From the University Presses -- Open Access and the Future of Scholarly Communication Sanford G

Against the Grain

Volume 21 | Issue 5 Article 30

November 2009 From the University Presses -- Open Access and the Future of Scholarly Communication Sanford G. Thatcher Penn State Press, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/atg Part of the Library and Information Science Commons

Recommended Citation Thatcher, Sanford G. (2009) "From the University Presses -- Open Access and the Future of Scholarly Communication," Against the Grain: Vol. 21: Iss. 5, Article 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/2380-176X.2666

This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. From the University Presses — Open Access and the Future of Scholarly Communication Column Editor: Sanford G. Thatcher (Director, Penn State Press, USB 1, Suite C, 820 N. University Drive, University Park, PA 16802-1003; Phone: 814-865-1327; Fax: 814-863-1408) www.psupress.org

Column Editor’s Note: This article is the Where I began my publishing career, at Princ- and, even more recently, cooperative ventures text of a talk given at the University of Roch- eton University Press, this was a problem only among groups of presses or between presses and ester on September 23 under the auspices of indirectly since Princeton did not consider itself other institutions on their own campuses to pub- its Andrew Neilly Lecture Series, which on a major publisher of journals, having at that time lish monographs in fields where—to borrow the this occasion was meant to help celebrate the only four in its portfolio. But the evidence of the language made famous through the Gutenberg-e 20th anniversary of the University of Roch- impact of the so-called serials crisis on the bread- project — books are “endangered species” (a phrase ester Press. The author would like to thank and-butter monograph publishing that was that coined, by the way, by my mentor in publishing, the press’s director, Suzanne Guiod, and the press’s core mission soon became clear. I trace my Herbert Bailey, Jr., director of Princeton Uni- library’s director, Susan Gibbons, for extend- own awakening to the crisis and its baleful effects versity Press at the time, and then put to effective ing the invitation and being such congenial on scholarly book publishing to internal discussions use later by Robert Darnton, who had served hosts. — ST at Princeton that led to the publication of a series on the press’s editorial board during this period of articles in the journal called Scholarly Publishing and had many conversations with me and others (later expanded to Journal of…) over a two-year at the press about the “crisis”). As I wrote in “A s a term of art, “open access” (OA) has period between April 1972 and April 1974. The Post-Mortem for Gutenberg-e: Or, Why Ross been widely used for not even a decade titles of these articles were, in succession, “The Atkinson’s Dream Is Still a Dream” (Against yet, probably gaining its popularity after A Impending Crisis in University Publishing,” “The the Grain, January 2009), none of us who served a series of declarations identified with the cities of Crisis—One Year Later,” and “The Crisis—Is It on the advisory board for these eBook initiatives Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin made it a familiar Over?” Not long thereafter appeared an NSF- before they were proposed to Mellon for funding phrase to many early in this new century. It came funded study that brought this crisis to the attention believed that they could be self-sustaining beyond into being in roughly the same period as the word of librarians in a most dramatic way. In their report the point at which the original funding had been “open source,” with which it is sometimes unfor- published in 1975, librarians Bernard Fry and exhausted. Even though the Humanities E-Book tunately confused but with which it has in common Herbert White found, for the period 1969-1973, Project claims to be paying its own way now, it is the inspiration of a democratic ideal of open and free that the ratio of book to journal expenditures in the doing so only because of the addition to the core communication and the sharing of knowledge. largest academic libraries had dropped over that new monographs of a large corpus of scanned older As any librarian in this audience can tell you, five-year period from better than 2 to 1 to 1.16 to 1 titles, which make the overall package attractive the original and still sustaining impetus behind the (Fry/White 1975: 61), with every expectation that enough to libraries to subscribe. In a mostly quite open-access movement was the challenge for aca- this trend would only get worse — as, indeed, it did. positive review of HEB in this month’s issue of demic libraries that the costs of journal subscriptions Fry and White’s prognosis for university presses the British online Reviews in History, Winthrop posed to their budgets as serial prices increased at a was particularly gloomy: their situation, they said, University library dean Mark Herring raises this rate greater than inflation, sometimes much greater. “can be described, without exaggeration, as disas- question of