. i .¥.•• WASHINGTON GEOLOGIC NEWSLETTER
January 1981
Volume 9 Number l
NEW QUARTERS OF WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES
Inside Entronce
Reception Area
Library Geologist's Office
Cartographic Room
Spectrograph ic Room X-ray Room BRIAN J. BOYLE COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC LANDS
RALPH A. BESWICK, Supe.-visor VAUGHN E. LIVINGSTON, Ji\., Stole Goologi,t DEPARTMENT Of NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION Of GEOlOGY ANO EARTH RESOURCES
• &.,
Mortin Woy
1- 5
t N
SoUlh
Sound II • C C i Moll .... St. Ma rtini .. Coll~o• ..0 in
Mailing address: Deportment of Noturol Resources Division of Geology ond Earth Resources Olympia, WA 98504 (206) 753-6183
Division Manager
Vaughn E. (Ted) Livingston, Jr,
Assistant Division Managers
Donald M. Ford and J. Eric Schuster
Geologists
Bonnie Bunning Josh Logan Wayne S~ Moen James G. Rigby Ellis R . Vonheeder Allen J. Fiksdal Carl R . McFarland Will iam Phillips Keith Stoffel Timothy J. Walsh Mike Korosec Glennda B. Mc Lucas Weldon W. Rau Gerald W. Thorsen
Librarian Secretaries Laboratory Cartographers Pub Iicat ions
Connie Manson Pamela Whitlock Arnold Bowman Keith Ikerd Laura Bray Anne Marie Bammert Mark Macleod Wanda Walker Loretta Andrake Anne Curtis Janet Miller
The Washington Geologic Newsletter, a quarterly report of geologic articles, is published by the Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Department of Natural Resources. The newsletter ts free upon request. The division also publishes bulletins, information circulars, and geologic maps. A list of these publications will be sent upon request.
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NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN MINERALS AND ENERGY WASHINGTON STATE 1980
by Bonnie Butler Bunning!/
Metallic Mineral Exploration
The 1980 level of mining and exploration followed by at least 13 in Stevens County, 9 in in Washington varied with each commodity. Ferry County, 6 in Pend Oreille County, 2 each While 20 to 30 companies explored for uranium in Chelan, Spokane, Skamania, Snohomish, and in 1979, only an estimated 16 were active in Whatcom Counties, and at least 1 in Pierce and 1980, and of those, 50 percent were either King Counties (table 1) . Many others worked seeking venture partners or pulling out of general1y in the Okanogan Highlands and north Washington entirely . Many have been dis and south Cascade Mountains. couraged by the relatively low U 0 price and Washington Public Power Supply has per 3 8 the uncertain political future of nuclear power mane ntly discontinued all exploration in the generation. Gold and silver activity showed a state. Reserve Oil and Minerals has left north dramatic increase both in new hard rock mining east Washington for Albuquerque, New Mexico, projects and prospector activity, including small and Pathfinder Mines will be gone by 1981. dredging operations on the upper Columbia Cyprus Mines, taken over by Amoco in 1979, River and in streams of the Cascade Mountains. is operating the Spokane office with a minimum Substantial increase in recreation al gold panning staff. Rocky Mountain Energy has recently was noted also. Copper t!xploration attrac ted opened a Spokane office and is aggressively few newcomers this year and operations have pursuing uranium targets in the northeastern been carried at the maintenance level on several part of the state. Nord, I nc. is another new projects since 1979. Some new molybdenum ex comer to the Spokane area. ploration was initiated and several molybdenum Altogether a minimum of about 50 different targets were drilled across the state. New zinc companies were active in e xploration and mining lead exploration was moderate, while at sever al of metallic minerals in the 1980 season ( table 2) . old mines, geologists driUed new extensions to This figure does not include the many smaI1 buoy proven reserves while waiting optimisti placer operations. cally for the zinc price to rise to a 50 cent An estimat ed several hundred leases were minimum. held on s tate lands for mineral exploration. Okanogan County saw the most activity Hundreds more were committed to oil and gas with 14 companies reported working in the area, efforts.
1/ Geologist at Division of Geology and Earth Resources o(fice in Cheney .
