DOCSLIB.ORG

Energy Performance *

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Energy Performance * APPENDIX A ENERGY PERFORMANCE * Temperatures, relative humidity levels, and energy wall of the building and, with the windows, use in a passive solar, earth sheltered home in cen­ comprise the solar collection system. This com­ tral Kansas were monitored over a seventeen-month bination of passive solar techniques and earth period. Window insulation at night had a significant effect on heat retention, and considerable heat gain sheltering is indeed an attractive strategy, as the and ventilation benefits were realized from two following discussion will show. Trombe walls built into the structure. Daily inside temperatures varied from a low of 62° F in the winter to a high of 87° F in the summer, with an average HOUSE DESIGN room temperature of 73° F. The earth sheltered home used 30 percent less electricity than an The floor plan of the house contains 1,500 aboveground home of similar size. The woodburn­ square feet of living space and 600 square feet ing stove consumed 67 percent less wood than a of garage. The structure is long and narrow, conventional home, and there was no need for pro­ which permits the winter sun to reach the back pane. Overall, at least 80 percent of the heating walls, and the room arrangement is open, which needs were supplied by passive and earth-contact strategies. facilitates air movement and promotes a feeling of spaciousness (fig. A-1). The interior is light in color, and approximately 75 percent of the Many authors claim potential energy savings floor is carpeted. from earth-sheltering techniques, but few pub­ The kitchen has a 30-inch skylight, while a lished studies document these savings. This vent pipe 10 inches in diameter runs beneath paper provides data on the performance of a the floor slab to provide combustion air for the passive solar, earth sheltered home in central wood-burning stove (the only backup heat Kansas. Most earth sheltered homes rely mainly source). Each bathroom has a vent pipe opening on direct solar gain, but two Trombe walls were through the roof, and each is fitted with a small incorporated into the passive solar design of exhaust fan. A ceiling fan and duct system dis­ this home, making it unique in the literature. tribute heat in the winter, and a whole-house The Trombe walls-black, glass-covered con­ ventilation fan can be used to pull in cool night crete structures-make up part of the south air in the summer. The Trombe walls, built as part of the south * Max R. Terman. "Energy Performance of an Earth Sheltered Home with Trombe Walls." Underground Space. 6 (1981): 180- wall, are oriented 28 degrees east of due south; 85. Reprinted by permission of Pergammon Press Ltd. each is 8 feet high, 10 feet long, and 14 inches 158 ENERGY PERFORMANCE 159 111 L. : Patio door I Tr~ Wall • Air intake (balow alab) A·i. Diagram showing the floor plan and energy systems of the Underground Space. Vol. 6. Max R. Terman. "Energy Performance of an Earth Shel­ passive solar, earth sheltered home. (Reprinted. with permission. from tered Home with Trombe Walls." (t; 1981. Pergamon Press. Ltd.) thick, with a mass of approximately 13,920 The hot water heater, insulated with 2 pounds (see fig. A-2). Inside Trombe vents are inches of Fiberglas, receives preheated water at floor and ceiling levels; outside vents for from coils in the wood-burning stove and is on summer use open beneath a 28-inch-wide over­ a timer that turns the power on for three hours hang. Four 4-by-6-foot windows and one 6-by- a day at periods of maximum use. The house­ 10-foot patio door are also located on the south hold appliances are electric. wall and provide about 160 square feet of direct-gain collector surface. The windows are equipped with reflective blinds and heavy cloth draperies. [Note: exterior shutters have since been installed.] A·2. The Trombe walls figure prominently in the facade of this The shell of the house is a poured, post­ passive solar, earth sheltered building. (Reprinted. with permission. from Underground Space. Vol. 6. Max R. Terman. "Energy Performance of an Earth tensioned concrete structure with 9-inch-thick Sheltered Home with Trombe Walls." '" 1981. Pergamon Press. Ltd.) roofs and 8-inch thick walls, the structure being waterproofed with a combination of bentonite and premolded membranes. Six inches of poly­ styrene insulation cover the top of the roof over the living area (1 inch over the garage roof), and 2 inches decreasing to 1 inch cover the walls; the floor, 5-inches thick, is not insulated. The building is covered with 3 feet of soil on the front of the roof, which grades back to 2 feet at the rear. The roof and the side and back walls are in contact with an extensive mass of earth that makes up a hill approximately three acres in size. Maximum excavation depth into the hill is 8 feet. 160 APPENDIX A PERFORMANCE DATA record Kansas heat wave (over forty consecutive days with temperatures over 100° F), a high temperature of 87° F was recorded; however, no Room temperatures and humidity were mea­ shade was yet provided by deciduous trees. The sured from the back living room wall with a average monthly temperatures ranged from meter for temperature and relative humidity. 