The STM Report An overview of scientific and scholarly publishing 1968-2018 Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of STM Rob Johnson Research Consulting Anthony Watkinson CIBER Research Michael Mabe The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers Fifth edition, October 2018 The STM Report, Fifth Edition October 2018 © 2018 STM: International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers Fifth Edition published October 2018 Published by: International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers Prins Willem Alexanderhof 5, The Hague, 2595BE, The Netherlands About STM STM is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. It has over 150 members in 21 countries who each year collectively publish over 66% of all journal articles and tens of thousands of monographs and reference works. STM members include learned societies, university presses, private companies, new starts and established players. Research Consulting works with publishers, research organisations, funders and policymakers to improve the effectiveness and impact of research and scholarly communication. For more information see www.research-consulting.com. CIBER Research is an international academic research group founded in 2002 at City University London and subsequently a research arm of the University College London Department of Information Studies. The CIBER team offer both consultancy and research. For further information see www.ciber-research.eu. Acknowledgements The STM Report, now in its fifth edition after 12 years, has grown out of all proportion to its first incarnation. This is reflected not just in the growth in the number of pages but also in there now being three main authors, and the breadth of the issues we now cover. This range of content far exceeds the expertise of any one of us. We want to place on record our warm appreciation for the input and advice of the following individuals whose insights have contributed to the finished text: IJsbrand Jan Aalbersberg, Bev Acreman, Rick Anderson, Eric Archambault, Gaelle Bequet, Peter Berkery, Helen Blanchett, Cherifa Boukacem-Zeghmouri, Sam Burrell, Andrea Chiarelli, Lisa Christian, Barry Clarke, Laura Cox, Tom Cullen , Jeremy Dain, Craig Van Dyck, Michael Evans, Paul Evans, Martin Eve, Victoria Ficarra, Mattia Fosci, Elizabeth Gadd, Richard Gedye, Wouter Haak, Glenn Hampson, James Hardcastle, Eti Herman, Iain Hrynaszkiewicz, Michael Jubb, Rachael Lammy, Carlo Scollo Lavizzari, Adriaan Lemmen, Matt McKay, Jo McShea, Natasha Mellins-Cohen, Ann Michael, Sheila Morrissey, Susan Patton, Dan Penny, Ed Pentz, Theo Pillay, Stephen Pinfield, Andrew Plume, Dan Pollock, Ian Potter, Andrew Preston, Vanessa Proudman, Charlie Rapple, Peter Richardson, Henning Schoenenberger, Eefke Smit, Susan Spilka, Heather Staines, Adrian Stanley, Carol Tenopir, Lennart Velten, Charles Watkinson, Kate Wittenberg, Jie Xu. As always, any errors or misunderstandings are ours alone. RJ, AW, MM September 2018 2 The STM Report, Fifth Edition October 2018 Contents Executive summary .................................................................................................... 5 1. Scholarly communication ................................................................................... 11 1.1 The research lifecycle ................................................................................ 11 1.2 Types of scholarly communication ............................................................. 11 1.3 Changes in the scholarly communication system ....................................... 13 2. The journal ........................................................................................................ 14 2.1 What is a journal? ....................................................................................... 14 2.2 The journals publishing cycle ..................................................................... 14 2.3 Sales channels and models ....................................................................... 18 2.4 Journal economics and market size ........................................................... 22 2.5 Journal and article numbers and trends ..................................................... 25 2.6 Global trends in scientific output................................................................. 29 2.7 Authors and readers ................................................................................... 38 2.8 Publishers .................................................................................................. 40 2.9 Peer review ................................................................................................ 47 2.10 Reading patterns ........................................................................................ 57 2.11 Disciplinary differences .............................................................................. 61 2.12 Citations and the Impact Factor.................................................................. 64 2.13 Costs of journal publishing ......................................................................... 73 2.14 Authors’ behaviour, perceptions and attitudes ........................................... 77 2.15 Publishing ethics ........................................................................................ 80 2.16 Copyright and licensing .............................................................................. 83 2.17 Long term preservation .............................................................................. 89 2.18 Researchers’ access to journals................................................................. 91 2.19 Access in developing countries .................................................................. 94 3. Open Access ..................................................................................................... 97 3.1 Defining openness ...................................................................................... 98 3.2 Open access publishing ........................................................................... 101 3.3 Open access via self-archiving ................................................................. 114 3.4 The drive for open access ........................................................................ 126 3.5 Market penetration of open access publications ...................................... 133 3.6 Transitioning to a sustainable open access market .................................. 139 4. Technology in Scholarly Communication ......................................................... 148 4.1 Recent initiatives and organisations ......................................................... 148 3 The STM Report, Fifth Edition October 2018 4.2 Research data .......................................................................................... 153 4.3 Standards, identifiers and conventions ..................................................... 159 4.4 Technology trends .................................................................................... 163 4.5 Tools, apps and new services .................................................................. 166 4.6 Tools, apps and new services for funders and institutions ....................... 173 4.7 Social media and scholarly collaboration networks .................................. 174 4.8 Text and data mining ................................................................................ 178 4.9 Developments in preprint use and preprint servers .................................. 179 5. References ...................................................................................................... 184 4 The STM Report, Fifth Edition October 2018 Executive summary Scholarly communication and STM publishing 1. STM publishing takes place within the broader system of scholarly communication, which includes both formal and informal elements. Scholarly communication plays different roles at different stages of the research cycle, and (like publishing) is undergoing technology-driven change. Categorising the modes of communication into one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many, and then into oral and written, provides a helpful framework for analysing the potential impacts of technology on scholarly communication (see page 11). 2. Journals form a core part of the process of scholarly communication and are an integral part of scientific research itself. Journals do not just disseminate information, they also provide a mechanism for the registration of the author’s precedence; maintain quality through peer review and provide a fixed archival version for future reference. They also provide an important way for scientists to navigate the ever- increasing volume of published material (page 14). The STM market 3. The annual revenues generated from English-language STM journal publishing are estimated at about $10 billion in 2017, within a broader STM information publishing market worth some $25.7 billion. About 41% of global STM revenues (including non- journal STM products) come from the USA, 27% from Europe/Middle East, 26% from Asia/Pacific and 6% from the rest of the world (page 22). 4. The industry employs an estimated 110,000 people globally, of which about 40% are employed in the EU. In addition, an estimated 20–30,000 full time employees are indirectly supported by the STM industry globally in addition to employment in the production supply chain (page 46). 5. Although this report focuses primarily on journals, the STM book