.. •
Table 1.-1980 county index of metdllic mineral exploration Table 2.-Metallic mi ning exploration companies and mining activity active in Washington , 1980
County Company Curnmoc.1Lty A FM E> Pend Oreille Bul"Wcst u closec.l primarily due to the low price of zinc. Conoco LI Pb.Zn Culf Rusourcl.!s C(,lfP t Joe McNamee and others plan to open pit Homestake- Mioinl; Co. u .Toe McN;1mcc Pti,Zn.Cu . Ai; Joy M111111g Co. Pb,Zn the Old Rocky Creek mine on Seldom Seen Pierce: Amoco !vhucruls Au,Ag,Cu.Mu Mountain, 12 miles west of the T iger Town site. Skamania Amoco Mm(1rals Cu.Mo Dcniso11 Mjnes, lpc. Cu .Mu Two and a half million tons of lead-zinc and Snohomish Exxon C u,Mu silver ore have been identified. Grade is Occidental C u,Mv unknown _ Spokane Mineral Aasociate~ u Wcstin.g'hOU5U u Joy Mining. a mong others, also conducted Stevens Arbor Rc!:lourccs Lt 2 • , . projects were carried out on hard r ock uranium production again from the Blue Grouse tungsten targets in the county by Rocky Mountain Energy, mine near Springdale . Western Nuclear, and others. Gold and copper exploration was reported Arbor Resources has taken over the near First Thought Mountain and Sand Greek i11 Melrose silver mine in the Northport area from the Orient area. Geophysics and drilling for Charleston Resources, both Vancouver corpora copper and tungsten were done on Minc1·al tions. An in-depth geologic study has begun Mountain in the same vicinity . A small custom there on the irregular polymetallic ore shoots in mill was built in Laurier to process local gold ore. quartz vt..:ins, grading an average or 25 ouncl:!S Significant progress ls being mad,· at the per ton in silver. Mount Tolman project in Ferry County (rig. l). Other activity in the Northport area in Final agreement is imminent with the Colville cluded lead-zinc exploration on Flagstaff Moun Indian Tribal Council and the final Environ tain by Houston International Minerals, and mental Impact Statement will be submitt<'d in geophysics by Toledo Resources on their Cop December . Construction on the mine and mill perfind p rospect, a bornile , chalcopyrite, and complex is expected to begin in mid-1981 with molybdenite occurrence. There was limited production following in 1983-84. Production will be at the rate of 60,000 tons per day on this 900-rnillion-ton ore body . Molybdenum Plnd)IS.Motoll °""""'.. grade is 0 . 10 percent with . 09 percent copper. ••••• The Knob Hill mine in Republic owned by Day Mines is enjoying the benefits of a g~neral PENO • Cal¥11.. * increase in precious metal prices. New reserves fERRY OREILLE STEVENS of 128,745 tons grading . 43 ounce per ton in • gold are nearly double the 70,000 figure of 1979 . Ctl• ..loh •• The grade in 1979, however. was . 66 ounce per ton. The 1980 silver grade is lislcd as l , 6 3 ounces per ton. o.. , Por-k . * Day Mines also explored potential ex.ten sions around the Knob Hill gold deposit. Com petition in the area was presented by Houston International Minerals, who conducted extensive LINCOLN SPOKANE exploration and drilling in the Republic graben. Gold was produced at the Valley View mine (also called Golden Valley) near Curlew Lake. Ore from low-grade gold- and silver-b,iaring quartz EXPLANATION veins was processed by a 100-ton cyanide plant £ GOLD /U,0 / OR SILVER * URAN IU M • MOt.YBOtNUM ANO / Oil COPPER • ORITE run by Ruby Mines , Inc. Uranium, gold, and • LEAO AND / OR ZINC • T'U>IGSlE~ base metals prospects wer e also investigated in the county. Figure 1. - Mineral exploration and mm mg Matt Obersbee continued work at the Never activity in Pend Oreill e , Stevens, Ferry, Lincoln , and Spokane Fear mine where gold reportedly occurs in Counties, 1980. pyrltic, graphitic greenstones veined by quartz . 3 • Rcxcon was active again drilling for district. Western Eagle Mining and Contracting, uraniurn on Sand Flat (fig. l) near Pitney Butte Inc .• out of Oroville, is doing the work. in Lincoln County. Gcuchemical studies and shorl core drilling Precious metal exploration highlighted were conducted al the Alder mine. a past pro activity in Okanogan County this year (fig . 2). ducer in the Twisp district. Chalcopyrile, Rocky Mines Co. of Republic began mining at pyrite, sphaJerite, pyrrhotite, and native cop 1 the Silver Bell mine; the mineral values were per were mined and milled in the 30 s and 40' s from sheared, silici Ged argillite, 5. 