66° F (February 1980) to 81°F (August 1980). Trombe wall and remote temperatures were The average internal temperature for the study measured with an eight-probe thermistor ther­ period was 73° F. Only air distribution and mometer; a mercury thermometer in a sheltered venting fans were used during the summer, and entrance took outdoor temperatures. a total of 0.8 cords of wood was burned each Temperature winter (table A-1). The wood-burning stove and the window Records of the thermal performance of the insulation (blinds and draperies) influenced the house date from January 1980, three months internal temperatures, as can be seen during after the structure was backfilled. Due to loose two winter cold spells: January 1980 (no blinds) soil structure and lack of vegetation, the ther­ and December 1980 (blinds and draperies for mal characteristics of the backfilled soil were night insulation). The use of draperies and different from conditions that can be expected blinds allowed the wood-burning stove to be after the soil settles and vegetation is estab­ burned at lower temperatures and still maintain lished. a higher room temperature (fig. A-3). Monthly temperature variation, measured The extent of the influence of the sun on on the back wall, decreased from January 1980 house temperatures during each month can be to January 1981, with the coolest temperature ascertained from table A-2. During January and (62° F) occurring in February 1980, when the February 1980, the internal temperatures were house was unoccupied for eight days. During a 40° F higher than outside temperatures (no aux- TABLE A·l Fuel and electrical usage comparison between a well-insulated aboveground farmhouse * and a passive solar, earth sheltered home * *. Winter and summer daily average outside temperatures are given in degrees F. Average Jan. July Monthly Cords of wood Heating fuel Date High/low High/low kwh/person used/winter (gal. propane) Farmhouse 6177-12177 89.2 70.2 300 0.5 402 1/78-12/78 24.9 8.7 89.7 68.9 409 1.8 645 1/79-6/79 20.8 4.1 84.1 67.6 -313 1.2 300 (Monthly average for 2-year period) 341 1.2 449 Earth sheltered house 1/80-12/80 36.6 20.7 97.4 72.9 244 0.5 0 1/81-3/81 40.8 19.8 86.1 70.4 234 0.3 0 - - (Monthly average for 2-year period) 239 0.4 0 • 1,800 square-foot living area, 2 floor levels, root cellar, 1 bath, electric hot water, forced air furnace, airtight wood-burning stove, window air conditioner, water pump. Occupied by 2 adults, both absent from home, 8:A.M.-4:00 P.M., September through May . .. Three feet of soil cover, 1,500-square-feet living space, 2 baths, 1 floor level, electric hot water heater, attached garage, 2 Trombe walls, wood-burning stove with hot water preheat coils, timer on hot water heater, duct fan, whole-house fan, water pump. Occupied by 2 adults and 2 infants continually. ENERGY PERFORMANCE 161 reflected inside the house. (The performance of Blinds/draperies used at night the house is expected to improve as deciduous 75 trees and grass cover are added to the land­ scape.) Table A-3 shows the mean temperatures at 70 various locations in the house during the winter (January-March) and summer (June-July). The .'" <II temperatures of the entryway, an air lock isolat­ .3" 65 ing the living room from the outside, show the '" "<II effects of outside contact and isolation from the a0. ...<II Trombe walls. The walls, floor slab, and ceiling temperatures reflect the earth temperatures ad­ 60L-______~------~------~------~ 6AM 12 N 6 PM 12M 6 jacent to them; the skylight, as indicated by the wide temperature swings in this structure, is a source of heat loss during the winter. A·3. The dotted line shows the effects of using draperies. Note that the temperature stays more constant than when no night insulation (solid line) is used. Wood-burning stove use is also indicated. Note that when no window insulation is used a hot stove is required at night whereas a low stove temperature suf­ fices with the use of night insulation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dhamori Village Development Plan
