16078 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE November 17 made an officer and was given men to The Chief Clerk called the roll, and command. We did not ask for quarter, SENATE the following Senators answered to nor did we give much. At that time, their names: WEDNESDAY, NovEMBER 17,1954 if we violated a rule, if we violated a Abel Fulbright Malone military concept, there was prompt re .. Anderson George Mansfield tribution. There was no time to do

Mr. CASE. Mr. President, will the Army discharged her. I refer the Senatqr the distinguished · Sen~tor and great Senator further yield? to the U.S. News & World Report. lawyer, the junior Senator from Texas - Mr. WELKER. I yield. Mr. CASE. The Senator from Idaho [Mr. DANIEL]. Mr. CASE. The point I sought ~Q performed a very valuable service to the Such standards contemplate a written bring out was that in the first count m country and to the Senate in that re- accusation in compliance with the sixth this case there are two elements, namely, sp~~ . amendment. They include a fair and the failure to help the ·committee to Mr. WELKER. I wish to say to my impartial trial under the law as it now function and the use of abusive laJ?-guage, distinguished friend frllm South D~­ is. The entire proceeding carries a sup­ which the committee felt combmed to kota-and this is not an attempt to gam position of innocence· of the accused until obstruct the legislative processes of the votes-that I would as readily do what he is proven guilty beyond a reasonable senate. I have previously pointed out little I have done, as I said yesterday, doubt. The burden is on the accusers during the day that in some cases one for a man whom I detested, as I would to establish the guilt of the accused be­ element is absent and in other cases t~e for the junior Senator from Wisconsin. yond a reasonable doubt. He, the ac­ other element is absent. Very appropri­ I am a great believer in justice. I see cused, is entitled to be confronted with ately, the Senator from Idaho ~as ci~ed before me a Senator-and I shall not the witnesses against him, and to have a number of cases for the consideratiOn name him but all Senators know him­ counsel for his defense. of Senators. In the La Follette case who has ~ot once but twice come into Fifth. Charges against the Senator of a there was apparently a definite rejection the Senate with the shadow of nearly criminal nature, such as income-tax vio­ of cooperation with the committee, but every sort of dishonest political charge lations, Federal and State Corrupt Prac­ perhaps not the combination with abu­ made against him that could possibly be tices Acts violations, and other charges sive language. In some of the other made against any Senator. Yes, com­ made by the Hennings committ~e should cases the Senator has cited there was mittees even reported that he not be not and could not be considered by the abusive language, but not the .failure to seated and that he be thrown out of the Senate in this action. Precedent against cooperate. It must always be a case for Senate of the United States. He is get­ considering such charges was long ago judgment as to whether the denunciation ting along in years now. He knows that set in the Humphrey case and in the of the committee and the failure to co­ I will stand up for him any day of the King-Schumaker case heretofore cited. operate are of such degree that, in the year. · . The Senate was held to have no juris­ terms of the words used by Mr. Williams, · What happened when the sovereign diction and for such offenses a Member, counsel for Senator McCARTHY, in the State he represents sent him back here like any other citizen, is ,amenable to the with the overwhelming majority he al­ courts of proper jurisdiction. memorandum brief filed with us, it ways enjoys? I do not know how many amounts to an obstruction of the legis­ Sixth. The law is not established con­ hundreds of vicious and vile charges cerning punishment of a Member for dis­ lative processes of the· Senate. were filed against my friend. Mr. WELKER. Let me reply tom~ dis­ orderly behavior prior to his election. As I have said repeatedly, the greatest The House Judiciary Committee consid­ tinguished friend, whom I respect highl_Y. honor that ever came to me in the prac­ that there has never beeh a precedent m ered such a procedure and stated its tice of law was when that distinguished opinion to be that such action would be the 165 years of this Republic wherein a man came to me, a young man in the resolution of censure was directed against an abuse of power and an excess of con­ practice of law, and said, "Herman, here stitutional authority. a Senator for language used, intemperate are some charges that are unfounded. or otherwise. If such were not the case, Will you represent me before the Sen­ Mr. President, in order to expedite I wonder what position we would be in, ate?" matters, I ask unanimous consent to in the case of the man we are trying I told him it would be the greatest have printed at this point in my remarks today before this great body of judges, honor that had ever come to me to do the learned discourse on the problem be­ now consisting of about 8 or 9, when all what little I could to defend the good fore us by Mr. James M. Beck, doctor 96 should be present, if every Senator name of a man I loved and always will of laws, and