5 ounces p 4 . . ' Modest drill programs and claim assessment .i. work was conducted in Snohomish, Chelan, .i. WHAT CO M · : Ml 8oti• f Skam,mia, and Pierce Counties , p1·incipally on Cascade porphyry copper d<.:µosils (rig . ,1). No new discoveries wct·c reported. SKAG IT • Mount V• Tnon Pl acer Gold Placer mining was predictably up this SNOHOMISH year with dragline and dozer operations in the • Liberty and Blewett district s of Kittitas County . • Floating suction dredges in Stevens and Okanogan Counties on the Columbia and Similka EXPLANATION meen Rivers recovered nuggets which were sold .i. GOLO AND/ OR SILVER • MOLYBO€NUM AND/ OR COPPER to local jewelers. Small- scale sluicing and recreational pan Figure 3. - Mineral exploration and mining activity in Whatcom, Skagit, and ning was present throughout the Cascade Moun Snohomish Counties, 1980. tains and Okanogan Highlands. Non metallics The nonmetallics industry has bee n rela tively constant over the past 5 years bul is expected to show a decline when the 1980 fig •• ures a1·e totaled . This is due to the e ffect of a depressed building industry on crushed rock, building stone, and some clay operations rclatecl • Ch•hoht to building projects. Dolomite mining was also off 20 percent in 1980, though levels of limestone LEW IS and marble mining remained unchanged. Production from two diatomite pits near • George stayed steady this year, continuing to COWLITZ hold Washington's status as one of thc top three • t< • l•o SKAMAN I A producers nationwide. Magnesium was produced Crom dolomite: at the Alcoa p lant in Addy at a rate constant with 1979 production. AJI magnesium produced there is consumed by Alcoa. A GOLD ANO / OIi SILVER Silica sand, mined ldrgely from quartzite • MOLYBDENUM ANO /QR COPPER and used for glass making and smelter Oux, Figure 4. -Mineral exploration and mining was produced by mill operators in StevL·ns, King, activity in Pierce, Thurston, Lewis, Cowlitz, Clark, and and Chelan Counties. Business in general was Skamania Counties, 1980. up in 1980. 5 • • • Of thi.: two olivine mining companies, one Coal reported tha t business triple d this year. Oliv interest in Washington c:oal resources ine 1s mined from a massive dunite locality on remains high, though no new coal operations rwin Sister:-. Mountain near Be llingham and is were s t arted thjs year ( table 3). valuable: for 1ts refractory properties. The only Production al WIDCO's mine hi Centralia nonmetallic commodity showing new <1Ctivity was contiuued at about 5 million tons per year-all barite. Washington Ba.rile Curp. shipped barite of which is used to generate power al the nearby Jrom their p r operty on Flagstc1ff Mountain near thermo-electric plant. Res1a:rves are estimakd Northport, to Montana for ddlling additives, to be adequate for another 35 years. Along with this recently opened mine, the Palmer Go king Coal produces 20 . 0()0 ton:; compa11 y h Gulf, Texaco, Union, Champion, and others. Table 3.-Coal exploration companies active in Washington, 1980 Private leases often go unrecorded and figures ASCON Engineering Gulf Resources Exploration nvai1ab1e refer to state and federal lands only. ( luscor Ltd. ) Corp. Amax Caal Kemmerer Cool Co. Kimmer Caal Co. Because of considerable private land deals, AMCA Cool leasing ARCO Coal Palmer Coking Coal Bear Creek Mining TRW Carp. these figures r epresent a bare minimum of Burlington Northern Inc: Utah International Exxon Washington Irrigation &. activity. ln the last week of October. 11 Gulf Minerol Resource, Development Corp. different companies filed 300 separate applica Gui f Research ond Development Carp. tions for 10. 000 acres in Benton Cuunty alone. Leasing in tcrest is also picking up in Geothermal Wahki;ikurn ;111d P<1cifk Counties , across the Tlw pot.enti..d foi- geuUIC'tmal duvclopm<\nt Colu111l1ia HtVl'r from th~ n,•wly c\1::;covcrt.:d Mist was eyed by scvural t·orporations. Companies gas fil'lt..l i11 Un.:gun; anti lht.: oil ,ind ga::; potential showing interest without action iri 1 C/80 an; ex of Grays Harbc,i-. Jcffc1· son, an • _. . set fees for theit· licensing and inspection. State Legislation Affecting Table 4 lists the foe schedule. The Depart ment Mining, Milling, and Ex p loration of Social and Health Services administers the regulations. Copies of WAC 4()2-52 can be ob Regulations adopted under Washington tained from tht: code rcvi:;crs ol'fic: 1..: i11 Olympi,1 Aciministrative Code 402-52 pertain to the siting or the Division of Geology and Earth Resources and maintenance of radioactive tailing piles and offices in Cheney and Olympia. HIGH BANK INSTEAD OF HIGH RISE- AN EARTH SHELTERED APPROACH TO MEDIUM DENSITY HOUSINGlf 2/ By Gerald W. Thorsen and Roger L . Rue- FOREWORD in or near population centers. T heSL' bluffs commonly are as much as 100 mete rs or more in The following paper was presented at an height and most are stable in their natural state Earth Sheltered Housing Conference, held on or can be made so by relatively straightforward April 9, lU, 11, 1980, spon sored by the Undet· engineerin g techniqut!S . Yet, becc1usc of their ground Space Center of the University of relief and slope, Lhcy make acc1,;ss and n :sidcn Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Enthusiasm tial development by traditional methods difficult. for the subject was attested to by the fact that expensive, and sometimes hazardous. The re more than 800 registrants and 54 commercial sult is that slope surfaces commonly remain exhibitors attended the meeting . While earth unused while wall-to- wall houses line the b luff sheltering hasn't yet really caught on in the tops and sprawl across the floodplains. Thus, State of Washington, jt h as many adherents in the best agricultural land often disappears first . the central United States. As energy costs and industrial sites and natural rcsourct:s s uch continue to soar, inter est in earth sheltering