpected and unin­ vited visitors appearing suddenly at the window. Human traffic must be guided gently away from the more private areas of the house, and the entryway must be clearly defined. Bedroom windows must be screened. It is also possible to create a man-made slope using retaining walls, which will aid in obscuring the vision of passersby. Roof- scaping can also be used to improve privacy. Thorny bushes which are closely planted can not only improve privacy but can prevent people from accidentally falling from the roof.

17 2.2 ENERGY foliage cover, or a depth of earth sufficient to provide adequate drainage and growth room for the The great recent interest in earth-integrated root systems of the plants. It is advantageous to architecture has resulted primarily from antici­ work with the maximum depth possible in order to pation of substantial energy savings. Heat loss derive the maximum benefit from the thermal mass from a structure depends principally on two of the roof. But as the weight of the soil factors: the ventilation load for heating or increases, the cost of such a structure quickly cooling the intake air, and heat transmission escalates beyond the benefit accrued from the through the building envelope. Infiltration additional mass. Therefore, it is usually losses are reduced greatly by earth-covered preferable to increase the R-value of the roof by construction. Transmission losses depend on the means of adding insulation to the structure rather amount of heat conducted through the envelope of than soil, once the load limit of the lighter the structure. This amount can be reduced by supporting structure has been reached. insulation, and the temperature fluctuation of the soil is substantially less than the air B. Passive Solar Heating temperature fluctuation throughout the year. Because soil has great thermal mass, transmission Direct solar radiation through the windows of a losses can be reduced greatly by an earth house is an important source of heat. Although covering. some radiation is available from east- and west-facing windows, south-facing windows provide A. Design Criteria for Energy Conservation in the maximum amount of passive solar heat. Passive Earth-Integrated Structures: solar techiques can easily be incorporated into standard types of earth-integrated structures, The roof of the structure should consist of particularly those that have a primarily southern

18 orientation. The south-facing windows help heat D. Solar Control the entire building. ' The walls and floor of the structure act as a large thermal mass to store the During summer time, it is necessary to protect collected heat because these are usually against radiation in order to maximize cooling. constructed of a large quantity of reinforced Shading devices shield interior and exterior concrete. Only a few additional costs need be expanses of earth shelter from solar radiation. incurred in maximizing passive solar gain. The effectiveness of these devices depends on their location and form. C. Cooling 1) Overhangs An important benefit of earth-integrated Horizontal overhangs are most effective construction is the cooling effect in summer when shading southern facades. They created by the earth that is against the walls and facilitate a view, and offer protection the floor. The cooling effect could be increased from the rain. by placing earth against a greater wall area. As with surface houses, earth-integrated houses can 2) Horizontal louvers achieve a substantial amount of cooling with Horizontal louvers parallel to the wall night-time ventilation. Because of the large mass permit air circulation near the wall to of earth-sheltered houses, it is possible to cool carry away heat and stagnant air. They by ventilation during cold days and/or nights and are most efficient in shading southern retain this cooling through a period of several exposures. warm days by storing a thermal mass. 3) Slanted louvers Slanted louvers permit better protection

19 from the sun, yet maintain air circulaion better than horizontal louvers. The angle of the louvers can be adjusted to the angle of the sun.

4) Louvers with overhangs These provide protection from low sun angles, typical of extreme eastern and HORIZONTAL LOUVERS western sun positions.

5) Vertical louvers These are most effective for eastern and western exposures. They can be adjusted to the angle of the sun, and will permit air circulation when separated from the wall. SLANTED LOUVERS

OVERHANGS LOUVERS WITH OVERHANGS

20 VERTICAL LOUVERS 2.2 NATURAL LIGHTING throughout the year in order to properly take advantage of the light. In earth-integrated housing, the penetration of natural light into the living space is important A. Natural lighting consideration for for two reasons. elevational type

1) It is desirable in any design that is 1) There is a limit to the size of space that concerned with energy efficiency to allow can be adequately lighted from windows in as much solar radiation to reach the one wall. interior as possible in colder areas, particularly since passive solar heat is 2) A typical room (up to 16 feet deep) can be basically free energy. In the case of hot lighted from one side; but a larger space areas, such as the southwestern part of with a kitchen or dining space away from the United States, it is also important to the windows may require additional sources prevent overheating. of natural light.

2) Earth-sheltered design is sometimes incor- 3) Several techniques can be considered to rectedly associated with the darkness of a introduce light into a space which is basement, so it is important to allow sun­ removed from the major window openings. light to enter the spaces simply to create These techniques include skylights, a a brighter, more livable environment. It sloping roof which allows greater light is necessary to consider the position of penetration from the exterior wall, or, the sun at various times of the day simply, additional window openings

22 penetrating through the earth berms, if necessary.

4) A skylight can represent a great energy loss if a typical flat or bubble-type of skylight is used. A directional skylight facing south can be designed so that passive solar radiation is reflected into the interior space in winter, but is screened out in the summer as the sun SKYLIGHT angle changes. This type of skylight can also be designed with operating windows, and can be used very effectively for ventilation in summer.

5) The energy loss through any skylight can be greatly diminished by using some type of insulated shutter over the opening at night.

B. Natural Lighting Consideration for the Atrium Type SLOPE ROOF ALLOWING GREATER LIGHT PENETRATION The length and width of a courtyard and the height

23 C. Natural Lighting Elements of the surrounding structure will have a significant effect on the amount of light which 1) Windows reaches the courtyard and the adjacent living Earth-integrated houses, as well as their space. above-ground counterparts, require win­ dows. In addition to letting in natural light, they provide views, allow for ventilation, and provide an exit during emergencies. Windows, which are also essential to a pleasant interior space, offer protection from the elements while still allowing visual contact with the outdoors. Windows are required to be weather-tight when closed, have insulative value, and be free from condensation.

Generally speaking, north-facing windows almost always produce negative heat flow while south-facing windows are heat gainers. In fact, a window on the north side of a building may lose twenty to thirty-five times as much heat as an insulated section of underground wall that is of the same size. When there is no

24 sunshine, east- and west-facing windows double- and triple-glazed thermal panel will lose approximately ten times as much glass which has a greatly increased heat as the wall. In keeping with the insulating value. energy-conscious nature of earth-sheltered homes, windows should be located on the 2) Skylight southeast, south, or southwest exposure for maximum solar gain.

lllllllg

In earth-integrated houses, spaces may exist which are impossible to completely light with conventional windows. Rooms

Glass is a poor insulator and offers such as bathrooms, corridors and workshops almost no resistance to heat flow. Recent may require overhead skylights for daytime technological advances have introduced lighting. If skylights are properly

28 selected, placed, sized and constructed, Skylights are poor insulating devices, these interior spaces can be very offering little resistance to heat loss. pleasant. This poor insulating characteristic, coupled with their location in warm An important factor when sizing or ceilings, results in tremendous heat loss. selecting a skylight for a room is the room's floor-to-ceiling dimension. The 1. Stu Campbell, The Underground House Book taller the room, the larger the skylight (Charlotte, Vermont: Garden Way Publishing), should be. It also follows that the p. 127. larger the skylight, the greater the light intensity for rooms of similar size.

Although direct sunlight is essential for passive heat gain in the home during the winter, it can cause problems such as overheating and fading of upholstered and painted surfaces during the summer. Therefore, when selecting a skylight the positiveand negative factors must be considered. The light penetrating into a room will be more effectively diffused if the wall surfaces within the skylight are textured.

26 2.3 LANDSCAPING incorporating the greatest possible depth of soil. However, the weight of the soil is considerable,

In an earth-integrated design, landscaping cannot and the structural system required to support a be considered as a separate decorative feature to few feet of earth is usually quite costly. be added after the house is built. It is a Therefore, it is necessary to know the minimum critical component in the overall design which amount of soil required for various types of plant must be coordinated with the other elements of the materials, as shown in the figure on the next house, particularly the structural and water­ page. proofing systems. It is essential to provide proper drainage for the

When landscaping, there are several things to soil in a rooftop planting. Plants will not consider other than just adding beauty. Privacy survive if the soil is completely saturated. It can be enhanced, security can be increased, is helpful to provide some slope to the earth on special use areas can be created, and thermal the surface to divert excessive moisture on the efficiency increased. Deciduous trees should be roof. In order to prevent the fine particles of planted on the sunny side of the dwelling. Trees planting soil from leaching out into the granular will provide an air-conditioning effect while material, closing its pores and rendering it allowing the sun to heat the house in the winter. ineffective, a filter must be placed between the planting soil and the granular material.

The important factors in the design of an earth-covered roof are the depth of soil, type of It may be necessary to provide barriers along the soil, and the method required for proper drainage. edges to prevent people from falling into a court The energy efficiency of the house, and the below. Using small shrubs to protect the edges potential for plant growth are dependent on may be more attractive than fencing. The growing 27 U2IK.5 FLAMriMA COIL PBITM5 M 6 A660LUTB MINIMUM L A M E 5HFUSS FULL IXML PlM6N5:oM Apove. P^AINAAG LAVEF-• 'I ^SMALL-ntEEA # 6 OPPA fb(2 Apf ITLONAL fOQUimvieMIS M i l a s : I eve&OUTZ IN SLA&ANP/oK WALL'S ME. w /iuv uiitos (Plaoab ntees MININOM nto <. APPmoNAL- PMNZW^E PCfAILS 0 ZUtf+CZ. 6& M & nr sweR* f MATERIAL WEI6 MTS 0*>ZUt+£ 5C*L WEIGHT(P lAf&£ T&t* no*/cv. pr - u6wrwei^Lrr m ix e s a e e fiweVM&AS R?$3iEta id m in . is-eo^/oj f t .) i o piam t 4-. fiCCIAL SitUAnOf^S Fa^UlPlNEt ACUUStMENIS TO 1- * E€ SMALL *ME0IUM5HfUB6

LAWN 4 6iftouNt>d»vex

''TfTS t-liL jJ ilA H 3 W > N MAT . t-t - —- M N ■ * ,& mulch leMirr=^ ;* •XJlfCH 5NC nu •/t'zcHLaetvfAW— -- --- f / / c4 INSOLMV^N AVSZ HGATEDSWE) / ?/ 5 Lew roiMTS

1 MINIMUM SOIL DEPTH CRITERIA FOR PLANTING ON STRUCTURAL SLABS season and the actual plant growth may modify the thermal effects of the building.