a former Solicitor General who had used abusive or intemperate love. of the United States. I should like to language against the junior Senator from That is the kind of Senate I always read it again, but because I have only a Wisconsin should have a censure reso­ want to see preserved. I hope when the private:-first-class guard to listen to me lution brought against him. Heaven wolves go after me, as surely they will if at this time, I think it would be useless. knows. We would work around the clock, the pending resolution is adopted, that The book to which I refer is The Van­ 24 hours a day, because, as Senators I shall have someone who will stand up ishing Rights of the States from which know-and I am the first to admit it­ and say a good word for me. Perhaps I quoted yesterday afternoon. To my the junior Senator from Wisconsin is a I have not done much, but I have done mind it is a profound bit of authority, controversial figure. ·certainly intem­ my best. and I like it very much. perate, vile, and vicious language has In concluding my remarks, I should There .being no objection, the matter been used against the junior Senator like to say that this group of judges cer­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, from Wisconsin, directly and by impli­ tainly is patient. There are now 8 as follows: cation. judges in the Chamber. That is not It is, however, equally clear,' that the act I further say to the Senate that from many, out of the 96 who may establish which would justify his expulsion, must have the bottom of my heart I am wondering, here a precedent that will haunt us the taken place since his election. What he did if this precedent is established, where in rest of our lives. I am not afraid of what prior to his election and qualification has heaven's name we will go and what will might happen to me. I am afraid of been passed upon by the people of his State. happen to those who accused the Senator what might happen to the great Senate In a political sense, it is res adjudicata. A from Wisconsin in the amendments to candidate for the Senate might have been of the United States. As I have said, if guilty of embezzlement before ·his election, the resolution of being a liar, and who a censure action be deemed advisable but the right of the people of that State used other intemperate language, when as a disciplinary process of the Senate, to send an embezzler to the Senate, if it he accused Annie Lee Moss of being a the Senate should set up such a process sees fit, is clear. Such decision is the sole Communist. That was the No.1 charge by its own rules or laws, but until then, right of the State. · on which they expected to "get" the censure, as a procedure in itself, does not It must not be supposed that the general junior Senator from Wisconsin. exist. Remember that the Benton-Foote grant of power to each branch of Congress Mr. CASE. Of course, they did not get to determine the qualifications of its Mem­ and Tillman-McLaurin cases were ~ot bers gives them an unlimited discretion in anywhere with the select committee on censure proceedings, censure being only determining the question of membership in that count. considered in those cases as a means of the body. The general language 'which the Mr. WELKER. Yes; and does the Sen­ punishment for disorderly behavior. Constitution uses must be read in connection ator know why they did not get any­ Fourth. Judicial standards of Ameri­ with the entire instrument and, thus read. where? It was because the Senator from it is unreasonable that the power to judge can jurisprudence should apply in an of the qualifications of its o.wn Members was. Idaho documented that case on August action of this·nature. or is, intended to destroy the rights of the 2. before the select committee even looked I like to refer again to the great dis­ States to select their own represe~tatives in at the case. Two days thereafter the course made on this subject matter by Congress. 1954 , CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16105

The Supreme Court has said, in the case of punished for a~ts prior to his election. eral Lawton stated with respect to U.S. v. Ballin (144 u.S. 1): The select committee stated "from an ex­ whether there was any animosity be­ · "The Constitution empowers each house amination and study of all available to determine times and rules of proceedings. tween General Zwicker and the junior It may not by its rules ignore constitutional precedents • • *" it was their opinion Senator from Wisconsin. It was a con­ rest-raints, or violate fundamental rights, and that the Senate has such power. A study clusion of law, but the select committee there should be a reasonable relation be­ of the citations made to support such a has used conclusions, hearsay, and about tween the mode or method of proceeding es­ conclusion fails to disclose a single everything I know of in the books that tablished by the rule and the result which is precedent concerning punishment of a would be excluded in a court of justice. sought to be attained." . · Member for acts prior to his election. I think my friend from North Caro­ To permit the Senate to expel a Senator The Senate Subcommittee on Privileges on the ground that, before his election, he lina said in response to my question that had been either a fool or a knave, would and Elections which considered