is as gravel or quarry rock are zoned out of certain to mount , especially in areas of more existence as a result of r eside ntial crowding. severe climate, such as eastern Washington. Upon close analysis , residential use is probably one of the least c ritical land uses ol all. Industry, waste disposal, raw materials INTRODUCTION extraction (to name a few) all have unique rc There are tens o{ thousands of kilometers quircmcn ts-residen tiaJ use has vi.:ry fow. of steep banks and bluffs in the United States, Human ingenuity has coped with the ele vation ranging from 30 to 70 degrees, with much of it and slopes of Tibet and Bolivia, the foundation -1/ From Underground Space: Pergamon Press Ltd., New York City, New York, 1981 (in press). . -2/ Gerald W. Thorsen, AIPG. division geologist; and Roger L. Rue, Rue and Butler, Architects, AIA ps, Tacoma, Washington . 7 .. .. conditions of Mexico Cit y and Pisa, and lhe climate of Bangl,; desh and Siberia. As long as man recognizes the more violent natural processes of his paxticu Jar local setting and designs ac cordingly. or stays out of the way, he can live safely practically anywhere 011 the planet.. Modm·n matcri.;1ls and techniques can even make Steep gridded streets- I ike San Francisco this existcm.e comfo1·table and productive. We rir0posl! a t.loscr look at steep .$lopes. Low Density Herc also we commonly find the str1.:et grid, but lined with houses instead of largcr buildings and con fined to relatively low slope angles. The cut-and-fill construction sites, often with little or no engineering, present a wide range of foun Lond uses competing for flatlond dation and erosion problems. In addition , the percentage of surface area in impermeaLle materials (roofs, driveways, and streets) creates pc:.1k TRADJTIONAL SLOPE DEVELOPMENT runoff flows that many suburban storm drains are not designed to handle. For rea lly stel!p Medium and High Density slopes ( those exceeding 30°) the cut-and-1'111 fhc cunvcntional form of residential de approach becomes impractical OT even dangerou~ , so we find pule or cantilever-supported structures velopment of slopes in or nt:ar population centers surved by contour, or s t eep switchbac.;k, ru,1ds. b by ..t n.:ct:rngular pattern ot contour and slope In addit..ion to the higher construdion c.;osls ;.ind slrect!:i. The.SL'. street grids, and standard build difficulties of providing and maintaining trans ing d1..:sign , permit flatland population densities portation and utilities to such strucLures, then: but often provide a chaJlenge tor transportation a1·e additional energy losses from another exposed systems on slopes approaching 15°. San Fran cisco's cable cars represent one area's solution surface (the floor), for one period in history. One can find little evidence of a stampede in this direction in l 980, however. The automobile and bus have lirnita tiuns in this kind of terrain, especially in areas uf Sl'Vt:r<; clim.,tc. A few inches of snow o.r icy Only occess to these slopes is via series of switchbacks conditw11s 1..:an pa1·alyzc lrafl'ic. Thus, on steeper slopes the grid is apt to be replaced by contuur stn.:ets serving diffen~nt levels of the AN ALTERNATIVE sarnl.! huiltHng. The architeL·t must make his w~ propose that the steep slopes so com 1>,1ildir1g 11 tlli11n,·1·" or be.: cur,Lenl with a cun mon in anJ fH.:ar 111,iny populJ.Liun t:t!fl tct·~; i.:uu ld sidt·1,il,l1· vol1m1v 11( tlic· h,w, r tioors without be most efficit:ntly and responsibly u ~,,cl with daylight. 8 ,. dwelling units stacked stairfashion in a slot means that considerably less land would be used cut into the hillside. Such a complex would be per dwelling unit than would be occupied even accessible.: from either the top or bottom, or both, by densely packed single family rcsidcnu:s. without roi.iclS on the slope face. Native.: vegeta Flat land, potenti,dly mon· valuablL' !or other tion would be left undisturbed on either side of uses, would be conserved. the complex. Each unit would be earth sheltered but at the same time have a view; and there would be no intrusion on the natural skyline at the bluff top . The essential points of the High Bank Residential Complex are utilization of steep (greater than 35°) slopes; continuous (unbroken) An uninterrupted view without disturbing others use of the full length of the slope: earth shelter ing of the structure; and standardization o[ the units and complexes, In regard to structural costs, on a typica l Somc of these characteristics are, at least angle-of-repose slope, about a third of each in part, present in existing custom designed "floor" of the High Bank Complex would be sup complexes. In some instances, because a more ported on its own fo undation by virtue of the desirable site was not available, the architect stairstep method of construction. The i.:xtr ;, had to "design around" what he may have con strength thal is needed in the typical high rise sidered a difficult site. We propose seeking out to compensate for wind or seismic loading would such sites and using their physical characteris be unnecessary. Thus, structural strengths tics as advantages rather than as obstacles