    This presentation premiered at WaterSmart Innovations watersmartinnovations.com Translating Historical Water Wisdom to Contemporary Challenges Leslie A. Johnson, 2018 MLA Capstone Chair: Professor John Koepke Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota Project Advisor: Alpa Nawre, University of Florida Agenda 1. Contemporary Issues in India & the Relationship to Traditional Water Management 2. Site Visit to Dhamori, India & Project Background 3. Water Wisdom: Capstone Research & Design 4. Lessons Learned & Broader Applications Image Credit: Dhamori Village - Leslie A. Johnson Part I. Contemporary Issues in India & the Relationship to Traditional Water Management India today faces a wide variety of social, environmental, and cultural issues related to water issues. • Conflicts between domestic and productive water use • Farmer suicides in rural communities Image Credit: Maharashtra Farmer during Drought - Jagadeesh NV, European Press Photo Agency / Relocated Workers - “Drought in Maharashtra,” Mumbai Mirror / Farmer Suicides - India You, 2011 Part I. Contemporary Issues in India & the Relationship to Traditional Water Management • Threats to food security • Seasonal migration to cities • During the monsoon, there can be too much water, but during the dry season, there can be too little Challenges stem from water mismanagement as much, or more so, as from water scarcity. Yet India has a rich history of water conservation strategies, so how is it that these current issues came to be? Image Credit: In wait for water - Mumbai Mirror / Stepwell – Atlas Obscura Part I. Contemporary Issues in India & the Relationship to Traditional Water Management What is ”traditional water management?” Broadly, water systems present prior to industrialization, specifically those systems derived from the vernacular of their landscapes and needs of a particular group of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Document (Pdf 1196
    Final Report GeoEngineers On-Call Agreement Y-7717 Task Order AU AN APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING INFILTRATION RATES FOR STORMWATER INFILTRATION DRY WELLS by Joel Massmann, Ph.D., P.E. Washington State Department of Transportation Technical Monitor Glorilyn Maw Washington State Transportation Commission Department of Transportation and in cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration April 2004 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. WA-RD 589.1 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE AN APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING INFILTRATION April 2004 RATES FOR STORMWATER INFILTRATION DRY WELLS 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Joel Massmann, Ph.D., P.E. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. Agreement Y7717, Task AU 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Research Office Final Research Report Washington State Department of Transportation Transportation Building, MS 47372 Olympia, Washington 98504-7372 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE Keith Anderson, Project Manager, 360-709-5405 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES This study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 16. ABSTRACT This report describes an approach for estimating infiltration rates for dry wells that are constructed using standard configurations developed by the Washington State Department of Transportation. The approach was developed recognizing that the performance of these dry wells depends upon a combination of subsurface geology, groundwater conditions, and dry well geometry. The report focuses on dry wells located in unconsolidated geologic materials.
    [Show full text]
  • 56 Stories Desire for Freedom and the Uncommon Courage with Which They Tried to Attain It in 56 Stories 1956
    For those who bore witness to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, it had a significant and lasting influence on their lives. The stories in this book tell of their universal 56 Stories desire for freedom and the uncommon courage with which they tried to attain it in 56 Stories 1956. Fifty years after the Revolution, the Hungar- ian American Coalition and Lauer Learning 56 Stories collected these inspiring memoirs from 1956 participants through the Freedom- Fighter56.com oral history website. The eyewitness accounts of this amazing mod- Edith K. Lauer ern-day David vs. Goliath struggle provide Edith Lauer serves as Chair Emerita of the Hun- a special Hungarian-American perspective garian American Coalition, the organization she and pass on the very spirit of the Revolu- helped found in 1991. She led the Coalition’s “56 Stories” is a fascinating collection of testimonies of heroism, efforts to promote NATO expansion, and has incredible courage and sacrifice made by Hungarians who later tion of 1956 to future generations. been a strong advocate for maintaining Hun- became Americans. On the 50th anniversary we must remem- “56 Stories” contains 56 personal testimo- garian education and culture as well as the hu- ber the historical significance of the 1956 Revolution that ex- nials from ’56-ers, nine stories from rela- man rights of 2.5 million Hungarians who live posed the brutality and inhumanity of the Soviets, and led, in due tives of ’56-ers, and a collection of archival in historic national communities in countries course, to freedom for Hungary and an untold number of others.