the he had heard it discussed that General revolutionize our theory of constitutional charges against the junior Senator from Lawton had the impression that Zwicker government. All this had been passed upon Wisconsin for a period of almost 2 years did not like the junior Senator from before the Constitution was framed in the prior to his election .held the opposite Wisconsin or the committee. great John Wilkes controversy. view to that of this select committee. Now, Mr. President, I am nearing the The next pertinent provision is the last See page 52a of the report of the inves­ end of this extensive presentation of my paragraph of section 6, which reads as fol­ tigation under Senate Resolution 187, views on the law and the fa:cts concern~ lows: • • • • • 82d Congress. ing the proposed censure of Senator Me~ The author has thus quoted every perti­ I refer to the Gillette-Hennings com_. CARTHY. I have tried conscientiously to · nent provision of the Constitution. Reading mittee, which made its final report to the present the law as it is and as it has them together, it seems too clear for argu­ Senate. I .read: · been construed in past similar incidents. ment that each State has the right to select A number of its aspects have become moot If I am denied the right to be heard by from its people any representative in the by reason of the 1952 election. Such facts all the judges I am proud of the fact that Senate that it sees fit, irrespective of his therein as were known to the people of the Joe and Jean McCarthy are friends of intellectual or moral qualifications, ~nd that States particularly affected have been passed the only limitations upon such choice are, upon by the people themselves in the elec­ mine. If I am denied such right to be that he shall be ·ao years of age, a citizen of tion. heard, then justice has indeed gone a the United States for at least 9 years, an long way down the drain. inhabitant of the State, and that he shall This, to me, seems to be fundamental, I have tried to keep personalities out not hold any _office under the United States, good, common horsesense. of this matter. I knew the allegation and that he shall not have engaged in in­ Should the opinion of the select com­ would be made that the "Charlie Mc­ surrection or rebellion against the United mittee prevail in this action, and it is Carthy" of JoE McCARTHY was here try­ States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies only an opinion with no backing of es­ thereof, unless in the latter contingency, the ing to defend him. Under similar cir­ Congress, by a vote of two-thirds, shall re­ tablished precedent, countless discipli­ cumstances I would defend, with any move such disability. nary actions could be instituted, includ­ ability I may have, any fellow Senator In all other respects the right of the State ing expulsion of Members for acts com­ upon the floor of the Senate, regardless ts absolute and unimpaired. A State may mitted at any time in the past. Elec­ of political faith or of the State whence have selected a Member of the Senate or se­ tions could be nullified and State elector... he comes. · cured his nomination by unworthy means. ates could be thwarted in their choice of I nave tried to show the ,inherent dan~ He may have spent more to secure such Senators. To· say the establishment of ger in upsetting the old precedents,· in nomination than many would think proper such a precedent would be dangerous disregarding the admonitions contained or legitimate. He may be .intellectually un­ would be only mildly expressing the pos­ fitted for the high office, and his moral char­ in Jefferson's Manual, in the sound view acter may, in other respects, leave much to sible disastrous effects of such a policy. presented by the House Judiciary Com­ be desired. The General Zwicker incident is a mittee. I sincerely hope that a code of The people of the United States may justi­ question of fact more than of law. The ethics may be adopted by this body so fiably think that the State has sent to Con­ true facts cannot be adjudged by the that Members of the Senate may know gress an unfit man, who could add nothing printed testimony. More important their rights. So that they may not be to its deliberations, and whose influence may than the printed words is the demeanor threatened by censure for acts which are well be pernicious. Nonetheless, the State of the witness on the stand, his inflec­ not specified to be censurable. So that has the right to send him. It is its sole tions of voice, his manner of testifying, concern, and to nullify its choice is to de­ a Member will not be tried according to stroy the basic right of a sovereign State, whether he manifests any bias or the passions of the moment, and on and amounts to a revolution. prejudice for or against the one accused. charges originally prepared by a com­ In this matter we must not be pragmatists. Yet the select committee arrived at a mittee whose headquarters are across If the Senate has the right to nullify the conclusion without consideration of these the street in the Carroll Arms Hotel. action of a sovereign State in this matter for factors and the Members of the Senate That was established by the fine cross­ goOd reasons, it has equally the right to will have to do likewise, if they vote to examination by our distinguished and nullify it for bad