It is absolutely necessary that roof-top plantings include provisions for irrigation. Soils can dry out quickly because of the limited "capillary reservoir" of the soil and because the soil mix is primarily designed to insure drainage and aeration.

1. Thomas E. Wirth, "Landscape Architecture Above Building," Underground Space. Aug. 1977, 323- 346.

29 2.4 AIR In earth shelters, both passive and active systems can be used to generate the proper level of

An earth-sheltered structure is exposed to much ventilation. Windows and skylights can be less surrounding air and is far more carefully designed in such a way as to open. They can be sealed than a typical surface house. It will not placed in areas that will maximize the flow of trade air with natural ease. However, an earth air. Air scoops and clerestory windows high in shelter can be made into a perfectly controlled the walls of earth shelters can suck in a surface environment— a splendid balance between fresh air breeze and angle it down into living areas. Open and energy conservation. skylights high in the ceiling of a submerged home will release rising, heated air to the sky. A. Fresh Air The effectiveness of natural ventilators in an In below-grade structures, caution must be taken earth-sheltered house can be enhanced by proper to insure effective ventilation under all positioning and landscaping. Hills can direct circumstances so that the house remains breezes toward the house, as can strategically comfortable. Ventilation is required in all placed trees and shrubs. houses for a number of reasons. The first is oxygen. Inhabitants need a certain amount of B. Humidity Control fresh air to breathe. Ventilation must remove the old, stale odors out of the house. Inside air Ventilation regulates humidity as well as becomes dampened by perspiration, cooking liquids, temperature. As air stagnates in a house, it bath-water evaporation, etc. and should be traded builds up moisture. In earth-sheltered houses, if with drier air from the outside. ventilation is not adequate or does not reach all parts of the house, pockets of extreme humidity

30 can form. Not only does humid air present a problem of discomfort— it also causes condensation and mildew problems. It can be prevented by either warming the surface of the wall or keeping the air from becoming too humid. Proper insulation and vapor barriers can help keep wall temperatures from dropping too low. Well-planned ventilation systems can keep the air moving steadily so that it does not pick up too much moisture.

31 2.5 STRUCTURE i

The greatest benefit of earth-sheltered designs will result when the necessary structure of the house is considered in the planning and layout. The earth-sheltered house can be buried to a great depth, and the earth on the roof is a very signifi­ cant load. The structural form of the house can have a great impact on the ease with which these heavy loads can be carried. In more standard methods of construction, there is a fair amount of flexibility in design, but the needs of the struc­ tural system must be borne in mind or a price will be paid in higher-than-necessary structural costs. Because of the heavier loads, openings in structural members must be made with more care.

A. Structural Components

1) Wall SECTION

There are four basic load conditions imposed for the exterior walls of an FORCES ON WALL earth-sheltered house. Walls A and C must

32 2) Roof

The primary function of the roof is to sup­ port the vertical loads above it that are caused by soil, snow, etc. In flat roof systems this is accomplished primarily by bending. Bending is an inefficient load transfer method, and care should be taken to provide sufficient vertical support to MOMENT the roof to create an economical CANTILEVER structural system. Intermediate supports can be provided by bearing walls, beams In contrast, the balancing reaction and columns. Bending moments induced in between opposite walls induce only low the roof are proportional to the vertical compressive stresses in the roof and floor load imposed and also the square of the system which will not present problems in span. Spans should be kept as short as most roof or floor designs. practical. Economical spans will depend on the depth of earth cover, the total dimensions of the house, and the structural material used.

3) Ground floor

Generally, the ground floor of an earth-

33 sheltered structure is limited to a poured system. A shell structure may become concrete slab, since it is the most costly for a single home since more economical and is the most suitable design complex design and construction methods overall. Unless under-floor pressures are may be required for these unconventional expected to be present from sources such systems. as water pressure or soil squeezing, the ground floor is poured at a normal B. Structure and Material thickness, with 3.5 to 4 inches generally being a minimum. Slabs subjected to 1) Reinforced concrete under-floor water pressures will be much thicker, and the floor will transfer loads a. Advantages to walls and interior supports in much the 1. Durability, strength, fire resis­ same way as the roof. tance. 2. High compressive, shear and 4) Shell structure tensile strengths. 3. Fairly water-tight.

Since earth-sheltered housing has greater- 4. Heavy, to resist uplift and than-normal loads on the roof and walls sliding. due to the earth cover, the use of curved 5. Can be placed in large or complex shell structures to form the basic shapes. enclosure of a house should be considered. The geometry of a curving structure acts b. Disadvantages to support the loads without requiring as 1. Wall can crack and leak. much material as a conventional flat roof 2. Costs can be driven up.

34 3. Requires a larger footing and for joints. foundation. 2. Requires larger foundations. 4. Acts as a heat drain. 3. Sealing of joints can cause prob­ 5. Curing time can delay construc­ lems. tion. 4. Shape usually limited to linear 6. Cold weather work difficult. elements.

2) Precast Concrete 3) Reinforced concrete block

a. Advantages: a. Advantages 1. Durability, strength, fire resis- 1. Durability, fire resistance. tance. 2. Moderate compressive, shear, and 2. High compressive, shear, and tensile strength. tensile strengths. 3. Can provide a variety of forms. 3. Very water tight if joints are 4. Readily available in most areas. done properly. 4. Weight resists uplift and sliding. b. Disadvantages: 5. Can be mass-produced. 1. Heavy, requiring larger founda­ 6. No cure time delay. tions and footings. 7. Can be placed in cold weather. 2. Poor moisture barriers. 8. Can be built quickly. 3. Easily cracked, allowing water penetration. b. Disadvantages: 4. Cure time can delay construction. 1. Good structural design is needed 5. Cold weather work difficulty. 4) Steel b. Disadvantages 1. Interior column must be a. Advantages: introduced. 1. Very high strength. 2. Requires a well-drained site. 2. Can be formed into arch shapes. 3. Needs chemical treatment against 3. Very water-tight. decomposition. 4. Can be built in cold weather.

b. Disadvantages 1. Needs corrosive protection. 2. Needs fire protection. 3. Expensive. 5) Wood a. Advantages 1. Visual amenity. 2. Available in most areas. 3. Light-weight, for light foundation and footing. 4. Quick construction. 5. Low cost. 6. Can be built in cold weather.

36 2.6 WATERPROOFING to handle any water which collects in the court area. The possibility of a moisture problem is one of the biggest concerns of people considering an Identifying the ground slope is important, to earth-sheltered house. In earth-sheltered houses, prevent the possibility of potentially disastrous waterproofing is essential to prevent leakage and surface run-off. The drawing illustrates some related problems such as water damage, staining, drainage problems associated with sunken court­ and dampness. An earth-sheltered home, if yards which are common in earth-sheltered designs. properly designed and waterproofed, will remain It is preferable for the surrounding ground to dry and problem-free. Design precautions prior to slope away from the structure on all sides. waterproofing will help to avoid many water problems.

A. Source of Moisture Problems

Sites with high water tables, in flood plains and in low areas, should be avoided. These areas can be built on, but more extensive water-proofing and runoff control measures must be used. Low areas should be avoided when building any type of housing if possible. An atrium design located completely below grade has a great potential danger in low-lying areas. This type of structure must include drain pipes and possibly a sump pump

37 1) Vapor transmission

Since gases or vapors always tend to move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure, and since the temperature inside an earth-sheltered house will always be warmer than the ground around it, the vapor transmission will tend to be from the inside of the house toward the ground. If the movement of air over the

SLOPE AWAY FROM THE STRUCTURE surface is great enough, then the forma­ tion of condensation will be inhibited.

2) Capillary draw

Capillary draw is responsible for most of the dampness problems which occur in base­ ments. This phenomenon can be compared to the ability of a sponge sitting on a wet surface to draw water into itself. There are two methods of bypassing capillary draw. The first is to cut it off with an impermeable barrier such as a waterproof­ ing or damp-proofing application. Another

38 \

effective means of capillary break is the material except for a capping of soil of use of an air gap or a material that is so low permeability. loosely constructed that moisture will not be drawn through it. 4) Backfill should act as a filter material, preventing the washing of clay and silt B. Drainages particles from the surrounding ground through the backfill and into the drain. Drainage techniques should always be an impor­ tant consideration in a waterproofing system since 5) If the drawdown curve of the water table they reduce the frequency and duration of water is not sufficiently shallow to keep the accumulation. There are a number of related water table below the floor level utiliz­ points which should be mentioned. ing only perimeter drains, additional drains should be placed under the floor. 1) Floor drains should be installed in court­ yards or in other sunken areas, and C. Damp-proofing Techniques cleaned regularly. The most common method for dealing with water 2) It is advantageous that the ground always involves sealing the shell, thereby interrupting slopes away from an earth-sheltered house. the capillary draw of moisture into the building. This insures that excess surface runoff Damp-proofing materials function well in this will not drain toward the house. capacity, but typically are too thin, or too rigid to bridge wall cracks to be considered as a good 3) The backfill should be of a free-draining waterproofing technique.

39 1) Concrete mix design and additives qualities of asphalt, it is slowly soluble in water. Some admixtures can fill the capillary channels in the concrete; others react 4) Pitch when they come into contact with water. All these techniques will cut down the This is more stable than an asphalt permeability of the wall, but as long as coating. Due to the nature of the concrete cracks and shrinks when it dries, material, it becomes fluid at high cracks will occur which will destroy the temperatures (150°C) and brittle when it integrity of the seal. is cold.

2) Pargeting D. Waterproofing Techniques

This refers to a thin coating on the wall 1) Built-up membranes composed of a dense cement plaster. Cracking of the wall which almost Membranes consist of a layer of asphalt or inevitably occurs will also crack these pitch alternating with felt or fabric brittle materials, so they cannot be reinforcing. Four plies are considered relied on as waterproofing materials. minimum for waterproofing purposes.

