BARKLEY SOUND STEWARDSHIP ALLIANCE 6835 Cherry Creek Rd., Port Alberni BC, V9Y 8T5 [email protected]

BARKLEY SOUND STEWARDSHIP ALLIANCE 6835 Cherry Creek Rd., Port Alberni BC, V9Y 8T5 Barkleysoundalliance@Sarita.Net

December 3, 2018

Submission to: National Energy Board Attention: Ms. Sheri Young, Secretary of the Board

Re: Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC, Trans Mountain Expansion Project National Energy Board reconsideration of aspects of its Recommendation Report As directed by Order in Council P.C. 2018-1177 File OF-Fac-Oil-T260-2013-03 59, Hearing Order MH-052-2018

Submission: TOPIC 1.a: EVIDENCE PROVIDED BY DR. ABBY SCHWARZ (see document following, page 2 - 27)

Potential Effects of an Increase in TMX Oil Tanker Traffic on the Coastal Marine Food Web of Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Prepared by Abby L Schwarz, Ph.D. (Biol.)

Report to Barkley Sound Alliance December 1, 2018

Table of Contents

1. Introduction and physical features 1.1 Description 1.2 Continental shelf, Juan de Fuca Eddy, La Perouse Bank region, upwelling 1.3 Risk of shipping accidents in Juan de Fuca Strait 2. Phytoplankton and nutrient availability 2.1 Phytoplankton and “hotspots” 2.2 Zooplankton 3. Forage fishes: life history traits, ecology 3.1General characteristics 3.2 Pacific herring: description and value 3.3 Pacific herring: feeding behaviour 3.4 Pacific herring: migration 3.5 Feeding behaviour during migration 3.6 Some suggested mitigating actions 3.7 Conservation actions and the Federal government 3.8 The swimbladder 4. Underwater sound 4.1 Sound in water 4.2 Hearing in fishes, its function, and sounds of biological importance 4.3 Hearing in herring 5. Conclusions References 4

1. INTRODUCTION AND PHYSICAL FEATURES 1.1 Description The southwest coast of Vancouver Island, encompassing small communities like Ucluelet, Bamfield and Tofino, is a particularly rich area for wildlife, from plankton to great whales. This paper concentrates on aspects of the wildlife (particularly fishes) and economic values of Barkley Sound, and why the risks to Barkley Sound are so high. The emphasis is on the effects of shipping, particularly effects from oil tankers, because although they may represent a relatively small percentage of total shipping, their cargo (especially Dilbit) is lethal to wildlife and to the economic, physical and mental health of human communities. Barkley Sound is part of the traditional territory of the Nuu-cha-nulth First Nations. It lies south of Ucluelet and north of Bamfield on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, and forms the entrance to Alberni Inlet. The Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre (BMSC) uses the extensive, pristine and highly biodiverse waters for both research and teaching. Barkley Sound is famous for deep-sea fishing (focused on halibut and Chinook and coho salmon) and is generally a popular tourist destination, bringing considerable economic benefit to the small communities that border it. The Broken Group and the Deer Group of islands are favourite places for kayakers and other boaters to explore. It cannot be overemphasized that all these activities are made possible by the richness of the biological community in the waters of Barkley Sound and, at its farthest reach, in the La Perouse Bank region at the edge of Canada’s western continental shelf.

1.2 Overview: the continental shelf, Juan de Fuca Eddy, La Perouse Bank Region, and upwelling The continental shelf extends west/southwest from Ucluelet, Tofino and Barkley Sound approximately 50 km before the shelf break (where the slope begins). It is cut by a number of deep canyons perpendicular to the shore, conditions favourable for upwelling. Upwelling is the process by which 5 inorganic nutrients, the accumulated end-products of decomposition at depth, are returned to the surface as cold nutrient-rich water to provide phytoplankton with nutrients required for photosynthesis. On the southwest coast of B.C. it is driven primarily by northwest winds from May through September (Ware and McFarlane 1989). The largest of the canyons is the Juan de Fuca Canyon, located at the strait’s western entrance and extending seaward. In late spring and in summer a large eddy (the Juan de Fuca Eddy) develops over this canyon, and is responsible for massive upwelling and seaward transport of deep nutrient- rich water as well as of plankton (see also Burger 2003 for its importance for seabirds). In a paper describing the results of a 10-year study of the La Perouse Bank region, McFarlane et al. (1997) described this eddy as one of the three most important sources of nutrients in the region. The other two major sources of nutrients are 1) upwelling along the outer shelf and subsequent mixing into the nearshore surface layer and 2) upwelling at the northern tip of Vancouver Island and subsequent alongshore transport on the inner shelf by south-flowing currents (see also Mackas 1992). The La Perouse Bank region, about 30 km from the coast, is an undersea plateau on the continental shelf with complex topography, including a number of isolated banks and enclosed basins. Its immense biological richness is due to its location within the coastal upwelling production zone that extends from southern Vancouver Island to Baja California (Ware and McFarlane 1989). The La Perouse Bank region is particularly vulnerable to oil spills for two reasons. First, it is near the shipping lanes for vessels moving along the coast. Second, it receives water from the Juan de Fuca strait, particularly from the Eddy, which as stated above is one of three major source of nutrients and plankton for the La Perouse region. The northwest winds mentioned above prevail in late spring, in summer, and early to mid fall, so that at these times the chance of oil being pushed toward the coast is relatively high.