reasons. The State may censure. able majority leader in either the last send a representative to the Senate, who Mr. President, in interrogating the has the intellectual ability of Webster, and part of July or the early part of August. the unimpeachable morality of George Wash­ members of the select committee with Until such a code is adopted by the ington, but he may be a member of a politi­ respect to what, if any, consideration Senate, let us abide by the established cal party which, at the time, is in a minority. they gave to the man who raised his precedents, undeF the Constitution, and If the Senate rejects such a man it is possible hand to God and swore that within 12 dismiss this attempted radical departure that the plain usurpation of the power of to 14 inches of his ear he heard General from precedent as a nullity from its in­ the State cannot be questioned in any ju­ Zwicker call the man on trial, the junior ception. dicial proceeding. The sole remedy may be, Senator from Wisconsin, an s. o. b., I as in the case of John Wilkes, in an appeal After all, the American people have to the people, but while the victim might brought that out to show the attitude, spoken. The junior Senator from Wis­ represent the majority of the people of his the demeanor, and so forth, of the wit­ consin always will be a controversial fig­ State, his party's representation in the Sen­ ness. I cannot believe we can do a re­ ure, as will be many others among us. ate might well be only a minority, and thus, take of the testimony of a witness on We shall have our friends, and we shall the right of one State to select its own rep­ the stand. If so, I can assure the mem­ have our enemies. resentative could be nullified as long as a bers of the select committee that I majority of the Senate, composed of the rep­ The people of the Nation, by their vote resentatives of other States, saw fit to refuse should like to go back to the practice last November 2, took away from the him his credentials, or as long as two-thirds of law and do a retake on a few of my junior Senator from Wisconsin his chair­ of the Senate saw fit to expel him. mistakes, because I could dress them up manship of the Senate Permanent Sub­ If such a power exists,. then the greatest of very nicely and I would not make the committee on Investigations. But, as a all States' rights has become little more than mistakes I made at the trial. personal observation,. I hope that no a scrap o! paper. I asked my distinguished friend from Member of the Senate-and, in my ·Mr. WELKER. Mr. President, there is North Carolina [Mr. ERVIN] if he had opinion, they are all great Americans­ no precedent whereby a Member. can be given any consideration ·to what Gen- -ever will lessen his attacks upon and 16106 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE November 17 his efforts to defeat the tyranny which is wise and political ·to censure or that dence available to the State Department it is wise and political to invite censure. Review Board may have differed in scope would destroy the freedom of our coun­ from that surveyed 2 years ago by the In­ try. The first freedom which such But God give them strength to come to ternal Security Subcommittee under the tyranny would . seek to destroy is the their senses, because they know not chairmanship of the late Senator Pat McCar­ greatest deliberative body in the world, what they think. ran, but I do know that the particular epi· the United States Senate. Let us, I pray, leave this body as we sode involving Mr. Davies which moved the Please remember, Mr. President and found it. Let us not destroy it. In my subcommittee to investigate was considered at great length by the Board. Knowing what my respected colleagues, th~t a~y on~ of concluding remarks I wish to say some­ thing that reflects my feeling from the that episode entailed, I am greatly surprised us today sitting as a judge m thlS action by the nature of the attack by columnists may tomorrow:, if the theory of t~e.select bottom of my heart. It is a great honor on the final decision by Secretary Dulles to committee shall be upheld, be s1ttmg as to be a Member of this body. I have dismiss Mr. Davies. These columnists would a judge by virtue of an offense unde­ had my little differences, but I know have us believe that Mr. Davies was dis­ fined, not proscribed, by rule or law, and that I have many friends in the Senate. missed because of an expression of his views regardless of the time of its occurrence. Mr. President, I wish to read what that proved to be erroneous. The matter is Assuming there might be a landslide was said by a Senator who was leaving much more serious than that and involves this body in 1917. I cannot improve Mr. Davies' acts. victory for Democrats or Republicans­ In November 1949, John Paton Davies, Jr., let us assume, for the purpose of argu­ upon his language. The gentl~man was who was then a member of the Policy Plan· ment, that there might be in the Senate Senator Clapp. His remarks are re­ ning Board of the State Department, sum­ only 20 Republicans, and 76 Democrats, ported on page 4913 of volume 54, moned two officers of the Central Intelli­ or vice versa-if such a precedent should part 5, of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD for gence Agency and recommended to that be set as the adoption of the pending the 64th