3) Asphalt coating 2) Bituthene

An asphalt coating is useful in inhibit­ Bituthene is a polyethylene-coated rubber­ ing the capillary action. Because of the ized asphalt. Bridging characteristics

40 are reasonable. Bituthene is not suit­ 5) Polyethylene able under consistent water pressure.

This should be covered because ultraviolet This inexpensive material is used widely rays induce deterioration of the beneath concrete floor slabs as a polyethylene. dampproofing material. It has fair bridging characteristics but no resealing 3) Butyl rubber abilities.

Butyl rubber is a quality waterproofing material with good bridging characteristics. The system involves the use of prefabricated sheet materials which are fused together on site. Great care must be taken to insure a complete seal.

4) Bentonite

Bentonite is a dense clay found in the western United States. This clay, when placed in contact with moisture, swells to fifteen times its dry volume. Bentonite has some resealing and bridging qualities. Since the material is natural, it will not decompose with time.

41 2.7 INSULATION 1) High resistance to fire or production of poisonous fumes during a fire. A. Insulation Methods 2) Good dimensional and R value stability. 3) High R value per inch of thickness to mini­

Insulation is any material which reduces the mize interior space loss. transfer of heat from one area to another. Insula­ tion helps to keep heat in the building during B. Insulation Materials cold weather and out during hot weather. The most desirable position for insulation placement is 1) Polystyrene: outside the structure. Polystyrene is suitable for a wide variety

These are some characteristics which are desirable of applications. It is used for its for outside insulation materials: insulation value and its resistance to moisture absorption. Polystyrene should

1) High compression strength to resist be covered with a fire-resistant material lateral earth loads. because of its flammable nature. 2) High resistance to water; low water absorp­ tion. 2) Vermiculite: 3) High resistance to the various chemical properties of soils. It has a lower insulation value than most 4) Good dimensional and R value. other insulation materials. It is suit­ able for insulating ceilings when a higher Some characteristics for inside-placement insula­ R value is desired. It is extremely fire- tion material are: resistant and free-flowing.

42 3) Polystyrene Pour Fill: insulation which is foamed in place. It is ideal for insulating existing walls

The use of polystyrene pourfill inside because the foam will flow into small stud walls is a preferred alternative to openings and crevices. It is highly fiberglass. It costs less than resistant to moisture absorption, but is fiberglass. suspected of being toxic.

4) Cellulose or woodfiber: 7) Urethane:

Cellulose is a fill- type insulation made Urethane has the highest insulation value from paper or pump products that has been of all the materials. It should be chemically treated for fire-resistance. covered with a fire-resistant material, as the fumes it emits during a fire are 5) Fiberglass: extremely toxic.

Fiberglass is one of the most commonly used insulation materials used in the walls of new construction. Blown-in fiberglass is used extensively for insulation of ceilings.

6) Urea formaldehyde:

Urea formaldehyde is a relatively new 43 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

3.1 TOPOGRAPHY

3.2 SOIL 3.3 ORIENTATION 3.1 TOPOGRAPHY and orientation of any slope. On a predominantly flat site, a fully or semi-recessed design is Topography is the physical surface configuration possible. A flat site may be used for a two-level of the land, including variations in surface earth-covered design, but a great deal of fill may elevation and positioning of natural and man-made be required, depending on the specific design. A features. The topography of a building site can sloping site offers the opportunity to set an affect the design in a number of ways. Changes in earth-covered space into the hillside; however, terrain can directly affect the wind patterns and the orientation of the window wall is determined temperature around a building, and certainly has a by the direction of the hillside. It is generally great impact on patterns of water runoff. more desirable to work with a site which slopes downward to the south; but it may be necessary to Surface runoff is that portion of precipitation compromise the maximum solar exposure on some which flows over the ground. However, more sites. Also, a relatively steeply sloping site is crucial in the case of earth shelters is subsur­ more easly adapted to a design with two levels of face runoff, which is the precipitation that earth-covered space. infiltrates into and moves through the soil. When man inteferes with it and disrupts the ecological process, it often results in an imbalance with extremely undesirable side effects. One of the most noticeable of these is soil erosion.

However, the single most important effect of topography on an earth-sheltered housing design is whether the site is flat or sloped and the degree

45 3.2 SOIL 3) Substrata: Largely mineral in composition and located below most plant roots; func­ Below-grade buildings are cradled by soil. The tions as a sponge for waste material. structure and design of earth-sheltered houses are intertwined with the weight, moisture, texture and density of the surrounding soils. Soil is a complex, changeable, vital element of any earth- sheltered design. It must be examined carefully, in conjunction with a professional engineer.

A. Soil Profile

Soil profiles contain several layers of soil. Each layer serves a different function.

1) Organic layer: Formed from rock and decay­ ing plants; aids the soil's water-holding SOIL PROFILE capacity. B. Basic Types 2) Top soil: A mixture of mineral and organic matter; is usually dark in color and holds Soils are classified according to four basic plant nutrients. types: gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Generally, soils in nature are mixtures of these.four compo­ nents. C. Soil Implications 1) Gravel: Particles over 2mm in diameter. 2) Sand: Gritty, finest particles. Visible All earth-sheltered structures depend on soil for to the naked eye. 0.05-2mm. their ultimate support. Therefore, structural 3) Silt: Invisible to the eye but can be integrity depends on the soil type and its bearing felt. 0.002-0.05mm. capacty. General bearing capacities are summar­ 4) Clay: Smooth and floury or clumpy when ized below. dry; plastic and sticky when wet. 0.002 and smaller.

100. o ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY MATERIAL (TONS/FT) SEDIMENTARY ROCK 10 DRY CLAY 8 g r a v e l ; c o m p a c t 6 SAND; COMPACT 5 SAND; COARSE 6 LOOSE 4 SAND; FINE AND LOOSE 4 MEDIUM STIFF CLAY 3 MEDIUM SOFT CLAY 3 SOFT CLAY 2 PEAT 6 ORGANIC SOILS 1

FERET SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 47 D. Thermal Conductivity E. Slope Stability

Soil attributes affect the energy-saving capac­ How a soil naturally rests in place is its "angle ity of earth-sheltered structures. Tests at the of repose." The angle of repose depends on how University of Minnesota measured heat transfer the soil particles rest against and on top of each through five distinctive types. The conclusion other. Clay can have a steep angle of repose so was: Soil type has little influence on its ability long as it is dry. But water-fluid can coax it to to conduct heat. Rather, the important factor is flatness. Twenty-six degrees is about the moisture content. Soils that are moist will pass steepest pitch possible for most soils. heat more quickly than drier ones. Since the key to underground energy saving is using the earth TYPICAL ANGLE OF REPOSE 2 for heat storage and slow release of heat, fast SOIL TYPE conduction of heat through the soil is a negative CONDITION IN DEGREE AS RATIO CLAY factor. DRY 30 1.7:1 DAMP PLASTIC 18 3:1 WET 16 3.5:1 EARTH Minimum earth cover provides the most active layer "VEGETABLE SOIL" 28 1.9:1 LOOSE, ORHUMUd 30 1.7:1 of earth at minimal cost to structure. Inter­ GRAVEL AVERAGE 32 1.6:1 SAND CLEAN mediate earth cover provides earth insulation and 33 1.5:1 significant isolation from seasonal temperature fluctuations. Deep earth cover provides nearly stable temperature conditions with little interference with natural surface processes. But it raises severe construction questions and causes possible moisture control problems. 48 F. Pressure SOIL PRESSURE AND BUILDING STRUCTURE

SOIL TYPE | CONDITION LBS. CU. FT. When a rectangular house is covered with earth, WATER 4 F 62.4 soil exerts pressure upon the house from all EARTH DRY, LOOSE 76 directions. The weight of the soil on the roof MOIST, PACKED 96 SAND DRY presses down. Slippage of the soil creates 100 WET 120 horizontal pressure against the walls. Moisture CLAY ORGANIC 88 VERY DENSE in the soil creates hydrostatic pressure that 125 LOAM 100 pushes up against the bottom of the building and increases the tendency of the soil to flow, thus increasing pressure on the sides as well.

1. Kevin Lynch, Site Planning, 2nd Edition (The WEIGHT FROM ABOVE MIT Press), p. 52. SOIL FRICTION 2. Kenneth Labs, The Architectural Use of Under­ SURCHANGE ground Space, 1978. - I * LOADING

I^^IYDROSTATIC “ SiPRESSURE

...... ' " « •••••■• «••• ^ BEARING REACTION HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

. TYPICAL LOADING PRESSURE ON EARTH-INTEGRATED STRUCTURE

49 3.3 ORIENTATION has a great impact on the site orientation of earth-sheltered design where the window openings

A major consideration in site planning is the are likely to be concentrated on one side of the actual location of the structure. Although the house in order to maximize the earth cover. structure is earth-sheltered, it should not be Considering sunlight alone, the best orientation thought of as completely covered. Necessary for an earth-sheltered house would place all of openings are usually exposed. The grouping and the window openings on the south side in the direction of these openings are referred to as the Northern Hemisphere, with the remaining three orientation of the structure on the site. The sides being completely earth-covered. major design elements are sun and wind. B. Wind

A. Sun The effect of wind on the orientation of an

The sun is one of the most important determinants earth-sheltered structure is a serious energy in energy-efficient building design, as well as consideration, since direct exposure to cold natural light. The radiant energy from the sun winter winds increases heat loss due to infil­ can be used in both an active and passive manner tration and a wind chill effect. Minimizing to provide heat for a structure. The use of an window and door openings on the north and west active solar collector system will have direct sides of the house will enhance the energy impact on the orientation and design of an earth- performance. Earth-sheltered construction offers sheltered residence. All passive solar collection a unique opportunity to totally shield the struc­ methods are based on trapping the radiant energy ture from prevailing winter winds and to use the of the sun which enters the house through the earth to completely divert the wind over the windows. The available radiant heat from the sun structure. An earth-sheltered design which

50 includes a central courtyard may be substantially protected from prevailing winds, but minor wind turbulence may result.

