The Texas Observer SEPT. 30 1966

Home , Barefoot Sanders, Earle Cabell, Waggoner Carr

A Journal of Free Voices A Window to The South 25c The Politics of HemisFair-- • And of San Antonio

San Antonio HemisFair is what the president of San Antonio's chamber of commerce has mil- k, "this great excitement." But so far this bilingual city's 1968 international exposition, "a half-world's fair," has caused more of the kind of excitement that terrifies 'the city's businessmen than the kind that de- lights them. They stand to lose all or part of the $7.5 million for which they have underwritten the fair in case it doesn't wind up in the black; they can fill fat treasure-pots with the long green if all

, goes well. On the verge of 'becoming either civic patsies of commercial conquistadores, they are quick to anger and quick to com- promise, rash and 'suddenly politic. Hemis- Fair can make or break many of them. Therefore, HemisFair has entwined itself all through the jungle of Texas 'politics, whose elected practitioners know the private political meanings of public events and can foretell next year's lists of campaign contributions from this year's 'snarl- ups and alignments. HemisFair's exotic and colorful facade has been 'splattered again and again this year with charges of conflicts of interests, questions about the proper uses of public funds, political gueril- la warfare, and even, in the Senate foreign relations committee, resentment of President Lyndon Johnson. It takes a program far more candid than HemisFair's ar- tistic brochures to follow the game. Unless the bill to provide some U.S. mil- lions to build a federal pavilion and give the stamp of official governmental approval to the fair founders in the next few weeks, which 'it is not now likely to do, the six-month fair will be held. Most of the 92- acre tract at the edge of downtown San Antonio has been 'cleared ; construction of ODE OF the $10 million civic center is well under way, and half a dozen of the "modules," EMISFAIR 3,000-square foot sheds for the fair's ex- habits, have been completed. Firm commitments to sponsor exhibits have been made by Texas, seven nations (Mexico, Spain, Switzerland, Peru, Bolivia, Panama, and Canada), and seven companies (Pearl Beer, General Electric, Coca Cola, Humble Oil, Southwestern Bell, IBM, and Pepsico), with 30 nations and 37 companies expected eventually. The contractors have 'agreed to pay union scale wages to all employees of HemisFair projects, (not necessarily The city urban renewal agency's com- ry B. Gonzalez told the committee, "We union members) and in r et urn the missioners are appointed by the city coun- have been able to use the resources, the unions have made a no-strike agreement cil. The members of the city council are planning and programs that Congress has with HemisFair. The Bureau of Interna- associated with the Good Government afforded through urban renewal and others tional Expositions has 'approved HemisFair League, the political group that dominates and happily found a harmonious blending as a special exposition, a category less city politics. The urban renewal commis- of the planning for the fair."' grand than that of a world's fair, but offi- sioners set aside 140 acres in project 5, If they could have their way, HemisFair's cial enough for the governments that par- obtaining the area's parcels of property leaders would authorize 'a private hotel ticipate in the bureau. This month guests from the private owners by purchase and chain to operate a hotel on the urban re- from 23 foreign nations visited San condemnation for "a convention center and newal land, but they :probably cannot have Antonio in the midst of a general flap related municipal uses." For this purpose, their way—the matter got "sticky," as Cur- over the resignation of James Gaines, the urban renewal commissioners spent ington says. HemisFair's staff chief. The militant right- $12.5 million in public funds. Hugh Lowe, working in public relations wing put in an oar when Mrs. Myrtle Hance How, one naturally asks, does $12.5 mil- for HemisFair, provides studies showing of San Antonio, who was trying to get sus- lion in public urban renewal funds finance that San Antonio will be able to accom- pect books in the San Antonio 'public libra- acquiring land for a ;temporary six-month modate 99% of 'the anticipated visitors to ry stamped "communist" as long as a dec- fair in San Antonio? San Antonio (more than 7,200,000 of :them ade ago, protested the fair's invitation to "Urban renewal does not deal directly in the six-month 'period) except on the communist nations (Czechoslovakia, Fin- fair's single biggest day. This assumes, land) to participate. But the many foreign with HemisFair," Jack Curington, 'assistant director of the San Antonio urban however, the use of all the hotel and motel flags are still flying in front of the restor- rooms within two hours' driving time of ed German-English school that is Hemis- renewal agency, explained to the Observer. "It's a six-month fair—we don't deal in San Antonio ; obviously HemisFair's pros- Fair's headquarters across from the pros- pects are better if there are more places pective fairgrounds, and the HemisFair temporary 'things." The agency •sells the land to 'the city of San Antonio; then Cur- to stay in San Antonio by 1968. Last Janu- people are still working away—prepared, ary Marshall Steves, president of Hemis- evidently, to make yet some more adjust- ington explained, the city leases the land to HemisFair. "The urban renewal agency Fair, proposed that a hotel be built with ments, dropping more members off their private financing and tied in with fair- executive committee, getting a new gen- is doing business with the city of San Antonio, which is doing business with grounds parking and transportation. The eral counsel, or whatever may be neces- idea was that the land itself be used for sary, 'to keep the :show on the road. HemisFair," he said. "The city could have carried out HemisFair, but they used the a parking lot and the "air space" above tool of urban renewal to carry their end be leased to private interests for the hotel. UNDER TEXAS LAW — the The HemisFair people had decided 'to try housing law passed by the legislature in of the 'ball. They used urban renewal as the means for accomplishing HemisFair." to •stretch "related municipal uses" enough 1957—property condemned for "urban re- to include a privately operated 500-room newal" cannot be used for public housing. The city's taxpayers approved a $30 mil- hotel in "air space" which local zoning Thus in Texas—as distinct from in other lion bond issue, half of which is being used laws might not affect. The proposed two- states, such as Arkansas or Missouri—ur- of the civic center, and the other half, as acre site was within 'the urban renewal ban renewal is not to be confused with pub- HemisFair chief H. B. Zadhry 'told the Sen- area but not the :smaller HemisFair site lic housing for the poor. In San Antonio, ate foreign relations committee this month, urban renewal project No. 5 is the Hemis- for highways, roads, streets, utilities, bridg- Some citizens, however, had no intention Fair project. es, and waterways. San Antonio Cong. Hen- of letting the city thus indirectly finance a hotel that would compete with other hotels and private interests in San An- THE TEXAS OBSERVER tonio. Joe Rainey Manion, owner of the @ Texas Observer Co., Ltd. 1966 Marion Building, said he would go to court A Journal of Free Voices A Window to the South against such a use of urban renewal land. 60th YEAR — ESTABLISHED 1906 Manion himself had planned to add be-

Vol. 58, No. 17 7434° September 30, 1966 tween five and ten 'stories to his building to make efficiency apartments. "Why Incorporating the State Observer and the selves written, and in publishing them the edi- should the 'insiders' compete with me and East Texas Democrat, which in turn incor- tor does not necessarily imply that he agrees ported the State Week and Austin Forum- with them, because this is a journal of free the St. Anthony 'and Gunter [hotels] with- Advocate. voices. out having to make an investMent in the We will serve no group or party but will hew Subscription Representatives: Arlington, land?" he asked. "It's a breach of faith hard to the truth as we find it and the right George N. Green, 416 Summit, Apt. 41, CR 7- with the :people who approved the use of as we see it. We are dedicated to the whole 0080; Austin, Mrs. Helen C. Spear, 2615 Pecos, the land." Manion said nine landowners truth, to human values above all interests, to HO 5-1805; Corpus Christi, Penny Dudley, the rights of man as the foundation of democ- 1224% Second St., TU 4-1460; Dallas, Mrs. Cor- who lost •their land in urban renewal 'pro- racy; we will take orders from none but our dye Hall, 5835 Ellsworth, TA 1-1205; Denton, ject No. 5 were ready to join him 'in the own conscience, and never will we overlook or Fred Lusk, Box 8134 NTS; Fort Worth, Dolores Hous- lawsuit. Then State Sen. Franklin Spears misrepresent the truth to serve the interests Jacobsen, 3025 Greene Ave., WA 4-9655; ton, Mrs. Shirley Jay, 10306 Cliffwood Dr., PA of San Antonio began preparing to file a of the powerful or cater to the ignoble in the 3-8682; Huntsville, Jessie L. Murphree, Box 2284 lawsuit on behalf of original landowners human spirit. SHS; Lubbock, Doris Blaisdell, 2515 24th St., Editor and General Manager, Ronnie Dugger. Midland, Eva Dennis, 4306 Douglas, OX 4-2825; in the area, one of whom is his mother. Partner, Mrs. R. D. Randolph. Odessa, Enid Turner, 1706 Glenwood, EM 6-2269; When the Sheraton Hotel Corp. came Associate Editor, Greg Olds. San Antonio, Mrs. Mae B. Tuggle, 531 Elm- forward with its plans, they envisioned a Business Manager, Sarah Payne. hurst, TA 6-3583; Cambridge. Mass., Victor Em- Associate Manager, C. R. Olofson. anuel, 33 Aberdeen Ave., Apt. 3A. $16 million hotel and office building-de- Contributing Editors, Elroy Bode, Bill Bram- The Observer is published by Texas Observer partment store complex on the urban re- mer, Larry Goodwyn, Harris Green, Dave Hic- Co., Ltd., biweekly from Austin, Texas. En- newal site. The San Antonio Express re- key, Franklin Jones, Lyman Jones, Larry L. tered as second-class matter April 26, 1937, at ported that "certain city officials and King, Georgia Earnest Klipple, Al Melinger, the Post Office at Austin, Texas, under the Act Robert L. Montgomery, Willie Morris, James of March 3, 1879. Second class postage paid at councilmen 'apparently had known about Presley, Charles Ramsdell, Roger Shattuck, Austin, Texas. Delivered postage prepaid $6.00 the plans •since . . . a month 'before the Robert Sherrill, Dan Strawn, Tom Sutherland, a year; two years, $11.00; three years, $15.00. city 'advertised for proposals"; information Charles Alan Wright. Foreign rates on request. Single copies 25c; Staff Artist, Charles Erickson. about the proposed complex, dated that far prices for ten or more for students, or bulk Contributing Photographer, Russell Lee. back, had been provided •by HemisFair and orders, on request. The editor has exclusive control over the edi- municipal officials. Faltering, the city coun- torial policies and contents of the Observer. Editorial and Business Offices: The Texas cil rejected the Sheraton plans on grounds Observer, 504 West 24th St., Austin, Texas 78705. None of the other people who are associated that the office :building and department with the enterprise shares this responsibility Telephone GA 7-0746. with him. Writers are responsible for their own Change of Address: Please give old and new store had not 'been part of the city's re- work, but not for anything they have not them- address and allow three weeks. quest for proposals.2 Despite a lately-discovered 25-year 'limit Antonio," Mayor W. W. McAllister, a con- of the cultural, 'scientific, religious, indus- to the duration of city lease contracts, the servative Republican, has said, "that the trial developments" 'between the U.S. and subject of a hotel on the urban renewal business and financial elements of the city Latin-American nations at such a fair. In land is not entirely dead, but the urban ever got together almost 100% on any 1962 Cong. Gonzalez called Sinkin and re- renewal commissioners have voted, 5-4, project."3 But for the promoters' need for newed Harris' idea ; Sinkin called together against such a use of the land, and Cur- state and federal approval and money, this a group of 18 business leaders, and the ington and HemisFair spokesmen indicate would be a private promotion; it is the planning began.' it's not likely to materialize.3 governmental involvement that has caused The first problem was paying for the The largest sum that urban renewal paid dispute about conflicts between the spon- planning and promotion. Using the 1962 to a single property-owner in project No. sors' profit-making interests and the quasi- Seattle fair 'as a model, San Antonio's bank- 5 was $650,000, paid to 'the Coca Cola Bot- public 'character of the fair. The clubby, ers decided to make HemisFair a loan se- tling Co., which had a bottling plant in the in-group genesis of the fair is exemplified cured by the. credit of local 'businessmen area. Coca-Cola, a world-wide organization, by the fact that the tower on the fair- who would commit themselves to pay it has signed up for 17,500 square feet of grounds is •to have as one of its features back if HemisFair's income was not suffi- space at HemisFair at a rental cost of a private, 'membership-only club with a cient to do so. According to Hugh Lowe of $122,500. restaurant that accommodates just 90 peo- HemisFair, there were 480 separate under- The first president of HemisFair, Wil- ple. writing pledges from firms (and a few local liam Sinkin, president of N. Sinkin Depart- Jerome Harris, executive vice president unions and 'individuals), pledging to stand of Frank Brothers in San Antonio, in 1958 ment Stores, owned a four-story commer- good for sums ranging from $3,000 to first advanced the idea of an international cial building in the area, for which he $150,000 'or $175,000. The largest pledge received the third-largest single payment exposition 'in San Antonio. He coined the came from H. B. Zacihry, one of the nation's name, Hemis-Fair (the word was hyphe- from the San Antonio urban renewal agen- largest construction magnates and now nated at that early stage). In January, chairman of the board of HemisFair. A cy, $395,000. This fact has been the sub- 1959, in an article in the San Antonio pledge of $25,000 or more qualified the un- ject of many rumors in San Antonio. The News, Harris wrote about "an interchange I gist of them is that Sinkin, in statements derwriter to be 'a member of the board of directors of the non-profit San Antonio of worth connected with 'his banking in- Fair, Inc. The directors, the list of whom terests, had listed the value of the build- is a who's who of the local business coming in question at as little 'as a fourth of munity, elect the executive committee, What urban renewal paid him for it. These which runs HemisFair ; the board meets rumors turn out to be false. once a year and, Lowe says, more or less Sinkin told the Observer he was receiv- rubber stamps what the committee has ing $47,000 rental income a year from three done. commercial tenants in the building; that in The obligations taken up 'by the 480 un- the application for the charter of the Texas derwriters total $7.6 million. The bankers State Bank of San Antonio and in other investigated the underwriters; the fair'• related papers 'he listed the building at val- audited 'balance sheet for 1965 shows that ues of $410,000 and $510,000; that he had the pledges were discounted 'by a total of an independent appraisal made 'and the $1 'million under the heading, "valuation building's valuation was $450,000; and that adjustments establish i by bank's," leaving he had determined that the 'building's re- a net effective underwriting 'of $6.6 mil- placement cast was $742,000. lion.5 On the basis 'of this 'sum, 26 .San An- HemisFair was given priority over the tonio banks loaned $4.5 million to Hemis- urban renewal project for Rosa Verde, a Fair (the disparity being 'accounted for in run-down residential and commercial area part by a margin for interest, which, at in which many poor Latinos, especially 51/2%, will amount to $532,000). Operating older Latinos, live. Curington says Rosa on the loan money until this year, Hemis- Verde is next, though, and the project is Fair has now begun to pay part of its way going to include privately-financed low- with income from concession contracts and income housing with a rent supplement fea- advance payments for space, which com- ture under the new federal legislation au- mercial exhibitors rent at $7 a square foot thorizing this. Curington acknowledges that (nations 'are given their space). urban renewal has been resented by poor people in San Antonio who have been dis- placed by it. They had been living In THE UNDERWRITERS are not shacks, close lin; 'after urban renewal, they stockholders in HemisFair; they can make live in shacks, way out. Curington hopes no profit. Zachry told the Senate hearing the low-cost housing features of the Rosa this month that any profits after expenses Verde project will counteract some of this will go to the city of San Antonio, but if criticism.