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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 73- 26,842 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 73- 26,842 HOWSON,. Embrey ..Bernard, 1925- JACOB SECHLER COXEY: A BIOGRAPHY OF A MONETARY REFORMER, 1854-1951. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 History, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 EMBREY BERNARD HOWSON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS SEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. JACOB SECHLER COXEY: A BIOGRAPHY OF A MONETARY REFORMER, 1854-1951 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Embrey Bernard Howson, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved by Paul C . Bowers Francis P. Weisenburger Robert H . Bremner Adviser John H. Behling Department of History ACKNOWLED aMENTS A monographic study such as this involves one in ties of genuine obligation to many individuals and institutions. I must acknowledge first that the project was feasible only because the relatives of Jacob S. Coxey, Sr. literally opened their homes to the author and made available whatever documents they had preserved as memorabilia. Mrs. Adele Coxey of Canton, Ohio, a daughter-in-law, and Mrs. Catherine Waltz, also of Canton, a grand-daughter, provided the basic collection of Coxey publications. Librarians everywhere, but particularly those at the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, The Ohio State University, Pikeville College in Kentucky, the Kansas State Historical Society, and the Massillon Museum have been unfailingly helpful. Midway in my research. Professor Edwin Pugh of West Palm Beach Junior College, whose master's thesis dealt with Coxey, directed my attention to an extensive collection of Coxey papers in the possession of Hugh Nile of We11sville, Ohio. Mr. Nile, now deceased, had been a charter member of the Columbiana County Historical Association and a former president of the Wellsville Historical Society. He had purchased this interesting collection of Coxey papers from a local stamp dealer in order to preserve them for historical use. The collection is now the property of Union College, but is on permanent loan to the Massillon Museum. Other relatives and friends of Jacob Coxey, by sub­ mitting themselves to personal interviews, have contributed anecdotal material about his political relationships and activities and have helped the author understand better the man at the center of a bewildering variety of reform cru­ sades. Robert Coxey, a grandson living in Charlotte, North Carolina, and Cletus Wampler of Massillon, a long-time friend of Coxey, deserve mention for their contributions. Professor Robert H. Bremner of The Ohio State Univer­ sity, my adviser, has been unfailing in his counsel and aid to this project. His kindness, patience, and courtesy will be long remembered with affection that transcends apprecia­ tion. There are, of course, those who have lived daily in the shadow of this task as it stretched over months and years. My wife and children have made their constant contri­ bution in all the ways that a family could be expected, and then have done even more. My ties of obligation to them are deeper than words can convey. January 21, Born - Columbus ^ Ohio 1949 . B.A., Transylvania College, Lexington, Kentucky 1951 . M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1963-1964 Instructor, College of Guam, Territory of Guam 1964-1965 Instructor, Farmington State Teachers College, Farmington, Maine 1965-1969 Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969-1970 Academic Adviser to Arts and Sci­ ences Honor Students, University College, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1970-present Assistant Professor of History, Pikeville College, Pikeville, Kentucky FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; History American Social Thought. Professor Robert H. Bremner Emergence of Modern America. Professor Francis P. Weisenburger American Diplomatic History. Professor Marvin Zahniser American Colonial History. Professor Paul C. Bowers Nineteenth Century European History. Professor Carole R. Rogel Page ACKNOWLEDGivlENT...... ii VITA ................................................ iv INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 THE PRIMACY OF MONEY ............................... 15 MORAL AND RATIONAL THEORIES OF MONEY AND SOCIETY .................................... 27 THE GREENBACK ERA ................................. 77 THE COMMONIVEAL MARCH ................... 115 MIDDLE-OF-THE-ROAD POPULISM ........................ 172 THE ORDEAL OF THE MIDDLE-OF-THE-ROAD POPULISM.......... 213 TO THE LEFT OF THE PROGRESSIVISM................... 269 I4AVERICK POLITICIAN ................................ 324 ELDER STATESMAN.................................... 388 APPENDICES .............. 422 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................... 436 INTRODUCTION The Commonweal Army of Jacob Sechler Coxey tramps obligingly across the pages of most histories of the 1890's. It is a brief journey, usually treated in a single sentence or paragraph. Only an occasional writer chooses to devote more than a page to the event. But simply, Coxey's Army and its wealthy Massillon, Ohio, sponsor are conscripted to play a specific role: prima facie evidence that the middle years of the 1890's were a time of widespread unrest. Men in government and men of property in the 1890's reached a similar conclusion about the essential meaning of the Commonweal Army, but they could not regard it in the casual manner customary today. Genuine fear underlay much of the ridicule which was the most prominent ingredient in contemporary accounts. From their perspective the march of the Massillon and other "Industrial Armies" represented a serious revolutionary threat. Alarm over the possibility of revolution, plus the novelty of a successful businessman leading a group of unem­ ployed workers, helps explain why 43 newspapermen were in Massillon on March 25, 1894, to report the start of the march. Twenty thousand words went out over the wires from Massillon that first dayJacob Coxey became a national 1 2 figure overnight, but his public image bore the character­ istics of notoriety more than fame. His name became a household word, and yet it was almost always used in a pejorative s e n s e . 2 The taint of his "original" sin clung to him through the remainder of his life and had a chilling effect upon the many projects he expoused. Russell B. Nye's description of Coxey mirrors this pop­ ular assessment and, at the same time, offers a partial ex­ planation for the persistence of the image. With his anachronistic stiff collar suggest­ ing an illustration out of Dickens and his pri­ vate bug buzzing in his brain, Jacob Coxey be­ came a sort of comic figure in his own lifetime. It was easy to find him amusing. The phrase Coxey's Army generated smiles for two genera­ tions, and historians (when they mentioned him at all) tended to classify him among the crack­ pots and reformers.3 Despite all this. Professor Nye included Coxey among a group of thirteen men whom he celebrated as the near great of American history. Nye associated Coxey with Ignatius Donnelly, James B. Weaver, and "Sockless" Jerry Simpson, and described him as the last-surviving member of a group of nineteenth century American radicals who represented "the hell-raising school of American politics. Nye's appraisal may be too generous, for, unlike the others in the group, Coxey failed repeatedly to persuade his neighbors in Massillon and Stark County that he ought to be trusted with the responsibility of political office. His one electoral
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