Genetic Improvement of Grain Yield and Bread-Making Quality of Winter Wheat Over the Past 90 Years Under the Pannonian Plain Conditions
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Euphytica (2020) 216:184 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02724-5 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV) Genetic improvement of grain yield and bread-making quality of winter wheat over the past 90 years under the Pannonian Plain conditions Milan Mirosavljevic´ . Vojislava Momcˇilovic´ . Dragan Zˇ ivancˇev . Vladimir Ac´in . Bojan Jockovic´ . Sanja Mikic´ . Verica Takacˇ . Srbislav Dencˇic´ Received: 18 March 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 / Published online: 6 November 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract Studies on genetic gains in a historical set subunits N, 7 ? 9 and 5 ? 10 at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 of wheat cultivars mostly refer to grain yield and the and Glu-D1, respectively, were the most prevalent in associated agronomical and physiological traits, while modern cultivars. Improvement of the main grain and less attention is paid to the improvement of wheat flour traits could be related with increased frequency quality. In order to analyze the breeding progress in of 7 ? 9 and 5 ? 10 subunits in modern wheat grain yield and with an emphasis on the main grain and cultivars. flour properties, twenty-five winter wheat cultivars released in the Southern Pannonian Plain between Keywords Breeding progress Á Flour attributes Á 1930 and 2015 were grown in three consecutive HMW-GS Á Protein seasons in Novi Sad (Serbia). The results from this study showed that grain yield increased linearly with an average rate of 45.5 kg ha-1 yr-1, implying that grain yield progress under conditions of the Southern Introduction Pannonian Plain have not reached the plateau. Protein and wet gluten content decreased significantly with Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most year of cultivar release, with a bi-linear trend. On the important staple grain crops in the world, produced on other hand, sedimentation value and gluten index 215 million hectares with an average grain yield (GY) increased in modern wheat cultivars, indicating of 3.43 t ha-1 (FAOSTAT 2020). Wheat breeding in improved protein quality. Also, the main flour traits the past century in many countries worldwide was related to stronger gluten and high sedimentation mainly directed at the GY improvement (Zhang et al. value, such as extensograph energy, farinograph 2016; Beche et al. 2018), while changes in grain resistance and alveograph deformation work, showed quality traits were a secondary breeding goal. How- improvement with year of cultivar release. Although ever, maintaining high grain quality with constant GY there were no significant changes in Gluten score, improvement is essential for human nutrition, as well as wheat milling and processing industry. Previous studies with a historical set of wheat M. Mirosavljevic´ (&) Á V. Momcˇilovic´ Á cultivars mainly dealt with the analysis of GY, main D. Zˇ ivancˇev Á V. Ac´in Á B. Jockovic´ Á agronomical and physiological traits providing infor- S. Mikic´ Á V. Takacˇ Á S. Dencˇic´ mation on the efficiency of selection (Sadras and Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, Novi Sad 21000, Serbia Lawson 2011; Sanchez-Garcia et al. 2013; Kitonyo e-mail: [email protected] et al. 2017). Results from these studies reported that 123 184 Page 2 of 16 Euphytica (2020) 216:184 GY improvement predominantly related to the 20 years a significant number of cultivars from increase in grain number per unit area (Zhou et al. Western and Central Europe have been registered 2014; Valvo et al. 2018). Nevertheless, some recent and grown in Serbia and the surrounding Pannonian research showed an increase in grain weight in modern countries, being integrated into local breeding pro- cultivars compared to the older ones (Lopes et al. grams and affecting the genetic structure of the local 2012; Beche et al. 2014). Since wheat is mainly used in cultivars. Therefore, it is necessary to update and human diets, modern cultivars have to meet strict improve information about the current changes in quality requirements set by the food processing grain protein content and rheological properties of industry. Although some studies regarding breeding dough. The aim of this study was to analyze the progress in wheat analyzed certain quality traits, such breeding progress in GY and grain quality traits and to as protein content (PC) or hectoliter mass (Bilgin et al. assess the changes in the HMW-GS composition and 2016; Laidig et al. 2017), detailed investigations of the grain quality of winter wheat cultivars released in main grain and flour properties are scarce. Serbia and the surrounding countries from 1930 to Grain PC is an essential indicator of wheat end-use 2015. quality, and