1.3 Risk of shipping accidents in the Juan de Fuca Strait There is a significant risk of a major oil spill over the continental shelf in this area due to the increasing number of vessels (oil tankers, bulk carriers, container ships, smaller craft) transiting the Juan de Fuca Strait from 6

Vancouver, Seattle and other large ports nearby (e.g. Burger 2003). As well, the western entrance to Juan de Fuca Strait holds a number of navigational hazards. This increases the probability of accidents even if every vessel (not just oil tankers) is escorted by two tugs throughout the entire length of the Strait. An accident in or near the Juan de Fuca Eddy would be a major disaster. The eddy straddles the Canada-US border and already has protection in the US. Its value is so high that it has been suggested that Canada should declare it an MPA (Marine Protected Area) and a “no take” zone. In the event of an oil spill from a vessel moving parallel to the coast, even 50 km out, winds and current patterns would favour the movement of oil toward the coast followed by alongshore transport. The debris from Japan following the tsunami in 2011 came to the B.C. coast in this way.

2. PHYTOPLANKTON AND NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY 2.1 Phytoplankton and “hotspots” Phytoplankton are microscopic algae (e.g. diatoms, dinoflagellates), similar to land plants in requiring sunlight and inorganic nutrients to synthesize organic matter, but living in water. Their need for sunlight restricts them to the photic zone, defined as the zone extending from the surface down to where photosynthesis stops because of insufficient sunlight. From spring through autumn on the SWCVI, there are large inputs of upwelled water and nutrients to the continental shelf, providing an unusually long growing season for phytoplankton and organisms that feed on them. In winter, downwelling occurs. This is the vertical movement of oxygenated but nutrient-poor water to the bottom, replenishing oxygen in the deeper waters and so making it available to the decomposers. These are mainly aerobic bacteria. The numerous canyons and rises in the La Perouse Bank region promote upwelling, but their distribution is irregular and patchy. If it were even, phytoplankton would be spread out over too wide an area to satisfy a predator. Instead, phytoplankton distribution is also patchy. The most productive patches, termed “hotspots”, are huge local accumulations of phytoplankton in areas of intensified upwelling. These attract a wide variety 7 of predators: forage fishes, larger fishes (e.g. chinook and coho salmon, halibut, rockfish, cod, dogfish), seabirds, and marine mammals (seals, sea lions, humpbacks, fins, greys and more). Healey et al. (1990) reported that fishing locations favoured by commercial salmon trollers along the southwest coast of Vancouver Island coincided with these hotspots. 2.2 Zooplankton High nutrient availability and extensive phytoplankton blooms attract zooplankton, tiny animals that feed on phytoplankton and microzooplankton. The dominant zooplankton in Barkley Sound waters are large euphausiids (aka “krill”) and large copepods. They store energy as lipids, so they are highly rich in nutrients, and are targets for numerous predators: forage fishes, larger fishes, seabirds, and a variety of marine mammals including several species of baleen whales. The link between zooplankton (fish food) and fish is so important that it may determine the yield of the fishery (Beamish and McFarlane 2014). Nutrients, phytoplankton blooms and euphausiid biomass remain high throughout a prolonged upwelling season lasting roughly from April through October (see Mackas and Galbraith 1992, McFarlane et al. 1997), making the La Perouse Bank region one of the most productive fishing zones in the northern hemisphere (DFO 1992). It is a feeding area for the endangered southern resident killer whale population (DFO 1992). Two species of baleen whale, humpback (listed as “special concern” under SARA) and fin (listed as “threatened”), also feed on zooplankton here, though for both species, zooplankton are only part of their diet. Fin whales also take small fishes, many of which are forage fishes. NOTE: Grey whales also feed in the area, but their feeding method (scooping material from the bottom which they strain through their baleen for small animals) would expose them to sunken oil, such as Dilbit.