    [Show full text]
  • Single Family Residential Stormwater Management Plan Dry Well (Infiltration) Construction Inspections
    Single Family Residential Stormwater Management Plan DRY WELL (INFILTRATION) Definition : A dry well is an excavated pit filled with gravel and sand that provides temporary storage of runoff from roofs and allows for infiltration of that runoff over a 48 hour period. Constraints : • Dry wells should not be used in areas where their operation may create a risk for basement flooding, interfere with septic sewage disposal systems, or cause downslope seepage problems • May not be installed on slopes greater than 20% • Drainage area to each dry well shall not exceed 1000 square feet • Dry wells may not be used in HSG D or if the infiltration rate of the soil is less than 0.27 inches per hour • Dry wells are intended to capture rooftop runoff only Design Guidance: • Dry wells must be installed in accordance with the attached detail • Dry wells should not intercept water table, bedrock, fragipan or other confining layer • Dry wells must be located down gradient of building structures and set back at least 10 feet from buildings, 50 feet from water supply wells and 25 feet from septic systems • Dry wells must be set back at least 50 feet from fill slopes of 25% or steeper • Soils will be evaluated during excavation by ASCD representative to evaluate soil suitability assumed in original design which may alter type of practice to be constructed Installation: • Minimize compaction of dry well bottom and sidewalls • Collection pipes from downspouts shall be 4”-6” PVC installed at min. slope of 1% • The bottom of the dry well excavation should be
    [Show full text]
  • Preparedness Planning for a Nuclear Crisis .Pdf
    I- HS-4 ---(MAR 87) I I I I I I I I. A Citizen's Guide to Civil Defense and Self-Protection Preparedness Planning For a Nuclear Crisis A Citizen’s Guide to Civil Defense and Self-Protection Text Table of Contents Page Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 Risk Analysis: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons ............................... 3 Chapter 2 Civil Defense and Emergency Planning .......................................... 31 Chapter 3 Planning for Evacuation .............................................................. 45 Chapter 4 Preparing Fallout Shelters ........................................................... 57 Chapter 5 Preparing for Shelter Living ......................................................... 87 Appendix Expedient Shelter Plans ........................................................................... 123 Expedient Shelter Equipment .................................................................... 130 / INTRODUCTION This book is about making personal plans for an emergency that most people do not want to think about-nuclear attack. Planning how to respond to this possibility is no less wise than planning how to escape a burning building, survive an earthquake, avoid injury from an accident involving hazardous chemicals or a nuclear power plant or any major emergency. You make plans, not because you believe these emergencies will happen, but because you want to be prepared just in case they ever do. Planning how you will respond
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Minnesota River Watershed
    Minnesota River Basin 2010 Progress Report Middle Minnesota River Watershed MIDDLE MINNESOTA RIVER WATERSHED This major watershed is characterized by its irregular shape compared Nine Mile Creek to the other major watersheds in the Minnesota River Basin and the fact John Cross it is drained by a numerous smaller tributaries but no major river. The only other major watershed not defined by a main stem tributary in the basin is the Lower Minnesota River Watershed. Little Cottonwood River is the largest sub-watershed, a total of 230 square miles. Ranked sixth in size compared to 12 major watersheds, the Middle Minnesota is approximately 1,347 square miles or 862,060 acres. Agriculture dominates much of the watershed with a number of major river communities found within its boundaries including parts of Redwood Falls, New Ulm and Mankato along with St. Peter, located right before Morgan Creek Vineyard the Minnesota River flows into the Lower Minnesota River Watershed. 38. Lake 35. Red Top Farms Washington Water Demonstration Site Quality Project 2. St. Peter Treaty 33. Wetland Site History Center Litigation 37. Pehling Farm 34. Paired Watershed 1. St. Peter Water 32. Mississippi River Studies for Nutrient 36. State Highway Treatment Plant Basin Health Reduction 169 Erosion 3. GAC Recycle Watersheds Initiative Control Mania 4. Lake Emily 31. New Ulm Clean-up Wastewater Treatment Plant 5. Seven Mile Creek Watershed Project 30. Capitol for a • 6. Wetland day – New Ulm Restorations • 7. Conservation Highlights 29. River Regional • 8. Farm Practice River History & Survey Information Center • 9. Groundwater Vulnerability 28. Coalition for a Study Clean Minnesota • 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Infiltration Trench & Soakaway