to could be minimized at no compromise in safety. be overcome. While the following discussion is and units could be made light and strong enough aimed largely at angle-of-repose slopes in soils to be prefabricated and lowe red one-by-one into (generally 35° to 45°) there is no reason that, place by gravity. Additional structural integrity with relativt::ly minor modifications, such com could be provided for the complex as a whole, plc.:xes could not be built into considerably by pinning each unit to the walls of the excava stcc.:pcr slopes, espe<.:ially in dry cohesive sedi tion during construction. ments or bedrock. Energy Economics As energy is no longer merely a question Land costs for the High Bank Complex, of t::conomics, it seems to warrant separate con other things being equal, should be less per sideration. The High Bank Complex lends itself residential unit than they would for most alterna to a variety of energy-related economic~, not tives. As mentioned earlier, steep slopes even on]y in conservation but relating to collection in population centers commonly remain unused as well. For example, at the latitude of the (except as unauthori:ted refuse dumps). Thus, United States the slopes discussed provided more the de::velopmcnt of an e.fficicnt use for these surface exposure to solar radiation than either areas would. in effect, amount lo the creation horizontal or vertical surfaces. Complexes with of new land. The stacked aspect of construction any but a north orientation could, in almost any 9 ... earth she1te:red housing, hazard from winc.J. :.;x cept a direct. hit by tornado, would bt.: negligible. Challenges to the structural engineer in coping with seismic hazards should be minimal ln cum parison with those related to free-standing multi story structures . Esthetics One of the greatest advantages 0£ the High Bank Residential Complex over the rnorc conV!.!n tionaJ type ol c.Jcvclopment would b,; in th<:: preser Detail of ba lcony edge vation of the natural terrain. From the lowland view, instead of a scalped skyline trimmed with climate:, get a boost from the sun. Heating wall-to-wall houses, one would see an unbroken cooling costs would get the usual benefits of skyline with natural vegetation. From the up earth shc11.cr , as Utt le more than one edge of land, residences set back from the edge of the each dwelling unit would be exposed to the bank would n ot have their views blocked. The wea ther. The inclined shafts of counter-balanced scars o f mid-slope access roads, with their cut elevators could be used for natural draft venti banks and sidecast slopes, would be totaJJy lation. The potential applications of gravity to avoided. Because the complexes would be de other utilities a re too numerous to discuss here. signed to Llt:nd with the terrain and vegetation 111 addition, the proximity of the units to job 1·ather than to fight them , concerns about tht! 11 cc11tt.!rs wo uld minimize ener gy consumption for proposed stanclcu·dization producing a n insti transportation. tutional1' appearance would be largely irrelevant. Such complexes, except for their solar pan els, could be practically invisible from a few kilometers Safet y distance. Safety should be nowhere near the concern it is in a conventional high rise building and , in Al11t---~.~ .,_, some respects, less than in a free-standing sin __ ' gle family rcsidenct::. At no point could a person (all more than one floor. Escape from fire within --.. :,tri1clun:s built on ;-,nglc-of rcposv :;lupus would b<.: by ,;irnply :,kpping onto th.: nalure1.l s lopes flanking each unit. Hazard from brush fires wvu lcl IH, consicJt:~·ab 1y Jess lhan fur above- 1•. nH111d urii l .., .u,d <·uuld be ,·v,·n furl her recluceJ i11 sus<.:c;pl1bh: ,,rea:; by Lhc use uf' a.ppropriate shutt1.:rs. Floud hazard, by the Vl:ry design and locati,)n, would be nonexistent. As with all A 16-unit complex l () of energy but because of the sheer weight of Livability the rock and volume of process water that had Residential complexes such as described to be handled. Thus, mill dcsigm:rs have long should be as pleasant to live in as to look at. been masters at the applications of gravity to The carefully designed terrace of each unit materials handling and would be horrified at the would not only ensure an unobstructed view energy waste in the modern "flat lan RECENT THESES ADDED TO DIVISION LIBRARY Battis, James C. , 1973, Zones of anomalous seismic propagation in the vicinity of Mount Rainier : The theses listed be1ow were recently University of Washington Master of Science added to our division library and are available [Geophysics], 88 p. for reference work. Bjornstad, Bxuce N. , 1980, Sedimen tology and Abram, Mark J. , 1980, Geology of part of the depositional environment of the Touchet Beds, Inchelium quadrangle, Stevens County. Walla Walla River basin. Washington: Eastern Washington: Eastern Washington University Washington University Master of Science, Master of Science, 30 p. 137 p. 11 .. •• .- - Bor, Sheng-Sheang, 1977, Scaling for seismic Lucas, Harold E. , 1980, Geology of part of the source spectra and energy attenuation in Dunn Mountain and A1·den ?!