3. FORAGE FISHES: ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 3.1 General characteristics Forage fishes are of central importance in the B.C. coastal marine food web because they link the plankton with larger animals. Some species support 8 highly valuable fisheries (e.g. herring, see below). It should be kept in mind that these fisheries are direct competitors with non-human predators of forage fishes. An oil spill would have profound effects on the krill fishery (a bait fishery) and all forage fish fisheries (e.g. herring, sardine, juvenile hake). It is recommended that the krill fishery in the area be ended as too much wildlife depends on krill, either directly or indirectly. Collectively, forage fishes are a small group of species that consume primarily zooplankton, particularly euphausiids, copepods, other small crustaceans, and larval stages of other animals that eat phytoplankton. Like their euphausid prey, forage fishes are nutrient-rich, storing energy as lipids, and like euphausiids, they are a dietary favourite of many predators, including larger fishes, seabirds, eagles and a variety of marine mammals. All are relatively small (<30 cm), mostly silvery pelagic fishes that form immense schools in shallow coastal marine waters and (except for the anadromous eulachon) spawn in the subtidal or intertidal zones. Their schooling behaviour, time spent at or near the surface, preferred spawning habitat, and the migration routes of some, like Pacific herring, leave them particularly vulnerable to overfishing, pollution, and a variety of disturbances from anthropogenic activities (e.g. shipping noise, bright lights during night transits). Important forage fishes in Barkley Sound include Pacific herring, Pacific sardine, juvenile hake, northern anchovy and juvenile walleye pollock . Of all these, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) has been the most consistently present over many years, and has great importance for both the food web and the commercial and indigenous fisheries.

3.2 Pacific herring: description and value The herring is one of the largest and most abundant forage fish in B.C. coastal waters. Because of its size its lipid energy stores from spring and summer feeding are very high. It is a preferred food of many animals, including Chinook salmon (Ford et al. 1998) although this has varied over the last few years. Herring supports several fisheries: commercial (roe fishery, food and bait fishery), recreational, and indigenous (including the non-invasive spawn- on-kelp or SOK fishery). Kinder Morgan recognized its importance, and selected it to be one of the “indicator species”, i.e. an indicator of ecosystem 9 health and economic importance, when the Trans Mountain Project was first put forward for consideration. The health of the herring populations has been studied for many decades. Five large stocks of Pacific herring in B.C. are recognized at this time. As of 1995 (Schweigert 1995), the two major herring stocks in southern B.C. were the WCVI (West Coast Vancouver Island) and SoG (Strait of Georgia). This paper focuses on the WCVI stock, but also includes the importance of the La Perouse Bank region to the SoG stock. The WCVI stock was closed to commercial fisheries in 2006, with SOK (spawn-on-kelp) permitted in 2011 (DFO 2018). It has been in a prolonged period of low productivity and low biomass, possibly the effect of warmer water since the El Nino event of 2014- 2016. Recruitment in 2018 was forecast to be low. On the other hand, the SoG stock has shown an increasing trend in spawning stock biomass since 2010. It bears repeating that fisheries in Barkley Sound and surroundings compete directly with non-human predators for the same prey. An oil spill in the area would have profound ecological and economic effects on both groups.

3.3 Feeding behaviour Adult and late-stage juvenile herring feed primarily on euphausiids. The euphausiids make diurnal vertical migrations, rising toward the surface at dusk to feed and sinking downward at dawn (possibly to avoid visual predators), and the herring follow them so that they too feed near the surface from dusk to dawn, then sink into deeper water.

3.4 Herring migrations The La Perouse Bank region, and a few other banks such as Swiftsure, 40-mile Bank, and the SW Corner are major feeding grounds for both WCVI stock and for part of the SoG stock from April to mid-October. WCVI stock: Most WCVI herring spawn in the subtidal waters of Barkley Sound in February-March, but a portion of the stock migrates through Juan de Fuca Strait to spawning areas in the Salish Sea. After spawning these return through Juan de Fuca Strait to the La Perouse Bank region and surroundings. 10

SoG stock: The SoG fish migrate in late autumn from the La Perouse area into the Salish Sea through Juan de Fuca Strait. They spend the winter in relatively shallow inlets and bays in the southern part of the Salish Sea in preparation for spawning mid-February to mid-March in areas in the northwest of the Salish Sea (DFO 2014). After spawning they move offshore again, some traveling through Juan de Fuca Strait to Barkley Sound waters, and others moving north through Johnstone Strait to summer feeding grounds in Queen Charlotte Sound or to areas off the northwest coast of Vancouver Island (Ware and Tanasichuk 1997).