    An Infiltration Trench System includes an inlet pipe or water source, catch basin sump, perforated DESIGN PRINCIPLES distribution pipe, infiltration trench and overflow to the storm drainage system. ■ Infiltration Trench System: A Soakaway Manhole (Sump, or Dry Well) System includes an inlet pipe, a sedimentation manhole, and one or more infiltration shafts with connecting pipes. Use of Infiltration Shaft will be limited by hydro- a) Locate infiltration trench at least 3m geotechnical conditions in much of GVRD. from any building, 1.5m from Limitations of Infiltration Trench or Soakaway Manholes: property lines, and 6m from adjacent a) To avoid groundwater pollution, do not direct un-treated polluted runoff to Infiltration Trench or Shaft: infiltration facilities (or as recommended by a geotechnical ▪ Direct clean runoff (roof, non-automobile paving) to Infiltration Trench or Shaft. engineer). ▪ For polluted runoff (roads > 1000 vehicles / day, parking areas, other pollution sources), provide upstream source control for pollutant reduction prior to release to Infiltration Trench or Shaft. b) Sump: Provide a lid for periodic b) Use infiltration trench or shaft only in areas with footing drains. inspection and cleanout. Include a 1. Grass or Other Planting T-inlet pipe to trap oils, sediments 2. Finish Grade and debris. 3. Growing Medium Backfill 4. 100mm Dia PVC DR28 Perforated 19 c) Infiltration Trench: installation of Pipe distribution pipe and bottom of 5. Light Non-woven Polyester drainrock to be level. If more than Geotextile c/w Min. 400mm Laps one section of infiltration trench is 9 1 required, design so that underground 6. 50mm Drain Rock or Rock of water is temporarily ‘ponded’ in each Equal Porosity infiltration section.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth Shelter Test Facility at Oklahoma State University for Energy-Related Investigations: Program and Concept Design
    EARTH SHELTER TEST FACILITY AT OKLAHOMA -STATE -UNIVERSITY FOR ENERGY RELATED INVESTIGATIONS: PROGRAM AND CONCEPT DESIGN By JOSEPH HENRY HACKNEY II Bachelor of Architectural Studies Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 1981 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING December, 1983 EARTH SHELTER TEST FACILITY AT OKLA STATE UNIVERSITY FOR ENERGY RELATED INVESTIGATIONS: PROGRAM AND CONCEPT DESIGN Thesis Approved: ii 1170224 t PREFACE This study is concerned With the development of an emperical means of qualifying and quantifying various energy-related aspects of earth sheltered buildings in temperate to warm climates such as found in Oklahoma. The underlying goal is to develop a program and provide conceptual design alternatives for a test facility which w~ll provide the necessary data to determine the energy-saving potential of earth sheltering as a design alternative. A questionnaire, sent to selected professionals in the field of earth sheltering, aided in the identification of useful investigations and testing procedures. These investigations may be performed to provide information to professionals involved in research, design, and engineering concerning the relative impact of various design strategies on the total energy performance of earth sheltered buildings. The author wishes to thank his major ~dviser, Dr. Lester L. Boyer, for his guidance, assistance, and instruction throughout this study. Gratitude is also extended to Professor. Walter Grondzik for his invaluable assistance and support and for introducing me to a cognizance of earth sheltering far beyond the scope of this study. Much appreciation is given to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Philadelphia Stormwater Manual V2.1 Philadelphia Stormwater Manual V2.1 This Pageintentionallyleftblank Simplified Approach Design Criteria Rooftop Systems
    7 Stormwater Management Practice Design Guidelines 7.1 Green Roofs 7.2 Rain Barrels and Cisterns 7.3 Filter Strips 7.4 Filters 7.5 Bioinfiltration / Bioretention 7.6 Detention Basins 7.7 Berms and Retentive Grading 7.8 Swales 7.9 Constructed Wetlands (see PA Stormwater BMP Manual) 7.10 Ponds & Wet Basins (see PA Stormwater BMP Manual) 7.11 Subsurface Vaults 7.12 Subsurface Infiltration 7.13 Porous Pavement 7.14 Pre-fabricated and Proprietary Designs (see PA Stormwater BMP Manual) 7.15 Inlet and Outlet Controls Philadelphia Stormwater Manual v2.1 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Philadelphia Stormwater Manual v2.1 Simplified Approach Design Criteria Rooftop Systems This section provides the following information about eco-roofs and roof gardens: S Typical cross section S Description S General specifications S Checklist of minimal information to be shown on the permit drawings S Construction inspection requirements and schedule S Link to landscaping requirements S Link to example landscaping plans S Link to operation and maintenance requirements S Link to photos 7.1 S Link to drawings 7.1 S Eco-roof Central City F.A.R. bonus guidelines Green roofs (vegetated roof/eco roof/roof garden) consist of a layer of vegetation that completely covers an otherwise conventional flat or pitched roof. The hydrologic response of a green roof bears closer resemblance to a lawn or meadow than impervious surface. The green roof system is composed of multiple layers including waterproofing, a drainage City of Portland, OR layer, engineered planting media, and specially selected plants. Vegetated roof covers can be optimized to achieve water quantity and quality benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • City of Elk Grove Dry Well Project Guidance and Lessons
