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Remembering the Civil War in Wisconsin Wisconsin's Famous SPRING 2011 Remembering the Civil War in Wisconsin Wisconsin's Famous Man Mound BOOK EXCERPT A Nation within a Nation r-^gdby — CURIOUS TO LEARN MORE ABOUT YOUR COMMUNITY'S HISTORY? hether you are curious about your community's ist, how to preserve or share its history, or ways i meet and learn from others who share your terests, the Wisconsin Historical Society can -ielp. We offer a wide variety of services, resources, and networking opportunities to help you discover the unique place you call home. STA7 SATISFY YOUR CURIOSITY wiscons history. WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY V I WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY Division Administrator & State Historic Preservation Officer Michael E. Stevens Editorial Director Kathryn L. Borkowski Editor Jane M. de Broux Managing Editor Diane T. Drexler Research and Editorial Assistants Rachel Cordasco, Jesse J. Gant, Joel Heiman, Mike Nemer, John 2 Loyal Democrats Nondorf, John Zimm John Cudahy, Jim Farley, and the Designer Politics and Diplomacy of the Zucker Design New Deal Era, 1933-1941 THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY (ISSN 0043-6534), by Thomas Spencer published quarterly, is a benefit of full membership in the Wisconsin Historical Society. 16 A Spirit Striding Upon the Earth Full membership levels start at $45 for individuals and $65 for Wisconsin's Famous Man Mound institutions. To join or for more information, visit our Web site at wisconsinhistory.org/membership or contact the Membership by Amy Rosebrough Office at 888-748-7479 or e-mail [email protected]. The Wisconsin Magazine of History has been published quarterly 24 A Nation within a Nation since 1917 by the Wisconsin Historical Society. Copyright© 2011 Voices of the Oneidas in Wisconsin by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. edited by L. Gordon McLester III ISSN 0043-6534 (print) and Laurence M. Hauptman ISSN 1943-7366 (online) For permission to reuse text from the Wisconsin Magazine of His­ 28 "Patriotism Is Above Political tory, (ISSN 0043-6534), please access www.copyright.com or con­ tact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Consideration" Danvers, MA, 01923,978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza­ A Look Back at the Fiftieth tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. Anniversary of the Civil War in For permission to reuse photographs from the Wisconsin Magazine Wisconsin of History, identified with WHi or WHS contact: by Jesse J. Gant Visual Materials Archivist, 816 State Street, Madison.WI, 53706. '-H'03t The Wisconsin Magazine of History, welcomes the submission of 42 The Federal Writers' Project articles and image essays. Contributor guidelines can be found on the Wisconsin Historical Society website at wisconsinhistory.org/ in Wisconsin, 1935-1942 wmh/contribute.asp. by Michael Edmonds The Wisconsin Historical Society does not assume responsibility for statements made by contributors. 55 Letters Periodicals postage paid at Madison, Wl 53706-1417. 7ISCON5IN CIRCUS I Back issues, if available, are $8.95 plus postage (888-999-1669). 56 Curio IE HAL WHITta'! P&OJECT, Microfilmed copies are available through UMI Periodicals in 7\ Microfilm, part of National Archive Publishing, 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106, www.napubco.com. On the front cover: Milwaukee's most famous Civil War monument was dedicated in 1898, near the heart of the present-day Marquette University Campus along Wisconsin Avenue. Designed by Milwaukee artist John Conway, the monument was dedicated as part of Wisconsin's fiftieth anniversary of statehood celebration. PHOTO BY JOEL HEIMAN VOLUME 94, NUMBER 3 / SPRING 2011 FDR campaign banner, 1932 *TK*k^7m U AMERICA JOHN CUDAHY, JIM FARLEY, AND THE FDR campaigning for president in Milwaukee, 1932. Both Farley and Cudahy were early supporters of Roosevelt's candidacy, with Farley directing the 1932 campaign. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY uring the 1930s, John Cudahy and James A. Farley developed a friendship that was based in part on their Irish American heritage and their mutual service to President Franklin Roosevelt —^""^^ and the Democratic Party. The rela­ tionship between John Cudahy and Jim Farley provides a use­ ful backdrop against which to view the political and diplomatic developments of the New Deal era. Their candid correspon­ dence offers unique insights into political issues, especially in Wisconsin, where both men were actively involved in the Dem­ ocratic Party. Their letters further confirm the important con­ tribution they made to the Roosevelt administration. Cudahy and Farley demonstrated a devout loyalty to the President and