3.5 Feeding behaviour during migration Migrating herring also make diurnal vertical migrations to feed, as described in sec. 3.3, but this may be affected by vessel traffic through Juan de Fuca Strait, Haro Strait, and Johnstone Strait. During the day, the fish form huge, compact, fast-moving schools that travel at 90-150 m depth, but near dusk they rise to the surface, slow their speed, spread out into “skimmers” just under the surface, and feed. Skimmers may be many km long and extend from the surface down to 15-20 m depth. Before dawn the fish sink and resume traveling fast in dense schools. Northern Gateway (2010) states that the draft of a minimum-sized Aframax tanker in ballast is 6.9-8.4 m, the winter draft of a fully loaded one is 11.3 m, and the summer draft fully loaded is 11.6 m. Under each condition, physical interference with feeding herring is possible, particularly where the migration corridor is narrow and shipping traffic is heavy. This would be true for other vessels as well (e.g. container ships, bulk carriers, cruise ships), but this paper focuses on oil tankers.

3.6 Some suggested mitigating actions Reduce vessel speed (this reduces cavitation) to minimize underwater noise as well as the possibility of direct physical disturbance Mandate yearly inspection of each vessel for well-maintained and quieter propellers, engines and gear 11

Eliminate or minimize nighttime transits of corridors used by fishes when migrating. Herring and their euphausiid prey avoid light at night when they are feeding (Blaxter and Parrish 1965). Therefore vessel lights should be as low in intensity as acceptable for safety, and should not positioned to shine straight down into the water.

3.7 Conservation actions and the Federal government It is encouraging that Jonathan Wilkinson, Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, has said that the government is looking at moving shipping lanes further away from areas preferred by the SRKW (Southern Resident Killer Whale) population (CBC 2018). The areas mentioned for protection include Swiftsure Bank in the Juan de Fuca Strait and La Perouse Bank, but must also include the Juan de Fuca Eddy (see sec. 1.3). Identify and create more protected areas for fishes. End the krill (bait) fishery in the area. Many juvenile fishes, including chinook salmon, rely on euphausiids for food. Other organisms beside euphausiids can be used for bait. Min. Wilkinson has said that the government would look more closely at enhancing food sources for whales by putting money into a new hatchery to increase the stock of chinook, but closing the krill fishery is a better option because krill supports forage fishes that are eaten by chinook and other fishes.

3.8 The swimbladder NOTE: This topic was apparently not included in any previous comments or discussions on the consequences of coastal shipping accidents. Most bony fishes have a swimbladder (aka gas bladder), an organ that functions primarily as an energy-saving buoyancy control device. The amount of gas in the swimbladder controls buoyancy and must be periodically replenished as it is either expelled when the fish needs to be negatively buoyant, or slowly leaks through the swimbladder walls (Blaxter and Batty 1984). Refilling is done either by bringing blood gases out of solution into the swimbladder (physoclists, like rockfish), or by rising to the surface to gulp air, 12 which is moved via a special duct into the swimbladder (physostomes). Both salmon and herring are physostomes. If they are placed in closed containers without access to air (water extending to the surface of the container), they will ultimately die (for herring: Blaxter and Batty 1984. For Atlantic salmon: Korsøen et al. 2012). The frequency of refilling depends on the fish’s activity pattern. Thorne and Thomas (2009) reported herring gulping surface air, mainly at night, and warned that this behaviour provided a direct mechanism for contamination by an oil spill while oil remains on the surface. The density of most bitumens ranges from 0.997 to as high as 1.016, and as the density of seawater is 1.03 g/cm, even heavier oils, including Dilbit, will usually float on it. The rate of evaporation is very rapid immediately after a spill and then slows considerably; about 80% of evaporation occurs in the first few days after a spill. (All material on density taken from Fingas 2015). This is ample time to cause harm to herring as well as to salmon. Night feeding near the surface, and refilling the swimbladder at the surface, puts herring in harm’s way during migration through corridors like Juan de Fuca Strait. Reducing vessel speed would give the fish a greater chance to respond, possibly to leave the area. More information is needed on fish-vessel interactions. 4. Underwater sound 4.1 Properties of sound There are far fewer reports of acoustic studies on fishes than there are on marine mammals. Fishes do not surface to breathe, can only very rarely be distinguished as individuals, and are very difficult to follow as the research vessel itself may alter their behaviour, invalidating or at best compromising the data. Nevertheless, clear evidence has accumulated over the last few years that fishes indeed use sound to communicate and navigate. Sound is a critical sensory modality for aquatic animals because water favours its use over vision and olfaction. Visible displays require light and clear water, limiting them to daytime and relatively short distances, usually no more than about 46 m. This limits navigation using visible features. Olfactory signals are slow to reach their targets, fade with distance, and are best at short range. By 13 contrast, sound is useful both day and night, travels 4.4x faster in water than in air, and travels much farther than either visible or olfactory signals. It shows little attenuation (fading) so it retains high information value, particularly at frequencies below 1 kHz (1000 Hz), making it useful for navigation and communication over greater distances.