- minute quad the Chelan region, eastern Washington : rangles, Stevens County, Washington: Eastern University of Washington Master of Science Washington University Master of Science. 36 p . [Geophysics]. 76 p. Metcalf, Richarcl C. , l 977, Physical and chemical Bunker, Russell C., 1980. Catastrophic flooding processes associated with the erosional energy in the Badger Coulee area, south-central of the Nisqually glacier: University of Wash Washington: University of Texas at Austin ington Master of Science [Geophysics], 109 p . Master of Ads, l84 p. Silting, Rose M., 1979, A gravity study oi the Davis , Earl E .• 1 Y75. The northern Juan de Fuca Chiwaukum graben, Washington: University Ridge-A geophysical investigation of an of Washington Master of Science f Geophysics] , active sea floor spreading center: University 100 p. of Washington Doctor of Philosophy Sylvester, Kevin J. , 1978. Geophysical investiga [Geophysics], 184 p. tions of the hydrogeology of the Goldendale Fuller, Steven R ., 1980, Ncoglaciation of Ava Centerville area, Washington: Washington lanche Gorge and the Middle Fork Nooksack State University Master of Science . 160 p. River valley, Mount Baker, Washingtoni Western Washington University Maste1· of RECENT U.S . GEOLOGICAL PUBLISHED Sdencc, 68 p. lla ugcrud, Ralph A,, 1980. T h e Shuksan meta REPORTS ADDED TO OUR DIVISION LIBRARY murphil. suite and Shuksan t ht·ust, Mounl The follow.in g reports are now availe1blc W:,lsPn a1·ua . north Cascades. W;ishinglon: for inspection lfl our division library . If you Wustcrn Washington Univc.rslty Master of wish to purchase any of these published reports, S.:icm.:e, 125 P• please contact the U.S. Geological Survey . J arnes . Eric W. , 1980, Geology and petrology of P ublic Inquiries Office, Room 678 , U.S . Court t he Lake Ann stock and associated rocks: House, 1020 Riverside, Spokane, WA 99201 i Wester n Washington University Master of (509) 456-2524 . Science, 57 p. Kinart, Kirk P ., 1980, Geochemisti-y of part of Banks, N . G.; Schmidt , J .M.; Ashley, R. P.; the Loon La'ke batholith and its relationship Bennett, C. A., 1979, Preliminary geology to uranium mineralization at the Midnite mine, and geophysical s t udies of t he northeast northeastern Washington: Eastern Washington quarter of the Spirit Lake quadrangle. University Master of Science, 200 p. Washington i U.S. Geological Survey Likarish, Daniel M. , 1978, A magnetic profile of Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps 1046, a Cascade volcano, Mount Baker, Washington: 1 sheet. University of Washington Master of Science Frederick, J. E., 1980, Map showing hatural I Geophysics I, 59 p . land slopes, Port Townsend quadrangle, Lin, .lia- Wcn, 1973. A study of upµcr mantle Puget Sound region, Washington: U . S . structure in the Pacific Northwest using P Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field wa ves from teleseisms: Univer sity of Wash Studies Map 1198 A, 1 sheet. ington Doctor of Philosophy [Geophysics], Friedman, J. D.; Frank, Davis, 1980, Infrared 98 p. surveys, radiant flux, and total heat 12 .•. discharge at Mount Baker volcano. Wash Prepayment is required. Open- file reporb ington, bet ween 1980 and 1975 : U.S. are announced, with price, in the monthly list. 11 Geological Sui·vey Professional Paper "New Publications of the Geological Survey. /\ 1022 D, 33 p. free subscription to the list may be obtained on Pit.kin, J. A . ; Duval, J. S . , 1980, Interpretation application to: Mailing List Unit, U.S. Geologic.ii of an aerial radiometric and magnetic sur Survey, 329Nationa1Center, Reslon, VA 22092 . vey of the proposed :5atmo-Priest study Bentley, R. D.; Anderson, J. L; Campbell, area (RARE £6-981 Al-981), Pend Oreille N. P.; Swanson, D. A., 1980, Stratig1·aphy County, Washington and Boundary County, and structure of the Yakima Indian Reser lda ho: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellane vation, with emphasis on the Columbia River ous Field Studies Maps 1192 B. Basalt Group: U . S . Geological Survey Snavely, P, D., Jr.; Niem, A . R.; MacLeod, Open- File Report 80-200. 85 p. 1 plate. N . S . ; Pearl, J. E. ; Rau, W. W, , 1980, Hayashida , B.; Ka uffman [Gunnl, Mari; Lee. Makah Formati•m-A deep- marginal - basin W.; Sanders, B ., J<)80, Index to current scqut.!nce of late Eocene a nd Oligoce ne earthquake literature:. September and age in the northwestern Olympic Pe ninsula, October 1980: U.S. Geological Surve y Washington: U.S. Geological Surve y Pro [supplement to Open- File Report 80-2381 fessional Paper 1162 B , 28 p. no. 5, 18 p. Swanson, D. A.; Wri ght, T . L.; Zietz, Isidore. Luepke, G ., 1980. Bibliography of the geology 1979. Aeromagnetic map and geologic inter of the Oregon-Washington contine ntal pretation of the west-central Columbia shelf and coastal zone, 1899 to 1978: Plateau, Washington and adjacent Oregon: U, S, Geological Survey Open-File Report U.S. Geological SL1rvey Geophysical 80- 467 I 26 P • Investigations Maps GP 917 , 1 sheet. Minard, J. P., l 980, Distribution and descriptlon Wa1tt, R. B., Jr., 1979, Late Cenozoic deposits, of the geologic units in the ArUngton East landforms, stratigraphy and tectonism in quadrangle, Washington: U.S . Geological Kitti las Valley, Washington: U.S. Geo Survey Open-File Report 80-460, 7 p .