    City of Elk Grove Dry Well Project Guidance and Lessons Learned Document 2/28/2017 CITY OF ELK GROVE DRY WELL PROJECT Guidance Document Guidance and Lesson Learned from the Elk Grove Dry Well Project The Elk Grove Dry Well Project (project) was a four-year study to investigate the risk of groundwater contamination associated with the use of infiltrating stormwater through dry wells. The project involved a large field component that included the installation of two dry wells with pretreatment and a network of groundwater monitoring wells. The project has two study sites located in Elk Grove, California. The first site was the City of Elk Grove’s Corporation Yard, a 0.6-acre parking facility that is a bus fleet servicing area and maintenance yard, and the second site was the Strawberry Detention Basin, a water quality basin that collects stormwater from a 168-acre residential neighborhood. As part of the project study, stormwater and groundwater samples were collected for two years and analyzed for over 200 contaminants. Estimates of infiltration rates were also made. A companion modeling study of the fate and transport of contaminants through the vadose zone was performed. Scientific and government reports evaluating the risk to groundwater quality associated with dry well use were reviewed and compiled in a literature review (annotated bibliography). Lastly, information from other states with developed dry well programs, often known as underground injection control systems, was summarized in fact sheets with the goal of understanding the regulations, permitting, siting, and design guidelines used elsewhere. This guidance document summarizes some of the key lessons learned from this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Underground Mining and Mine Collapse on the Hydrology of Selected Basins in West Virginia
    Effects of Underground Mining and Mine Collapse on the Hydrology of Selected Basins in West Virginia United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2384 Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) Area square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) acre 0.4047 hectare (ha) Volume gallon (gal) 3.785 liter (L) 3.785xlO~3 cubic meter (m3) million gallons (106 gal) 3,785 cubic meters (m3) 3.785xlO~3 cubic hectometers (hm3) cubic foot (ft3) 0.02832 cubic meter (m3) Flow cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 28.32 liter per second (L/s) 0.02832 cubic meters per second (m3/s) gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second (L/s) 6.309xlO~5 cubic meters per second (m3/s) million gallons per day (Mgal/d) .04381 cubic meters per second (m3/s) Sea level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Effects of Underground Mining and Mine Collapse on the Hydrology of Selected Basins in West Virginia By W.A. HOBBA, Jr. Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2384 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Dry Well Dry Well a Dry Well Collects Runoff from Gutter Downspouts, Roof Valleys, and Other Areas Where Water Concentrates and Flows
    NEW HAMPSHIRE HOMEOWNER’S GUIDE TO STORMWATER MANAGEMENT DO-IT-YOURSELF STORMWATER SOLUTIONS Open-topped dry well DRY WELL A dry well collects runoff from gutter downspouts, roof valleys, and other areas where water concentrates and flows. They help infiltrate runoff and reduce erosion. EQUIPMENT & SIZIng AND DESIgn MATERIALS r STEP 1. Choose the location. A good location for a dry Measuring tape r well is an area that can receive and infiltrate large Shovel r 1/ ” to 11/ ” Crushed amounts of concentrated runoff, such as from a roof 2 2 valley or gutter downspout. The area should be large stone enough to accommodate the dry well and should have r Non-woven good separation to groundwater. If you dig and the geotextile fabric or hole starts filling with water, you should choose another landscape weed location. fabric for smaller projects STEP 2. Infiltration test. Perform a simple perc test to determine the ability of the soil to infiltrate water (allow OPTIONAL it to soak in and drain through the soil). Dry wells should r PVC or other plastic only be installed on soils that will drain within 24 hours. To piping conduct a simple perc test, use the following steps. r String or spray paint a. Using a shovel or a post hole digger, dig a 1-foot r Splash guard deep hole. r Gutter downspout b. Fill the hole with water and allow it to drain completely extension (NOTE: if the hole fills with water on its own or if water is still in the hole after 24 hours, choose a new location).
    [Show full text]