4.2 Hearing in fishes, its functions, and sounds of biological importance Fishes can hear, some quite well. The fish inner ear resembles that of other vertebrates studied. All fishes examined so far (over 800 species) can hear, although the frequencies to which they are sensitive vary. Many fishes make sounds themselves, for a variety of reasons: to attract mates (often by advertising a territory), fend off a competitor or a predator, defend eggs or territory, and signal the location of prey (this is mostly involuntary; the sounds are made while eating). However, even silent fishes respond to the combination of abiotic and biotic sounds that make up the underwater “soundscape”. The ability to hear, localize and interpret sounds is being reported for more and more species, and it is now generally accepted that sounds are needed by fishes as well as by many marine mammals. Hearing enhances a fish’s ability to carry out critical life functions, such as a) navigation and migration to feeding, wintering, and spawning areas, b) finding mates, c) finding prey, and d) avoiding predators. Most sounds of biological importance to fishes, and to which all fishes studied so far are most sensitive, are below 1 kHz (1000 Hz), mainly in the rage 20- 500 Hz. The effect of shipping noise on these sounds is discussed in sec. 4.4.

4.3 Hearing in herring Pacific herring belong to the family Clupeidae, one of two families of fishes whose members generally have excellent hearing (sensitive over a wide frequency range). The upper limit of hearing in Pacific herring is around 5000 Hz (5 kHz). Schwarz and Greer (1984) found net-penned Pacific herring capable of directional and selective responses to playbacks of noises from the vessels 14 used in the roe fishing fleet in Barkley Sound, B.C. Responses were almost always negative, even though the environment to which we exposed the herring was only a miniature of the real world. The largest vessels to which the fish were exposed were drum and table seiners (18 and 20 m long) and a troller (15 m long), whereas the container ships, bulk carriers and tankers are more than ten times longer than any of these. Groups of herring received only one trial of each playback, whereas shipping noise is pervasive and continuous. Sound intensity was far less than the intensity of shipping noise in coastal waters.

4.4 Shipping noise Shipping noise in the marine environment is most intense between frequencies of <50 to 1000 Hz, and so it has the potential to mask sounds that fishes need to hear. If masking causes fishes to miss sounds they need to hear to navigate during migrations, or to find mates or spawning areas, it could affect fitness and survival, with population-level consequences. NOTE: Shipping noise also has a second large frequency component of 10,000- 40,000 Hz (10-40 kHz) which affects odontocete echolocation in corridors where shipping lanes are close to the shoreline (within 10 km). At this time no fish is known to hear sounds in this frequency band. The rapid and continuing rise of vessel noise is considered a very serious pollution problem by the UN and the European Union, and is included in the US Environmental Policy Act. Increased vessel noise degrades habitat and has cumulative effects on the fauna exposed to it. One such effect is to finally start avoiding good feeding areas because they are too noisy. All else being equal, the loudest noise comes from the largest vessels: container ships, bulk carriers, and tankers like the Aframax, which may be 3rd or 4th on the list depending on size. This noise is continuous and pervasive even in the deep ocean, travels rapidly over long distances with little energy loss, and unlike noise from shore-based operations it is a moving source, covering a wide and changing area, and is very difficult to avoid. It is most prevalent in the northern hemisphere where there are many more ships than in the southern hemisphere. Coastal and continental shelf waters, like those of 15

Barkley Sound, represent particularly important marine habitat but are also the noisiest marine regions known and generally have the heaviest ship traffic. For example, Haro Strait and Juan de Fuca Strait contain major shipping lanes but are also major migration corridors between inland and offshore waters for many species, including Pacific herring, chinook salmon, and the SRKW population. They also contain habitats that support a wealth of marine fish species.