sustainability over the long term even There are many reasons for this, and the pressure trous. Already heavily encumbered by operating while recognizing that HEB is currently self-sup- on commercial publishers to keep profit margins deficits…, university presses appear…to be sliding porting. This is a problem, he says, that “must high is only one of them, though perhaps the most even more rapidly toward financial imbalance” be worked out. Whether it will or not remains a prominent in the rhetoric of OA advocates. Other (Fry/White 1975: 11). mystery, and that mystery may well prove to be the reasons include the growing productivity of scien- How, in light of this prediction of impending undoing of many digital sources, not to mention the tists (and the problem exists in its most extreme whole eBook enterprise.” He goes on to remind us form for what are known as STM journals) as disaster, could Bill Becker, the CFO at Princeton University Press and author of that final article in that there is a second major problem that has mostly research funding increased dramatically after the just been swept under the rug for the time being: end of World War II and the careers of scientists, the series, consider the crisis possibly to be past? His explanation was that, “except for the smaller digital preservation. People don’t want to talk about especially in universities, came to depend on the it these days because it is “unglamorous.” Yet “we number of publications even more than their qual- ones, presses for the most part have managed to sur- vive their financial difficulties quite well by making have not solved the problem…, and it does not look ity; this growth led not only to the proliferation of like we will, at least in the short term. When I raised journals but also to an increase in the number of a host of adjustments, including radically increased book prices, substantially lower discounts, econo- this matter at a cyber-conference it was not greeted issues published and in the length of each issue as with much more than ho-hum, not-so-polite throat- it had to accommodate more articles per issue. On mies achieved in book production costs, slashing staffs, publishing more books with sales potential clearing and a general, ‘Next question.’ Finally, top of these exigencies of sheer growth came the a technician stood up and said he wanted to allay temptations of new technology as the transition from and fewer which cannot pay their own way, special inventory sales, and so forth.” Still, Becker went my fears. ‘We’ll fix all that,’ he said. ‘Consider it print to electronic added substantial extra costs for done.’ That was ten years ago.” publishers to provide all kinds of services beyond on to wonder, how much more could such methods just the delivery of content online. Many journal be used without becoming at some point self-de- What has happened, though, is another develop- publishers, including even small ones like our Press, feating? Ominously and — as we can now see with ment in technology that has occurred mostly out of now use very sophisticated editorial management the wisdom of hindsight — presciently, he ended public view and that has effectively bought some systems that offer a wonderful resource for both the by pointing to “the increasing danger that presses more time for university presses before they have academic editors and the publishers’ staff (though will turn more and more to publishing books on to meet the grim reaper. Just in the same way that it needs to be noted that many scholars who edit the basis of saleability rather than scholarly merit.” the changes university presses initiated in the early journals are not eager to learn how to use these And, while noting the temporary mitigating effects 1970s kept the sinking ship afloat for another three systems properly and have to be coaxed, if not even that a generous grant from the Mellon Foundation decades, digital printing came to the rescue in the sometimes forced, to go through the training). There to presses for publishing books in the humanities late 1990s just as presses were beginning to despair are open-source alternatives like the Open Journals might have, he asked: “But what then?” (Becker of keeping their heads above water for much longer. System of the Public Knowledge Project that are 1974: 202) What Cambridge sociologist and publishing entre- available for use, but in my experience they are not Indeed, one might ask that last question preneur John Thompson identified as “The Hidden at the level of sophistication that the commercially also in the wake of further grants that the Mel- Revolution” in his state-of-the-business study titled developed products are, and may never be. At any lon Foundation has generously provided Books in the Digital Age (Polity, 2005), which I rate, whatever one may think about corporate greed, to fund other book-publishing projects, in- highly recommend to you as the most up-to-date it is not the only factor that explains the spiraling cluding (through the AHA and ACLS) the and comprehensive treatment of academic publish- cost of serials acquisitions for libraries. Gutenberg-e and Humanities E-Book Projects continued on page 79