In the summer it is desirable to take advantage of prevailing breezes to provide natural ventilation. Some outlets such as windows on the top of the house can create natural cross- ventilation.

61 4.0 SUMMARY SUMMARY Landscaping is a critical component in the overall design which must be coordinated with the other

Earth-integrated housing is energy-efficient to a elements of the house. It not only adds beauty to greater extent than any other type of structure. the structure, but also enhances privacy, security It generally saves 50% of the normal energy and thermal efficiency. consumption of conventional housing, and sometimes up to 75%. However, it has encountered some Earth-integrated housing design involves greater problems in public acceptance and construction. design restrictions than any type of conventional Psychological factors have to be fully understood housing. However, with proper thought and and overcome in the design process. More bright planning it is one of the most energy- efficient lighting, good visual contact with the outside and ecologically sound types of housing. environment, introduction of natural elements into the interior such as plants, flexibility of space usage, and excellent ventilation systems will go a long way to overcoming these problems and give excellent psychological assurance to the potential occupant.

A good structural system, waterproofing and damp-proofing systems are the most important factors in design and construction. The choice of good materials and proper construction, combined with a good drainage system, is important to the success of waterproofing and damp-proofing. 53 PROGRAMMING 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 LOCATION 1.2 ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (THE HILLS) The Hills development, located approximately seven miles north of downtown Tucson, is one of the most controversial developments in Southern Arizona. The reasons for this controversy are primarily concerns about the project's impact on the natural environment and excessive water usage by the development.

Preservation of the natural environment, is one of the most significant concerns. This area is very fragile, it can be destroyed easily and it requires a long time to recover takes a from any environmental depredation. For example, a change of surface soil without involving the entire ecological system can cause a significant erosion problem. The pace of natural recovery is so slow that the preservation of nature is a pressing concern in this area.

This chapter contains the programming for the urban setting of an earth-integrated housing design based on The Hills' development plan. In accordance with the development plan, a project site is planned for a 60-unit townhouse development, geared toward the young, professional, medium-income buyer. The site is located on the south-eastern portion of The Hills development.

INTRODUCTION 1.1 LOCATION

Location Tucson Regional Map Project Site The Hills is located in an unincorporated area of Pima County north of the city limits of Tucson, at the base of the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, south of the Coronado National Forest. The site is located approximately 7 miles north of downtown Tucson and is bounded by Skyline Drive on the north and Sunrise Drive on the south. Its location is depicted on the accompanying maps.

LOCATION ifit? Mkw H E W MEXICO MEXICO

LOCATION 59 IMA. KJ>

g - r >

1.2 ANALYSIS OF TH1 DEVELOPMENT PLAN(THE HILLS)

Introduction Goals and Objectives Project Description History Adapted Policies Controveresl leeuee Land Use and Density Projected Future Use Vechlcle and Pedestrian Circulation Open Space and Recreation Landcape Concept This section includes the statement of development intent for The Hills provided by Cottonwood Properties, Inc. Because the project site is a part of "The Hills" development, it is important to understand the concept of this development plan. This information provides a general outline of the design, including land use plan, plan type, the projected market segment, etc.

INTRODUCTION 1. Goals (presented by Cottonwood Properties, Inc.)

Responsible development of "The Hills" property can be ensured through the adoption of development control mechanisms that reflect comprehensive land use planning.

2. Objectives (presented by Cottonwood Properties, Inc.)

A. To provide a broad range of housing products through the provision of a variety of densities throughout the project. B. To use design features in conjunction with physical elements to mitigate against any adverse effects on the environment. C. To provide cohesiveness throughout the community by the provision of private recreational facilities, a trail system, a variety of housing types, and areas of open space. D. To provide for the safety and well-being of those residing in and around the community through the provision of an adequate and safe network of streets, as well as flood control devices. E. To create a community identity and theme through landscape design, circulation, and open space concepts which will foster design harmony.

GOALS & OBJECTIVES 1. Type of project

The Hills project is an internally oriented, self-contained community which combines mixed uses: hotel, residential, commercial, business and recreation within a project site comprising 790 acres. The Hills theme is a golf course oriented, destination resort community design, that will fit within the unique environment of the proposed site.

The residential portion of the plan proposes a maximum of 2644 dwelling units. The target density for the plan (an expected yield per plannning block based upon specific site and marketing conditions) shall be 1575 units, to be divided into a variety of housing product types ranging from single family detached units to attached and condominium units. This number will represent those blocks that are targeted for residential development. The maximum number relates to those same blocks plus Resort Block 21.

The non-residential uses in the plan represent three basic use types: resort/hotel, office park, and financial institution/restaurant sites. The resort/hotel complex comprises 57 acres and is oriented to the golf course proposed within the plan. The office park area comprises 54 acres and is also oriented to the golf course as well as to the major access route. The support

PROJECT DESCRIPTION area comprises a total of 5 acres, and is intended to serve visitors, project residents and employees.

The recreational/open space portion of the plan is primarily composed of a 27-hole golf course. In addition, there will. be smaller open space areas interspersed throughout the residential areas of the plan.

These amenities provide a total of 294 acres of active and passive open space and recreational areas, not including the private neighborhood recreation areas or the open space included in each of the planning blocks.

2. Community Setting

The Hills is situated in a suburban area north of the City of Tucson corporate limits. The area is comprised of foothills rising from the Rillito River toward the Coronado National Forest, generally with lower density single family detached homes interspersed with larger-lot subdivisions. Several attached residential developments provide a contrast to this pattern. Open space areas of undeveloped lands will separate many of the existing residential areas. The general character of development consists of relatively high-value housing oriented to distance views over the city of Tucson to the south, or to mountain views.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ]------— ------1----- 3. Market Objectives

It is the intent of The Hills to provide a variety of housing, employment, and recreational opportunities within a planned community setting.

More specific market objectives are:

A. To reflect anticipated public demand by providing a diversity of housing types and site locations which will be marketable within the greater Tucson area. B. To create a community identity for The Hills through the development of a golf course/resort mixed-use development, and the application of community design elements which will create a continuity of development within the project. C. To attract office and business park users that will provide a place of employment for the residents of The Hills and the surrounding areas. D. To create a quality destination resort that will be oriented to the golf course and to the unique physical features of the site.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1. On April 2, 1982, Cottonwood Properties filed two applications with the Pima County Planning and Zoning Department. The first application requested initiation of The Hills' community plan for 790 acres directly north of Tucson. Simultaneously, Cottonwood filed an application to rezone approximately 300 acres within the 790-acre The Hills community.

2. The Planning Department procedurally combined this matter with the Catalina Foothills Zoning Plan.

3. These three applications were brought under consideration and study by the Planning and Zoning Department, and were scheduled for a public hearing.

4. On May 25, 1982 the Pima County Planning and Zoning Commission recommended that the Board of Supervisors approve the three applications, subject to a set of extensive and wide- ranging conditions.

5. On June 22, 1982 the Pima County Board of Supervisors conducted a public hearing on the Cottonwood application.

HISTORY 68 6. On July 20, 1982 the Board of Supervisors approved Cottonwood's applications for rezoning, subject to sixteen conditions. Furthermore,

nineteen separate conditions dealing with the use of effluent on the golf course, water conservation, preservation of native plants, requirements for undisturbed natural areas, additional density restrictions, and other matters were added to the sixteen conditions (see Appendix A). The following policies provide a statement of development intent for The Hills which was presented by Cottonwood Properties, Inc... They also establish a documented basis for directing and evaluating the planning and design of improvements within the plan, and provide guidelines upon which the county's development review process can be based.

1. Residential Zoning

The maximum number of residential units for this property shall be 2,000. Of this number, 250 are assigned to Block 21, which shall have the option of either residential or resort use. Should Block 21 be developed as a resort, the maximum number of residential units (that is, the expected number based upon specific site and marketing conditions) will be 1575. Block 23 is targeted for residential development, but shall be held back from any immediate development. Should the need arise for additional office land, Block 23 shall be the subject of future office/TR rezoning.

2. TR Zoning

Blocks 3, 10 and 13 are targeted for office use. Blocks 3 and 10 shall be restricted to office use, while Block 13 shall have the option of being

ADAPTED POLICIES designated for residential development. Should Block 13 be developed residentially, the units shall be transferred from other blocks, not to exceed the 2000 units over the entire site.

3. CB-1

Blocks 7, 14 and 22 shall be restricted to restaurant, financial, and office use.

4. Buffers

Buffers shall be provided to protect the design integrity and provide aesthetic compatibility with existing neighborhoods. Buffers shall be designed in such a way to mitigate any adverse impacts of sound, visibility and traffic. Types of buffer may include landscaping, screening, pathways, drainageways, and natural features. A buffer area of no development shall be provided for 150 feet along the south and west boundaries of Block 1; and a CR-1 buffer shall be provided along the south boundary of Block 2.

5. Height Restrictions

The maximum height of the development shall be restricted to one story in

ADAPTED POLICIES Blocks 1, 2, 6, 15, 18 and 24. Development shall be restricted to two stories in Blocks 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23 and the CB-1 Blocks 7, 14 and 22. Three-story development shall be restricted to Blocks 10 and 13.

6. Circulation

A major community circulation linkage shall be provided to connect the development to Skyline Drive. All internal access to the project shall be taken from that roadway. Traffic shall not penetrate any of the adjacent roads. Internal roads may be designated as either public or private roadways.

7. Flood Control

Development shall conform to the Pima County Floodplan Management Ordinance. Any on-site retention area may be incorporated into the golf course design. No development will be allowed in the 100-year floodplain, as designated by the Catalina Area Plan and reviewed by the Department of Transportation and Flood Control District.

8. Hillside Development

Development shall be in conformance with the Pima County Hillside Development

ADAPTED POLICIES Zone ordinance. Additionally, all precautions will be taken to ensure that as many as possible prominent landforms will be left undisturbed and preserved as

open space.