* there are losses, the underwriters are liable for them to 'the extent of their separate commitments. The city retain's the real THE FINANCING of HemisFair estate, too; it is leasing the land to the assures the almost total involvement of the fair. local commercial power structure and Why would 480 companies and individ- HemisFair's tight control by that structure. uals risk $7.6 million when, as Lowe says, "This is the first time in the history of San "they stand only to lose"? The business es- "On Aug. 11 the U.S. Senate adopted an tablishment can gain enormously 'if 'the fair amendment to housing legislation that would, is a success. It'• estimated that 9,000,000 in effect, allow cities only 25% of the costs of visitors went to Seattle for its 1962 fair. improvements they make in or near urban renewal projects, such as for the San Antonio The estimate for HemisFair, 7,200,000 visi- civic center in the HemisFair project area, as tors, is lower because of the lower 'levels federal (non-cash) credits on future urban re- of income in the city and the area, but the newal projects. This would mean that San An- tonio's resources for urban renewal, including fact that various conventions have been features allegedly benefiting poor people, would scheduled for San Antonio lately and that be $7.5 million less than had been counted on. the Mexican Olympics start a week after Heretofore cities have been allowed 100% credits on the costs of such developments as the September 30, 1966 3 civic center. Proposed Tower the fair closes lead HemisFair people to mirrored by the enmity between the two according to Gaines, Herni•Fair's staff regard the 7.2 million figure as conserva- groups they lead. chief. 11 tive. During the 1965 legislature Connally as A study by Economic Research Asso- governor sided with HemisFair, asking for ciates of Los Angeles, which helped plot THEN, REAL TROUBLE. It a $4.5 million appropriation for it. At the seemed fair and 'natural 'to San Anton•ans the Seattle fair, says that Herni•Fair's con- time HemisFair insiders knew Connally, was struction and pre-opening expenditures will that they keep the money to be made in a prospective commissioner-general, 'but the the neighborhood as much as possible, •but tot up to $107 million, and out-of-town visi- public and most legislators did not.6 The tor expenditures outside the fair, but with- Gonzalez •and Yarborough had to sell con- appropriation was given. Meanwhile, Cong. gressmen at a time when funds for 'any- in San Antonio, will be about $27 million. Gonzalez, who, with the 'mayor, is honorary Counting the multiplier effect, the study thing except the Vietnam war were 'be- co-chairman of HemisFair, obtained House coming scarcer and 'scarcer. says, retail sales thus resulting from Hemis- approval in Washington of a $250,000 fed- Fair may be expected 'to be about $175 mil- The structure that will dominate the fair- eral grant for a study of HemisFair, with grounds, if the structure ever gets built, lion, and there will be another $100 million U.S. participation on the schedule for 1966. worth of new wholesale trade. A 'business- will be a 622-foot tower, a tapered shaft The tentative U.S. 'approval was 'a must if with 'a six-level observation oval at the top man who can't apply such possibilities in the approval of the Bureau of International his own activities probably should have of it. The bidding on this tower was not Expositions in Paris was to be obtained in open to the public. Only one firm bid; that become a college professor. time to plan the fair. There was, 'however, There are no college professors on Hemis- was the D. J. Rheiner Construction Co., and a very high hurdle : the Senate foreign re- D. J. Rheiner •happened to be HemisFair's Fair's executive committee. Zachry is board lations committee, William Fulbright, chair- chairman, Sinkin vice-chairman, and Mar- "vice president of architecture and design" man. Fulbright •and some of the members and a member of the executive committee. shall T. Steves, an industrialist, is presi- had grown very cool to these fairs, and two dent. John H. White, whose business is The San Antonio Express 'announced the of the members, Lausche of Ohio and Wil- contract's award late last April with a asphalt, is first vice-president. Tom C. liams of Delaware, regarding them as boon- Frost, Jr., president of Frost National front-page 'headline, "$700,000 Is Saved on doggies, oppose U.S. fund's for them. After Fair's Tower." The story said the "bids Bank; Paul Howells, a petroleum supplier; 'hearings it became clear that the Senate Red McCombs, a Ford dealer ; James Shand, were "so far 'below estimates" of expected committee was going to let the HemisFair costs •that this much money had been vice-president of Joske's; Forrest Smith, bill languish. Yarborough 'thereupon told president, National Bank of Commerce; saved. Rheiner was identified as "lowest Fulbright that it would be fine with him if of three bidders for the job," whereas it and Robert Tobin, whose business is aerial the bill came out without an appropriation. surveys, are HemisFair vice-presidents. W. later turned out that three local construc- The committee let 'it come out that way, and tion firms had 'been •invited to bid, but only W. Flannery, president of Alamo National on the floor Yarborough managed to limit Bank, is the treasurer. John A. Daniels, the Rheiner had. Rheiner's firm had done the the Lausche-Williams 'assault 'to a halving "engineering" 'on the plans 'for the Tower, county Democratic chairman, is secretary of the appropriation. Thus did Gonzalez and and general counsel (he is also attorney the Express later said. Yarborough work 'tandem in 1965 to get After a troubled •month, Gonzalez ex- for the San Antonio Housing Authority). HemisFair tentative U.S. approval. Daniel's 'assistant 'secretaries are Jerome ploded 'against "HemisFair's contract Then, as knowing •observers 'of politics Harris of Frank Brothers and Robert Saw- awarding •practices and its deficiency in telle, attorney for the urban renewal agen- perceived, HemisF•ir's 'shakedown cruise keeping everything above board" as "a pub- cy and the city water board. The other scraped bottom again. President Johnson, lic corporation." A hot-tempered Latino, members of the executive committee are having prepared a proclamation directing Gonzalez ran head-on into Marshall Steves, Dr. J. B. Gonzalez, the •congressman's 'broth- Secretary of State Rusk 'to invite nations a stubborn German, who called his objec- to participate in HemisFair 'in his, the Pres- er; Mrs. Ike Kampmann, Jr., former Repub- tions "ni'tpick'ing." No public money was lican national committeewoman from Tex- ident's, name, invited Gonzalez and Hemis- involved 'in 'the tower, which was being as; M. B. Killian, a contractor; the mayor, Fair 'officials to the LBJ Ranch for 'the built by 'the non-profit San Antonio Tower whose business connection is •the San An- signing of the proclamation. Yarborough Corp., Steves said. The Tower Corp. trust- tonio Savings and Loan Assn.; Mrs. Alfred was not invited."' Neither, for that matter, ees had decided, he said, "that all members W. Negley, until recently vice-chairman of was Commissioner-General/Governor Con- of the general construction business that 'the State Democratic Executive Committee nally, but Yarborough had sponsored the were underwriters in HemisFair should 'be and member of a wealthy family; Alfredo Senate legislation. As followers 'of Texas- given 'the 'opportunity to bid the project"— Vazquez, chairman of the city water U.S. politics know, the relationship between in other words, only San Antonio firms. board; and Mrs. Reagan Houston III, wife Johnson and Yarborough to say the least Gonzalez said 'his question's were being 'an- of an attorney. is cool. The •good •ship HemisFair, no longer swered with "insolence and anger." Although Zachry's potency in San An- a paddle boat on the San Antonio river, The Express' Lloyd Larrabee reported, tonio would 'be difficult to exaggerate, it was drifting into more cross-fire. "Gonzalez has cited a footnote in a feasi- was this executive committee which select- For a time all seemed to be going well. bility report for the City Water Board'• ed Gov. Jahn Connally as commissioner- Connally excitedly told a press conference proposed central heating and cooling plant general of HemisFair. They believed that at HemisFair in January that he would ask for the HemisFair area that called D. J. from the fair's point •of view 'this was a the legislature for 'another $5.5 million for Rheiner Construction Co. the 'negotiated coup. It gave the invitations to foreign na- the Texas pavilion, which he 'said should contractor' for the tower. This page of 'the tions a throughly official cast to have them be "an Institute of Living Cultures." By report was dated March 24 — more than sent out in the name of the state's governor, this he meant a display of the cultures in a month before the tower bid was opened." and Connally did not hesitate to make the Texas in past ages; he insisted he did not McAllister denied the bid was in fact a point obvious; last December his letter to mean a museum, •as that sounded 'too dull . 8 negotiated one as the Tower Corp.'s five those nations contained the sentence, "Both (The name of the pavilion has since 'been trustees refused 'to reverse 'themselves on as governor of the State of Texas and as changed, without fanfare, 'to an "Institute the Rheiner bid. At this stage it became commissioner general . . . may I express of Texan Cultures."9 ) By chance, it seemed, clear that four of the five trustees of the the hope that your government will 'par- Connally's request for $5.5 million conven- Tower Corp. were also members of 'the ticipate in this unique event." But Hemis- iently made 'the prospective 'total Texas fair's executive committee. Daniels, general Fair's selection of Connally was the real contribution match the $10 million Hemis- counsel for HemisFair, 'says, however, that beginning of the fair's political trouble. As Fair was preparing to ask the Congress none of the trustees 'of the non-profit Tower anyone Who follows Texas politics knows, for. In February a San Antonio delegation Corp. could profit from the operation's of Connally leads the state's conservative asked him 'to call a special session to appro- the tower; 'after the revenue bond's to fi- Democrats; Sen. Ralph Yarborough leads priate the extra Texas money," but he did nance it are retired, its ownership passes 'to the liberal national Democrats here. The not. His expanded plans for the pavilion re- the city, Daniels 'told the Observer. Hugh enmity 'between 'these men mirrors and is quired "a complete revision of everything Lowe says the private bond-holders will we have done up to now" on site planning make the profit on it. 4 The Texas Observer and caused some delay, but was worth it, Zachry has never liked the idea of the Model of the proposed Institute of Texan Culture to have 145,000•square feet , of state exhibits at HemisFair. tower, but when the storm broke he said ing question is whether, after all this, the Saw'telle G.G.L.'s principal strategist. he guaranteed that if the contract was re- revenue bonds can 'be sold to finance the Frost, Smith, Killian, McAllister, 'and Vaz- bid, he would see to it that the tower cost tower in time to build it. quez are in the G.G.L. ; McAllister, White, no more than Rheiner's original bid. Pre- First Connally had caused delay with his and Mrs. Kampmann are Republicans; as sumably he meant his construction com- expansion of plans for the Texas pavilion; Connally's state party vice-chairman, Mrs. pany would build it for that, or less; Lowe then, Gonzalez. But now Gonzalez whipped Negley has been bracketed with the con- says Zachry has made it clear he will not through the $10 million 'appropriation. The servatives. It is no secret in San Antonio bid for any HemisFair work and will not bill went to the Senate, 'and within eight that the G.G.L. mean's to defeat Cmsr. Pena come in as a builder unless things fall be- days Yarborough 'had a hearing arranged. in 1968 if it can. Sinkin, while a member hind schedule, and then only on a non- But it was his turn; he did not pass. 'of the G.G.L., had been the fair's man with profit basis. But now it became clear that Yarborough, but this fall he suddenly found Zachry, a politically sophisticated 'man, fa- AS A LIBERAL DEMOCRAT, himself this no longer. Yarborough's 'man vored re-bidding the tower contract. The frequently arrayed 'against Gov. Connally, in Bexar County now is Charles Grace. fair's executive committee voted 11-3 to Yarborough identifies with the San An- In July Yarborough let HemisFair feel adopt a new conflict of interest provision tonio liberals who backed and elected Cty. the sting of 'a senior U.S. senator, letting declaring that officers and members of the Judge Charles Grace, Cty. Cm'sr. Albert fly at Connally's being 'the commissioner- executive committee could have "no 'finan- Pena, and many liberal San Antonio legis- general. Yarborough cited the Texas Con- cial interest whatsoever In any contract lators. Last spring, however, the city's stitution's prohibition of the governor 'hold- with this corporation." The phrase "finan- Good Government League, which dominates ing "any other office, civil, military, or cial interest," however, was qualified to city politics, financed and conducted 'a win- corporate" 'and accused Connally of "a mean only "a majority control" of a cor- ning campaign against Grace and the Dem- flagrant violation of the Constitution." poration dealing with the fair, and banks ocratic Coalition's legislative candidates. Connally said he was rather amused 'by the were excluded. Members of the huge board The campaign was bitter; Grace was spear- attack. A's set out in 'an earlier Observer of directors were not affected on the ed in a television 'special, played again and story, Yarborough refused to attend a grounds that they 'are the largest part of again, identifying him with labor bosses, HemisFair reception 'honoring Connally in San Antonio's business community. . Pena, and "lying and cheating." Qty. Dem- Washington. Three of 'the four tower trustees who ocratic chairman Daniels is closely identi- In San Antonio HemisFair's comptroller, were also HemisFair executive committee fied with G.G.L., and the Observer reliably Jack Trawick, 'said that transporting five members (Steves, White, and Flannery) understands that when Yarborough heard HemisFair officials (not Connally) to resigned as trustees, but the fourth, Mayor that the G.G.L. was preparing to mail out Washington for the July 13 reception, plus MacAllister, did not. Gonzalez thereupon 200,000 slate card's hostile to the Grace the reception itself at the Mayflower Hotel, leveled a new blast at his fellow honorary 'slate, 'he telephoned Daniels and told 'him cost HemisFair $3,400. HemisFair 'co-chairman, ,the 'mayor. Gon- if they were mailed, t would be 'too bad Between July 24 and Aug. 3 Gov. and zalez said the Texas urban renewal law 'pro- for HemisFair. They were mailed. Grace Mrs. Connally, Mike Myers of the •gover- hibits public officials from 'acquiring "any and the Coalition 'sustained an across-the- nor's staff, and two HemisFair ,staffers interest in . . . any property 'included or board defeat.13 • made a South American tour drumming up planned to be included in an urban renewal A half-hearted attempt had been 'made governmental commitments 'to participate project," and McAllister should quit as to involve the non-G.G.L. liberals in Hemis- in HemisFair. The expenses were 'paid by mayor or trustee, either one. The mayor Fair, but it had fizzled. The vehicle was an HemisFair and came to $8,840, Trawick said five 'lawyers (including Daniels, advisory "federal participation commit- told the Observer. They included "securi- HemisFair's counsel) had told him there tee" of which Grace, Sinkin, Mrs. Kamp- ty guards for the governor in various was 'no conflict of interest, and 'he would mann, Pena, Daniels, and Solomon Casseb, places," but HemisFair paid those, too. not resign as trustee; he has not. But the a pro-Connally judge, were members. This Connally is not paid a salary as commis- contract