5.0 Conclusions Normal vessel operations impact marine fauna through noise, lights, speed, and direct physical contact. These factors will be amplified by the increasing size of the fleet and of individual ships within it. Population consequences are possible due to a) greater energy expenditure moving between spawning, wintering and feeding grounds, b) inability to find mates, c) inability to find prey, and d) inability to avoid predators. The last three may be caused by masking of important acoustic cues. All this does not include the consequences of an oil spill in crowded coastal waters, or the pollution from incorrectly treated ballast water and sewage. The cumulative effects of all these factors will be the slow degradation of exceptional habitat that has supported an extraordinarily rich food web and a number of fisheries, and has sustained local human communities for centuries.

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Ford JKB, B Koot, S Vagle, N Hall-Patch and G Kamitakahara 2010. Passive acoustic monitoring of large whales in offshore waters of British Columbia. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2898: v + 30 p. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.383.6120&rep=rep1 &type=pdf Gauvreau AM, D Lepofsky, M Rutherford and M Reid.2017. “Everything revolves around the herring” the Heiltsuk-herring relationship through time. Ecol. Soc. 22 (2): 10. https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Gauvreau+AM%2C +D+Lepofsky%2C+M+Rutherford+and+M+Reid.2017.+%E2%80%9CEverything +revolves+around+the+herring%E2%80%9D+the+Heiltsuk- herring+relationship+through+time.++Ecol.+Soc.+22+%282%29%3A+10.+&btn G= Fingas M 2015. The properties and behaviour of diluted bitumens. Spill Science, Edmonton, AB. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Merv_Fingas/publication/282580648_R 18 eview_of_The_Properties_and_Behaviour_of_Diluted_Bitumens/links/56131df50 8aec7900afb1481.pdf email: [email protected] Hawkins AD and AN Popper 2016. A sound approach to assessing the impact of underwater noise on marine fishes and invertebrates. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 74 (3): 635-651. Hay DE and PB McCarter 2006. Spawning areas of British Columbia herring: a review, geographical analysis and classification Can. MS Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2019 rev. ed. Hay DE et al.(plus 25 coauthors) 2001. Taking stock: an inventory and review of world herring stocks in 2000. nsgd.gso.uri.edu Herring: Expectations for a New Millennium. Alaska Sea Grant College Program. AK-SG01-04, 2001. http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/aku/akuw00001/akuw00001_part7.pdf Healey MC, RE Thomson and JFT Morris 1990. Distribution of commercial troll fishing vessels off Southwest Vancouver Island in relation to fishing success and oceanic water properties and circulation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47 (10): 1846- 1864. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f90-210 https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-210 IMO (International Maritime Organization) 2018. Scientific support for underwater noise effects on marine species and the importance of mitigation. MEPC 73/INFX. Annex 3.F.7. Pp. 559-569. Submitted by Canada. McFarlane GA, DM Ware, RE Thomson, DL Mackas and CLK Robinson 1997. Physical, biological and fisheries oceanography of a large ecosystem (west coast of Vancouver Island) and implications for management. Oceanologica Acta 20(1): 191-200. https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00093/20452/ McGillivary PA, K Schwehr and K Fall 2009. Enhancing AIS to Improve Whale- Ship Collision Avoidance and Maritime Security. IEEE Oceans . 462. https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com /&httpsredir=1&article=1461&context=ccom Mackas DL 1992. The seasonal cycle of zooplankton off southwestern British Columbia: 1979-1989. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:903-921. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/f92-101 19

Northern Gateway Pipelines Inc. 2010. Sec. 3.9: Ship Specifications. TERMPOL Surveys and Studies. Enbridge Northern Gateway Project. Final. Rev 0. Pg. 2-7. https://www.ceaa.gc.ca/050/documents_staticpost/cearref_21799/2559/sectio n3_09.pdf Korsøen ØJ, JE Fosseidengen, TS Kristiansen, F Oppedal , S Bui and T Dempster 2012. Atlantic salmon in a submerged sea-cage adapt rapidly to re-fill their swimbladders in an underwater air-filled dome. Aquacultural Eng. 51: 1-6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0144860912000337 SARA. A Public Registry as of 2011-11-29. https://wildlife- species.canada.ca/species-risk- registry/sar/index/default_e.cfm?stype=species&lng=e&index=1&common=rock fish&scientific=sebastes&population=&taxid=4&locid=18&desid=0&schid=0&des id2=0& Schwarz, AL and GL Greer 1984. Responses of Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, to some underwater sounds. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41 (8): 1183-1192. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/f84-140 Schweigert JF 1995. Environmental effects on long-term population dynamics and recruitment to Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) populations in southern British Columbia. pp. 569-583. In R.J. Beamish [ed.] Climate change and northern fish populations. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 121. https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Schweigert+JF+199 5.+Environmental+effects+on+long- term+population+dynamics+and+recruitment+to+Pacific+herring+%28Clupea+ pallasi%29+populations+in+southern+British+Columbia.&btnG= Tanasichuk RW 1997. Influence of biomass and ocean climate on the growth of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) from the southwest coast of Vancouver Island. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 2782–2788. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ron_Tanasichuk/publication/23718525 5_Influence_of_biomass_and_ocean_climate_on_the_growth_of_Pacific_herring_C lupea_pallasi_from_the_southwest_coast_of_Vancouver_Island/links/5ac3aa58a 6fdcc1a5bd00ada/Influence-of-biomass-and-ocean-climate-on-the-growth-of- Pacific-herring-Clupea-pallasi-from-the-southwest-coast-of-Vancouver- Island.pdf 20