9. Landscape •

Landscaping in all common areas and in the open spaces shall consist predominantly of desert vegetation, and shall be irrigated in a manner consistent with current water conservation practices. Healthy specimen saguaro cacti and palo verde bushes shall be preserved on-site wherever possible. The golf course shall be designed to conform as much as possible to the desert environment. Treated effluent shall be used to irrigate the golf course and landscape, as it becomes available.

10. View

Building siting and landscaping shall encourage the preservation of existing off-site views.

11. Lighting

The use of low-sodium and shielded lighting shall be required within the

ADAPTED POLICIES development.

12. Signs

In addition to the existing County Sign Ordinance requirements, freestanding commercial signs shall not exceed eight feet in height.

ADAPTED POLICIES 74 1. Native Plant Issue

A. Opponent: 1) Cottonwood Properties would destroy as many or more saguaro cacti than the number that currently exist in the Saguaro National Monument. 2) Cottonwood Properties plans to "bulldoze" the entire desert area. 3) The development will destroy tens of thousands of saguaros.

B. Developer: 1) At least 80% of all mature saguaro cacti will be preserved on-site. 2) Thirty percent of the land will be left in an undisturbed, natural state as a preserve for saguaro cacti, and this area shall be specifically and clearly defined.

2. Water/Effluent

A. Opponent: 1) Significant amounts of water will be wasted to irrigate the golf course.

CONTROVERSAL ISSUES 2) The developer will not accept effluent from either the City of Tucson or from Pima County for the purpose of irrigating the golf course, and will not be obligated to pay the capital and delivery cost and appropriate rate for such effluent.

B. Developer: 1) The developer will contract to accept effluent for the purpose of irrigating the golf course, and will agree to pay the appropriate costs. 2) If effluent is not available, the developer shall participate in the cost of constructing a sewage processing plant and delivery system for the purpose of irrigating the golf course. 3) The irrigation system shall be designed to utilize fully the most advanced water-saving methods.

3. Other Issues

A. Opponent: 1) The project will turn the area into the ’’Speedway Boulevard of the foothills." 2) The Cottonwood plan would add 82,200 people to the number allowed in the area under the present plan, which is undesirable.

CONTROVERSAL ISSUES B. Developer: 1) The five areas of CB-1 (business) zoning will, be restricted to sit-down restaurants. 2) A maximum of 2,000 residential units with one hotel, or 1750 units with two hotels will be allowed.

CONTROVERSAL ISSUES The Hills project is a mixed-use development that is designed for residen­ tial, business, community uses, and recreational open space within a planned community framework. The plan area is approximately 790 acres and is divided into two major land use types: CR-1, CR-4 and CR5, including residential and resort uses; and TR, primarily set aside for office uses. Additionally, there are five acres of CB-1 zoning, including support/commercial uses. These major types are further divided into "planning units" or sub-areas which more specifically define the development potential within each major land use type.

The residential portion of the plan proposes a maximum of 2644 dwelling units, to be developed with a variety of densities and types. The Land Use Plan Table provides a breakdown of the maximum unit count, the "target density," and the target unit counts for each planning block. The residential land uses are broken into three density ranges corresponding to zoning designations CR—1, CR—4 and CR—5.

Each planning block has an assigned density which falls within one of the three density ranges. This assigned density and the resultant dwelling unit yield, based on the assigned densities, generate the target yield of the plan which is 1575 dwelling units. The target densities for the zpning designation are CR-1 at 0.9 du/ac, CR5 at 4.5 du/ac, and CR-5 at 10.2 du/ac. The target

LAND USE & DENSITY densities of the plan and the target yield of the plan allow flexibility

during the plan implementation while still providing a maximum plan yield for infrastructure planning purposes.

In addition, the plan also allows for a range of•residential product types in all residential planning units in order to respond to changing market conditions. Intensification of development may also occur in response to physical design constraints; however, the maximum number of dwelling units cannot be expanded.

The non-residential portion of the plan proposes two types of usage: neighborhood commercial (CB-1), which is intended to serve the surrounding residents and employees; and office/business park (TR), which is intended to establish an office park environment for professional business use in a unique setting oriented to the golf course/ open space areas of the plan. The resort portion of the plan is oriented to the golf course facilities and a major destination resort with a hotel and associated recreational facilities.

The concept of the plan is to intensify use along the major artery which traverses the site. This corridor will provide a focus for offices, the resort, and higher-density residential uses', and will offer views of various golf course features throughout the site.

LAND USE & DENSITY 1 LAND USE PLAN DETAIL

Planning Land Gross Target Maximum Density Unit Use Acres # Units # Units (Per Target)

1 Medium 31 72 82 2.3 2 Medium 18 44 50 2.4 3 TR 15 ——— 4 Med/High 6 120 120 20.0 5 Medium 19 140 168 7.4 6 Low 100 90 100 0.9 7 CB-1 1 —— -

8 Golf/Open 294 - - - 9 Resort 35 - —- 10 TR 22 — — — 11 Med/High 17 210 308 12.3 12 Medium 8 60 90 7.5

13 TR 17 — — - 14 CB-1 2 — —— 15 Medium 30 140 224 4.7 16 Med/High 34 336 420 9.9 17 Medium 9 35 84 3.9 18 Low 60 60 60 1.0 19 Medium 10 44 72 4.4 20 Medium 7 44 66 6.3 21 Resort 22 — 440 — • 22 CB-1 2 — — — 23 Med/High 21 126 252 6.0 24 Medium 10 54 108 5.4

Total 790 1575 2644

LAND USE & DENSITY 80 FXr-tii-V

H o w SI 1^1

_^~>l |— l—E- R’/^.t-iii—t-f H o l 4 S I

PROJECTED FUTURE USE The purpose of the circulation element of the plan is to establish general layout and design standards for roadways in The Hills' study area and to integrate them with the Routes Plan of the County. The circulation system developed for this project will provide for the efficient movement of people and goods. The system is compatible with the natural features of the environment, yet serves the needs of the proposed various land uses that are contained within the plan.

VEHICLE & PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION HOcv'V T r^ k FKL t>+«

^vti^TUse. ja^R-r -r o a d ^TATlILKttHl-r

■■■■t 1 ■,■=- = ! :,= = ■ ■ ■ = ,:.= ■■ :-■ - 1 v ■■ :■ ■■;-r ■■=- ■■;■. ■■- : = - . = - - = — ' '■ " — ■■■■■ VEHICLE & PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION The recreation and open space concept of The Hills is oriented primarily to the main drainage courses which traverse the study area. These rather broad drainageways provide an open space linkage between the various development areas of the plan, as well as serving as a buffer between various land use areas and as recreation facilities, through the development of a 27-hole championship golf course.

The golf course itself will constitute a major element in the open space network of the plan, with many of the residential development areas being oriented toward the golf course fairways.

OPEN SPACE & RECREATION 84 The landscape plan for The Hills is defined primarily by the natural features of the study area, and by the introduction of concentrated landscape features at focal points, such as on the golf course, at the entrance, and within the recreational areas. The landscape plan enhances the land use plan in two ways. The landscape concept establishes community identity by preserving and integrating open space features with the development. The overall concept provides for continuity of landscape materials along the circulation routes, drainage corridors, through window views, and at major entry points to the study area. Additionally, landscape architecture fortifies the plan through the accentuation of features within specific development areas, thus allowing for the delineation of specific land uses as well as repetition of a common theme throughout the entire area. As a design element, plant materials will be used to define various spaces, outline boundaries along circulation corridors, act as screening where desirable, and help define major and minor entryways.

1. Native Vegetation

Thick stands of native plant communities will enrich the hillsides throughout the project area, and can often serve as a buffer zone or open space.

LANDSCAPE CONCEPT LANDSCAPE CONCEPT 2.0 SITE ANALYSIS

2.1 NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT 2.2 ON-SITE CONTEXT 2.3 CLIMATE 2.1 NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT

A. Natural Physical Features B. Utilities C. Others A. Natural Physical Features

Terrain Topography Average Slope Drainage Surface Drainage Pattern Vegetation Vegetation map Typical Exlatlhg Vegetation r

Located in the fooothiUs of Arizona's Santa Catalina Mountains, The Hills' site encompasses approximately 690 acres. The topography of the property is generally typical of the Sonoran Desert, being characterized by terrain which has been incised by intermittent water courses.' The intervening hills and canyons created by this drainage network are oriented in a northeast-southwest direction.

Relief over the 800 acres ranges from a high of approximately 2825 feet above sea level in the extreme northeastern corner to a low of 2605 feet near the southwestern limits of the property. This change in elevation occurs over a distance of 1.4 miles. Localized ridge- canyon relief varies from 60 feet in the minor canyons to over 100 feet in the steeper areas.

Slopes on the property also vary, ranging from gentle (less than 15 percent) in the northern, eastern and southeastern limits to steep (greater than 20 percent), primarily along the canyon walls, which have been incised by on-site drainage. Moderate slopes (15-20%) are most commonly located adjacent to the steeper hillsides. The following slope drawing reflects the slopes currently contained on the study property. Seventy-seven percent of the site (616 acres) is comprised of gently sloping terrain while the remaining 23 percent (184 acres) exhibits moderate to steep slopes.

TERRAIN 0 1

The Hills' site is bisected by several minor drainage courses emanating from the Santa Catalina Mountains which flow in a southwesterly direction. Runoff from these drainage courses and from intermittent foothill streams enters the Rillito River north of the Tucson city limits. The Rillito River is a dry creekbed during most of the year except in the winter and during thunderstorm activity, when runoff from the mountainous watershed is sufficient to cause surface flows. The Rillito River flows west-northwesterly to the Santa Cruz River, where surface water, if any, is discharged. The Santa Cruz River flows north-northwesterly to the Gila River, the major east-west waterway in southern Arizona; the Gila River eventually dischages into the Colorado River near Yuma.

DRAINAGE 1___ SURFACESI DRAINAGE PATTERN VEGETATION MAP 96 TYPICAL EXISTING VEGETATION B. U tilities

Water System Sewer System

SEWER SYSTEM C. Others

T ra ffle Existing Traffic Zoning Access to the site is provided by four major transportation arteries, including Skyline and Sunrise Drives, Campbell Avenue, and Swan Road. These roods and their 1981 traffic volumes are reflected in the Existing Traffic figure.