78 Against the Grain / November 2009 100 years instead of just the three years envisaged units but for third parties as well, and Google made From the University Presses in the editors’ projected budget. So, warehouses it known that two million of its digitized books from page 78 bulged with excess inventory, which locked up could soon be printed out as paperbacks using the precious capital that otherwise could be used for Espresso Book Machine, another version of this ing (even though Google only got mentioned in publishing new books coming down the pipeline. technology that is relatively cheap and can even be one footnote because its Book Search project was In one fell swoop, digital printers offered salvation: installed and used in libraries, as it has already in a only just coming onto the scene when Thompson’s print runs could go as low as a single copy and still few. So, this “revolution” is showing amazing signs book went to press), turned out to be much more make economic sense. Lightning Source built of growth, no longer so hidden from the general important to the finances of university presses than its business originally on older backlist titles that public, who may come to appreciate that, despite any revenue streams from eBook sales, which still publishers wanted to keep in print and wooed uni- Jeff Bezos’s confident predictions, the printed book are minuscule (in the 1-2% range for most presses, versity presses by absorbing the costs of digitization is not about to die anytime soon, if ever. if even that much). You are all familiar with digital in many instances. Its alliance with Amazon.com It is just this revolution that has given hope to printing in its most basic form, as the photocopy expanded its scope beyond just the retail bookstores some of us in the university press community that machine, which has been around for decades now that Ingram serviced and opened these older titles we can eat our cake and have it, too. Many of us (and was the single most controversial element in to a whole new audience — what came to be known, have long cherished the ideal of open access as determining how the Copyright Act of 1976 came as Chris Anderson dubbed it, “the long tail.” A basic to our missions as scholarly publishers. We to be written). Ever evolving into more sophisti- few years ago, Lightning Source set up shop in the share the same values as the rest of the academic cated forms, this technology became revolutionary United Kingdom as well, providing an opportunity community; we want what we publish to reach as for the industry when it was integrated into the for publishers like Penn State to make a decision, many people as possible throughout the world at book distribution chain in the late 1990s when as we recently did, to supply that market entirely minimal expense. That is one of the most important the major book wholesaler Ingram started up a through POD rather than warehousing books in reasons why we work for university presses and not new business under the name of Lightning Print, England, as we had done for many years. (This for commercial publishers for whom, no matter how later changed to Lightning Source. The genius arrangement works for all of our books except much they want to disseminate knowledge also, are of this linkage was to solve academic publishers’ highly illustrated art books for which the technol- ultimately driven by the imperatives of the market two major problems overnight: inventory and cash ogy has not evolved yet to the point of being able to economy and the need to satisfy shareholders. At flow. Under the system prevailing almost since reproduce images at the level of quality expected in the same time, like our commercial counterparts, we the days of Gutenberg, publishers always faced that field.) Even more recently,Amazon bought out run businesses that are obliged to pay their bills. If the temptation of decreasing unit costs by printing the POD vendor BookSurge, pressuring publishers you want to know the single dominant reason that more copies, and ever the optimists, editors hoped to use that company as the sole source for POD if the AAUP differs from the ARL on most copyright against hope that their books would break out of they wanted to continue having their books listed on issues, that is your answer. Our parent universities, the pack and become best sellers, against all odds Amazon (a tactic that has spawned at least one law so far at least, have not shown themselves willing (because the 80/20 rule pertains as much to book suit, from an association of small presses). And just to pay all of our costs up front so that we can cease publishing as to other forms of commerce), persuad- earlier this month Lightning Source announced a worrying about who is stealing “our” property. (I ing their marketing departments, which knew better, new agreement to provide POD services to the giant put “our” in scare quotes because university presses, to go along with print runs that, as reality usually French publisher Hachette Livre, which will not with a few rare exceptions, do not themselves own proved, would satisfy demand for the next 50 or only make POD available for its own constituent continued on page 80 Against the Grain / November 2009 79 platform, which Penn State had joined with Cor- formats (85/308 for the book priced at $65/$25 and From the University Presses nell in developing further under a Mellon grant, 64/143 for the book priced at $39/$30). But we from page 79 from journal publishing into monograph publishing. also realize that there must be an upper limit to the The Libraries decided not to follow exactly the pricing of a paperback before its sales are harmed. any intellectual property but simply manage it on model used by NAP. Instead of the constraints on We just don’t know yet quite where that limit is. behalf of their parent universities.) When we see dpi and printing one page at a time, our site provides But when you consider that back in the 1960s uni- state systems like Georgia’s play fast and loose with each chapter in the book as a PDF, with half of the versity presses were regularly selling 3,000 copies interpretations of fair use that allow for virtually chapters downloadable and printable at normal of almost every monograph in hardback, and that unrestricted coursepack copying, we get alarmed 300 dpi while the rest can be viewed online but not even in the mid-1990s we were still able to sell 200 because such practices, if they were to become downloaded or printed, thus preserving the incen- or more hardbacks simultaneously with 800 or 900 widespread, would dry up a pool of revenue that tive to buy for some readers who might want the paperbacks, it is rather amazing that we are still in all of us depend on today to help meet the goal of convenience of having the entire text in an afford- business when sales for a typical monograph now, covering about 90% of our operating costs. Sure, able paperback format. I wasn’t initially happy with even when the paperback is delayed, are about 300- this income may not much exceed 5% of our over- this decision, because I admired the NAP approach 400 hardbacks and not more than about 400-500 all budget, but if any of you have been through so much, but over time I reconciled myself to it and paperbacks on average. The numbers are getting so exercises when you have to cut that much out of I don’t believe it has ultimately made any practical low that every extra efficiency we can muster will your budgets in already lean and efficiently run difference. Authors whose books get published in not suffice to stave off the inevitable, barring some operations, you may appreciate more why we rush this series have the best of both worlds: they get a new technological innovation that can come to our to use copyright law to defend our interests, which regular