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Scientific Naming of Plants: Nomenclature

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Block 4 Nomenclature and Systems of Classification UNIT 17 SCIENTIFIC NAMING OF PLANTS: NOMENCLATURE Structure 17.1 Introduction Principle of Priority and its Limitations Objectives 17.2 Common Name: Its Problems Publication of Names: Effective and Valid 17.3 Nomenclature: The Code Author Citation 17.4 Laws and Provisions Retention, Choice and Rejection 17.5 Rules of Names Ranks of Taxa 17.6 Summary Typification 17.7 Terminal Questions 17.8 Answers 17.1 INTRODUCTION Man has always been a nomenclaturist. He gives names to plants, animals and objects. For centuries, such names were long, descriptive and unwieldy. Casper Bauhin (1560-1624) devised a plan of adopting two names for each plant. Swedish naturalist, C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) undertook a task of classifying and naming in a methodical manner the whole living world. This led to the dual-name system of naming species being permanently established. It was mandated that every living organism has to be distinguished and designated by a name. A formal system based on which such names are assigned is called Nomenclature. According to Albert E. Radford (1986) “Taxonomist as a nomenclaturist names a new taxon and determines the correct name for old taxa that have been remodelled, divided, united, transferred, or changed in rank according to the International Botanical Code; they also determine the correct name for a specimen according to an identification or classification system.” For example, the botanical name of white oak would be Quercus alba L., but that of sweet pea would be Pisum sativum L. This Unit will help you to understand the code that deals and determines the 120 laws, provisions and rules for nomenclature of plants. Unit 17 Scientific Naming of Plants : Nomenclature Objectives After studying this unit you should be able to: know the history of plant taxonomy, with special emphasis on plant taxonomy in ancient India; know the necessity for a suitable scientific code for nomenclature of living organisms; identify the basic principles that govern the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants; name and describe prominent laws and provisions that govern this code; describe with suitable examples the rules for Nomenclature that govern: Rank; Typification; Priority; Valid publication; Author citation and Retention and Rejection of scientific names. 17.2 COMMON NAME: ITS PROBLEMS You may often be wondering why I should learn the valid, scientific botanical names of the plants. Why cannot we refer the plants by the so called, vernacular names that all of us so commonly know. Let us discuss the problems with the common names of the plants and also the advantages of adopting the Latin, scientific names for them. The problems 1) Names in common languages are ordinarily applicable in only one language, they are not universal. Also, all the species of plants known to man do not have vernacular names. 2) Common names do not provide scientific information that a Latin name does. The later assigns a species to a genus; a genus to a family, a family to an order and so on...... 3) It is frequently observed that a given plant may be known by different vernacular names in different localities and people may not even know that all of them are referring to a same plant. Example : - Aegle marmelos is wood apple in English; sriphal in Hindi; bael in Bengali; vilvamaram in Tamil and bilamu in Telugu. - Oryza sativa is paddy in English; dhan in Hindi; bhat in Marathi; chaval in Pubjabi; Vari in Telugu - Rhus vermix is known as poison sumac; poison dogwood; poison elder; and swamp-sumac in different places; - Ipomoea is ‘morning glory’ in USA but called ‘woodbine’ in Scotland. - Convallaria majahis is called lily of the valley in England, muguet in France, landysh in Russia and mailblume in Germany. 121 Block 4 Nomenclature and Systems of Classification 4) Similarly a given vernacular name could actually belong to a number of plants with totally unrelated genera. - Let us consider the vernacular name ‘Oak, the common name of genus Quercus. However, tanbark Oak is Lithocarpus; poison oak is Rhus; silk oak is Grevillea, and jerusalem oak is Chenopodium. - the name pine is loosely referred to a variety of genera such as: Pinus, Araucaria, Agathis or Casuarina in different places. 5) It is also possible that two different plants are known by a common vernacular name. eg.Caltha palustris (family- Ranunculaceae ) in North America has a vernacular name cowslip. However, Primula veris (family-Primulaceae) in UK is also having a same vernacular name i.e., cowslip. Another example is of Hyacinthoides non-scripta (family- Asparagaceae in North America is commonly known as blue bells whereas in Scotland plant Campanula rotundiflora (family-companulaceae) is also famously known as blue bell. The Advantages of Scientific names 1) The principal purpose of a scientific name is to act as an easy means of reference. 