Congress, 2d session. Oh, how Agency that six named persons be estab­ true this is, Mr. President: lished as a unit to give guidance to a pro­ resolution would establish, God help any posed CIA operation that was classified future senator who might raise his voice I believe the American Senate is the as top secret. The six persons were: Agnes in a manner objectionable to the mili­ grandest body of men assembled upon this earth. We have our differences, our strug­ Smedley, Anna Louise Strong, Mr. and Mrs. tant opposite party. I pray that that John K. Fairbank, Edgar Snow, and Benja· will never happen. I feel that it never gles, our rivalries, and our ambitions. But min Schwartz. back of all that there is a genuineness of Agnes Snredley, Anna Louise Strong, John will happen, because I am confident that friendship which I doubt can be found else­ the people of the sovereign States, whose K. Fairbank and Edgar Snow have since where in the association of men with men. been shown by the record of the Internal rights must be respected, will send to the That association, in its closer and daily rela­ Security Subcommittee to have been in­ United States Congress only great tions, I am about to terminate. I shall look volved in varying degrees with Communist Americans, both Democrats and Repub­ back with pleasure to these associations and activity. At the time it will be recalled that licans, who would not stoop to such a low the kindnesses that have been shown me by Miss Smedley had just been cleared by the level. one and all. I wish for one and all the full Pentagon after General Willoughby, General measure of happiness and success and with MacArthur's intelligence officer in Tokyo, had I heard it said by my friend, the dis­ no regrets save the regret of separation I tinguished junior Senator from North linked her with Soviet espionage activity. shall ever remember with affection and kind This should be stated because since that carolina [Mr. ERVIN], when he closed regard my association and the kindness with time, the Internal Security Subcommittee his remarks-and it sounded to me like which I have been treated by my fellow Sen­ has adduced proof of Miss Smedley's Com­ the argument I have made so many times ators. munist activities, and she has died and re· when I have attempted to defend the I wish to say to the judges, especially vealed that the executor of her estate was defenseless and the oppressed-Will the the Chinese Co~unist General Chu Teh, the few who have honored me by listen­ to whom she willed all her property. Now Senate of the United States be men and ing to this long discourse on what I con­ women? In effect, he said, "Will you it is generally conceded that General Wil.. sider to be the law, I appreciate their loughby's charge was completely justified, have the nerve and the integrity to go attention from the bottom of my heart. but in 1949 a general in th«;l United States through with what millions of Americans I hope that I am correct in the stand Army was publicly reproved by the Pentagon want you to do?" I have taken. for saying what has since been accepted by Let Senators take a look at their mail I have about ended my first, and I all as the truth. Such was the official at­ from throughout this land. The moth­ hope my last, speech upon the subject titude toward Miss Smedley at that tinre. ers and fathers of 3 million American Mr. Davies further proposed that John K. before the Senate although probably I Fairbank be tl1e head of this unit that was boys-yes, truly, I can say at least .30 could make further research into the to give guidance to the CIA. After the million people-are watching the delib­ subject matter. The case is in the hands CIA officers heard his proposal, Mr. Da­ erations of the Senate today. They of the judges, who are sworn to hear the vies assured them that two of these people, want nothing done which might give aid evidence and try the facts. Let not bit­ at least, John K. Fairbank and his wife, were and comfort to the enemy. terness be in your hearts. Let the spirit not Communists but were only very politi­ Let there be no misunderstanding. I of the blind goddess, who holds the cally sophisticated people. Other oontem. would never accuse any select commit­ poraneous memoranda, moreover, revealed scales of justice in equal balance, gov­ to the subcommittee that Mr. Davies likened tee of doing that. I am accusing the ern your deliberations, for this time, and all of these people to a certain sophisticated Kremlin of it. If they could divide this for all time to come. :Political officer then With the CIA who great body of ours, nothing would give I thank my cplleagues. I respect them was in fact vigorously anti-Communist. He them more happiness, nothing would one and all. did this by way of assuring the CIA officers give them more power. of the merit of his proposal. _ This whole Let us not indulge in sheer folly. Let proposition thus belied the relationship of THE CASE OF JOHN PATON DAVIES double agents. · us, I pray, quit name calling. Let . us When Admiral Hillenkoetter, then head of bind up our wounds, if that is possible. Mr. JENNER. Mr. President, I issued the CIA, heard about the project, he got in I have seen them bound up before by a statement yesterday because I was un­ touch with the FBI to check the security statesmen much more able than is the able to