printed book that they can give to their P&T rescue once again. And, as we all should know by are defined for us by the budgetary strictures of our committees, their friends, and their families (and now, trying to turn ourselves into mini-Random parent institutions. that the Press can send out to review media that Houses is not the answer: just ask all those presses But I digress. What I want to emphasize here are as yet still reluctant to assign people to review whose budgets were devastated this year by massive is that POD affords an opportunity for presses to books just online), while anyone in the entire world returns from the cash-strapped bookstores. experiment with open access without losing their with Internet access can consult their book, read it Open access in its most full-blown form, where shirts economically. The National Academies all for free online, or assign chapters to students at there are no copyright or other restrictions on reuse Press pioneered in this experimentation when it be- no charge, thus expanding their readership exponen- of academic work of any kind (except, under the gan posting all of its books online beginning in the tially beyond the number who could find a copy most popular Creative Commons mid-1990s. It invented a mechanism that allowed in a few hundred academic libraries, mostly in license, “commercial” use — what- people to browse an entire text online, using sophis- the U.S. What scholar would not ever that means), will come about ticated search tools, but imposed certain constraints want to have a printed book to put only if universities decide to step up on their downloading and printing out the whole on the shelf and at the same time to the plate and move to Gold OA book. The dpi was fine for reading on screen but, have it exposed to readers all over for monographs, as they seem to be when printed out, looked like old newspaper print, the world at no cost to them? beginning to do for journal articles, even harder on the eyes than prolonged reading on This is, I think, the wave of the as evidenced by the just recently screen. And it required users who wanted a large future — if it proves financially announced Compact for Open-Ac- number of pages to press a button to print each page, feasible. Whether it will do so cess Publication whereby Cornell, making this a very laborious and time-consuming remains to be seen. The early Dartmouth, Harvard, MIT, and task to get a print copy of a long book. What NAP evidence is that we can sell almost UC-Berkeley commit themselves discovered, and had hypothesized in advance, was as many books in POD form through this site “to the timely establishment of that the online accessibility of the books would pro- as we did the regular offset-printed books from the durable mechanisms for underwriting reasonable vide an analogue to the experience of browsing in series that was published during the decade of the publications fees for open-access journal articles a bricks-and-mortar bookstore, which many people 1990s. We had expected, and results have shown, written by its faculty for which other institutions like to do before making a decision to purchase. As that with the availability of the books in this series would not be expected to provide funds.” This is a result, NAP experienced increases in sales of its in either cloth or paper formats from the outset, of course just a promissory note, to be redeemed at books, compared with sales it had experienced for sales of the cloth edition would not likely exceed some future point when these universities, perhaps comparable books in the past, and besides POD 100 copies. University presses had come to learn joined then by others, actually do set up such “du- versions, NAP also sold its books as PDFs, though by the late 1990s that more academic libraries rable mechanisms.” But at least it is a step in the this constituted only about 15% of overall sales, were instructing their vendors to fill orders with right direction and constitutes a recognition of the according to NAP’s Michael Jensen, who quoted paperbacks if published simultaneously, and many responsibility for universities to assume this burden this figure to me in a recent email. (There were also of our presses had therefore adapted by delaying at an institutional level and not just let each faculty some problems with unauthorized superdistribution publication of a paperback by a year or more. In member fend for himself or herself in paying the of some of these titles, I understand, especially the this way we could still sell 300-400 copies of a required fees. Another key term in this Compact is more trade-oriented books under its Joseph Henry book in hardback, a sufficiently large number that “reasonable.” One wonders who gets to define what Press imprint.) NAP thus had the happy outcome of we could also have this run printed by traditional is “reasonable” as a fee for any given journal, and being able to increase or at least sustain its revenue offset (since printers using that technology had how that is determined, especially in the absence while being able to fulfill its mission of disseminat- reduced their prices in competition with the new of knowledge of the real costs the publisher incurs. ing knowledge for its constituent scientific groups digital printers) while using digital printing for the (There is, I should note, not unanimous agreement ever more widely throughout the whole world. second stage of a book’s life-cycle in paperback, that this is a step in the right direction. Stevan Envy can breed opportunity, so when we at until sales dropped low enough to put the book into Harnad, an outspoken advocate for Green OA, Penn State were making plans to launch an Office Lightning Source’s pure POD system. We don’t thinks this is the wrong direction to move at this of Digital Scholarly Publishing as a joint operation as yet know, however, how low we can go with pa- time, and that Green OA should logically precede of the Press and the Libraries, one idea that came perback sales until we reach the point of no return. Gold OA.) to mind immediately — with the extra stimulus Experimenting with different pricing schemes is one Even if you take $3,500 as an emerging norm provided by interested faculty from two depart- of the aims of our Romance Studies series, and we for an OA publication fee, based on the experience ments — was to revive the dormant Penn State used the opportunity provided by a near perfect test of PLoS journals, this is still a far cry from the Studies in Romance Literatures, expand its scope, case, with two early books in the series both about $20,000 to $25,000 that it would cost to fully sub- and relaunch it online as the Romance Studies se- women writers in 19th-century France by authors sidize publication of a typical monograph (assum- ries, following the model that NAP had provided a of the same academic rank, to see if differences in ing that the costs associated with print publication decade earlier. We did not know, of course, whether the cost between the hardback and paperback edi- amount to no more than 25% of the overall costs of what had worked for the sciences would work for tions, i.e., the differential between the two prices, publishing a book, with this being the “first copy” the humanities, so one goal was precisely to see if would affect sales very much. It didn’t make a cost alone). So far I have seen no evidence of any the combined online/POD approach could work in huge difference, but interestingly the book that had university willing to take this leap from subsidizing other areas. Another motivation for Penn State was the higher list price for the hardback and lower list OA faculty publishing in journals to OA faculty to enable an extension of the DPubS open-source price for the paperback outsold the other in both continued on page 81