has been re-advertised on 'an open- committee met once; not ,again. Last fall sioner-general. Mrs. Negley was a member bid basis and the contract went to a San Pena began writing Sinkin letters asking of 'the South American party, too, but Antonio-Houston combine that turned in when they would 'meet again; Sinkin re- paid 'her own way. Trawick says that al- the low bid, which, however, was $336,000 plied facetiously, Pena says. After Grace's though Speaker Ben Barnes gave Hemis- higher than Rheiner's original bid. (Rhein- defeat Pena resigned from the committee. Fair's cause a hand in Peru, HemisFair er was second lowest bidder on the second To the extent they are political people did not pay his expenses on that trip. go-round.) Zachry's guarantee about the (and it's a considerable extent), the fair's tower's costs has been forgotten. The pend- ruling committee's members 'are G.G.L.'ers. September 30, 1966 5 As the Senate showdown neared, in San Alaniz and Jake Johnson, and James harmful delay. "It looks to me like the Antonio another HemisFair controversy Gaines, HemisFair's staff chief, was agreed amendment would make the Secretary of was peaking. The site for the fair contain- upon. They would go to Washington for the Commerce a sort of commissar of Hemis- ed many old and some historic buildings showdown hearing before Fulbright's com- Fair," he said ; it had been "hastily con- that the city's conservationists have want- mittee. cocted." Yarborough had performed a val- ed saved. Fair president Steves' position If Zachry and Gaines were hoping Yar- uable service getting the early hearing set, has been that they'll save "as many as borough would pull down his amendment Gonzalez said, but "it is quite obvious that possible," provided someone comes up with on historic buildings, they were in for a some of these provisions [in the amend- funds for the purpose. Many have been surprise; when the delegation reached ment] show some of the spleen that the razed; some are being saved to be used Washington they learned that the senator senator obviously has. But that's his busi- as exhibit sites by commercial exhibitors had prepared •and introduced a second ness."'6 (and perhaps also by Spain and Switzer- amendment, requiring that the Secretary Came, the next day, the hearing. Accord- land). In the clearing of the land, 50 feet of Commerce be satisfied that— ing to the transcript, Yarborough said he of the old acequia madre (mother ditch) (1) "there is and all times will be full "wholeheartedly supported" the legislation. from the Alamo mission have been discov- participation of all segments of the San He said his new amendment would avoid ered, grown over in a back yard, and will Antonio community" in the fair, because claims of "dictatorial management" or "dic- probably become a feature of the fair. A Yarborough said, "This should be a fair tatorial control." Sen. John Tower, R.-Tex., specific controversy developed around the for all, for the disadvantaged as well as who, with Yarborough's assent, had intro- old Schultze and Gross homes, and the San the wealthy, for the working man and for duced the HemisFair bill Senate-side, spoke Antonio Historical Sites Survey Commit- the small businessman as well as for the for it briefly. Gonzalez said a few words. tee wired Yarborough for help in saving big •businessman, for Latino as well as for Zachry argued, in effect, that the •sen- them. The very next day Yarborough, with- Anglo ... and not just a show with a public ators had a duty to provide the $10 million. out consulting Gonzalez, dropped in an relations facade"; The foreign nations "are coming here at amendment •to the HemisFair bill to see (2) the executive commit tee meetings the invitation of this Congress," and sev- that officials were sure that all was being "will be held in open sessions at regularly eral had been "visited and invited personal- done that could be. The homes in question scheduled times and places" (some of these ly •by our governor"; the city would lose are to be moved and restored with urban meetings are closed) ; much of the money it had spent, without renewal funds if possible. (3) and no member of the executive corn- the federal approval; a "stigma" would "en- Henry Guerra, president of the histori- shroud us from here on out, of having failed cal sites committee, signed the wire to in our finest civic gesture," without the $10 Yarborough, but, being a staff member of million in U.S. money, Zachry argued. Hernial air, quickly was caught in local When, later, Sen. Sparkman objected to the. whiplash. Satisfied, he says, with Yar- argument that the Congress had an obliga- borough's action, the committee has since tion to provide the •funds, Yarborough said declared 'to the senator that they join neither he nor Tower argued that. now with other San Antonian• in hoping There was this interesting exchange: for speedy clearance 'of the HemisFair bill. Tower. The governor is behind it, and the In short, the Guerra-led 'conservationist governor is a somewhat influential man. committee got much more help from Yar- Fulbright. Is the President behind it? borough than HemisFair of Guerra want- Tower. Yes, sir. ed. Fulbright. He is somewhat influential, Seeing that delay for a conference com- too. mittee on amendment might jeopardize the Tower. Yes, 'he is. bill, HemisFair's leaders got up a delega- Lausche. Then, we ought not have any tion to go see Yarborough; they did not more hearings. include Sinkin 'because Yarborough did not Aiken. We should go through the mo- want Sinkin in the group, but in the ones tions. they chose to go they again showed they The HemisFair symbol Yarborough expatiated on the history of were not getting the message Yarborough San Antonio and the case for having a fair was giving them. They sent Zachry, of mittee shall have more than 5% of the there, but Fulbright cut in: "We know of course, and Conway Craig, executive of the capital of "any organization doing business the glories of San Antonio. Why doesn't San Antonio Express, which regularly edi- with" HemisFair or "shall be an elected Texas pay for it, that is more to the •oint." torializes acidly against Yarborough, as officer 'of any political organization."14 "The people voted $30 million in bond's," well as Grace; Col. B. J. Horner, publisher The third requirement enraged Gaines Yarborough retorted. of the San Antonio Light, which backed immediately. At least six of the executive Gaines privately determined, evidently Gordon McLendon 'against Yarborough; committee members have bank interests. without consulting anyone, to blast Yar- White, •a Republican; and John Gatti, the Another executive committee member, Mc- borough and quit. Touching down in San mayor pro-tern and one of the three men Combs, is one of three 'owners of the Aerial Antonio, 'he let go; that night the 'staff who promoted Grace's opposition. The Ob- Transportation Co., which has the contract chief of HemisFair dominated the TV news- server is informed that Yarborough gave to build •a sky ride at HemisFair and to casts. them to understand he was very busy as operate it 'there for 15 years after the fair Gaines spoke of Yarborough's "personal chairman of the Senate labor subcommit- closes.'5 Daniels is an elected official of a political ambitions, desires, and enmities." tee; he wondered why they had come to political organization — he's the county Under the new amendment, half the mem- see him when they had not needed him at Democratic chairman. bers of 'the executive committee would have the LBJ Ranch for the proclamation sign- Gaines and Rep. Johnson had almost got to quit, Gaines said; the amendment "would ing the preceding November. This time, into a fight of some kind on the plane ride demand the withdrawal of every responsi- they got the message. to Washington. Yarborough, but not Gon- ble citizen in this city from an active part zalez, attended a dinner for the delegation in HemisFair"; it was "so calculatedly de- at the Pitcairn Room of the Mayflower; signed to eliminate [Yarborough's] 'political ZACHRY NOW WENT vigor- it was reportedly a pleasant affair, but ously forward to Grace and asked him to enemies." Gaines pointed out that, he being Gaines at one point told Yarborough just go to Washington with a delegation of his a paid officer of the fair, he would be to tell them if he didn't want to help them own choice to see Yarborough on behalf knocked out by Yarborough's 'amendment of HemisFair. The delegation of Zachry, get the federal money. Zachry expostulated as soon as Lone Star Brewery, of which with Gaines. Grace, Sen. Joe Bernal (a liberal who was Gaines is a director, becomes a HemisFair elected on the G.G.L. slate), Reps. Johnny Gonzalez, who is identified with the exhibitor. Gaines said he was quitting "in G.G.L. group, earlier in the day had said the interest of federal participation." 17 6 The Texas Observer Yarborough's new amendment might cause The next morning the city's press were called together at HemisFair's offices. is an inspiration. Juan O'Gorman, the Citizens' Council was formed. Zachry put them off-the-record when he mosaicist of the University of Mexico in "It was then an organization of one hun- told them what was what. In Zachry's Mexico City, has been commissioned to do dred men representing companies which view, now common knowledge in San An- a huge mosaic for HemisFair. In a blending could provide cash. (Now its membership tonio — (but not printed in the papers, of commerce and art, a leading aluminum is about two hundred.) . . . Membership since the press who were present were maker is commissioning a garden •of alumi- in the Council was restricted to chief execu- bound by the off-the-record injunotion, as num sculpture. Richard Miller, who is in tive officers of major corporations.... The this reporter, not having been present, is charge of the cultural projects, speaks ex- Council is so closely knit that •one gets the not bound) -- Gaines was angry and •ther- citedly of his plans lb 'bring talent from all impression that everything in town has the wise had not behaved appropriately. Grace, over the hemisphere to the fair—of musi- same board of directors; that the men lead- Zachry complimented warmly. Gaines' res- cals, ballet, open-air band and symphony ing the United Fund are the same who run ignation was accepted ; the fair'• new staff concerts, a cinema arts festival, puppet the- the Civic Opera, who run the symphony, chief is Frank Manupelli. aters, a six-month international folk festi- who run the new hospital drive and who The Express, which given Gaines' blast val with dancing, singing, and story-telling, run 'the state fair. . . . This is embarassing at Yarborough page one 'play with a large gondolas in the river and mariaches along at times. . . ." headline, had an on-the-record opportunity the banks, a spirit of spontaneity — of After naming nine or ten leading mem- to indicate Zachry's views. Yarborough re- fiesta — throughout the fair. There will be bers of the Citizens' Council, Leslie con- leased, in Washington, the following wire the usual amusements and the rides, the cluded: he had received from Zachry: "I sincerely exhibits educational and commercial, and "If these nine men agree on something, regret 'and repudiate the statement 'made after the mobs of people 'are served and and if at the same time the newspapers . by Gaines regarding your amendment to shown and gone, there will still be, for San also agree, this automatically means that HemisFair bill. No such interpretation is in Antonio, the Institute of Texan Cultures, the two Dallas television stations will order. His resignation has been accepted. fifteen acres of river and garden the city agree, since they are both owned by the Again, many thanks for your support and can keep as a park 'if it will, and the U.S. newspapers. In the end, it means that the fine presentation to the committee." The pavilion, which, if they have their way, rest •of the Citizens' Council will agree and Express ran a short story about this wire the HemisFair people will make a perma- 'so, eventually, will 'the rest of the city. . . . one page 15-C.18 HemisFair's executive nent inter-American center on education Dallas, then, is not run •by 'a power elite committee since then 'has _ praised Grace, and 'a kind of meeting place for the inven- of two hundred; it is run — or strongly Pena, Alaniz, and Johnson for "quick 'and tions, ideas, and literatures of the two led — by a group of at most ten, at fewest capable" 'support on HemisFair, as the Ex- halves of the hemisphere. One guesses that three, men."22 press, 'but evidently not the Express, duly San Antonio will have tits fair and it will Will the executive committee of Hemis- reported.19 be a dandy. Fair, or the steering committee of the Good The Senate foreign relations committee Will HemisFair also leave behind it a Government League, become San Antonio's has *approved the HemisFair bill, but with city whose politics has become monolithic, equivalent of the Dallas Citizens Council? an appropriation of only $7.5 million in- as Warren Leslie, in Dallas Public and That may be the question in the politics of stead of $10 million. Fulbright said there Private, says the Texas Centennial of 1936 HemisFair. R.D. would be no further approval of such bills left Dallas? Wrote Leslie: except for world-wide fairs with •nquali- "The roots •of the powerful Citizens' SOURCES fied endorsement of the Bureau of Inter- 1 Report of Proceedings, Hearing held before Council in Dallas go back to 1936, when the Committee on Foreign Relations, United national Expositions. His committee, Ful- the city became the •site of the Texas Cen- States Senate, Sept. 14, 1966. 2See, on the hotel bright said, is fed up 'with "these exposi- tennial. Dallas' chief weapon in the battle episode, San Antonio Express, (hereafter, Ex- tions. HernisFair is very lucky to get $7.5 for the Centennial had been the lure of press), 1-26, 4-5, 4-22, 4-26, 5-12, 5-20, 5-27, 6-10, 6-17, and 6-19. 1966 and San Antonio Light 5-26- million as far 'as the 'committee is con- $3,500,000 it offered in support of the fair, 66. 3Dallas News, 9-16-66. 4Lloyd Larrabee in the cerned." Yarborough said 'he •elt "very but raising it had been slow work. One Express, 2-6-65. 5"Audited Financial Statements fortunate 'in getting the bill out," and the problem was that it took so long to get and Other Financial Information," San Antonio Fair, Inc., Dec. 31, 1965, Ernst & Ernst. committee had been "very kind to us," an answer from companies that had been 6 "Connally, Texas, and HemisFair," The Tex- considering how some 'of the members felt. asked to give the money. as Observer, 7-22-66. 7Express, 11-22-65. 8The test of Connally's speech was published in "I 'have worked diligently for the bill, and " 'There was no organization,' Bob Thorn- HemisFair's "El Abrazo," February, 1966. See 'am grateful to get three-fourths of what ton [banker and former mayor] said. 'We Express. 11-24-65 and 1-15. 1-16, 1966, 9Houston was asked," he said. had to •have men who could underwrite. Post, 7-14-66, and Express, 7-13-66. 10Express. 2-16-66. Both 'of Yarborough's 'amendments were . . . Sometimes you'd get a bunch together. iiExpress, 1-28-66. 12See the Express, 4-30, 5-3, 'approved by 'the Senate committee. Gon- They couldn't say yes or no. We didn't have 12, 20, 6-4, 7, 8, 10, 12. 16, 22, 24, 29, 7-1 zalez will fight the one on conflicts of 'in- time for no proxy people — what we need- 2, 3, 8-10, 12, and 9-18. all 1966. I3"San Antonio Liberalism: Piercing It Together," The Texas terest in conference. In the San Antonio ed was men who could give you the box Observer, 5-27-66. 'Press releases from Yarbo- Light he has been quoted now that it score. Then I saw the idea. Why not organ- rough 9-13. 9-14. 1966. 15Express, 6-3-66. would "hobble and cripple" HemisFair and ize the 'yes' and 'no' people? So I went by 16Express. 9-14-66. 17Express, 9-15-66. 18Ex- eliminate 400 underwriters as members of to see Nate Adams.' press, 9-17-66. I 9San Antonio Light, 9-20-66. 20Austin American (AP), Dallas News, and Ex- the corporation, that its actual intent is to "Adams at the time was head of the press, all 9-23-66. 21 San Antonio Light, 9-18-66. force Daniels out, and that it would make First National Bank, then the biggest 'and 22Dallas Public and Private, by Warren Leslie, Grossman Publishers. New York. 1964. $4.50. the Secretary 'of Commerce a "super corn- now the second biggest bank in Dallas. mis•ar."21 Though Yarborough has not re- Adams agreed that it made sense, and the September 30, 1966 7 torted to any of Gonzalez' barbs in recent weeks, the once extremely friendly men, who are the two most liberal members in the Texas delegation by voting records, won't likely be as close again.