• logical Survey Professional Paper 1127, l plate. 18 p. Minard, J . P. , 1980, Distribution and description RECENT U.S. GEOLOGI CAL SURVEY of the geologic units in the Arlington West OPEN-Fl LE REPORTS ADDED quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological TO OUR DIVISION LI BRARY Survey Open-File Report 80-461, 7 p. , l plate. The following U.S. Geological Open- File Minard, J. P., 1980, Distribution and description Reports are now available for inspection in our of the geologic units in the Stanwood division library. However, jf you wish to pur quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological chase any of these reports, please write or call: Survey Open-File Report 80-462, 6 p. , Open-File Services Section Branch of Distribution 1 plate. U.S. Geological Survey Box 25425, Federal Center Minard, J. P ., 1980, Distribution and description Denver, CO 80225 of the geologic units in the Lake Stevens ( 303) 234-5888 13 0 • qu~dr,rngle, Washington: U.S. Geological Taggart, J.E . , Jr.; Wahlberg, J. S.; Taylor, Survey Open-File Report 80-463, 6 p., H . E., 1980, X-ray spectrometric major l plate. element analyses of tephra samples from l\linard, J. P . , 1980, Distribution and description the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount S1.. of the geologic units in the Marysville Helens-Samp1cs collected from Washington, quadrangle , Washington: U.S. Geological Idaho, and Montana: U.S . Geological Survey Open- File Report 80-464, 5 p. , Survey Open-File Report 80-1130, 14 p. 1 plate. Wagner, H. C.; Wiley, M. C . , 1980, Preliminary map of offshore geology in the Protection Minud I J . P . , 1980. Distribution and descr.iptiou of the geologic units in the Tulalip quad Island-Point Partridge area, northern rangle, Washington: U.S. Geologic.ii Puget Sound, Washington: U.S. Geologi Survey Open- File Report 80-465. 6 p., cal Survey Open-File Report 80-548, 4 p . , 1 plate. 2 plates. Minard, J. P •. 1980. Distribution and description Weiland, E . F.; Ludwig, K. R.; Naescr, C. W.: of the geologic units in the Snohomish Simmons, E. C. , 1980, Fission track dating quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological applied tc, uranium mineralization: U.S. Survey Open-File Report 80-2013, 7 p, Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-380. l p)ctk. 55 p. Nash, J. T . , l 980 , Supergene uranium deposits Wenrich-Verbeck, K. J., 1980, Geochemical ex in brecciated zones of Laramide upthrusts ploration for uranium utilizing water and Conc1:pts and applications: U.S. Geologi stream sediments; U.S. Geological Survey cal Survey Open-File Report 80-385, 36 p. Open-File Report 80-359. 34 p . Nilsen. T . H.; Moore, T. E., 1980, Selected list of references to modern and ancient DI V I SION OPEN-FILE REPO RT S alluvial fan deposits: U.S. Geological RELEASED DURI NG 1980 Suxvey Open-File Report 80-658, 53 p. Sarna-Wojcicki, A. M.; Shipley, Susan; Waitt, The following open-file reports were re R . B.; Dzurisin, Daniel; Hays, W. H. ; leased by the division during 1980. The reports Davis, J . 0 . : Wood, S. H.; Bateridge, are available for examination in ou1· division Thomas, 1980, Areal distribution, thick office. To obtain copies, please write to Ivor ne::.s, and volume of downwind ash from McCray's Copy Center, 417 East Union Ave. , the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Olympia, WA 98501. Helens: U.S. Geological Survey Open Blackwell , D. D. , I ?80 , Heat flow and geothermal File Report 80-1078. l1 p. gradient measurements in Washington to Sntlth, W. K . , 1980, A plotting program for 1979. and temperature-depth data collected producing ash fall p1·edic.tion maps from during 1979: Washingtoh Division of the output of the NOAA forecast trajectory Geology :md Earth Resource& Open- Fil1,: prob1·;1m-Applkalion to ..1.J1cl exampks Report 80-9, 524 p . lruH, the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions: Bloomquist• R. G . , 1980. Geothermal leasing U.S . Geological Survey Op(;n-File Report status, .Tanunry 1980: Washington Division 80-2005, 36 p. ) 4 • of Geology and Earth Resources Open- McLucas, G. B ., 1980, Fault map of Washington, File Report 80-10, 4 maps, scale l: 126,730. with references: Washington Division Clayton, Geoff, 1980, Geology of the White Pass of Geology and Earth Resources Open- Tumac Mount,i.in area, Washington: Wash File Report 80- 2, 1 map, sLali..: I: l, 000, UUO, ington Division of Geology and Earth McLucas, G. B . , 1980, Reconnaiss:ince surficial Resources Open-File Report 80-8, 1 map, geologic map of Springdale and Forest scale J:24,000. Cent er 7!