Skyline Drive presently exists as a two-lane roadway north of the site, between Swan Road on the east and Campbell Avenue on the west. Skyline Drive is one of the primary east-west routes in northwest Tucson. Funds have been allocated as part of the 1982 capital improvements program to widen Skyline Drive to four lanes from Campbell Avenue to Swan Road. Existing average daily traffic (ADT) volumes on this road are 6919 ADT east of Campbell Aveue and 6494 ADT west of Swan Road. West of Campbell Avenue the 1981 ADT is 13,990.

Sunrise Drive is also a primary east-west artery, extending from near the southeasterly property boundary east to Sabino Canyon Road. It is currently being widened to three lanes, with the center lane reserved for left-turn movement in either direction, between Swan Road to one-quarter mile east of Wilmot Road. The current (1981) ADT along this roadway in the vicinity of the project is 6632 vehicles between Swan and Craycroft roads.

Campbell Avenue is generally a two-lane road from River Road to its terminus

TRAFFIC 102 at the base of the Santa Catalina Mountains; a small segment of Campbell Avenue near Skyline Drive has been widened to four lanes. This roadway serves primarily as a residential collector north of River Road. South of River Road, Campbell Avenue widens to five lanes. Proposed improvements to this road include a realignment from River Road to Skyline Drive in order to improve horizontal and vertical site distances.

The remaining major north-south artery in the vicinity of The Hills is Swan Road, a two-lane road from Grant Avenue to its terminus at the base of the Santa Catalina mountains. Like Campbell Avenue, Swan Road alwo widens to five lanes south of Grant. It is proposed that Swan be widened to four lanes between Fort Lowell Road and Skyline Drive as part of a 1980 bond proposal. Daily traffic volume along Swan Road is 16,170 and 16,423 north and south of Sunrise Drive, and 16,888 and 17,600 north and south of River Road, respectively.

TRAFFIC 103 10,432. I 10,34-1

17,^00 P 'M ^ O

1181 A vE F^A A e Pa ILy* VoL-UtriES>

3rup|gp &r Pim a G^u m ty PopartnesiT

O r 1 r a r ^ portati o n A m p Ploop doMTRx. P i s t r ic t m © m ©K4 € > m B E (StBH l KiSOKT 2.2 ON-SITE CONTEXT

A. Natural Physical Features B. Legal C. Others A. Natural Phyalcal Fearturaa

Contours Slope Drainage Pattern Ground Cover Condition Vegetation CONTOURS SLOPE 109

GROUND COVER CONDITION BBSl CREOSOTE &USH © EkAi^UARO 6AC.TUS

VEGETATION 112 B. Legal

Ownership and Jurisdiction Boundaries end Site Area Bulldable Area Off-Street Parking / GOVEKMENTAL JURISDICTION:

F i m a ,

OWNERSHIP & JURISDICTION 114

: O m EL B

F o r . E a c m F a m i u y Pv/eu-iM^t UWiT OFF STREET PARKING

OFF STREET PARKING 1 17 C. Others

Views Project Statics Consumer Segment / 'Y . I V IC=W IHC. QtAAUTY OR ^ O r "Me. <2»vmn>4APo

TewM Meuse.

The ^-rr OR

VIEWS T OWMHOUSO

PROJECT STATISTICS 120 / CONSUMER SEGMENT=

CONSUMER SEGMENT 121 2.3 CLIMATE

Climate Solar Radlatl Wind 32° or NORTH 110° 56' WEST 2584 FEET HEIGHT SONORAN DESERT

123 0920

— as*r - *4TI— u*

AfF- H x j U u JU l, AMA.Ssf Ckr ^ev A ec.

1104 1711 ia^l 3-St>3 XfSX ^xtir *>T1 I87A l+?S Mf< 1H

T o t a *..— enH''_c*~f

SOLAR RADIATION 124 T i n e . Ve.UOC.lTY C KuM-r/Sm*-)

F\ 0020 \ t r . \ t \ \

2.6.0 n a jlT\ ^ r i X6rf .2112- 573 1 277 2. To -2.^0

0320 \ P\ 2-$r\ a55* Z36 ^34- UST* 1■Z4 Z ■273 286 2>^4- 0620 P\ \ K 1 JLS& a r / 2 e t 2 4 -2 i4 Z 2,42 Z 1 3 a r r ^7*2-

0920 K P\ -x \ \ JL2D jp a t D_ ^71 304- l A l f . JL«- 181 /Y f • 18 2.8Z 3-fS 34T

1220 \ 7 1 \ | 4 , a n 35X 3T« 374^ 34-3 -2 77 -2.77 3.17 3 ^ 3 3 4 3 3 1 4

— > / > / > — 4 1520 4 A ' m - 4 i 376 -fii 473- 4 f 3 4 ? r 4*© 36T 3 f2 a i f 3C7 3 7 0

A — 4 1820 V X X \ V sL V 3 |X 4 w 44.2. ,4 M .-S&2- j £ l i ] 36 T 34 ft 2-66 2LS-I 2 4 2

- > - > -4 - 4 -4 2120 A T « s Z t r T ■206 2SS. 0.7X i f f ±2A -ire JL£P -277 j e 3X» | IT » h w A f T H a y J ml. A 146, |O c t N o v PiEU.

WIND 128 3.0 PRECEPTS /fLfKiwH < 2 3

E uX v '/^.t i o m a u

FTl^ A sTT • • M/*<*l M U M Ul5»E. Ofi >^)i_oPE- Ope-t^A z^p/^sCELi z ^ 5, ^ E>MiL-piKj<5r y^t-rE,

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION CONCEPTS 127

4 PROM . T K Zome_ M^ToR £>miuPIM^

-. g^UFTREK PtS-OM H e / ^ V Y ' T k A F ' FT IC

- M z^ t o r E t - j r t ^ Y

yd T/^TEM E M T

-• OFE-h-J z%pyas.

— /K

-y&BMI -/X^TI^v'E- -G?UIE-T

LAND USE PLAN ^ . O l - A j a . f t Y S T E H

^>OL-^R CohJTROU

SOLAR 130 P j- ^ kJT Pte-EJg't" Ve^reTATION^ AITTEP- ^.^SYT^Ug-TIgd. N / ^ t u p u e l

H > s h j -

>5>TFlucTUKE. A c z x c l i a ,

a D /X H U A K O H a -F2.h

I k i o i ^ o B > u s h

E n J < C E E 1 Z < /I e / \ A loe. FkidZKi-Y FfezXT^

a f c : ^LOVUEKlSJ<$r PSSEfLT.

S e e d M i x < ^ F

VC^EfATtoH AFE/^

ECOLOGY 131 CLAUSTROPHOBIA i ^ z i B O H P O - R T S U A L C

s o a R E>t2~kSrHT Ih^TE.t^.lOp_ p O l . ^ t . E T ^ h I T H r S k ~ 2 t > E * /Si^h-^F^ooh-i - h o o ^ F ^ - h ^ i S / • E-VvV v V - E l / x ^ t o o 5 < « e £MTFVKNl^lE- B>l^l^rHT S z T ^ Z - t F 132 i DESIGN 0 50 100 200 FT SITE PLAN ru in __ i------1 4* SOUND & NOISE ROAD BARRIER ATRIUM TYPE (UNIT TYPE A) POOL OPEN SPACE ELEVATIONAL TYPE (TYPE B) ROAD GOLF I I I I (COURSE

+-BUILDING ATRIUM TYPE ON FLAT SITE ------BUILDING ELEVATIONAL TYPE — f

2 0 0 F T AREAL SECTION K ru t 1 2r>

SITE PERSPECTIVE TYPE A HJr 2 0 FT * SKYLIGHT- BRIGHTEN KITCHEN & DINING AREA (REFER P23, 25,26)

- CROSS VENTILATION (REFER P30)

* Z'-S ' EARTH COVER (REFER P30)

• INTRODUCE GREEN INTO THE INTERIOR (REFER PIG)

- BRIGHT ENTRANCE FOR PSYCHOLOGY

ATRIUM UTILIZED AS AN OPEN COURTYARD (REFER P 8)

UNIT UNIT % * 2 0 FT UNIT TYPE C 1 UNIT TYPE C ♦ VISU A L STIMULATION bUsuN • INTRODUCE GREEN INTO THE INTERIOR • ELONGATED IN EAST-WEST DIRECTION Cf^FER PIG) (REFER P 6) — CLOSE DURING SUMMER •ALL THE WINDOW OPENINGS ON SOUTH SIDE OPEN DURING WINTER (REFER P6)

CROSS VENTILATION (REFER PIG, P30)

• NORTH SIDE ENTRY* REFER P6) VIEW OF T U C O N C.B.D. 4

-BRIGHT ENTRY ►WEST SIDE ENTRYtREFER P 6 )

• VISUAL STIMULATION % (REFER PIS) VEW OF CORONADO NATIONAL FOREST APPENDIX APPENDIX A: 6. Recording a covenant holding Pima County 16 CONDITIONS FOR REZONING OF THE HILLS SITE harmless in the event of flooding.

1. Submittal of a complete hydraulic and 7. Conformance with County paving policies as hydrologic drainage report as determined determined appropriate by the Department of necessary by the Department of Transportation Transportation and Flood Control. and Flood Control.

8. Recording the necessary development related 2. Submittal of a development plan if determined covenants as determined appropriate by the necessary by the appropriate County agencies. various County agencies.

3. Dedication of necessary right-of-way for roads 9. Provision of development related assurances as and drainage by separate instrument if the required by the appropriate agencies. property is not to be subdivided.

10. Recording a covenant to the effect that there 4. Recording an acceptable plat which will will be no further subdividing or lot provide for dedication of necessary splitting without the written approval of the rights-of-way for roads and drainage if the Board of Supervisors. property is to be subdivided.

11. Requirements set forth by the Pima County 5. Completion of requirements for a rezoning Wastewater Management Department or Pima ordinance within ten years from the date of County Health Department as follows: approval by the Board of Supervisors.