BE IT SAID that this has not been the story of HemisFair as the 'planners and dreamers of HemisFair would have it told, and they have a point. "The glories of San Antonio" are glories, after all, and the idea of having a fair to bring into a joyful confluence the people, the history, the painting, the sculpture, the folk art, the music, the plays, the crafts, and the industries of North and South America Civic Center will survive HemisFair THE CONVENTIONS GOP Just Can't Embrace Minimum Wage

San Antonio gates, from Houston, said, "This is the There was only a little dissension, -and it Speeches. speculations, and newspaper convention at which we get off dead center was kept well damped down. The Harris headlines to one side, the Texas Republi- or get moving." But asked what they were County delegation had been chosen by a cans refused to adopt or even hint that arguing about in the closed platform •meet- 'rancorous, protracted county convention at they might favor a state minimum wage in ings, Morgan said, "Wording." Obviously which the moderate conservatives prevailed their 1966 platform. The chairman of their the plank on wages had been sandpapered over the right-wingers — "-the whitehats" platform committee here for the state GOP until smooth and painted until -the grain beat "the blackhats," as the moderates style convention, ex-Rep. Dick Morgan of Dallas, was covered, but Leedom later was quoted the conflict. The -struggle for control of said ahead of time that there would be saying that there had 'been no "thrust" in the Harris County Republicans has become a plank "on" the minimum wage, and by the party for the minimum wage and some severe, with the bl'ackhats accusing George that mysterious chemistry that goes to outright opposition to it. Bush, candidate for Congress in the West- work at conventions, this had become the On the other hand the Republicans, in ern district, 'of too 'much progressivism, main question about the platform. As Mor- their platform, sought to offer what Tower and the whitehats accusing the blackhats gan said, they could recite "Mary Had a wryly calls "discerning Democrats" a few of favoring Democrat Frank Briscoe Little Lamb" and make a statement on the pegs to hang their grappling hooks on. The against Bush and -of caring only about tak- minimum wage law, and they would still convention endorsed, 'of course, a strong ing over party control in Houston as a have an acceptable platform. When it came two-party system, but •also adult educa- base for nominating Ronald Reagan of to it, the Texas Republicans were opposed tion for the educationally deprived, teach- California for president in 1968. By a 29- to a minimum wage law, and there was ers' salaries "competitive with -those of 25 vote, the State Republican Executive no way to change the duck into a swan. other states," single-member legislative Committee sided with the whitehats on a Shortly before the mimeographed copies districts (which would -result in the elec- dispute over "Rule 18," which permitted of the platform were lugged onto the con- tion of more Republicans as well as more the whitehats to get 'their people 'in as vention floor for distribution to the press— members of ethnic 'minorities), "an inde- replacements for -absent delegates. As the a platform written in closed meetings and pendent •investigation of the [auto insur- convention got under way the blackhats let adopted by the convention without change ance] rate-making -process" and considera- "Rule 18" go by without a challenge from --Morgan was standing in an aisle of this tion to competitive rate-making, higher the floor. Then, at a caucus, the Houston city's municipal auditorium, and Dallas nurses' salaries (how much higher was not delegates had a love feast for the nonce, Republican chairman John Leedom and an- specified), an end 'to "the current discrim- taking a loyalty pledge to support only other delegate approached 'him. The other ination against Negro and Latin-American's Republican candidates and •to say nothing delegate said to Morgan heatedly, "You [in] the employment procedure of state critical about any Republican until the fall aren't going to say anything 'about mini- and local government, particularly in ad- elections are over. mum wage, are you?" From his tone he ministrative -and staff positions," and op- The 'temporary chairman of the conven- might have •been asking if they were position to 'higher college tuition and to ti•n, Rudy F. Juedeman of Odessa, made going to endorse abortion. This •is all of the removal of the food, drug, or farm 'a few remarks as he took the gavel. "Never what the platform said 'on a minimum exemptions from the state's sales tax. in 'my life have I seen the American dollar wage: The GOP resoundingly re-endorsed the so little in the marketplace and yet com- "Texas Farm Economy: We recognize state's right to work law 'and advocated, manding such a high interest rate . . . Per- that prosperity in Texas is dependent on on industrial safety, "a non-regulatory In- haps not since the Civil War has our coun- a strong economy with adequate wages for dustrial Safety Board" that would promote try suffered -so much . . . rioting, disorder, workers and adequate profits for business. safety programs, offer assistance, and make and burning," he said. The return to farmers and ranchers, parti- recommendations, 'but evidently would not However, 'in keeping with Tower's policy cularly in South Texas, 'must be increased. have enforcement powers. The Republi- wishes, none of the convention speakers Likewise, farm worker wages have been can's opposed inflation and advocated mentioned President Johnson in a negative lower than we would like and should be prosecution of the Vietnam war to a suc- way; criticism was directed agai'st the Ad- increased wherever and as soon as pos- cessful conclusion and "all efforts to ob- ministration, instead. Kellis Dibrell, the sible." tain an honorable peace," more police in- GOP candidate for -lieutenant governor, said A few of the delegates regarded this vestigators and citizen support of the po- he -showed his -speech -to Tower in advance plank 'as the muffing of an opportunity. lice, no new state taxes until state 'gov- and Tower 'asked him to remove a derisive The Sunday-before-the-convention platform ern-mental waste is eliminated, property tax reference to "Johnson -grass," which Dibrell hearing had attracted Roy Evans, secre- relief for senior citizens, a comprehensive did. tary-treasurer of the Texas AFL-CIO, who water program and anti-pollution legisla- Bush, looking fit and 'happy, introduced there called Gov. John Connally, Atty. Gen. tion, revocation 'of drivers' licenses for dri- Tower to the convention. First, •though, Waggoner Carr, and Speaker Ben Barnes vers under 21 convicted •of serious traffic Bush alluded 'to his own problem's in Harris "monopoly, blah-blah, and yarns," "a phony violations, and the elimination of the party County. He had been sick in the hospital, trio," and who asked the Republicans to en- loyalty pledge on primary ballots. Although he said, and the county Republican execu- dorse $1.25 an hour, an industrial safety the Tex-as League of Women Voters peti- tive committee met and -sent -him -a wire act, elimination of the right-to-work law, tioned the Republicans, as they did also that they hoped he got well soon. "I was and improvements in the workmen's com- the Democrats, to endorse state constitu- happy to learn that this resolution -passed pensation law. Bob Sanchez of McAllen, a tional -revision, the subject was not taken 94 to 89. At.least it didn't die for lack of leader in the Political Assn. of Spanish- up 'in the GOP platform. a second," Bush said. Speaking Organizations (P.A.S.O.), •told He was worried, Bush said, about the big the hearing that "I am a liberal Democrat, THIS WAS A TOWER conven- spenders who graduate from A.S.U., "Ar- openly supporting Sen. John Tower for re- tion, a show staged to help elect Sen. John thur Schlesinger University." The idea of election because it will 'help establish a Tower. The junior senator held a couple "consensus" is -tarnished, the Adm•nistra- functioning two-party system in Texas." As of press conferences and delivered the key- tion's popularity is at an all-time low, and the rumors circulated lazily about the note speech. The platform tracked his views people are concerned about crime, riots, closed platform hearings, one of the dele- and wishes. As the Democrat's had a gover- "in-ability to do something •successfully nor's convention, the Republicans had a about ending the war in Vietnam," •and di- 8 The Texas Observer senator'•. vision in the Democratic Party. Tower, Bush said, had written "a well- to he able to pass out any federal jobs ed, that Tower voted more money than the reasoned record of fighting for what Tex- to you, rural postmasterships, anything President asked for some programs—"the ans believe in, a record of standing up like that, but you're here anyway, and school lunch program, HemisFair, the de- under the pressure." Former House Speak- appreciate that." velopment of the Nike X system . . . If my er Sam Rayburn used to say, " 'If you want Reading from the brief prepared text, opponent wants to cut [school] aid to im- to get along, go along,' " Bush recalled, he _said that Carr is failing in his attempt pacted areas and the school lunch program, adding, "but John Tower does not have to to divide Texans "on a basis 'of party vs. let him say so." go along. He's not dependent on the Great party." Tower said he had made only one Told the Houston liberals had walked Society for his committee assignments. He promise in 1961, to act •and vote in Wash- out of the Democrats' convention in Austin, supports the Administration when he thinks ington in accordance with the wishes of a Tower said, "The Republican Party is open it's right and he's free enough and cour- majority of Texans• and to represent all to anybody 'to participate. The doors of my ageous enough" 'to fight it when he thinks Texans. campaign 'office are open to everybody, re- it's wrong. He 'does not fight change, but "It 'is my opinion," he said, "that political gardless of political affiliation." Discussing wants it within the framework of law, and parties 'oughta be regarded as vehicles 'by the Houston walkout in Austin again later, he knows there must be dissent and does which and through which the people of he grinned and said, "I'm real sorry 'about not "unjustifiably question" the motives of our Republic are able to nominate and to that." dissenters, Bush said. place competent men in public office . . . It is not the purpose of a political party THE GOP FINANCE chair- TOWER STRODE RAPIDLY in- to provide the strong man to afford the man, John Bennett of San Antonio, presi- to the convention hall from the back, hold- coattails for weaker men to 'be elected to dent of a local bank, says the Republicans ing his wife Lou by the hand as she paced office." Once a man is elected, Tower said, are now the party of the little people be- 'along beside him. This set off an eight- "he should then take up the duties of the cause the largest number of their contribu- minute demonstration, complete with par- office on a non-partisan basis . . . " The tions come from donors of small sums. ading up and down the aisles, band music, junior senator said he didn't know how He said that 20,000 people have invested in "Vivas" and "Ogs." many people had said to him, "I'm a Demo- the Tower campaign. Tower said that (despite the "pink ele- crat, but I believe principle •is more im- The party's statewide candidates spoke phant ball," for which ticket's were $12) portant and I'm voting for you." in the afternoon, but at times it seemed he would go back to Washington that night Tower underscored earlier remark's by that fewer than half of the delegates were to vote for Senator Everett Dirksen's pray- state GOP chairman Peter O'Donnell alleg- paying attention. T. E. Kennerly, running er amendment, which Tower said would ing that Carr wants to run for governor. for governor against John Connally, •con- "amend an unwise Supreme Court deci- The senator said that "it is rumored" that demned recent U.S. Supreme Court decision." The day before the convention, he Carr "may use the Senate seat to run for sions "which have coddled the criminal's," said, "we killed the 1966 civil rights bill." governor two or four years hence." and he declared, "We •should have respect Both these statements were greeted with Tower is 'opposed, he continued by "the for our courts, and I'll say in parentheses enthusiastic applause. power structure." Concerned by the drift that we oughta have courts that we can "The Republican Party has a long history of power 'toward "the executive branch" respect." Robb Stewart, running against of championing civil rights and the rights and by 'the enactment of programs "that Crawford Martin for attorney general, con- of individuals and of opposing prejudice appeal to the cupidity and weakness of our demned the Great Society in the course of and bigotry and discrimination," he said, citizenry," he said a senator •should 'be able his defense of the cause of "less govern- "but we 'also have championed the rights to act with independence of "any politician, ment." Dibrell, opposing Preston Smith for of the individual to own and dispose of period." 'lieutenant governor, said the Republicans property as he chooses." Tower introduced his wife, who said, "I must welcome into their party "represen- In a part of his speech prepared in ad- believe so wholeheartedly in what he's tatives of all groups" if there •is to be a vance for release to the Ares, Tower was doing. He really is a wonderful 'man. He's a two-party Texas. Later he explained that going to be saying that his contest with Wonderful father. He's the best husband he meant that the Republican primary Atty. Gen. Waggoner Carr was not a party 'there ever could 'be, and I'll just tell the should be dominated by conservatives, but vs. party matter. Now, ad libbing, he told whole world I love 'him a whole lot." that then, before the general election, ap- the Republican convention he is proud of At a press conference after his 'speech, peals for support should be made to all his party. "I think you know I'm not going Tower said yes, it's true, 'as Carr has charg- groups. R.D.

Democrats Feign Unity and Harmony Austin Greg Olds tonians and other tidbits of data suggest Whether the voices muffled here last that the Harris County delegates were therefore 'interested less in seats on the week will be heard more distinctly Novem- the road and purred sonorously along to ad- S.D.E.C. than in 'participating in a scene, ber 8 is the question that lingers after the journment. thus spurring further disenchantment with state Democratic convention. Will the Har- But the mechanic's bill may be sent to Carr, whose victory the Houstonians would ris County walkout hurt Waggoner Carr? Carr. see as a blow to the two-party system. Governor John Connally professes to think not. Carr, for his part, notes that the Hous- Many Texas liberals came to Austin al- THE CARR DINNER the night tonians "were not supporting me, anyway." ready leaning away from Carr's candidacy before the convention was nothing less than He believes they came to Austin to stage for John Tower's Senate seat. There is evi- a triumph. In contrast to the rather dismal a walkout. dence that 'the Harris County delegation start the attorney general's campaign suf- members (liberal by 797 to 50) were hop- fered in Lubbock earlier this month, the Despite the protest, the 1966 "governor's ing to be rejected 'in their demands 'that Austin gala featured a crowd double that convention," so-called never more aptly, they be seated and be permitted to name anticipated—and at $25 a head, proceeds of was a mechanic's dream — a soundly engi- their county's eight State Democratic Exec- which will go to the Carr campaign fund. neered, finely tuned, well-oiled model which utive Committee members. It is true that The candidate was boosted by an all-star cruised nicely, missed no strokes, and hit eight liberals from Houston would have lineup of state Democrats, who lined the the curves smoothly. No annoying rattles, commanded attention in the body that runs stage in a solid front of support for the can- no discordant pings. After some minor ad- the state party's 'affairs, but they would didate they 'offer as a valued member of an justments under the 'hood (achieved dis- not have changed the conservative nature creetly, with few looking on), the '66 hit of the committee. The mood of the Hous- September 30, 1966 9 effective team. And Carr's speech was skill- tickets, though it was said that anyone from the 23 Texas members of the U.S. fully delivered. showing a $25 ticket to the Carr affair House of Representatives 'supporting Carr, Several hundred of those attending the would be admitted. S.D.E.C. chairman Will then added "I proudly join them and you dinner had to eat the $25 meal seated in Davis was reported complaining in good in supporting Waggoner Carr for the Unit- the balcony with plates balanced in their humor that he was not invited to the dance. ed States Senate." Sen. Yarborough's name laps; tables on the main floor couldn't ac- U.S. Sen. Ralph Yarborough had been was not on the telegram. A day later — commodate all who showed up. SDEC chair- invited to the Carr dinner, it was an- somehow delayed — a wire came from him man Will Davis called the turnout "one of nounced, but had declined "because of that he was for the Democratic ticket. the greatest outpourings of Democratic of- pressing business." ficialdom in the history of the state, giving Connally said "Texans of all philosophies Barnes, preparatory to introducing mem- can be proud of (Carr's) distinguished serv- the lie to talk that the Democratic Party bers of the Texas House of Representatives, isn't 100% behind Waggoner Carr." From ice. Now we are able to put him to work referred to "the next U.S. senator from in the United States Senate. . . ." left to right 'on the front table of the stage Texas, Waggoner Carr," drawing a big were House Speaker and Mrs. Ben Barnes, round of applause, enthusiastically lead by Daniel said "Carr's effectiveness and former Gov. and Mrs. Allan Shivers, Mrs. Connally; Smith, however, kept on eating. leadership in Washington will be further Davis, national committeeman Frank C. Er- The only boos of the night were a scat- enhanced by his 'membership and record win, Jr., Gov. and Mrs. John Connally, Mr. •ered few when Franklin Spears was intro- in the Democratic Party, the 'majority par- and Mrs. Carr, Lt. Gov. and Mrs. Preston duced among the state senators. Carr smiled ty, which control's the Senate and which Smith, former Gov. and Mrs. Price Daniel, broadly, clapped vigorously; and nodded at furnishes a distinguished son of Texas as and the Negro minister who gave the in- Spears as Spears walked by him. Among the President of the United States." vocation, the Rev. Marvin Griffin, and his nominees not introduced was Barbara Jor- wife, of Waco. don, who will be in the state Senate next Meanwhile, liberals were (holding their CARR'S SPEECH was televised year. Friends said she arrived too late at on 22 stations. He was interrupted 35 times own gathering — a Valley striker benefit the dinner to be introduced. dance at a motel. The event was not well by applause, causing the last of his talk not attended, but gave anti-Carr people some- Shivers, who hasn't made a political ap- to be aired. The speech was pungent, witty, where to go during the auditorium extrava- pearance recently, commended Carr as and adroit, and was delivered to full effect ganza. The Harris County Democrats were "honest, sincere, firm, and fair-minded," by the candidate. Again Carr said nothing listed as sponsors. Admission was by $5 and referred to him as "the great Texas at all of foreign affairs, but stressed, rath- Democrat we are going to elect to the Unit- er, the power of the Democrats in Texas 10 The Texas Observer ed States Senate." Shivers reed a telegram and nationally and the negative 'aspects of the Goldwater campaign and Tower's role in that. Many passages found the 'mark, as IN WACO these: "Not all candidates are proud of their parties. A 'certain candidate for re-election KEN BUCKLEY to the United States Senate never mentions his party. You can take a microscope to his profusion of campaign 'literature, his Is The Official Life Insurance Representative large variety of billboards, and even to whole magazine 'section's in the Sunday pa- of the pers, and never find the name of his party. There is a well-grounded suspicion, ladies and gentlemen, that this 'man is a Repub- lican. But he won't tell! But let's keep the AMERICAN INCOME LIFE INSURANCE CO. rumor alive that John Tower is a Republi- can! Whose Employees Are Represented Under A Collective Bargaining "There are other 'secrets and 'mysteries revolving around this leaning Tower of neu- Agreement With the trality. His campaign has been launched with fanfare. Committees have been ap- Office and Professional Employees International Union pointed. A rash of election-year bills has been introduced in the Senate. The money trees have been 'shaken from coast to coast. And, Frankly, How Many Life Insurance Companies Do You Know Who He has already been endorsed by Richard Nixon and Davy Crockett. But where is Employ Union Labor? And Are Proud of It? Barry? You 'can almost hear the question from the 'press gallery: "But, senator, what about your old friend, Barry Goldwater?' You'll Like American Income Insurance For Union Labor And the Senator's puzzled reply, 'Barry Who?' "