2) It also aids in communication (like your name and surname....). 3) It is unambiguous and universal in application 4) Their usage avoids the use of a descriptive phrase (s) every time one wishes to refer to an object or a group of objects. If you were to observe Campanula plant in a park, probably you would say. “I saw a Campanula plant today”. or would you prefer to say, I saw some plants with blue- elongated- bell-shaped flowers in groups at the end of long stalks which had parallel sided leaves almost a foot long, all springing from the ground levels, in the park today”? Why Latin? The International Code of Nomenclature mandates that all the botanical names shall be in Latin, and also to have a Latin name for any new taxon published. Latin is preferred choice of language because: 1) Latin is a dead language and its usages and interpretations are less prone to changes; 2) Latin is specific and exact in meaning, aphylla is leafless; aquatica is for in water; magnus means large; nigra for black; alba for white, any plant growing on ground is terrestris; palustris refers to marshy, swampy habitat; etc.; 3) It follows grammatical sense of words. The end-suffix of epithets provides reference to gender eg., -um (neuter), - a (feminine) and us (masculine). For example, sativum, sativa and sativus; etc. 122 4) Latin has Roman alphabets, which a majority of languages follow. Unit 17 Scientific Naming of Plants : Nomenclature 17.3 NOMENCLATURE: THE CODE The principal mandate of the nomenclature code is to assign a botanical name to every living (extant) or fossil (extinct) organism that are historically treated as plants. These include land plants, blue green algae, true fungi, other fungi, photosynthetic protists or even taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups. In fact, many of these groups are not phylogenetically related, yet, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) deals with them since they were historically treated as plants. Photosynthetic bacteria, however, are coded both by International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB). Some protists are named both according to ICNB and International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Thus, some organisms have two names, from two different codes. Greuter et. al., (1997) have prepared a draft of a future universal code encompassing all forms of life, termed BioCode. Cantino and Queiroz (2004) have proposed a separate code using phylogenetic approach for higher land plant taxa, termed PhyloCode. The first organized efforts towards the standardisation of naming of plants were made at First International Botanical Congress held at Paris, in 1867. Since then such Congresses are held periodically to review and standardise the botanical code for nomenclature. Since VII International Botanical Congress held at Stockholm (1950), successive editions of the code have been published as ICBN. However, in Melbourne, Australia (2011) the title has been changed to International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants. The abbreviation shall be ICN for algae, fungi and plants. After every six years, The International Botanical Congress discusses all suggestions for improving the Code of Nomenclature. All changes accepted and approved by the Congress, are incorporated into a New Code. This new code supersedes (replaces) the existing (all previous) Codes. The XIX International Botanical Congress) was held at Shenzhen, China in 2017, and the new Code (called The Shenzhen Code) was published in 2018. The Code Volume comprises: Preamble Division I – Principles Division II – Rules and Recommendations Division III – Provisions for the Governance of the Code Appendix-I to VIII Glossary of terms used in the Code. Some major deviations in ICN for algae, fungi and plants from earlier ICBN versions are: 1) acceptance of certain forms of electronic publications; 2) option of using English as an alternative to Latin for description/diagnosis of new taxa of non-fossil organisms; 123 Block 4 Nomenclature and Systems of Classification 3) the requirement for registration as a prerequisite for valid publication of a new name of fungi; 4) abolition of the provision for separate names for fungi with pleiomorphic life histories; and 5) abandonment of morphotaxon concept in the nomenclature of fossils. (The details of some of these provisions, you shall learn further in this unit). 17.4 LAWS AND PROVISIONS Some of the salient features of preamble of ICN for algae, fungi and plants are as follows: 1) Biology requires a precise and simple system of nomenclature that is used in all countries. It includes, on one hand the terms that denote the ranks of taxonomic groups or units and on other hand the scientific names that are applied to the individual taxonomic groups. The purpose of giving a name to taxonomic groups is not to indicate its characters or history, but to supply a means of referring to it and to indicate its taxonomic rank.
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