is under a significant effect of the environmental and genotypic variation (Hristov et al. 2010a). Protein quality is mainly determined by the Materials and methods composition of gluten molecules and its fractions, gliadin and glutenin. Variations in gliadin and glutenin Plant material composition affect gluten functionality and wheat flour baking properties (Delcour et al. 2012). Gener- A collection of 25 bread wheat cultivars released in or ally, dough extensibility is related to gliadin fractions introduced to Serbia between 1930 and 2015 was used (Branlard et al. 2001), while strength and elasticity of in this study. The selected cultivars represent main wheat dough is controlled by glutenin (Dhaka and historical and currently widely grown winter wheat Khatkar 2015; Zhang et al. 2018). Among glutenin cultivars in south Pannonian countries. Also, the subunits (high molecular weight glutenin subunits— studied cultivars have extensively been used in HMW-GS and low molecular weight glutenin sub- breeding activities and corresponded to the Serbian units—LMW-GS), HMW-GS play important roles in wheat breeding programs and programs from other the elasticity of dough (Shewry et al. 1992). The main breeding companies from Europe (Italy, HMW-GS are encoded by Glu-A1 located on the long Ukraine, Russia, France, North Macedonia and Hun- arm of the chromosome 1A, Glu-B1 on the chromo- gary). Year of release, country of origin and allelic some 1B, and Glu-D1 on the chromosome 1D (Payne differences in high molecular weight glutenin com- et al. 1981). Different compositions of HMW-GS have positions are reported in Table 1. a significant influence on dough strength and bread quality; therefore, information about historical Experimental field setup changes in HWG-GS is important for wheat breeders, since these are not commonly measured in the genetic Field trials were conducted over three growing seasons progress studies. (2016–2017, 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 marked as Studies on changes in wheat grain quality were 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively) at the experimen- mainly limited to durum wheat (De Vita et al. 2007; tal field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Subira et al. 2014) or to non-Pannonian climate zones, Novi Sad, Serbia (45°200N and 19°510E), which is a such as Spain (Sanchez-Garcia et al. 2015), the United typical Pannonian environment. The soil at the site is a States of America (Fufa et al. 2005), or Mexico haplic chernozem aric (IUSS Working Group WRB (Guzma´n et al. 2017). Although wheat quality has 2014), and the main weather, soil physical and been an integral part of wheat breeding programs in chemical conditions of the 3 years are shown in the Pannonian plain, studies on genetic improvement Table 2. The experimental field had a long-term crop in quality traits in Serbia were conducted only on the rotation of cereals, maize and soybean. Sowing dates set of the cultivars released before 2000s (Dencic et al. were 10 October 2016, 13 October 2017 and 12 2007; Hristov et al. 2010b). However, in the previous October 2018, with target density of 550 plants per 123 Euphytica (2020) 216:184 Page 3 of 16 184 Table 1 The analyzed cultivars, country of origin, year of release and allelic composition at the high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) with Glu-score Cultivar Country of origin Year of release HMW-GS Glu-A1 Glu-B1 Glu-D1 Glu-score Banatka Ukraine 1930 2* 7 ? 95? 10 9 Bankuti 1205 Hungary 1931 2* 7 ? 92? 12 7 San Pastore Italy 1940 1 20 2 ? 12 6 Mara Italy 1947 N 7 2 ? 12 5 Novosadska 1439 Serbia 1953 N 7 ? 95? 10 7 Bezostaya-1 Russia 1959 2* 7 ? 95? 10 9 Bacˇka Serbia 1964 2* 7 ? 95? 10 9 Libellula Italy 1965 1 20 2 ? 12 6 Sava Serbia 1970 1 7 ? 82? 12 9 Partizanka Serbia 1973 2* 7 ? 95? 10 9 Novosadska rana Serbia 1975 N 7 2 ? 12 5 Nizija Serbia 1979 2* 7 ? 92? 12 7 Jugoslavija Serbia 1980 2* 7 ? 95? 10 9 Lasata Serbia 1987 N 7 ? 85? 10 8 Skopljanka North Macedonia 1982 2* 7 ? 95? 10 9 Evropa 90 Serbia 1990 N 7 ? 92? 12 5 Pobeda Serbia 1990 2* 7 ? 95? 10 9 Renesansa Serbia 1994 N 7 ? 95? 10 7 Apache France 1998 2* 7 ? 93? 12 7 Simonida Serbia 2003 N 7 ? 92? 12 5 NS 40S Serbia 2006 N 7 ? 95? 10 7 Sirtaki France 2004 N 7 ? 82? 12 6 Ingenio France 2006 2* 7 ? 85? 10 10 NS Obala Serbia 2015 N 7 ? 95? 10 7 NS Mila Serbia 2014 N 7 5 ? 10 6 *is the name of HMW subunit and it is not related with the statistical significance square meter (recommended wheat sowing rates for Quantity and distribution of precipitation varied agroecological conditions of the south Pannonian significantly among the growing seasons, as is typical region). The experiment was arranged as a randomized for the Pannonian Plain. The total sum of precipitation complete block design with three replications. Plots from sowing to anthesis ranged from 223 mm in were 10 m long and 1 m wide, with 10 rows per plot.