" . . Through his first five years 'in In Waco, Ken Buckley is "Mr. American Income" Washington, his A.C.A. rating for far-right conservatism was 99% perfect, making him Inquire of the most extreme right-wing senator 'in the United States. Yet, 'in the first half of 1966, KEN BUCKLEY an election year, you will recall, his 'batting Suite 315, First National Bank Building, Phone PL 6-7228 average dropped to 54%. What on earth (happened? One 'hesitates 'to think that our Home Phone PR 2-0864 self-styled conservative U.S. senator would play politics with his Senate votes, 'but we are reluctantly forced to accept that •on- clusion. AMERICAN INCOME LIFE INSURANCE CO. "I do say to his disillusioned fans of the Far Right and the Far Left: don't lose P. 0. Box 208, Waco, Texas heart. He has just gone away for a little while. The junior senator 'is on 'sabbatical Leave from the 'reactionary team. He'll be back in the `99%' fold after the election .. . morning will decide whether a lot of lib- bald-faced nerve to try to sell this to the but not back in the United States Senate." erals stay home on November 8 or vote state credentials committee is beyond belief. ". . . When the Houston Chronicle asked for everyone on the Democratic ticket ex- "Now 'it seems we are asked to compro- the Republican junior senator if he thought cept one." Connally and his lieutenants mise, with no contesting delegation and no an agricultural worker could live on 85c have since pointed out that Carr had noth- valid contest, just to get a seat in the con- an hour, the senator responded, 'That is ing to do with the credential's settlement, vention — a seat at the foot of the 'bed. basically not the question. . . .' "It sounds bUt many of the liberals from Houston and We are asked to give the Goldwater voters pretty basic to me. I think a farmer is en- elsewhere nonetheless expressed 'the view of southweSt Houston representation on the 'titled to more than a 1 1/2 % return on his that revenge for the Harris settlement can state Democratic committee in order to investment. I will devote a great deal of my best be exacted by Carr's defeat. keep some representation for ourselves. time in 'the Senate trying to find a way to In the hours before the convention, Har- This time it may be we will choose 'to sleep help both." ris County delegates seemed spoiling for 'a on the floor." Carr also hit Tower's opposition to the fight: Gathered at a far north Austin mo- Tabulation of the ballots cast the week Chamizal treaty and to the Padre Island tel, an enclave remote from the convention, before at a caucus in Houston on Whether national 'seashore, concluding, "The junior the Houston group passed the time making to accept the deal confirmed what every- senator can find more to be against and amusingly dire predictions 'about the dis- body 'suspected: No deal, 166-7. less to be for than any man since Barry position of their case. At a 'midnight caucus Gould Beech rose in the audience to ad- Goldwater was in the U.S. Senate." their mood varied between determination vise newcomers to state conventions not Leaders of Connally's forces were report- and mock tragedy. One 'lady attended sport- get frustrated, recalling that "'historically ed in the Houston Chronicle as believing ing a pair of 'signs 'attached to her clothing, 'there 'has been something wrong with us that Carr is in trouble in his race with Tow- in front: "Keep Tower"; on her back: (liberals)." He 'traced the state party's re- er. The Chronicle told of a closed door meet- "Batman for Governor." A few representa- cent era of Shivers ("the great apostate,") ing of 150 campaign coordinators on con- tives were on hand from Dallas, McLennan, the segregation bills, and the voting against vention day at whiCh the governor warned 'and Midland counties as perhaps 200 or Democratic nominees for president, then of the situation and called for opinions on more jammed the meeting room at the mo- turned to state conventions: "There 'are whether his people are willing to campaign tel. A late arrival was Dave Shapiro, a vet- variations in techniques up here; sometimes openly for Carr. Reportedly about one-half eran trooper of past liberal causes who this we are robbed inside, 'sometimes we're of those present urged active participation year is working hard for the Rebuilding robbed outside the convention hall. If you in Oarr's campaign, but many of the others Committee, a group of Democrats who are haven't got some suntan lotion, you'd bet- were cool. Many at the meeting were said seeking to elect Tower 'and thereby encour- ter buy some tomorrow . . . for if they say to prefer working for the entire ticket age a two-party Texas. `come on in, but you're gonna be half-assed rather than for Carr alone and 'said Con- Mrs. Carr and Ed Cogburn, a Houston Democrats' [here he was •interrupted by nally could be hurt politically by open in- lawyer serving as delegation chairman, told much laughter and applause]. I don't want volvement in the campaign. those on hand the word was that the group to go in unless I will feel at home, in my Well aware of ail these considerations, would be seated at the convention, condi- father's house. I won't feel at home any- the powers in the state party were unwil- tioned on the four-four S.D.E.C. split. Gar- where Allan Shivers is a hero." (Shivers, ling to co-operate in the martyrdom of cia, Mrs. Beech, Kilgarlin, and Mrs. Jay while the Democratic governor, led the the Houstonians — and yet were reluctant would not be put on the state committee, as 1952 campaign in Texas for Eisenhower.) to seat eight liberals on the S.D.E.C. A their districts (the sixth and fifteenth) The group adjourned to await 'the find- four-four split was proposed to the liberals were to be awarded the conservatives on ing of the S.D.E.C. the next morning be- on the premise 'that two of the •ounty's four the basis, Cogburn said he was told, that fore 'the convention opened. districts were actually conservative-con- "they don't properly represent the districts trolled (as shown in precinct conventions). where they live." Cogburn said that in 1960 The Harris County convention had named and 1964 'this principle didn't concern the PERHAPS 60 PEOPLE attended eight dyed-in-the-wool liberals as their conservatives who had all the county's the S.D.E.C. meeting, including 42 commit- choices for the S.D.E.C.: Ted Garcia, Mary S.D.E.C. positions. tee members. Prominent were five Depart- Beech, Carl Burney, Mrs. C. V. Adair, Jud- Cogburn read a press release he had pre- ment of Public Safety officers and three son Robinson, Jr., Mrs. Mary Louise Evans, pared. It was well-received by the crowd convention sergeants-at-arms who stood at Bill Kilgarlin, and Shirley Jay. Liberals and 'approved as the statement of the the sides and back of the room. As the day were not making it easy for the Connally- group: "In Texas our people are the loyal September 30, 1966 11 crats ; the list included two Negroes, a Democrats. We have been kicked, 'shoved, Latin, and five outspoken Anglo liberals. and elbowed aside when all we wanted to Kilgarlin, for example, only ten days be- da was be a working part of the Demo- fore the convention had addressed the cre- cratic Party. A Special Reprint dentials subcommittee in terms at times "In the name of party loyalty we have less than tactful, perhaps purposely so. endorsed some mighty strange bedfellows, The Observer has published a spe- Twice, for example, he said the subcom- and most of the time we have had to sleep cial 24-page reprint of our coverage of mittee was stacked. The credentials group at the foot of the bed. This year it looks the Valley farm workers strike and was hearing a protest by W. N. (Bill) like they want us to either sleep on the march from June through September. Blanton, the conservative Harris County floor or give them our pajama tops and It's entitled "The Strike and the Demo chairman, that his followers actually two buttons off the pants. Our pious new March" and carries the Rio Grande had won the Harris convention, but •seating county chairman, Bill Blanton, who spouted City strikers all the way north to their of the Houston liberals was not an issue; nothing but harmony 'and fair play in his confrontation at New Braunfels and the seats on the S.D.E.C. seats were. Blan- campaign, has turned out to be the cham- their climactic meetings in Austin. Or- ton said it was never intention that the pion vote-stealer of them all. He has tried der your copy of this historic record liberal delegation should not be seated, and 'to rob us of convention votes for making now. no rump delegation was sent to Austin. the same clerical mistakes he himself made One copy 50 cents at his own convention. How he had the THE HARRIS LIBERALS came Two to ten copies 35 cents each to the convention in no mood for 'any deals. 20 cents each If they were •seated with 'all prerogatives, "THE PIPE HOUSE OF AUSTIN" Ten to 100 copies OK; but if something less than "full citizen- Will D. Miller ci Son BULK ORDERS ON REQUEST ship" was offered, then walk out and let Magazines — Daily Newspapers Carr do the worrying. Mrs. David (Billie) Send your order to Sarah Payne, High Grade Cigars and Tobaccos Manager, the Texas Observ- Carr, a Houston 'liberal leader whose term Pipes and Accessories Business er, 504 W. 24th St., Austin, Texas. on the S.D.E.C. was expiring, said "What 122 West 6th St. Austin, Texas happens at the (state) convention tomorrow had begun, ten D.P.S. cars were parked out- gates. standing outside. what had hap- III. and Mrs. Jack Perry (district fifteen). side the auditorium and several others were pened. Robinson and Mrs. Adair (former secretary parked in the basement of the building. "Remember who your enemy is, who did of the Harris County NAACP were believed Credentials subcommittee chairman Gar- this to us," she told her delegation. "It was to he the first Negroes ever on the S.D.E.C. rett Morris of Fort Worth reported Ito the John Connally and Waggoner Can-. Carr John H. Crooker, Jr., of Houston, sup- S.D.E.C. that Harris County conservatives should be praying, because Connally defi- ported the four liberal nominees being had lost their convention because of a "fast nitely hurt him. . . . If I were Mr. Carr .. . placed on •the committee, saying they were gavel and voice vote" after three roll call I'd ask Gov. Connally if he really is sup- "people of the moderate liberal wing." votes indicated conservative control. "The porting me." "No deal," a man in the crowd But then all four liberals said they wouldn't subcommittee would not have hesitated to shouted. "I've got an idea," Mrs. Carr went serve without their four collegues. seat the Blanton [conservative] group" if on, "let's march to the Capitol steps and they had sent a rump delegation, Morris meet with the Valley farm workers' •en- THE GOVERNOR'S KEYNOTE said. The liberals, then, would be seated, tinel—" "and elect him governor," some- address at the state Democratic convention but would name S.D.E.C. members for dis- one broke in. "I'm glad to be off the com- tricts seven and eleven, leaving districts mittee now, to hell with John Connally and was a surprise, and a significant one. He six and fifteen to the conservatives. his whole group," Mrs. Carr said. The group strongly urged the legislature to submit to the voters an amendment calling for a con- Mrs. Carr, in rebuttal, spoke eloquently burned •its convention credentials, then be- stitutional convention. He said the docu- and with composure. 'I was there," she gan its march. told the committee: "this is not what hap- Meanwhile, inside the auditorium all ment coming out of suoh a gathering should pened," she said of Morris' recapitulation. seemed tranquil ; the formalities were get- be approved by the voters. The whole pro- "When are we going 'to learn in the Demo- ting under way, although twelve minutes cess could take as long as four years, the governor told reporters. cratic Party of Texas that there is room late because of the credentials deliberation. for both liberals and conservatives? It was Delegates seated in Austin's chilly munici- The Connally-controlled convention gave a known fact that the liberal's had won the pal auditorium seemed to be largely un- another push to the idea, listing it first [majority of] precinct conventions. There aware of the dissension that had been con- in its platform, and delegates applauded the were no protests in the 72-hour period for fined to anteroom's and was finally being governor's references to the proposed protests." carried on foot •to the Capitol steps, About change. Thus the League of Women Vot- Conservatives, alleged Mrs. Carr, went to 200 marched, including 'perhaps 20 from ers 'members, who long have called for a revised constitution, now are beginning to the courthouse and "pulled enough files of Midland and a few from McLennan County. precinct convention minutes" to let the con- There the Valley 'sentinel was greeted. be joined by conservatives in this issue. servatives win. "They just checked the lib- "We'll vote for everybody but Carr," said After the usual keynote address nods in eral minutes" and not conservative ones. Mrs. Carr. "Some liberals will go fishing, the direction of past achievements, Con- "We checked all 280 minutes and found some will vote for John Tower." Another nally turned his 30-minute talk to the sub- that there should have been 211 of them Houstonian urged, "Get rid of Connally and ject 'of a modern constitution. More than thrown out" because of technical errors. his gang." Resolutions were passed on •civil half of his speech dealt with this. He said "I want to ask you," she 'said to committee rights, a state $1.25 minimum wage, dredg- the present document is cumbersome; it has members, "can your counties withstand the ing of live oyster reefs in Texas waters, been amended more than 150 times in 90 tests of their minutes? . . . So what's this permanent voter registration, air and wa- years and "In 'the past two years people all about? The conservatives became con- ter pollution control, and the recent auto of our state have been called on to vote on cerned because the liberals had won and insurance rate increases. more amendments to our constitution than no one in •the precincts had protested, so Stanley Woods, who opposed Connally in have been approved for our federal Consti- they [conservative leaders] had to do it for the primary, and newly-elected state Sen. tution . .. in almost 200 years." them. Barbara Jordan spoke. Mrs. R. D. Randolph The document is too rigid, Connally went "Governor Connally has nothing to fear of Houston, veteran of a previous state con- on, as it requires an amendment, for ex- in this committee. What can these eight vention walkout, •sent a message: "I love ample, to increase old age assistance, aid [liberal's] do on the S.D.E.C. but express you all, and you did the right thing." After to dependent children, and other welfare a minority opinion — and it is a minority, an hour and ten minutes the rally ad- payments. The constitution Is out-of-date; though this may not be so after the next journed to Scholtz Garten "to continue our Connally noted that it specifically directs voter registration. Remember, the people discussion of democracy." the legislature to regulate vagrants, re- you're taking votes from today are ex- Back at the convention, Robert G. Rog- quires railroads to locate lines within three perienced party workers, who wear boots ers, liberal chairman of the Kleberg Coun- miles of a county seat, disfranchises anyone that have marched working for the Demo- ty delegation, saw the Harris County seats who participates in a duel, and requires cratic Party, and," she concluded, "those were occupied by some 35 to 50 delegates. the Court of Criminal Appeals to take a boots may one day march over you." After the roll call vote on accepting the three-month vacation each year. Several S.D.E.C. members apparently S.D.E.C. report on temporary organization The present set-up provides a weak ex- were concerned about whether the Harris of the convention, Rogers asked party ecutive, Connally said. Elected officials County 72-hour rule for protests of precinct chairman Will Davis, who was •presiding, have no control over 86% of state expendi- conventions should apply. Gaston Wilder of how many votes Harris County would tures, and though the executive department Beaumont (a proxy for Ann G. Evans, also have; the county, Rogers said, was not 'is