145 A. A suitable arrangement with Pima County H. Construction of public sewers through this Wastewater Management Department regarding project in order to relieve upstream pump sanitary sewer facilities. stations will be required.

B. A Sewer Basin Study will be required. I. Wastewater Management will determine which portions of the sewer system will be C. The outfall sewer may have to be oversized private and which portions will be public. basin on basin flow calculations.

Requirements set forth by the Department of D. Sewers within the development may have to Transportation and Flood Control District as be oversized for flow- through follows: requirements.

A. Adherence to Pima County Flood Plain E. Any industrial waste discharged into the Management Ordinance No. 1974-86 and public sanitary sewerage system shall meet Hillside Development Zone Ordinance No. the requirements of Pimq County Ordinance 1976-55, Article 44, when applicable. No. 1977-60.

B. Submittal of a detailed Facility F. An industrial Waste Permit may be required Implementation Plan, including, but not prior to the issuance of a building limited to, a description and analysis of permit. the development’s future transportation needs, proposed implementaton phases (land G. Augmentation of a downstream system will use), trip generation and distribution, be required. impact of the development on the existing

14S facilities, need for new facilities and to a description and analysis of existing staged implementation of improvements. drainage conditions, assessment of the This Plan shall be submitted to the impact of the proposed development on Department of Transportation and Flood existing drainage conditions, identifica­ Control District for approval, prior to tion of proposed drainage improvements and initiation of any subdivision plat or implementation schedule for these development plan. improvements. This plan shall be subject to approval of Pima County Flood Control C. Dedication to Pima County of appropriate District prior to initiation of any right-of-way, with a full width of 150 subdivision plat or development plan for feet, for all public roads within, abut­ any portion of the subject property. ting or leading to the subject property, as determined by the Facility implementa­ 13. Conform to the adopted policies of Col3-82-l, tion Plan approved by the Department of the Hill Community Plan. Transportation and Flood Control District. 14. A 150 foot setback of CR-1 on Block 2, along D. Provision of all necessary transportation the southwest property line be required. improvements, including construction of new facilities, to the then current Pima 15. Requirement that a buffer be provided on County Standards, shall be sole Skyline Drive, along the north portion of responsibility of the property owner(s). Block 24.

E. Submittal of a comprehensive Master 16. A line be drawn straight across Block 1 Drainage Plan, including but not limited through the center at right angles to the

147 boundary between TR and CR-1, with the top half to be left as proposed, the bottom half to remain CR-1.

148 BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Chalmers, Larry S. and Jones, Jeremy A. Home in the Earth. A Design Concept Associates Book, EARTH SHELTER, GENERAL: Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1980.

"The Architectural Underground, Part I: Historical Davis, Andy. "My Cave," Underground Space. April Themes of Development," Underground Space, May 1978, 151-152. 1976. Dawson, Sue. "Underground Home Provides Modern "The Architectural Underground, Part II: Forms and Living at Low Cost," Ohio Farmer, February 5. Function in the Modern World," Underground 1977. Space, July 1976. Dean, Andrea 0. "The Underground Movement Barker, M. Building Underground for People. AIA Widens," AIA Journal. November 1978, 34. Pub., 1978. De Courcy Hinds, Michael. "The Economics of Build­ Barnard, John E. "A New Life— Underground," Went­ ing Down," New York Times. March 22, 1979. worth Institute Bulletin. October 1973. Dempewolff, Richard F. "Underground Housing," Bennett, D. "Bringing Earth Sheltered Structure Science Digest. November 1975, 140. into the Commercial Sector," Underground Space, May/June 1981, 358-361. Duke, Buford W. Jr. AIA, "Incorporating Earth- Shelter Consideration into the Design Process Boyer, L. L. Earth Sheltered Condominiums. Still­ for Nonresidential Buildings," Underground water: Oklahoma State University, Ed. 1980. Space. November/December 1980, 160-163. "Building Over and Under," Progressive Architec­ "The Earth," Proressive Architecture, May/June ture, March 1973, 71-72. 1967.

Campbell, Stu. The Underground House Book. "Earth Moving," Progressive Architecture. April Garden Way Publishing, 1980. 1967, 124-128.

Carter, Douglas N. "Terraset School," Underground "Earth Sculpture," Landscape Archiecture, January Space, August 1977, 317-323. 1962. ------

150 "Earth Sheltered Homes: Weighing the Advantages," Kearney, Robert P., "Preventing the Subterranean Underground Space. January/February 1981, 200- Home Blues." Underground Space, November/Decem­ 204. ber 1981, 171-173.

Edelhart, Mike. The Handbook of Earth Shelter Labs, Kenneth. "The Architectural Use of Under­ Design. A Dolphin Book, Doubleday & Company, ground Space: Issues and Applications. St. Inc., Garden City, New York, 1982. Louis, Missouri: Washington University, 1975.

Ellsworth, David A. and 5 others. "The Oasis 2000 ______. "The Architectural Underground— Part Models: A Rural Earth-Sheltered Energy Park," I. " Underground Space, May 1976, 1-8. Underground Space. November/December 1981, 123-159. ______. "The Architectural Underground— Part II, '* Underground Space. July 1976, 135-136. Fairhurst, Charles. "Going Under to Stay on Top," Underground Space. July/August 1976, 77-86. ______. "The Underground Design Movement of the 1970's," Landscape Architecture. May 1977, ______. U.S. Develops News, "Commercial Uses 244-249. for Earth Sheltering," Underground Space, July/August 1980, 31-35. Lambert, Brian, "Planning for Energy Needs: A Look at Three New Communities," Underground Space, Gettings, T. L. "Digging In: How a Family Lives March/April 1981, 362-369. Underground," Organic Gardening. June 1978. Langley, John B. Earth Sheltered Sun Belt Homes. Gibson, David T. "Down the Rabbit Hole— A Special Sun Belt Earth Sheltered Research. Environment for Preschool Learning," Landscape Architecture. May 1978, 211-216. "Living Underground," Newsweek. June 5, 1978.

Griffin, M. and Zeisel, J. Charlesview Housing— A Lutz, Frank W. "Studies of Children in an Under­ Diagnostic Evaluation. Graduate School of ground School," Unerground Space, July/August Design, Harvard University, 1976. 1976, 131-134.

Jansson, Birger, "Terraspace— A World to Explore," Martindale, David. "Why American Business is Underground Space. May/June 1976, 9-18. Going Underground," Underground Space. July/ August 1981, 21-23.

151 Mason, Ray. "What Lies Ahead May Be Beneath Us," Stauffer Truman Sr. (Editor). "Planning for Under­ Futurist, February 1976. ground Housing," Underground Utilization: A Reference Manual of Selected Works. Kansas Moreland, Frank L. "Earth Covered Habit— An Alter­ City, 1979. native Future," Underground Space, August 1977, 295-307. Thorsen, Gerald W. and Rue, Roger L. "High Bank Instead of High Rise— An Earth Sheltered ______. Higgs, Forrest, and Shih, Jason, Eds., Approach to Medium Density Housing," Under­ Earth Covered Buildings and Settlements, ground Space, November/December 1980. Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Service, 1979. Tri-Arch Assocites. The Earth Shelter Handbook. T1D Pub., Milwaukee, 1980. Morgan, W. "Survey of Underground Architecture in the Past 40 Years," Progressive Archiecture, "Underground Housing's First How To Manual," AIA April 1979, 84-87. Journal. November 1978, 44-45.

"Multi-Unit Attracts Students," Earth Shelter Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota. Degest. September/October 1981, 24-29. Earth Sheltered Housing Design: Guide­ lines, Examples and References. Van Nostrand National Science Foundation, The Use of Earth Cov­ Renhold, New York, 1979. ered Buildings. Washington, D.C.: 1975. ______. Earth Sheltered Homes— Plan and Oehler, Mike. The $50 and Up Underground House Designs, Van Nostrand Reinhold Pub., New York: Book. Bonner's Ferry, Idaho: Mole Publishing 1980. Co., 1969. ______• Earth Sheltered Homes: Plans and De­ "Saving by Going Underground," AIA Journal. Febru­ signs. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1981. ary 1974. ______. Potential Use of Underground Space. Slesin, Susan. "Down to Earth," New York Times. 1981. March 22, 1979. . ______. Underground Space: A Resource to Valu­ Smay, V. Elaine. "Underground Living," Popular able to Overlook. Perganon Press, 1981. Science. June 1974. Wampler, L. Underground Homes. 1978.

152 Wells, Malcolm. "Nowhere to Go But Down," Pro­ Clegg, Peter and Watkins, Derry. The Complete gressive Architecture, February 1965. Greenhouse Book. Charlotte, Vermont: Garden Way Publishing, 1977. ______. Underground Designs. Brick House Pub­ lishing Co., Andover, Massachusetts, 1977. Fisher, R. E. ' Engineering for Architecture. Architectural Record Pub., McGraw Hill: New Wolf, Ray. "The Good Feeling of Living in the York, 1980. Earth," Organic Gardening. December 1978. McGuiness, Stien and Reynolds. Mechanical and Elctrical Equipment for Buildings. 6th Edi­ GENERAL tion, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1980.

Adams, Anthony. Your Energy-Efficient House. Roy, Robert L. How to Build Log-End Houses. New Charlotte, Vermont: Garden Way Publishing, York: Storing, 1977. 1975. Rudofsky, Bernard. Architecture Without Archi­ Aho, A. Materials Energies and Environmental tects. Doubleday Press, New York, 1964. Design. Garland STPM Press, 1981. ______• The Prodigous Builders. Doubleday Alexander, C. A Pattern Language. New York: Press, 1977. Oxford Publications, 1977. Wells, Malcolm. "Confession of Gentle Architect," American Underground-Space Association. Earth Environmental Quality. July 1972. Sheltered Housing Design. Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Minne­ sota. SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPING

Clark, Kenneth N. and Patricia Paylore, Desert "Community Living— Non Suburban Style: A Look at Housing— Balancing Experience and Technology What the Future Might Hold," Alternative for Dwelling in Arid Zones. University of Sources of Energy. November/December 1979. Arizona, Office of Arid Lands Studies, 1980. Davis, "The Whole Town's in on the Energy Act," Home Building and Remodeling. November 1977.