80 Against the Grain / November 2009 ATG_NOV_2009.pdf 9/11/09 12:46:22 PM

From the University Presses

from page 80 American Economic Journal Economic American American Economicine Journal: access to vanderbilt.edu/AEA/membership.htm.0 per year, depending Members on publishing in books. That is unfortunate as what American Economic Journal Journal of EconomicAmerican I call the new “digital divide” between book and American American Economic Journal g print copies

journal content will only grow wider as more of American Economic Journal Microeconomics American Economic Journal Economic American

R. J. AUMANN AND J. the latter is made available to OA while only a Assessing Strategic Risk Macroeconomics American Economic Journal Microeconomics H. DREZE ATTILA AMBRUS AND trickle of the former gets into that mode. And what Asymmetric Networks in Two-S ROSSELLA ARGENZIANO ALI HORTAÇSU, F. ided Markets RICARDO REIS AND JASON DOUGLASASÍS MARTÍNEZ-JEREZ, Optimal Monetary Policy Rules in an Estimated Sticky-Information AppModel lied Economics The Geography of Trad sense does it make, intellectually, to have those two Evidence from eBay ande Mercadoin Online Transactions: SUNGBAE AN, YONGSUNG CHANG, AND SUN-BIN KIM Macroeconomics Libre Can A Representative Agent Model Represent a Heterogeneous Agent JASON ABREVAYA SANDEEP BALIGA AND TOMAS SJÖ Economy? Are There Missing Girls in the United States? Contracting with Third Parties forms of scholarship so separated from each other Evidence from Birth Data STRÖM BENJAMIN F. JONES AND BENJAMIN A. OLKEN