made up of 'several hundred agencies, of Beaumont) asked if this didn't preclude bound by the unit rule, so could cast only the governor can appoint only one •major overturning results of precincts for which as many votes as there were delegates pres- department head, the secretary of state. no protest had been filed in the 'specified ent. Some widely scattered applause greet- Connally 'took care to demonstrate that time. Morris answered that this didn't •mat- ed this. Davis replied that only a member of he understands why the constitution is ter, as the requirements of procedure (sign- the county delegation could raise such a structured as it is, noting that it was writing minutes, and such) had to be met, even point. Rogers retorted that Kleberg County ten by Texans who had 'suffered misgov- with a 72-hour rule in effect. Wilder moved would change its 17 votes on accepting the ernment during Reconstruction and who that the subcommittee report be tabled, temporary organization report from aye to therefore set up a government with limited which would have sent the question to the no. This made the vote 6,062 aye, 124 no. powers. And "this is not to say that the floor of the convention. C. R. Johnson of Rogers' effort was the nearest the liberals constitution of 1876 is, as a whole, a defec- Texas City seconded the motion. It failed came to disrupting the flow of •the conven- tive document for guiding the destinies of by voice vote, several voting in favor. The tion. Another try occurred before the plat- our state. Our constitution contains 'much subcommittee report was then accepted by form committee, but had no effect. that is good, much that is relevant to the another voice vote with only Mrs. Carr The Harris SDEC delegation seated in- conditions of today. We must realize, dissenting. cludes liberals Burney, Mrs. Adair, Robin- though, that in a complex society govern- She left to advise Harris County dele- son, and Mrs. Evans, plus conservatives ment inevitably becomes 'more involved in John B. Allien and Mrs. Marcella Donald- various facets of our lives. It therefore 12 The Texas Observer son Perry (district six) •and Ed A. Stumpf, must be able to react at a 'pace comparable to the pace of which our society is chang- to achieve the national salary average. Al- as a required language, its mention of vo- ing." lison said this question is now under study cational training and literacy needs, and Connally recommended a cabinet system by the state government, and such an its proposal for an expanded Texas Indus- of state government; top agencies would amendment would defeat the purpose of trial Commission. But, he said, the plat- be run by gubernatorial appointees. "Un- the study. Mrs. Melton said she thought form should be more specific about •n- less we have leadership authority in this if the state is to improve the level of edu- crea•ing unemployment benefits, as the [executive; branch, then we will have a cation for its young, more money must be state ranks 46th in the nation, and work- government lead by bureaucrats who are spent. men's compensation, in which Texas is $8 responsible to no one," Connally said. He a week below the national average. Peace responded that, as Allison had also recommended annual legislative ses- pointed out, the 'state, including some agen- sions, and consideration (by the constitu- Kugle then thought he'd have another tional convention) of reducing the 3,300 cies established for that specific purpose, go at it and proposed another plank prais- is studying the matter now, "so we don't taxing 'authorities in Texas by consolida- ing the Valley farm workers, "commend- tions where possible. want to be presumptuous and recommend ing these determined, patriotic Texans for what should be done." Allison said he their efforts." The vote was 4-22. A pro- Connally didn't mention four-year terms agreed with Peace's agreement with Alli- posal by a lady on the committee that the for governors in his keynote, but his plat- son. Kugle said the plank would not be legislature request Congress to submit a form advocated this change. This likely presumptuous, but timely, as the questions constitutional amendment permitting one would be at issue in any constitutional con- are now under study. The vote was 24-6 house of the Congress to be apportioned on vention. against the amendment. a basis other than population lost on a voice vote. An intriguing departure from Connally's Allison's earlier motion approving the prepared text occurred when he came to a platform as submitted was then taken up. So after 60 minutes of committee dis- sentence that read, "For my own brief mo- Just before the vote, state labor leader cussion the platform emerged unscathed, ment on the stage of history soon will Hank Brown asked when others might be in the same condition as when it came out pass." Instead, he said, "For my own brief heard and asked if he should stay on. "We'd of the governor's office. This year's de- moment on this stage soon will pass." Was be glad for you to wait," Peace said, smil- tailed, 11-page platform contrasts with the the governor merely toning down a bit of ing. The platform was unanimously adopt- one-page summary of generalized ideas two-flowery prose, or did this mean he ed by voice vote. adopted two years ago. might return to Washington in some ra- Brown then was permitted to 'speak. He Other planks urged support for Presi- pacity? urged planks on a minimum wage law, im- dent Johnson in Vietnam; reorganization proved unemployment and workmen's com- of the twelve governing boards of four- PARTY PLATFORMS are not pensation benefits, an industrial safety law year state-supported colleges into a limited normally the most significant of documents, and repeal of the state right-to-work law. number of statewide systems; establishing but in the case of the Texas Democratic an agriculture development institute to Brown told the committee that he thinks boost research and income; encouraging a statement, there is more reason for interest Texas Democrats should stop fighting their than usual, as the powers who wrote the minerals pricing policy by the federal gov- national party on the right-to-work issue. ernment based on the competitive market document will call the shots at the next He said that the minimum wage plank is legislative session. Governor Connally, his value of oil, natural gas, and coal; county- weak and the state's two million Mexican- wide branch banking in the four largest staff, and party officers worked mud' of Americans won't be satisfied with this the day prior to the 'convention behind counties of the state; more pay and bene- "bland statement." Perhaps in partial re- fits for state employees; establishment of closed doors at the governor's office. The sponse to the Latin and minimum wage 61-plank treatise they drew up had to sur- a State utility commission to regulate rates, issues that have become heated of late, service, and competition, long a thwarted vive only four attempted amendments be- the platform includes a recommendation fore the platform committee. And not a liberal goal; more revenue for cities, and that Spanish be a required course in Texas establishment of a consumer credit code comma was changed; that's the kind of public schools. convention it was. to regulate lending rates and practices of Brown told the committee there is "grow- financial- institutions. ❑ John Peace of San Antonio, platform ing concern that the Democrats are not September 30, 1966 13 committee chairman, read the lengthy doc- truly the party of the people." He recalled ument to the committee for its approval. that in 1962 the party's platform pledged to Alvin Allison of Hockley County promptly do something about industrial accidents, moved its adoption. yet such a law was voted down 149-1 by Two proposed amendments were intro- the legislature'• Democratic house. "And Democratic Party Rally the Valley farm workers will not be put duced by Bill Kugle of Henderson County; both were attempts to go on record sympa- off," Brown asserted, noting wryly that October 1, 1966 thizing with the Valley farm workers' quest the only Texas 'minimum wage law on the far a state minimum wage. The platform in- books is a 1931 act requiring 30c an hour Market Hall cluded this plank: "Recommend considera- for laborers on public works construction. tion of a state minimum wage law." Kugle He praised the platform's idea of Spanish Dallas, Texas said he thought this was too weak, particularly in view of the Republicans' re- 7 p.m. portedly forthcoming more forthright stand Professors: on the question. Kugle's first amendment Sponsored by the Democratic Women Your students can receive a semes- would have changed the plank to "Recom- of Dallas County ter's subscription to The Texas Ob- mend enactment of a state minimum wage Mrs. Charlie T. Davis, President law to include farm laborers at $1.25." server, if ten or more of them sub- Seconding this was Mrs. R. B. Melton of scribe and the papers can be delivered Dinner Tickets, $5 Denton. Dr. Clotilde Garcia of Corpus Chris- in one packet to you, for the special ti read a statement basically supporting classroom price of $1.50 per student. FL 2 - 7762, TA 4-0472 Kugle's amendment. J. C. Looney of Edin- As a special bonus as long as the sup- 6572 Kellwood Drive, Dallas 75214 burg said he thought the change would be ply lasts, your 'students can get the two too specific and that this is something for issues published earlier this year on Vote It Straight the legislature to work out. The vote was John Tower and Waggoner Carr. 23-5 against the amendment. Send your orders to Sarah Payne, Business Manager, Texas Observer, 504 Vote the Demo Slate Another amendment sought to endorse West 24th St., Austin. (Adv.) teacher tenure and higher salaries at least (Pd. Pol. Adv.) Vovernber 1, 1951 ...alas ogsSIViTEr. Page Supreme Jens Council of America in Texas, SOLONS HEAR GRIFFINorganization whichThe nc. -- theGriffin to I-I.ouston. ether et- er and e were 'HOUSTON ,Courts frayed p b ublic y the $chool integration middle-size bent said tot cisions. balding, a ‘t de Warm grin back Griffin, aa wide. D "A fella rne thaton thethe Supreme talent we Court got \ resemblance to the Martin couldn' even be depended onItnanof some with years ago, flew into lio now International Airport to try a case of chicken steal-:- 'a Tuesday afternoon, en inroute Wyo le. rrn gonna have to des trip agree with him just a little ‘ 1tons, from a hunting gia stat that's just the fro of\\ with e.evcral Georairp ort, bit:croimd I think to try a little caseand the , pl9Yees. .M. the G eor is chicken stealiii ." "The Republicanseaders , of the l Lyman ion - Dernocratsboth parties--are vyle to stick a kniferight itt the where back ourof ,___prohibited by Georgia'sot \ from serving an the oUthS natorial terhaveld re allures"I'm not cross." a moderate--but -- I \ Von sorn soon ant hopeful. Mydefinition of \\ might to lry. Ile sa cal fish lead a a moderate is a fella that be willing to le says, `o, yes, were gonnait be \I states' rights third p le \ lose the war, but Even before he reached these , led in 19413_by Sen slowly." climaxes in his speech. means of South last Tuesday night at Houston's means the salvatio by-the' was clear that Mar- trytution." and the right Speaker Waggoner Carr follo or of Georgia the s Music gall, govern ner at w Georgia Gov. Marvin since Herman Talmadge left that Griffin leftand th Griffin onto the iuditorium stage in Houston from which vin Griffi between 0 Griffin addressed a Citizens' Council crowd, office in 1955, had come to rasp din waggoner the file ot hisitivities purposes of the sharp 2,100 - Speaker Texas legislat during the Music bun re t arge Martin Dies the &ens ar hat on stage it' across who came to he w h ep-a TEXAS . OBSERVER - B. r 'Put into words, alreadY off' cials Onsvr-. , f n a May 196 1 Le.x.: TEXAS _...suvE they 2, 4. o 2. age 5 Dec. 13„1957 - Carr Carr Endorses Pool Bill -Zogabled "The legislature also enacted a arr attended a meetin information to the county ton s OAK CLIFF lobbyist control measure, de- vvRite of Hous- clerk on their affairs. This is aid his e:c Council, which "My good friend, Rep. Joe signed to bring into the light the n enses there. a bill 'designed to ferret out lobbyists taken during A picture Pool. of Dallas, sponsored in agita- •small percentage of the meeting showed Gov. the House the bill requiring tthe sneak who operate 'secretly, unscrupu- Marvin Griffin Waving, a Confederate tors are 'mostue'zto flag certain organizations which lously and unethically." in the background, and Carr ad- rovoke trouble. ng behi engage in activities' designed • Carr said Texas "faces a future vancind Griffin,• smiling slight- to hinder, harrass and inter- This is House Speaker exceeding the wildest dreams 1 11 1 57 Waggoner Carr's assessment far fere with the operation of of our forefathers. The challenge our public schools to report of the ":et the NAACP" bill - orrari_ • t • •

Arthur M. Schlesinger quotes JOHN F. KENNEDY:

"SOMETIMES PARTY LOYALTY ASKS TOO MUCH' ! ... He spoke gloomily about the Massachussetts Democratic Party: "Nothing can be done until it is beaten . .. badly beaten. Then there will be a chance for rebuilding." From A THOUSAND DAYS—John F. Kennedy in the White House (p. 31).

Free copies of this ad available upon request. Also free upon request, our bumper ,sticker (This Car NOT for Carr/"SOME- TIMES PARTY LOYALTY ASKS TOO MUCH"—JOHN F. KENNEDY). Write, THE REBUILDING COMMITTEE, 1317 South Congress Ave., Room 102, Austin, Texas 78704). Patman Splits Doubleheader with LBJ Robert Sherrill Washington treasury secretaries and is reputed to be pamby" and so on. Just about everyone in Congressman Wright Patman won a big Johnson's closest economic counselor today. the room was against Patnam, but he came one. And he lost a big one — because of a He is seen around the White House with away with what he thought was the un- Lyndon Johnson double-cross. increasing frequency. derstanding that Johnson would not oppose To take up the good news first: Thus the enormously powerful Federal his bill. He wouldn't support it, but he The Housing and Urban Development Act Reserve Board has become a fourth arm would not oppose it. of 1966 was being torn apart by pork-barrel of the government with uncheckable con- As the debate waxed hot in the House, amendments. Senator Sparkman of Ala- trols over our economy. It can raise or low- word came that Johnson was at that mo- bama, who 'has strangely won the designa- er interest rates at whim, make money ment holding a press conference announc- tion of "Southern moderate" 'simply by be- tighter or looser at whim; it was a direct ing that he would ask Congress to tem- ing willing to milk the federal government contributor to three recessions during Ei- porarily suspend the 7% tax credit to -busi- from every available teat, started tacking senhower's years in office. Even its operat- nessmen and take other very - hazy steps on the wild-spending amendments in the ing expenses are independent of Congress. to "meet inflation." Several reporters noted Senate. By the time the bill came out of Last December William McC. Martin, that the announcement came as a surprise, the 'housing subcommittee to Patman's chairman of the board, decided to teach in timing. It was obviously rushed into be- House Banking Committee, fifty - two pork Johnson a lesson in obedience. Johnson had ing to kill Patman's efforts. barrel exemptions—including a $10.5 mil- invited Martin to come down to the ranch From early morning hours, before debate lion item for a civic center in San Antonio, to discuss economics. Martin took along a on the floor began, members were being proposed by Congressman Henry Gonzalez little present — the news that the board called by the White House and asked to — had been tied 'to the measure. had just raised allowable interest rates vote for the Patman bill because the Presi- At this point the bill was in danger of from 4 1/2 % to 51/4%. Johnson called a news dent had come up with another package. being drained of all life. The cost of the conference, said he regretted the board's What had happened was that Johnson facilities involved in the special exemptions action, but that there was nothing he could had cut Patman's legs off by giving Demo- came to an estimated $350 million. The bill do about it. crats who were being pressured by their was now loaded with civic centers and Washingtonians — conditioned by Wil- bankers a chance to say they preferred to sports arenas and bridge repairs and com- liam S. White's "Johnson the Omnipotent" fight inflation Johnson's way rather than munity colleges and county jails and fire and by Tom Wicker's "Ten Foot Tall John- Patman's way — in other words, he gave and police stations. All worthy item's, no son" columns 'appearing in the New York them an excellent party-loyalty excuse to doubt, but they had nothing •to do with 'Dimes — think the President is a pretty do nothing. Fort Worth Congressman Jim slum •clearance, which is the purpose of the rough fellow. Actually he is quite easy to Wright not only stuck with Patman, he act. 