obtain the floor. At this time I standing of the personnel involved. After man who is on trial today. I have heard he had talked with J. Edgar Hoover, he sum­ ask unanimous consent to have the marily rejected the project. Shortly there­ the immortar abused and ma­ statement prepared by me printed in ligned upon the :floor of the Senate by after, Admiral Hillenkoetter left the CIA. the body of the RECORD. Subsequently at least four other officers in statesmen of great repute. But after There being no objection, the state­ the CIA who opposed the Davies recommen• the heat and passion of debate those ment was ordered to be printed in the dation were eased out ·of that organization. men realized that they were all Members RECORD, as follows: no one of whom has been defended by any­ of the greatest deliberative body in the one so far as I can learn. THE CASE OF JOHN PATON DAVIES world. . . When the Internal Security Subcommittee, We cannot allow petty folly to divide (Statement by Senator WILLIAM E. JENNER, under Senator McCarran, looked into these chairman, Senate Internal Security Sub- facts, the Senators~ were shocked by what us. God help us, so that it never will committee) · they learned. The Senators on the subcom­ divide us. I have been asked to comment on the dis­ mittee were clearly convinced that what Mr. There may be those among us who missal of John P. Davies, Jr., by Secretary of Davies was recommending was not a double­ might in the heat of passion think it State John Foste~; Dulles. Of course the evi- agent operation, for the facts. did not al~ow 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 16107 such a conclusion. When Davies himself was less than forthright in his response to ques· seems to be growing daily. If the investiga. questioned about the episode, his testimony tions. Conclusions thus arrived at by an tive processes of the Senate are allowed to was found to be so unsatisfactory that the impartial security hearing board are, I be':" function, I should like to see the whole case 7 senators on the subcommittee unani· lieve, entitled to much weight, particularly openly reviewed by the Internal Security mously concluded that he told at least 7 when those conclusions are consistent with Subcommittee; perhaps then we would more untruths, and referred the record of the case the written record which I have examined." clearly understand what forces are trying to to the Department of Justice with a recom­ When Gen. Bedell Smith testified under stifie investigation of security risks and the mendation that it be laid before a grand oath before the Internal Security Subcom· elimination of such risks from our Govern- jury. mittee, he stated that he regarded Mr. · ment. In dismissing Mr. Davies, Secretary Dulles Davies as a security risk but acknowledged stated: that he had defended Mr. Davies' loyalty­ "I have reached my determination as the a distinction made by the head of the CIA RECESS TO 11 A. M. TOMORROW law requires on the basis of my own inde­ pendent examination of the record. One of that so~e Senators had difficulty !econciling Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I the facts of that record is the unanimous with the high standard that should be set now move that the Senate stand in re­ conclusion of the members of the security under such circumstances. General Smith cess until 11 o'clock tomorrow morning. board that the personal demeanor of Mr. explained his position by saying he did not Davies as a witness before them when he consider any person to be disloyal unless he The motion was agreed to; and

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS . International Scientific Cooperation This program encompasses a many-faceted physics, aurora and alrglow, geomagnetism. investigation of our planet: the surface and cosmic rays, and rocket exploration · of the core of the earth, the oceans and their upper atmosphere. The researches will be EXTENSION OF REMARKS depths, the atmosphere. conducted in four major geographical regions OF These features of our environment, par· of importance to our national interests: ( 1) ticularly the atmosphere and the oceans, Arctic and sub-Arctic; (2) middle latitudes HON. ALEXANDER WILEY ai!ect the daily lives of all individuals, the of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres transactions of commerce and industry, the (including the United States, Central Amer· OF WISCONSIN safe conduct of land, sea, and air ·travel and lea, South America, and adjacent parts of IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES transportation, and the range and reliability the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans); (3) the equatorial Pacific (largely the Micronesia Wednesday, November 17, 1954 of all radio communication and navigation systems. This environment controls, in group of island possessions and trust terri· Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, science these and many other ways·, both the civilian tories of the United States); and (4) the has shattered the barriers of space and and defense welfare of the Nation. Antarctic and sub-Antarctic. Our knowledge of most of these fields is This program of basic research tn the time in this atomic age. Here in this presently inadequate. In large measure this earth sciences will add appreciably to our country, the overwhelming proportion