-minute quadrangles, Stevens County, Washington: Washington Division Folsom, M1ch,1cl; Quinn, Robert, )980. Six.maps of Geology and Earth Rcsourccs Open pertaining to ash from the May 18, 1980, File Report 80-3. eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Rau, W. W. , 1980 . Pacific Northwest Ter tiai:y Washington Division of Geology and Earth benthonic foraminiforal biostratigraphic Resources Open-File Report 80-12. framework-An overview: Washington Kilograms of ash per square meter, Division of Geology and Earth Resources Washington and northern Idaho. Open-File Report 80-5, 11 figs ., 50 p, Depth of uncompacted ash, Pacific Northwest (isopach in centimeters). Walker, C . W. , 1980, Geology and energy re Bulk density , Washington and northern sources of the Roslyn-Cle Elum area, Idaho (grams per cubic centimeter). Washington: Washington Division of Depth of uncompacted ash, Pacific Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Northwc!;t. (isopach in inches). Report 80-1, 25 plates, 59 p. Dupth of rain-compact ed ash, Washington and northern Idaho. Time of first ash fall , Pacific Northwest. Korosec, M.A .. 1980, Bibliography of geothermal EOCENE CORRELATI ONS- A COMMENT resource information for the Staie of Wash ington: Washington Division of Geology In a recent article entitled. "Eocene Co1- and Earth Resources Open-File Report relations in western Oregon-Washington, " by 80-4. 16 p. R. G. Mc Williams , an interpretation of £uc.:ene Korosec, M. A., 1980, Well temperature informa stratigraphy for the Pacific Northwest is pre tion for the State of Washington: Wash sented that dif(ers greatly from the conventional ington Division of Geology and Earth model developed over the years and employed Resources Open-File Report 80- 7 , 87 p. , by many of my colleagues as well as myself. In 2 maps, scale 1:500,000. orde.r for the newly proposed interpretation of Korosec, M. A., 1980, Table of thermal and stratigraphy to appear creditable, its author mineral spring locations in Washington: claims that a numbe1· of generally accepted Washington Division of Geology and Earth biostratigraphic concepts and correlations are Resources Open-File Re po.rt 80-11, 6 p. not valid, largely because he bc•lievcs that 1 Korosec, M.A.; McLucas, G. B .. 1980, Qua have placed erroneous inte1·pretations on for ternary volcanics in the State of Wash aminiferal assemblages . Furthermore, conclu ington: Washington Division of Geology sions reached in the past on the age of certain and Earth Resources Open-File Report foraminiferal faunas, as well as the identification 80-6, l map, scale 1:500,000. of several specific taxa, are challenged. 15 The normal progression of science usually base for biostratigraphic studies and conclusions ,·mploys the examination and inte1·pretation of founded on these sludies. all avajlable data as well as an informal exchange As far a::; the identification of specific of ideas with those having prior knowledge and taxa is concerned, it would again be pointless experience in Lhe subject under investigation. to argue who is co1·red. Experienced p.tlcon New collcepts may develop from interpretations tologists realize that. due to the intcrpretiv1• of these data and discussions, but these con nature of their science, they cannot expect to cepts must be based on sound judgment that be in agrt.!Cmt.!nt on taxonomic nomenc:lat ure at takes into consideration all factors affecting the all times. Thus, they have ]parned to relate interpretation of these data. In the opinion of 1.o the interpretations of others. Continued this write1·, the newly p1·oposed stratigraphic study and c:-:tec:nsive experience do help minimize concept unfortunately has not undergone such t axonomic conflicts . a course of development. Nevertheless, the correctness of major lt would be pointless as well as counter stratigraphic conclusions based on my foraminif productive a t this time to fu1·ther argue in de eral interpretations has been challenged. l fense of my original conclusions. Furthermore, find no reason to significantly alter these origi I will be the first to admit that foraminiferal nal interpretations. Therefore , it would seem . biostratigraphy is frequently subject. to varying that it is up to individual workers to make their interpretations. However, I believe that it is own choice. In this regard , all assemblages important to point out that my conclusions, as studied by me over the years are on file in well a~ thuse reached collectively with my Olympia with the Washington State Division of coJJ eagucs, wc:n.: t.,ased on much data col1ccted Geology and Earth Resources. Most o( them are a::i •.in integral part ol extensive geologic mapping available for examination upon request. in wc::.tern W:1shingl,111 and Orc·gun. S uch con Unuity hdwuen foramrnifcral ::;tudies and Held Weldon W. Rau inveshgc1tions provided a particularly sound Biostratigraphcr NEW USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS 7 1/2 minute series Received in the Lib rary l-5·80 Tille New Ed. Photo revised Latitude Longitude County (indicates S.E. corner) Acme 1980 48°37'00" 122°07'30 Whatcom; Skagit Carson, Ore. -Wash. 1979 45°37'30" 121 °45'00" Skamania Cavanaugh Creek 1980 48°37 1 30" 122°00'00" Whatcom; Sl Mt. Defiance, 1979 45°'37' 30" ] 2] "J7 I 30 'I Skamania Oreg ..wash Stensga r Mtn . 1965 1980 48°07 ' 30" 122°00'00" Steveris 16 ,, ~,• - Dept. of Natural Resources BULK RATE Div. of Geology & Earth Resources U. S. POSTAGE PAID Olympia, WA 98504 Olympia, Wa$hlngton Permit No. 263 , ..