'intimidate, especially by the business COM- worked the floor for him. Henry Gonzalez Patman wrote Robert C. Weaver, 'secre- Tumidity, and William McC. Martin has in- went with Patman. Most other Texans tary of Housing and Urban Development, timidated the hell out of him. opted out. sounded the alarm, and asked for help. So Patman lost, of course. Also lost was Weaver responded immediately with a let- the best opportunity that will come along BUT MARTIN doesn't intimidate ter denouncing the amendment 's 'in furious in years to smash the Fed's supposedly tra- terms. He wrote that if the •pork barrelling Patman; he infuriates him. ditional stranglehold on economic affairs. was not blocked, the results would be "dev- So Patman introduced a bill to reduce Johnson couldn't have lobbied the capitol astating." He predicted that "adoption of the allowable interest rates on bank cer- more effectively; it was a flagrant double- these special provisions would use up al- tificates of deposit. Whether or not this cross. most one-half of the $750 million author- would have helped curb the rising rates is But at least Patman won back part of his ized by Congress to be spent for the elimi- not really an important question. Patman's political soul. He has been sometimes gro- nation of slums and blight during fiscal primary goal was to set the precedent of tesquely loyal to Johnson. At Johnson's in- 1967. . . . The funds would be used to pay taking the interest-setting powers away stigation he lobbied the Texas legislature for cultural centers, civic centers, and huge from the Fed. And the bankers knew it. in 1957 for the Pool bill, which was meant stadiums -- Not to make possible additional The American Banker, an industry publica- to keep Ralph Yarborough out of the Sen- housing for low-income people. These spe- tion, asked each of the 14,000 members of ate. On demand from Sam Rayburn and cial provisions would preempt urban re- the American Bankers Association to place Johnson, he successfully helped gut the a phone call or send a telegram to Wash- newal funds to pay for luxury item 's of housing bill in the 1959 conference com- communities which are already benefiting ington. One per bank was the goal; 14,000 mittee. In recent months he helped push from participating in the urban renewal taps on the shoulder is a pretty good lobby- through the Sales Participation Act — vio- program." ing effort. lating all his economic principles — be- The day before the bill was to go to the cause Johnson demanded it. Patman read the letter to his committee, floor, Patman met with Johnson in his bed- which was sufficiently 'shamed to knock But when he saw Johnson riding with room in the White House for two hours. the Fed, Patman couldn't take that. He the amendments out. The 'subcommittee Also on hand was Walter Heller, one of tried to renew the 'amendments, but with- fought back. He lost, but he fought, and Kennedy's economic advisors; Jake Jacob- out success, and at this point it looks like in doing so his spirit may have gained sen, Price Daniel's ex-factotum who has enough strength to stand again another the bill may be safe. It was a great victory now become Johnson's "expert" in many for the poor folks. day. 0 governmental mysteries including finance, unbelievable as that may seem; Secretary September 30, 1966 15 THE BAD NEWS is Patman's of the Treasury Fowler, Under Secretary losing effort to take away some of the ille- of the Treasury Barr, Marvin Watson, who gal powers now wielded by the Federal Re- learned his economics under E. B. Germany serve Board. Although Roosevelt and Tru- at Lone Star Steel, and a couple of other GARNER & SMITH man kept the Fed in line, Eisenhower sur- lesser lights. rendered to it, and so 'has Johnson. Things got pretty rough. Fowler wanted BOOKSTORE LBJ ignores his own 'powers, many be- to keep the argument at a personal level of 2116 Guadalupe, Austin, Texas lieve on the advice of ex-Texan Robert wrangling, demanding to know why Pat- Mail order requests promptly filled Anderson, who was one of Eisenhower's man had publicly called him "namby- county official whose job may 'be •in jeopar- dy leaked the word to stir up public opinion before the Research League had its Political Intelligence public relations approach lined up. 5252525952525251 Connally on Wages Gov. Connally, who refused to meet Secrecy in Austin nally's recommendation, not McGee's. This with Valley farm workers Labor Day, revelation was publicized 'in the Houston - reportedly has met in secret with the Rev. Secrecy lin the state government is a Post, evidently put on the trail by Sen. Antonio Gonzales, a co-leader of the march topic of concern in Austin these days. Dorsey H•rdeman, Senate finance commit- to Austin, the San Antonio Express-News Publications which support the Connally tee chairman, who has had a feud on with reports, to discuss the minimum wage goals administration have criticized the recent in- the governor since 1963. Connally and of the group. "Obviously [a state minimum cidents of behind-the-door dealings, such as Barnes are 'generally credited with getting wage] is an issue," the governor has said the LBJ State Park matter, the firing of rid 'of McGee, a move that displeased Har- since. "None of us is happy with the low budget board director Vernon McGee, and deman. wages some people receive, and we are the changing of executive directors in the goo A State AFL-CIO lawsuit to have the concerned about it." Father Gonzales says Parks and Wildlife Department. The P.W.D. poll tax amendment (No. 7) removed the governor 'indicated privately he favors commissioners' handling of LBJ Park funds from the 'November election ballot failed. a state minimum wage law, as well as was declared a private function, not an offi- The poll tax was outlawed by federal some sort of law to help farmers, too. cial one, in a ruling •by Atty. of Gen. Wag- courts, but the real issue of No. 7 is the V A House sponsor of minimum wage goner Carr, "under the facts disclosed." question of permanent voter registration. legislation has been found for the corn- New P.W.D. director John Singleton was If the 'amendment is passed, 'its annual reg- ing legislative session, Lauro Cruz, state hired in an unpublicized 'meeting; his pred- istration provision will become a part of representative-elect of Houston. Joe Bernal ecessor, Weldon Watson, was dropped pri- the constitution. A Beaumont attorney, of San Antonio will place a similar bill vately also. Singleton, a 19-year depart- Edgar Berlin, has filed a suit in Jefferson before the Senate, to which he is a nomi- ment employee, says he may suggest policy County to keep No. 7 off the ballot there. nee. V Senator Yarborough points out the new changes in oyster shell dredging, a topic V Somebody jumped the gun on the Texas of dispute since 1964. He didn't 'specify federal minimum wage law, which be- Research League, which this week was comes effective next February, covers 39% what changes he proposes. Meanwhile, Mc- to release a report. The Dallas Times Her- Gee 'has been hired by the Texas Research of the nation's farm workers (on 1.6% of ald Sept. 21 in a front page story said the U.S. farms) guaranteeing $1 hourly, in- League, a private organization that's fi- report will propose "sweeping reorganiza- nanced by Texas business interests. He will creasing by 15 cents each of the following tion of Texas county governments" to elim- two years. The measure, says Yarborough, prepare a report on future money require- •nate such offices as perhaps county treas- ments of the state. McGee had been blamed, is the greatest advance in minimum wage urer, county and district clerk, tax collec- coverage since 1938. by implication, for a shortage 'in appropria- tor, and possibly sheriff. The TRL issued tions for James Connally Technical Insti- V Unions have won four of five represen- a statement after the Times Herald story, tation elections in the Texas Rio tute, Waco, but it since has developed that neither confirming or denying its truth. Grande Valley since this 'spring; 400 food the appropriation is based •on Gov. Con- The newspaper reported its 'sources had processing plant workers have been union- read the report at the Dallas county court- ized. Perhaps 14 other elections may be 16 The Texas Observer house. A good guess is that one or more sought 'by the AFL-CIO's Industrial Union Department, which began an intensive organizing campaign this 'spring in the Val- ley on behalf of the meat cutters, laborers, steelworkers, machinists, oil workers, and Subscribe to the Observer electricians. The United Farm Workers Or- ganizing Committee, AFL-CIO, is working separately in the Valley. Subscribe for a Friend 1/ Cong. Henry B. Gonzalez has introduced a bill to provide unemployment The Observer "is the conscience of the "Although we disagree completely . . . point we strongly recommend the Observer as compensation for farm workers, a political community" in Texas. — An- he stressed while speaking at the Labor one of the best sources of state political drew Kopkind in the New Republic, Nov. Day rally in Austin. news available." — Official Publication 20, 1965. V The Edinburg Daily Review reprinted of the Young Republican Clubs of Texas, the Observer's transcript of the gov- The Observer "has a stable of gifted 1965. ernor's meeting with the Valley marchers writers and kindred spirits who con- The Observer "voices dissent to al- near New Braunfels, but 'snipped off the tribute to its pages."—"Copies find their most every power bloc or politician of initials of the Observer editor. way to the desks of the mighty and even consequence in the state, from far left to far right. . . . Time and again since V Governor Connally will make the ad- into the White House."—St. Louis Post- dress when a Texas historical marker is Dispatch, July 25, 1965. its first appearance in 1954, the Ob- server has cracked stories ignored by dedicated at Woodville in October com- "Despite its shortcomings, the Texas the state's big dailies, and has had the memorating Allan Shivers' governorship. Observer is needed in Texas. Texans satisfaction of watching the papers fol- . . . Connally has declined to campaign for would miss its publication . . ."—Texas low its muckraking lead."—Newsweek, California Gov. Edmund (Pat) Brown, the Dallas News said. Brown wanted Connally AFL-CIO News, Nov. 15, 1965. March 7, 1966. to speak in conservative parts of Califor- Send $6 for each year's subscription to Sarah Payne, Business Manager, The nia. Texas Observer, 504 W. 24th St., Austin, Texas. V The water plan will be restudied, de- ferring its adoption into 1967. Ideas suggested in 26 public hearings will be NAME NAME mulled, particularly some way to pump ADDRESS ADDRESS irrigation water to West Texas and the South Plains. STATE CITY STATE CITY V Four abuses suffered by money bor- Zip Code Zip Code rowers have been most commonly cited in hearings held by the State Finance Com- was libeled in a league publication in 1963 mission in the Dallas-Fort Worth area: and in a letter the organization published failure to disclose rates and conditions of in a newspaper. Nostalgia loans, overloading customers with side charges, failure to provide refunds in cases Federal Matters Last week Atty. Gen. Waggoner Carr of prepayments, and harassment of debtors made a flying trip from Austin to and third parties in collection activities. The successor to Nicholas Katzenbach Mount Pleasant for an evening of cam- The commission was formed a year ago by as 'U.S. attorney •general may be a paigning. About 15 gathered at the air- the governor. The hearings will end next Texan, perhaps either Deputy Atty. Gen. port, but only two six-seat airplanes month and a report will be submitted to Ramsey Clark or Leon Jaworski, a Houston were in sight, so someone asked John Connally. attorney. In the meantime Clark was to Stegall, Carr's aide, what now? Stegall V Doubling tuition at state colleges to assume duties as acting A. G. said no sweat; ex-Gov. Allan Shivers $100 will be considered Oct. 17 by the V Barefoot Sanders, former Texas legis- had a third plane for them; they were College and University Coordinating Board. lator and Dallas Kennedy-Johnson cam- just looking for a pilot. If the raise is approved, it will be consid- paign director, is moving up •in the Justice In Mount Pleasant the festivities ered by the next legislature. Department. Now assistant deputy attorney were presided 'over by Rep. Neal Solo- general, Sanders has been nominated to be mon 'of that festive community. Doing Good Old Dallas chief of Justice's civil division. the introductions, Solomon came to V James H. Moyers. brother of 'the White Land Cmsr. Jerry Sadler and intro- v• Dallas has been cleared of guilt for-the House aide, died of suicide, a Virginia duced him 'as "Land Cmsr. Bascom Giles." The gathering was convulsed in assassination. Dr. Joyce Brothers, visit- medical examiner ruled. Moyers wa' s buried ing the city, says such a tragedy "is some- in Marshall. laughter. thing that could happen anywhere in the por Senators Tower and Yarborough split world — as in South Africa, for example." on three votes in recent days, Yar- San Antonio columnist Paul Thompson won- borough favoring, Tower opposing, 'the in- embarrassed that three of its lawyer dered recently why Dallas hasn't built a crease in minimum wages and cloture to members now serving penitentiary terms monument where JFK was shot, quoting end the filibuster against •the 1966 civil are still licensed to practice 'in the •state, the whispered question of a San Antonio rights bill. Yarborough voted no, Tower yes the New York Times reports. They are visitor. The Kennedy Memorial Plaza, to be on Dirksen's proposed school prayer 'amend- Clem McClelland, James Bryson Martin, built two blocks from the site, still awaits ment. and Sam Hoover. . . . W. 0. Shafer of completion of plans to build a •garage be- In the House, Texas voted 14-6 for a $3 Odessa, bar president, says a confidential neath the plaza. billion foreign aid appropriations bill which statewide poll showed that lawyers rank V The showing in Dallas last week of the the House passed. In favor were Lindley next to last among professions in Texans' widely noted JFK film, "Years of Beckworth, Jack Brooks, Earle Cabell, esteem, one notch 'above chiropractors. Lightning, Day of Drums," evoked charges Henry B. Gonzalez, George Mahon, Wright I/ Another draft system's makeup has from a Minnesota Republican congressman Patman, J. J. Pickle, Ray Roberts, Olin E. been questioned in Texas. Bexar Coun- that proceeds would help finance Demo- Teague, Mrs. Lera Thomas, Clark Thomp- ty Judge Charles 'Grace said 'board's don't cratic candidates' campaigns. Similar son, Richard White, Jim Wright, and John "truly reflect the make-up of the citizens charges had arisen out of Wisconsin and Young. Opposed were Omar Burleson, Bob of our county." Two Latins and one Negro Iowa showings of the U.S. Information Casey, Elig•o de la Garza, John Dowdy, are included in the 34 members who serve Agency film. The movie was shown •at a W. R. Poage, and Joe Pool. on the eight Bexar draft 'board's. Earlier $5-a-seat performance in Dallas, where Texans voted 13-7 against a proposed the composition of Harris County draft sponsors have since promised that proceeds $45 million foreign aid reduction, which boards was criticized on similar grounds will go to a non-political cause, probably was defeated by the House. Opposing the by two Democratic nominees to the legis- the Kennedy Center for the Performing cut were Beckworth, Brooks, Cabell, Casey, lature. Arts. Showing of the film is scheduled in de la Garza, Gonzalez, Mahon, Patman, V The conservative nature of the Univer- 91 theatres across the country before the Pickle, Mrs. Thomas, Thompson, Wright, versity of Texas campus Daily Texan November elections. and Young. In favor were Burleson, Dowdy, was underscored in a recent editorial page V Another incident in Dallas of political Poage, Pool, Roberts, Walter Rogers, and article, headlined "Farm workers viewed leaflets being included in copies of White. Not voting on either issue were 0. newspapers delivered to homes has oc- C. Fisher and Graham Purcell. a's new victim-hero" and containing, for example, this paragraph: "One longs for curred. The Times Herald printed a brief Consideration •of Cong. Pool's bill the psychologist who will write the defini- apology to subscribers who received "racist 'bill against anti-war 'activities has been leaflets circulated by the American Nazi indefinitely removed from the House sched- tive study of the professional liberal corn- Party," which, the paper says, were in- ule. miserator and expose the precise nature of the guilt and inadequacy which drive serted into copies of the paper after their V LBJ is down to 48% 'approval in delivery •to homes in Dallas. "The Times him relentlessly to 'seek out the sufferers the latest Gallup Poll, th o ugh of the earth. Such a work would truly be Herald in no way is a party to the distribu- 50% Texans 'approve of the President, action of this literature," the paper told its a national service, and its author should cording to a recent Belden Poll (which get at least $1.25 'an hour to write •it" readers. also showed Vice President Humphrey ap- V A fictitious interview between Christ V Dallas policemen are going through proved of by 48% in our state). A Louis more riot training, this time nighttime Harris nationwide •survey reports that and Beatle John Lennon in the humor magazine at Texas Western 'in El Paso has firing practice. Officers are being trained George Romney is rapidly catching up with caused an upheaval on the magazine staff. to shoot accurately under conditions they LBJ in preferences for the 1968 presiden- One student staffer 'has been relieved of might encounter on a dimly lighted streets, tial race. Romney trails 51-49% with John- the Dallas News confides. son behind only in the South. Six weeks duties, and the fate of the editor seems V The Murchisons' stock interest, worth before LBJ lead Romney 56-44% in another unpromising. In the interview the Beatles' manager suggests that Lennon and Christ perhaps $19 million, in Holt, Rine- Harris poll. Belden has found that Texans change places, since no one would know hart & Winston publishers has been sold are slowing down in their acceptance of 'the the difference, 'and put out a Christmas to CBS. Negro drive for equality, 'though 50% or V Right wing Dallas broadcaster Dan more accept sharing with Negroes railroad album, "Mersey Meets the Messiah." Christ Smoot is being sued for $500,000 by cars, restaurant, hotels, schools, churches, is also made to say: "Hell, this could be a really swinging birthday," and to express the Traverse City, Michigan, League of and jobs. But low acceptance was ex- worry that "business might go to pot," in Women Voters. The league's officers alleges pressed of public swimming pools (29% ), which case "Dad might turn 'over in his they incurred heavy expenses as a result social gatherings outside the home (37%), grave." of Smoot's million-dollar libel suit that wa ' s and social gatherings in the home (23% ). dismissed earlier. Smoot had claimed he V The Texas State Bar Association is September 30, 1966 17 ZI.I.#••••••#•44#4■••■••••INNP.41••#•••••#4.#4.