153 Duffield, Mary Rose. Plants for Dry Climates. Shiller, M. "Landscape for Energy Efficiency," Tucson, Arizona: HPB Books, 1981. Earth Shelter Living. March/April 1982, 45-47.

Hunt, M. and Bainbridge, D. "The David Experi­ "Study Examines Regional Stability of Earth-Shel­ ence," Solar Age. May 1978, 20-23. tering," Underground Space, September/October 1981, 78-79. Jansson, B. City Planning and the Urban Under­ ground . Underground Space Center, University "Terraculture," Landscape Architecture, May 1977. of Minnesota, Pergamon Press, November 1978. Thayer, R. C. Jr. "Designing an Experimental Kusuda, T. Effect of Ground Cover on Earth Tem­ Solar Community," Landscape Architecture, May perature, NSF Pub., 1975. 1977, 222-228.

"Landscaping Planning for Energy Conservation," Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota. Landscape Architecture. July 1978, 342-343. Earth Sheltered Community Design: Energy- Efficient Residential Development. Van Moffat, Anne Simon and Schiler, Mark. Landscape Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1981. Design that Saves Energy. New York: Morrow, 1981. Unterman, R, Site Planning for Cluster Housing. Van Nostrand Reinhold Publisher, New York, Moreland, Frank L. (Editor). "Performance of 1977. Earth Covered Development: Planning Issues," Earth Covered Settlements, Washington, D.C., Vadnais, K. "City Subdivision— Developer Rides 1975. Tidal Waves," Earth Shelter Living, January/ February 1982. "Planning for Energy Needs: A Look at Three New Communities," Underground Space, May/June Wirth, Thomas E. "Landscape Architecture Above 1981, 362-369. Buildings," Underground Space. August 1977. 333-346. Raskin, E. "Underground City," Underground Space, March/April 1979.

Ridgeway, J. Energy Efficient Community Planning. JG Press, 1979.

154 CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURE ______. Underground Houses: How to Build a Low Cost Home. New York: Sterling, 1979. "Building Underground— The Concrete Solution," Concrete Construction, February 1978, 90-95, Shih, Jason S. Simplified Design Procedure of 120-124. Underground Shells. Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota, Pergamon Press, July Carter, David. Build It Underground— A Guide for 1979. the Self Builder and Building Professional. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1982. Sterling, Raymond. "Structural Systems for Earth Sheltered Housing," Underground Space. Septem­ Chester, C. V. "Preparing Underground Structure ber/October 1978, 75-81. for Civil Defense," Underground Space, 160- 165. ______and Tinger, Thai M. Building Cost and Construction Problems in the Minnesota Earth Degenkolb, John G. "Fire Protection for Under­ Sheltered Housing Demonstration Program," ground Buildings," Underground Space, Septem­ Underground Space. July/August 1981, 13-20. ber/October 1981, 93-95. USDA. Construction with Surface Bonding. Washing­ Langley, John B., AIA. "The Barrel Shell— Struc­ ton, D.C., 1974. tural Rethinking in Earth Sheltered Design," Underground Space. September/October 1980, Vivian, John. Building Stone Walls. Charlotte, 92-101. Vermont: Garden Way Pub., 1978.

Moreland, Frank L., Higgs Forrest and Shih, Jason. Earth Covered Buildings: Technical Notes. CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, 1979. Brown, G. Z. and Nivitski, Barbara-Jo. "Climate Responsive Earth-Sheltered Buildings," Under- Portland Cement Association, Earth Integrated ground Space. March/April 1981, 299-305. Building Construction. 1980. Givoni, B.. Man, Climate and Architecture. Roy, Robert L. "How to Build an Underground London: Applied Science Pub., 1976. Home," Farmstead, March 1979.

165 Langley, John B. Earth Sheltered Sun Belt Homes: Paulus, Paul B. "On the Psychology of Earth Cov­ 21 Floorplans and Perspectives. Winter Park, ered Buildings," Underground Space, July/ Florida, 1981. August 1976, 127-130.

______. Sun Belt Earth Sheltered Architecture. Stewart, K. Kay, McKown, Cora and Peck, Carolyn. Sun Belted Earth Sheltered Reseach Publica­ 1979, "Consumer Attitudes Concerning an Earth tion, Winter Park, Florida, 1981. Sheltered House," Underground Space 4(1): 11-15. Machowski, B. "Desert Home— Harmonizes with Sun, Earth." Earth Sheltered Living. March/April Underground Space Center, University of Minnesota. 1982, 30-35. Earth Sheltered Housing: Code, Zoning and Financing Issues. Prepared for the U.S. Dept, Olgyay, V. Design with Climate. Princeton Press. of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, 1963. D.C., 1980.

Winquist, Torbjorn. "How Can Society Encourage SOCIAL Appropriate Use of Subsurface Space?" Under­ ground Space. January/February 1981, 219-223. Degenkolb, John G. "Fire Protection for Under­ ground Buildings," Underground Space. Septem­ ber/October 1981, 93-95. ENERGY

Kellogg, J. C. "Contract Problems in Major Under­ Bennett, David and Bligh, Thomas P. "The Energy ground Construction," Underground Space. July/ Factor— A Dimension of Design," Underground August 1976, 101-109. Spce. August 1977, 325-332.

Labs, Kenneth B. Land Use Regulation of Under­ Bennett, David J. and Eijadi, David A. "Solar ground Housing. Planning Advisory Service Optics: Light as Energy: Energy as Light," Memo: Chicago, May 1979. Underground Space, May/June 1980, 349-354.

McKown, Cora and Stewart, K. Kay. "Consumer Atti­ Bligh, Thomas P. "Energy Conservation by Building tudes Concerning Constructure Features of an Underground," Underground Space. Vol. 1, No. Earth-Sheltered Dwelling," Underground Space 1, May/June 1976, 19-33. 4(5): 293-295.

156 Boyer, Lester L. and Grondzik, Walter T. and Bice, Meixel, Gerge D. and Shipp, Paul H. and Bligh, Thomas N. "Energy Usage in Earth-Covered Thomas P. "The Impact of Insulation Place­ Dwelling in Oklahoma," Underground Space, ment on the Seasonal Heat Loss Through Base­ January/February 1981, 227-236. ment and Earth-Sheltered Walls," Underground Space. July/August 1980, 41-47. Davis, Albert J. Alternative Natural Energy Source. Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishers, New Moreland, F. Alternatives in Enegy Conservation: York, 1981. The Use of Earth Covered Buildings. NSF Publication, Washington, 1975. "Earth Sheltered Housing and Passive Solar Heat­ ing," Alternative Sources of Energy, August Nyman, Hams D. "District Heating System Promise 1978. Economic and Environmental Savings," Under­ ground Space. July/August 1980, 25-27. Eccli, E. Low Cost Energy Efficient Shelter for the Owner and Builder. Rodale Press, 1976. Olgvay, V. Solar Control and Shading Devices, Princeton Press, 1967. "Energy-Conscious Design: Entering Architecture's Mainstream," Underground Space. September/ "Options in Energy Conservation," Landscape Archi­ October 1981, 84-87. tecture. July 1978, 344-345.

Energy Conservation in Building Design, AIA Publi­ Page, Clint. "New Concepts for Residential Use of cations, May 1974. Solar Energy," AIA Journal. March 1975, 21-28.

Frenette, E. Earth Sheltering: The Form of "Passive Solar: Lessons From the Past," Under­ Energy and the Energy of Form. Pergamon ground Space. July/August 1981, 24-28. Press, New York, 1981. Shapira, Hanna B. and Barnes, Paul R. "Assessing Jackewicz, Shirley A. "New Cave Dwellers Save on the Performance of an Energy-Saving Design— An Energy Bills, Keep Comfortable," Wall Street Earth-Integrated Office Living Quarters Facil­ Journal. May 24, 1979. ity at Oak Ridge National Laboratory," Under- ground Space. November/December 1980, 152-157. Levinson, Joel. "Using the Sun to Brighten the Crisis," AIA Journal. February 1972, 41-43.

157 Shipp, P. H., Meixel, G. D. and Ramsey, J. W. Boyer, C. "Daylighting Design Presented," Earth "Analysis and Measurement of the Thermal Beha­ Sheltered Digest, November/December 1981. vior of the Wall and Surrounding Soil for a Large Underground Building," Underground Hollon, Steven D. and others. "Psychological Res­ Space, September/October 1980. ponse to Earth Sheltered, Multilevel and Above­ ground Structures With and Without Windows," Shipp, P. H., Pfender, E. and Bligh, T. P. Underground Space, November/December 1980, "Thermal Characteristics of a Large Earth- 171-178. Sheltered Building," Underground Space. July/August 1981, 53-64. LaNier, Royce. "Accessing Environmental Impact of • Earth Covered Buildings," Underground Space, Silverman, J. A., "Energy Consevation Through Com­ August 1977, 309-315. munity Design," AIA Journal, October 1977. 47-49. Morgan, W. "Environmental Concern: Shaping Build­ ing to Site Preoccupies Architect," Interior, Szdlowski, K., "Analysis of Transient Heat Loss in October 1980, 74-97. Earth Sheltered Structures," Underground Space. January/February 1981, 237-246. Robinette, G. Plants, People and Environmental Quality. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Thomason, H. E. Solar House Heating and Air Condi­ Printing Office, 1972. tioning System. Barrington, N.J., Edmund Scien­ tific Co., 1974. Tompson, Robert. "Air Quality Maintenance in Underground Buildings," Underground Space. Wolf, Ralph D. and Clegg, Peter. Home Energy for August 1977, 355-364. the Eighties. Charlotte, Vermont: Garden Way Publishing, 1979.

ENVIRONMENT

Birren, Faber. Light. Color and Environment. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1969.

______. "The Significance of Light," AIA Jour­ nal, August 1972.

158