Tanasichuk, RW 2002. Implications of interannual variability in euphausiid population biology for fish production along the south‐west coast of Vancouver Island: a synthesis. Fisheries Oceanography 11 (1): 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.2002.00185.x Thorne RE and GL Thomas 2008. Herring and the “Exxon Valdez” oil spill: an investigation into historical data conflicts. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65: 44-50. https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/65/1/44/613524 Trans Mountain Direct Evidence October 31, 2018 Trans Mountain Expansion Project. Vol. 8A—Marine Transportation. Pp. 105- 107. Ware D and G McFarlane 1989. Fisheries production domains in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 108: 359-379 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292524584_Fisheries_production_d omains_in_the_Northeast_Pacific_Ocean Ware D and RW Tanasichuk 1997. Offshore herring distribution and 1998 recruitment forecast for the WCVI stock assessment region. DFO Can. Stock Assessment Secretariat Research (Document 97/142). 230046.pdf waves- vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca Weilgart L 2018. The impact of ocean noise pollution on fish and invertebrates. OceanCare and Dalhousie Univ. https://www.oceancare.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/10/OceanNoise_FishInvertebrates_May2018.pdf

ABBY L. SCHWARZ

#113-3400 S.E. Marine Dr. t: 604-435-2937 Vancouver, B.C., Canada c: 604-561-9603 V5S 4P8 e: [email protected] ______PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2012 - 2014 Visiting Researcher, Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Investigated the acoustic environment of laboratory-held zebrafish (Danio rerio). 2010 – 2012 Leader, intertidal biodiversity survey in Stanley Park, Vancouver, for the Stanley Park Ecology Society. 1992 – 2006 Tenured Instructor, Dept of Biology, Langara College, Vancouver. Retired 2006. 1991 (autumn) Instructor, Dept of Biology, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, B.C. 1987 – 1992 Guest Investigator, Dept of Anatomy, University of British Columbia. Examined gonad histology in a tropical marine damselfish (Dascyllus reticulatus) that I had discovered was a protogynous hermaphrodite. 1990 (autumn) Instructor, Dept of Continuing Education, Vancouver Community College. Developed and gave a course in environmental biology for three new Canadians, from Vietnam, Taiwan and Cambodia respectively. 1990 (spring) Fisheries Biologist, Norecol Env. Consultants Ltd., Vancouver. 1986 – 1988 Lecturer, Dept of Continuing Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Developed and taught courses for the public in animal behaviour and local marine research. 22

Schwarz, Abby L. ______1982 – 1985 Consultant to the Greater Vancouver Regional District (Parks Dept) participated in a biophysical inventory of Burnaby Lake Regional Park (publication available upon request). 1981 – 1982 Independent Contractor, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Pacific Region). “Study to investigate the response of Pacific herring [Clupea harengus pallasi] to water-borne sounds produced by fishery operations in Georgia Strait”. Contract #08SB.FP712-0-6558. Phase I: $35,000. Phase II: $23,279. 1980 – 1981 Instructor, Women’s Studies Dept, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. Developed and taught “Issues in Women’s Health and Health Care” (W.S. 001-3), based on the book Our Bodies, Ourselves. I was one of the authors for the first edition’s chapter on anatomy and physiology and for the chapter on birth control, and later wrote on heart disease in the chapter on Special Concerns for Women (2005, 8e). 1978 – 1980 Assistant Professor, Dept of Biology, University of New Brunswick (Saint John). Tenure track, reappointed , resigned for personal reasons. 1975 – 1977 Visiting Assistant Professor, Dept of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. Primarily a teaching position. 1969 Staff Member, Education Dept, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA. Developed informative signs for various exhibits.