**••• strike. Surely Texas liberals regard them- • selves as 'involved in the poverty of the farm workers of South Texas. If they want to make contributions 'to the farm strike Observations in Starr County, which is now resuming in earnest with the return of the migrants from northern fields, they can send contributions to the United Farm Workers Or- more. Compared to these public invest- ganizing Committee, AFL-CIO, P. 0. Box My Opinions on the Fair ments, the businessmen's underwriting of 54, Rio Grande City, Texas. In the use of $12.5 million of federal and $6 or $7 million 'is not controlling, nor is other public urban renewal money to clear it an investment; they are simply saying, off 92 acres for HemisFair in San Antonio, if the fair loses money we'll make it good The Observer and in insistently 'seeking and obtaining to this extent. Since they stand to profit enormously because of the fact of the fair, There has been a rumor that I'm leaving state and federal appropriations, the fair the Observer. It is false; I am not. I take has become a public project. Senator Ralph this is the least they Should do and gives them no right to special privileges. the continuation of a crusading, ground- Yarborough and Congressman Henry Gon- breaking, and dedicated Observer to be in- zalez are therefore correct in insisting that The fair has lately got caught in the dispensable for Texas, and a part of my, the fair has a duty to require that those whiplashings of Texas and local politics. as well as others' duty here. I am very -glad running it not profit from it as insiders This is the fault of the 'planners of the fair. to have Greg Olds here with us as associate and that every business everywhere have If they had wanted to avoid that, they editor. He is a hard-working, idealistic, a fair chance at the profits that are to be could have made the fair's planners repre- sage, and dedicated man. made. sentative of the community instead of Urban renewal projects :should not be tightly controlled by the faction, named I would describe the Observer's financial corrupted in the cause of private profit. the Good Government League, that con- conditions as stable and vigorous, but not When the public power of condemnation is trols city hall at present. Nor was their se- secure. With our business manager, Sarah used and It turns out that the effect is to lection of Gov. John Connally as commis- Payne, back on the job after her operation, line some private pockets, the people right- sioner-general far-sighted. It seemed smart; and with C. R. Olofson on his new assign- ly conclude that government has been cor- but it violated the Texas Constitution, as ment as associate manager in charge of in- rupted. In San Antonio, the city is the go- Sen. Yarborough has correctly charged, and creasing Observer revenues, we are launch- between, leasing urban renewal land to it identified the fair, state-wide, with the ing, this fall, a many-faceted program to HemisFair; the city had better make cer- one-party power 'structure that now domi- stop the 10% or so slow-leak that has kept tain that after the fair the land is reserved nates, but may or may not continue to worrying us since, in 1963, we converted for strictly public uses, or else it will stand dominate, state politics. In these circum- to the biweekly format and set out to make justly accused of consenting to a corrupt stances the fair's leaders blithely insulted it into the black. We are advertising in use of public power. the senior senator, Yarborough, -and slight- other periodicals, •trying reprint promo- HemisFair is being financed in very large ed the non-G.G.L. political leaders in San tions, 'soliciting more student bulk-rate sub- part by public fund's. The people of San Antonio. If, as a result of HemisFair, San scriptions. A liberal businessman has given Antonio laid upon themselves 'a $30 million Antonio is not to 'become 'another Dallas— us a boost by buying subscriptions for a bond issue. The taxpayers of Texas have run by the few men who control the major number of Texans he wanted to send the already put up $4.5 million and are to be 'businesses — HemisFair must change its paper as 'a gift from him. We have been asked for another $5.5 million; the Con- ways and realistically diversify its relation- doing a little with advertising and mean gress is about to provide $7.5 million or ships with Texas and local politics. to do better yet. As the fall proceeds we have other experiments planned, provided 18 The Texas Observer Meanwhile, Gonzalez 'should cease his ir- we can finance them. Anyone with ideas ritable 'attacks on Yarborough for the sen- for promoting the Observer — or with • tor's more thorough opposition to con- time and strength to put in an oar, espe- flicts of interest to which Gonzalez made cially by getting new subscribers — should MARTIN ELFANT the first public objection's. communicate with Olofson. Sun Life of Canada The Farm Strike Johnson in 1968 Eugene Nelson, leader of the Starr Coun- Fulbright says he's tried to convince 1001 Century Building ty farm strike, must now see that the strikers' families do not suffer as the picketing Johnson not to escalate the war, that China Houston, Texas and organizing goes forward. The national will come in, but that he's failed and the AFL-CIO has agreed to pay for some or- war will be escalated after November. The CA 4-0686 ganizers there, but so far there is no "'strike debate has died out because Johnson is the fund," without which strikers cannot sus- dictator in foreign policy. If he escalates Ma, tain themselves and their children while they are deprived of income because of the this war any more, and if we live so long, Campaign Cards & Placards & Bumperstrip: the liberals will oppose him in 1968 and & Brochures & Flyers & Letterheads & En1 he will be defeated, as he 'should be. R. D. elopes &- Vertical Posters & Buttons & Ribh ons & Badges & Process Color Work & Ari Work & Forms & Newspapers & Political F #ripit z' MEETINGS rinting & Books & Silk Screen Work & Mag: o v • Since 1866 THE THURSDAY CLUB of Dallas meets each e Thursday noon for lunch (cafeteria style) at the Downtown YMCA. 605 No. Ervay St., nt FL/TURA PRESS The Place in Austin ti Dallas. Good discussion. You're welcome. In- formal, no dues. 0 HI 2-5682 ITEMS for this feature cost, for the first entry. rs GOOD FOOD I HI 2.2426 7c a word, and for each subsequent entry. 5c a ds word. We must receive them one week before to 1714 SO. CONGRESS GOOD BEER the date of the issue in which they are to be M AL,ST1N 1607 San Jacinto published. al The TRAVIS COUNTY LIBERAL DEMO- & Silk Screen Work & Po itical Printing GR 7-4171 CRATS meet at Spanish Village at 8 p.m. on the first Thursday. You're invited. Novelties & Mimeograph Supplies & Convent PORVIE OR AIRFOILS( invasion of privacy, well he could just not run for public office. With that statement would come a supporting document, if needed, to make it clear just who paid him money for what. A Modest Proposal Non-taxable income such as campaign con- Denton see what those special interests were get- tributions, the fair market value of such What will be needed to reform Texas ting for their money. things as the use of airplanes, cars, and government? The mind boggles at the very Take the case of a leading public figure hotel rooms should also be included. idea. Perhaps a 2,000-gallon drum of na- who has been hopping all over the Lone Most important, suitable penalties for palm in the Capitol Building in Austin and Estar State, not to mention other climes. false reporting or non-reporting, such as an a 20-megaton bomb at the intersection of Now I don't know where he is getting his automatic suspension from office, should be Commerce and Akard in Dallas going off money. I know the taxpayers are slipping included. together would be an acceptable start. him $4,800 a year plus other considerations. In short, a man who believes it's perfect- But, friend Dugger, if you're really But my friendly travel agent tells me, ly all right to accept a legal fee from some serious about this business of formulating round-trip, Houston to, say, a certain person would be perfectly free to do so. some sort of program that us wild-eyed South American city, economy-class, is Then it would be up to the voters to look folk can rally around—here goes. $476, and I know of few family men at his voting record and decide for them- I think it's a fairly accepted fact in Aus- making $4,800 a year who can make that selves if that fee influenced the man's tin that every elected official of our state trip. voting. government sells out in some form or Of course, like most other legislators, the So there you are—a potential plank in another. Let's face it, with what we pay present subject may be holding down a full- the liberal manifesto. Or should we stick most state officials, especially legislators, time job somewhere. I haven't heard of it, with Guy Fawkes? and the cost of campaigning, you've got to but then Denton is not the best listening Jim Barlow, P.O. Box 939, Denton, Tex. get money from someone. point in the state. But obviously as much I know this may be regrettable, but it's as he gets around, he must be getting some true and we might as well work from contributions from somebody. That's not Guest Editorial there. necessarily bad—if we know where they So ole Honest Joe Blow is selling out— are coming from. perhaps to those nice guys over at the I feel the solution is fairly simple. An editorial from the Arkansas Gazette Texas AFL-CIO or maybe to those evil oil Every year, every public official in Tex- of Sept. 16: pipeline companies. But if the voters knew as from justice of the peace on up should John Connally is the best governor Texas who is selling out to whom—where Jae be required to make his income tax state- has had since Price Daniel, the last one. gets the money to live—they could at least ment public. If he felt this was an undue Who else would have been considerate enough to go all the way to New Braunfels to tell the Rio Grande Valley huelguistas that he would not be in Austin when they got there? 'Good News from Texas' The new federal minimum wage bill fin- This item appeared in The New York lished in England by Victor Gollancz but ally reported out of conference committee Times Book Review Sept. 11, in the column thus far without a publisher here; Elroy and sent to the president for the first time "In and Out of Books" by Christopher Leh- Bode, perhaps the Observer's most prolific includes some categories of agricultural mann-Haupt, under the title, "Good News writer, mud.' pursued by book editors but workers. However, not all of the protest- from Texas": yet to produce a book; Bill Grammer, au- ing Texas field workers will 'be covered .. . The second biggest state, known for wide thor of The Gay Place; and Willie Morris, and the "floor" to be established next Feb- spaces, high piles of money, flying bullets now a New York magazine editor. Actually, ruary for those who are covered will be and men of few words, has been of late Morris comes from Yazoo City, Miss., but only $1 an hour, where the Valley march- stacking a literary deck. For openers: from he went to the University of Texas in Aus- ers were asking a state-determined mini- Scribners in September, This Stubborn Soil tin "to get liberated." The memoir he is mum of $1.25. The new federal law estab- by William A. Owens, a memoir about a writing, a piece 'of which appears in the lishes a new minimum of $1.40 an hour, boy growing up on the frontier to become current issue 'of Commentary, sounds the starting on February 1, for manufactur- a teacher. (The protagonist is now on The keynote of the whole Observer group — ing workers and others who were already English faculty at Columbia.) From Dial in liberal, intelligent, personal, and slow to covered under existing law . . . October, The Last Picture Show a third anger. The winner of a Houghton Mifflin While the House and Senate conferees novel by Larry McMurtry, the earlier two Fellowship Award, Morris's memoir will were still wrangling at Washington, Gen- having been Horseman, Pass By and Leav- appear next year. eralissimo Franco's Cabinet at Madrid is- ing Cheyenne. And from N.A.L./World, sued a decree establishing the same legal The Texas Country Editor: H. M. Baggarly minimum of $1.40, starting now. Takes a Grass-Roots Look at the National We might add to this item from New We have been unable to determine wheth- Scene. Mr. Baggarly's editorials appeared York that Larry Goodwyn, another of our er farm workers are included under the in the Tulia Herald, Tulia being a small contributing editors, is at work on two Spanish law, but if they are, Governor Con- town not far from Amarillo. books, one on the history of the Southwest, nally's message to the Valley Latinos could What at least Owens and McMurtry have another about the South of the present seen have been an even simpler one: "You should of stood in Spain." in common, besides being Texans, is pub- against Goodwyn•s interpretations of the ❑ lication in the Texas Observer, a weekly historical South. Robert Sherrill, a contrib- September 30, 1966 19 newspaper published in Austin and adver- uting editor of the Observer and the Na- tising itself as "A Journal of Free Voices; tion's Washington man, has completed his ...... ,...... ,...► ....„_...... „_.,...... „_„_,...., A Window to the South." Clustered on the book on Southern politicians. Elroy B•de's Texai Society i masthead of the Observer is a clutch of sketches are receiving serious consideration I writers who should be heard from. Among for publication as a book, despite a com- to Abolish 1 them are Larry L. King, whose first novel mercial prejudice among the trade publish- The One-Eyed Man (N.A.L.) was published ers against sketches as a form for writing. Capital Punishment last year, and who is at work on a second; A book based on the Observer's special Ronnie Dugger, the editor and guiding editions on three men, Roy Bedichek, Wal- memberships, $2 up spirit of the Observer since the mid-fifties, ter Prescott Webb, and J. Frank Dobie, has and the author of a book about Claude been signed up for publication and will ap- P.O. Box 8134, Austin, Texas 78712 I •atherly, the Hiroshima pilot, to be pub- pear next year.—Ed. eassuaibuisrwoue.orsamiru.s.....rwmeolm.• ■•■■■■,■..m.onws.a. As they slowly advanced I could see young and old faces, faces that because of too much work and too little pay never had a chance to flirt with youth. Beads of sweat ran down these weathered faces — faces that said: "We are the owners of the earth and the caretakers of the farmlands of the world." A Vote for Tower political system in Texas, Waggoner Carr The heat of the scorching sun jerked me Waggoner Carr's hand may be the hand probably could not 'have chosen a better back from my idealism to reality and the of Esaw, but the voice is the voice of Jacob. time to unilaterally decide that he is a disgusting fact that these simple human I am voting for a checks and balances sys- moderate. beings had to go to such a great degree of tem upon which this country has grown to Don W. Allford, 1505 Cloverleaf, Austin, discomfort to demonstrate their need for a the greatest in the world. I am voting for Texas. minimum wage of $1.25. These people are John Tower. human beings — not animals — and they Charles Tesar, Jr., 3822 N. Terry, Fort Tower Didn't Study Economics should have some leisure time for them- Worth, Texas. The Observer of Sept. 16 incorrectly stat- selves and, more important, an adequate ed that Sen. Tower studied economics in education for their children. A minimum Tactical Error by Carr college. Sen. Tower studied political science wage, right now, would help them begin to I would like to applaud your very fine at the London School of Economics and attain these things. backing-away endorsement 'of John Tower Political Science. A look at Sen. Tower's I ask this question of the farm owners: [Obs., Sept. 16]. The public good — and voting record makes it evident that he did Where does materialism end and where clearly the liberal cause — will certainly not study economics. does humanism begin? The answer is ob- "be less damaged by Tower." Donald Smith, 1216 W. 22nd St., Austin, vious: Materialism should end before it Texas. It would seem to me that Carr's very begins to infringe on personal human recent decision to tell the voters he is a Write-in, or Scratch rights. Farm owners, you who have violated moderate and that Tower is a Goldwaterite these basic human rights of your workers is a tactical error. The large negative vote Robert N. Hoffman, in the issue of June for so many years, examine your consci- reaped by Goldwater in Texas was partly 10, suggests a write-in campaign for gov- ence and yield to your hearts. for a native son and partly because of ernor. I say let's elect a Republican gover- But I also ask a question of South Texas Goldwater's pronounced desire to unleash nor (in spite of the Republicans who aren't politicians: Is it ethical to prostitute this nuclear war. That native, home-grown (or very much interested) and be on our way human cause for higher wages by trying to to the two-party system which our state rather half-grown) son is not ■in the race make it into a racial question? I am not this year; and 'aside from the fact that needs so desperately. I feel pretty sure that saying that there isn't any racial discrim- Johnson has long since outdone Goldwater the G.O.P. candidate is as good as we have. ination in South Texas, but this march has in Vietnam, those voters who voted against Personally, I plan to read and compare to be looked upon as a broader human Goldwater are on the whole more alert some platforms; if the G.O.P. isn't offer- question, rather than exclusively involving than Carr realizes. Moreover, the "moder- ing something better than we have—I'll one ethnic group. scratch 'em all.—Varina W. Luckenbach, ate" label on Carr is likely to fool more In spite of these problems, I have no Box 237, Odom, Tex. conservatives than liberals and consequent- doubt that these marchers will achieve their ly may erode his conservative base. goal simply because basic human questions For the sake of a responsible, two-party In Defense of the Marines are always answered. In regard to Alfred Schild's "Reflec- 20 The Texas Observer tions on Texas and the Marines" [Obs. George Truan, 303 E. Alice, Kingsville, Aug. 19], I can surely sympathize with him Tex. in the loss of his friend, Robert Boyer, at the hands of a maniacal killer, Charles Teach Them in English Whitman. Concerning the article by Carlos R. Guer- A distraught person will lash out. There- ra [Obs. Sept. 2], I urge the Spanish-speak- fore I accept Mr. Schild's proposal to uni- ing parents to abandon 'the attitude that it laterally abolish the United States Marine amounts to unfair discrimination when Corps as wild flailing in the darkness of his school's insist that 'the children speak Eng- grief. lish in the school room and on the school Mr. Schild's implication that the Marine grounds.... This is not a question of which Corps trains young heroes "to be brave language shall 'have "top-dog" status. It is and thoughtless and cruel" goes full circle a question of whether the child shall be on the ring of extremism and meets face able to learn fast enough to keep up on age to face with the equally unacceptable views and grade level with his contemporaries.... of Klansmen, Birchers and the like. Classroom time prohibits the teaching of It should be significant that Oswald was lessons (and class discussion) in two lan- dishonorably discharged from the United guages. .. . All text's are in English. . . . States Marine Corps and Whitman was An educated person must have 'command court-martialed and demoted for, among of at least one language; in schools our other things, having an illegal pistol. If medium 'of communication is English. . . . these two had excelled while serving in the I am beginning my fifth year teaching in Marine Corps, then he might have a point. a mixed language classroom. Apparently I wonder what makes Mr. Schild such the mind of a child can memorize and 'ab- an authority on the Marine Corps. sorb only so much in a given time. If the Mrs. A. H. Allen, 1105 N. 4th Street, major pant of this 'ability is invested in Temple, Texas 76501. developing an away-from-home vocabu- lary (in a foreign language), then it must A Human Cause follow 'that the child's new learning into I was watching as large clusters of people interpretation, deduction, and analysis gathered in the heat of the South Texas seems to be hindered. sun and waited patiently for the farm Mrs. Rozelle Dohoney, 1607 E. 16th St., worker marchers to reach the city limits. Big Spring, Texas 79720.