Hit or Miss? The Effect of Assassinations on Institutions and War 1 Number 1, Volume 2009 February LEONARDO J. BASSO,

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SHORTER PAPERS: S. Maccini and D. Yang; A. Beggs and K. Graddy; P. N. Ireland; L. Kilian; J. Wright with UC-Berkeley, and the Humanities E-Book JUNE 2009 Project of intentions to open their operations to become suppliers of large aggregations of eBooks. Also, Project Muse has begun a pilot project to test the feasibility of bringing monographs into its operation and making them integrated with the journal content already available. Meanwhile, five Four New Journals! university presses have succeeded in persuading the Mellon Foundation to provide seed money to The AEA has expanded its publication program by launching four explore yet another cooperative non-profit venture new journals: in this arena, while Duke has now moved beyond beta testing of its online monographs program (us- tAEJ: Applied Economics (AEJ: Applied) ing ebrary’s technology for its platform) into full tAEJ: Economic Policy (AEJ: Policy) operational mode. All of these proposed schemes, tAEJ: Macroeconomics (AEJ: Macro) however, are simply non-profit variations of their tAEJ: Microeconomics (AEJ: Micro) commercial counterparts, and they all depend on the They join our established journals in providing access to economic research. subscription model to sustain themselves. None is Like the AER, they follow the ‘double blind’ peer-review process. truly open access. More promising along these lines is the scholar-initiated Open Humanities Press, tAmerican Economic Review (AER) which a month ago announced the launching of five tJournal of Economic Literature (JEL) new OA monograph series in critical and cultural tJournal of Economic Perspectives (JEP) theory with the technical support of the University of Michigan Library’s Scholarly Publishing Office All ﬁelds of economics are covered in at least one of the new journals. (which functions very much as our ODSP does). It Order at www.AEAweb.org/subscribe.html is also at Michigan, of course, that the university rather dramatically announced that its press would www.AEAweb.org t [email protected] in the future publish monographs online, mislead- ing some to believe that the press would no longer Visit us at Booth #2459 at the ALA Midwinter provide any of its books in print form whereas, in Meeting in Boston, January 15 –19, 2010 fact, what Michigan intends to do is what we have already been doing with our Romance Studies series for four years and what Michigan’s press had already been doing for its Digital Culture books series. Give credit to Michigan, though, for push- ing the envelope. Some of us presses would rather Websites. Most people cheered when Harvard recently been opened to the public and I am both have more evidence of this approach’s economic announced its plan to have the journal articles of anxious and fearful at what I will find when I take feasibility before taking the full plunge with our its faculty in the arts and sciences posted online; I my copyeditor’s eye into its interior. Will I find, entire lists. But if the Michigan administration groaned. As a former copyeditor who used to edit as I did as a copyeditor, that the expert on a famous is willing to put its money where its mouth is and some Harvard faculty writings, it did not come as religious figure will have systematically miscited support this venture even if losses mount, more happy news to think these scholars would be willing the standard edition of his works, or that the author- power to it. Eventually, Michigan may find that to have their work appear, grammatical infelicities, ity on a 19th-century political philosopher will have it is just not worth the effort to maintain a market incorrect citations, clumsy prose, and all, for all the badly transcribed quotation after quotation, or that mechanism at all for cost recovery and just try go- world to see. And it amazed me to hear Harvard so few really understand what a dangling modifier ing OA completely. administrators speak as though this would be for is? As much as I am fundamentally in favor of open My hope is that if monographs do go the route the public benefit and would enhance Harvard’s access, I wish we could avoid the proliferation of of open access as journals already have begun to reputation all the more. Au contraire, I thought to versions of the same work, which is what is happen- do on a large scale, it will be done with full funding myself, what better way to take the bloom off the ing now in journal publishing, with many publishers so that we do not have to suffer the indignities that rose than to expose the bugs inhabiting the plant, (including our Press) reluctantly agreeing to Green come with Green OA. The indignities I mean stem which are only exterminated when the unsung OA just because we feel we cannot stand in the way from the public availability of unedited though peer- heroes of publishing, our copyeditors, do their of progress. But, at what cost, progress? reviewed manuscripts on institutional and personal work of restoration? Harvard’s Website has just Against the Grain / November 2009 81