of stems from the worldwide nature of geo· knowledge and understanding of the several our scientific effort is devoted to creat­ physical events. fields. It will also, because geophysical data ing a better, more- prosperous, more Storms for~ing off the east coast of Asia have immediate value in such fields as fruitful life for our people and the peo­ may cause a cold wave to surge over the weather and radio-frequency forecasting. ples of the world~ Some of ou~ sc1e.ntific United States a week later, which may in provide technical information of immediate effort is necessarily devoted to the needs turn create 'a new storm in the mid-Atlantic practical value. The interest of the Nation of our own national defense. But much and subsequent fioods and snow avalanches in both these areas has been carefully con­ in Europe. Solar fiares create magnetic dis­ sidered by many scientists, by the United effort is also expended, in cooperation turbances and may cause failure of all radio States national committee, and by the Na· with the scientists of other nations, in communications over an appreciable region of tional Academy of Sciences. It has been exploring the phenomena of this the earth. Each of the fields in the proposed reviewed and approved by the National Sci­ planet-the physical aspects of the sky, international program (for example, meteor· ence Board. of the waters, and of the ground. ology, oceanography, ionospheric physics, and The interests of the Government in the I sel}d to the desk a summary state­ cosmic rays) is characterized by its global program are exceedingly great. The several ment describing United States coopera­ nature and its relation to solar energy and agencies having responsibilities in various tion with the forces of international sci­ disturbances. To advance in these fields ac­ areas involving or depending upon geophysi· cordingly requires measurements and obser· cal phenomena are acquainted with the pro· ence. It points out, incidentally, that- vations all over the world. These measure· gram. Members of several of their stai!s Each of the fields in the • • • interna. ments, for maximum results with minimum have assisted in the formulation of the pro· tional program (for example, meteorology, ei!ort, must be made simultaneously· by all gram. The Bureau of the Budget requested oceanography, ionospheric, physics and cos· nations so that the worldwide pattern in each reviews by the Departments of State, Defense mic rays) is characterized by its global na· field can be established and so that the rela­ and Commerce, the Office of Defense Mobili· ~ure- tionships between fields can be determined. zation, and the Atomic Energy Commission. These technical considerations led to the The National Science Foundation and the · I emphasize ''its global nature"- proposal of the· International Geophysical National Academy of Sciences have also con­ and its relation to solar energy and disturb· Year, and the period of time chosen for this sulted these agencies. Their letters of ances. intensive research program, 1957-58, was endorsement have been received. chosen largely because it coincides with a The budget for the scientific program to I point out incidentally that our forth­ period of maximum sun-spot activity. be undertaken by the· various· nations is coming expedition to the Antarctic is a The program of the United States was ·estimated to total approximately $100 mil· part of our program of national scientific formulated by the United States National lion. Each nation provides for its own exploration, as well as of international Committee for the International Geophysical funds; no pooling of funds or subsidies. are cooperation. Year. This committee was established by involved. The United States scientific pro­ the National Academy of Sciences-National gram calls for total expenditures of $13 I ask unanimous consent that this sci­ million. Of this, $2.5 million are required entific summary be printed in the Ap­ Research Council as the adhereing body of the United States to the International Coun· during fiscal year 1955 for the procurement pendix of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. of scientific equipment and instrumenta­ There being no objection, the sum­ cil of Scientific Unions. The committee was tion--e. g., upper atmosphere rockets and assisted in its plans by leading scientists of automatic ionospheric recorders-having a mary was ordered to be printed in the the Nation in private laboratories, universi· REcoRD, as follows: · 2-year lead. time; the remaining funds wiU ties, and such Federal agencies as the De· be needed in fiscal year 1956. The program SUMMARY ON INTERNATIONAL SciENTIFIC partments of Defense and Commerce. The will largely be conducted by grants to private COOPERATION United States program is a national program. research institutions and universities; exist• The international geophysical year desig· based on our Nation's needs. It encom• ing Federal facilities, where unique experf· nates a major research ei!ort to be conducted passes work under eight major categories: ence exists, will be utilized for the economic cooperatively by many nations: 29 are now astra-geophysical measurements, meteorol· procurement of major items of specialized participants and others are expected to join. ogy, oceanography, and glaciology, ionospheric equipment.