Schwarz, Abby L ______EDUCATION 1970-75 Postdoctoral Fellowships: University of California, Berkeley (animal behaviour) University of Iowa, Iowa City (behavioural ecology) Queens University, Kingston, ON (teaching)

1969 Ph.D. Boston University 1965 M.A. M.I.T. and Boston University (Boston, MA) 1962 B.A. Brandeis University (Waltham, MA)

RESEARCH FIELD: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGY a) Underwater bioacoustics of fishes Sounds made by fishes: characteristics, mechanisms, contexts and importance Sounds heard by fishes: the importance of the “soundscape” Responses of fishes to anthropogenic (man-made) noise b) Sex change in tropical marine fishes Behavioural drivers of sex change in tropical marine damselfishes Influence of habitat structure on sex change Histology of gonadal changes in sex-changing damselfishes

Schwarz, Abby L. ______SELECTED PAPERS IN PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS (List of publications and technical reports available upon request.) Bioacoustics of fishes Schwarz, A.L. 1985. The behaviour of fishes in their acoustic environment. Env. Biol. Fish. 13: 3-15. Schwarz, A.L. and G.L. Greer 1984. Responses of Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, to some underwater sounds. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41: 1183-1192. Sex change in fishes Schwarz, A.L. 1995. Social organization and behaviour in Dascyllus reticulatus (Pisces, Pomacentridae) in two contrasting habitats. Bull. Mar. Sci. 57: (3). Abstract. Schwarz, A.L. and C.L. Smith 1990. Sex change in the damselfish Dascyllus reticulatus (Richardson) (Perciformes, Pomacentridae). Bull. Mar. Sci. 46: 790-798.

ADDITIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS Can the land hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus, remember the location of food? Unpublished. Study done over one term in 1995 at Langara College with a student assistant. Supported by a grant ($1305.00) from the Langara Research Fund. Reversal learning in the Red-tailed Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis. Study done at Orphaned Wildlife (OWL), a hospital and rehabilitation centre for birds of prey. Study done over two terms, supported by two grants from the Langara Research Fund. Unpublished.

Schwarz, Abby L. ______CURRENT PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Animal Behaviour Society Society for Canadian Women in Science and Technology RESEARCH GRANTS, SUBSIDIES, SCHOLARSHIPS/FELLOWSHIPS A complete list is available upon request. PUBLIC SPEAKING EXPERIENCE Includes interviews with journalists and on radio, addresses at conferences, symposia and NGO meetings, and statements to the National Energy Board re: fish bioacoustics and the Trans Mountain pipeline project in B.C. A complete list is available upon request. TEACHING EXPERIENCE My teaching experience covers post-secondary institutions (graduate and undergraduate) and field stations (e.g. Bamfield Marine Station), continuing studies courses, and courses or presentations given as part of community centre programs. Courses usually included field work but I also developed and presented stand-alone field workshops for academic institutions and community groups. Subjects included General biology Introductory and behavioural ecology Marine biology Animal behaviour Environmental science Wetland biology Field techniques (for beaches and for plant communities)

A complete list of courses I taught is available upon request, 26

Schwarz, Abby L. ______

Some highlights include BI 2580 (Introduction to Wetlands and Wetland Restoration). I developed this course in 2003 while at Langara College, for the province of B.C. It has 2nd- or 3rd-year credit at most universities in B.C. Several universities purchased it, in whole or in part, from the B.C. Min. for Advanced Education. . “Wetlandkeepers”, a weekend workshop on community stewardship of wetlands for non-scientists (adults and youth), taught by me and colleagues for several years through the Dept of Continuing Studies at Langara College. Environment Canada wrote the original manual as a parallel to “Streamkeepers”, an offering of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), and a colleague and I developed a workshop based on that manual. We also wrote a separate manual for trainers. Scientist in the Scientists in Residence Program (SRP) in 2007-08; worked with grades 6/7 and K students at Sir Matthew Begbie Elementary School, Vancouver. Developed two exercises for the children, one on salmonids and the other on sow bugs.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF PURPOSE I am a biologist specializing in animal behaviour and ecology, with strong interests in conservation, animal welfare, and women in science. As a scientist, I have dedicated my life to observing nature and trying to understand more about the natural world. I have studied fish behaviour in the lab and in the field as a SCUBA diver, on research vessels and on fishing boats. My researches have been endlessly fascinating. As well, I love sharing what I know, turning people on to the beauty and complexity of the natural world and its vulnerability to human activities. I strongly believe that this is best done by sharing knowledge and experiences 27 with people and listening to them, so that they feel more connected to the natural world and empowered as well as motivated to protect it.