the party, but these dual loyalties would erode by decade's end due to personal and political issues at home and abroad. Farley, born May 30, 1888, was a native of Grassy Point, New York. He directed Roosevelt's presidential campaign in 1932 and served as Democratic National Committee chairman and an officer of the president's cabinet. As U.S. postmaster general during the New Deal years from 1933—1940, he played an influential role in the politics of the New Deal. Cudahy, born on December 10, 1887, was the son of Patrick Cudahy, founder of the Cudahy Brothers meat packing com­ pany. John Cudahy graduated from Harvard University and the University of Wisconsin Law School, and later served in Portrait of John Cudahy, 1941 World War I. Long active in Democratic politics in Wisconsin and an early supporter of Franklin Roosevelt's presidential can­ didacy in 1932, Cudahy received several appointments in the Roosevelt administration, serving as ambassador to Poland known early on that he would support Progressive candidates or (1933—1937), minister to Ireland (1937—1940), and ambassador encourage Democrats to create fusion tickets with the Progres­ to Belgium and Luxembourg January to July, 1940). sives, where such arrangements were workable. Following Roosevelt's election, national committeeman and Wisconsin Democrats worried that Roosevelt would openly Sheboygan newspaper editor Charles Broughton and other endorse incumbent senator Robert La Follette Jr., and they Wisconsin Democrats lobbied for Cudahy's appointment as an shared their fears with Farley. Wisconsin was particularly vexing ambassador. Their efforts reflected their gratitude for his long- for Farley, who believed strongly in the concept of party regu­ term service to the party. Cudahy was well educated, but most larity, but was equally committed to carrying out the president's importantly, he supported Roosevelt prior to the Democratic wishes. On more than one occasion, Roosevelt discussed the sit­ convention in Chicago and contributed generously to his cam­ uation with Farley and told him to "take care" of La Follette. paign fund. On a visit to Milwaukee in July 1934, Farley publicly stated Although he preferred an appointment to Cuba, Cudahy that he believed the president would support the Democratic enthusiastically accepted his selection as ambassador to Poland. nominee. Privately, he was less confident. A frustrated Farley As one scholar noted, Cudahy's genuine concern for a peace­ commented to presidential advisor Louis Howe that "there ful world and his lack of personal political ambition made him isn't anything I can say and there isn't much you can say either, "potentially" a great diplomat. The appointment proved he [the president] wants to see him [La Follette] reelected."0 important in an era of rising militarism in Nazi Germany. An additional problem for Farley and the Wisconsin Politics, not diplomacy, brought Cudahy and Farley together. Democrats was finding a viable pro-Roosevelt candidate to run Farley oversaw the congressional elections of 1934, an impor­ against La Follette. Prior to the Democratic primary, national tant barometer of the public's acceptance of the New Deal. The committeeman Charles Broughton was a favorite of the admin­ Progressive Republican tradition in Wisconsin and the influence istration, and he had Farley's trust and respect. Gertrude of the La Follette family made it difficult for Democrats to be Bowler was also a candidate. Well known throughout Wiscon­ elected in the state. Supportive of Progressives, Roosevelt let it be sin for her tireless work on behalf of women's rights and Pro- wisconsinhistory.org WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY home myself and run for the Senate." Farley consoled Cudahy by saying that Callahan could not possibly defeat La Follette.7 Cudahy also wrote Broughton and was equally adamant in his claim that Callahan must be defeated. He stated that Democrats were entitled to know the facts and it was the duty of party leaders to see that they did. He further lamented that Broughton had dropped out of the race. In August, Roosevelt visited Wisconsin to speak at Green Bay's tercentenary celebration. The president did his best to allay Farley's fears by telling him that he would see La Follette and tell "Bob" that he and Farley were for him, but if the local organization wants to support someone else, "there is nothing we can do." His speech delivered subtle praise for La Follette without openly endorsing him. Democrats and Progressives were disappointed that Roosevelt was not more enthusiastic for their respective candidates, but he accomplished his mission and avoided alienating either side. On election day, Progressives won an impressive victory in the state, with Progressive Republican candidates carrying seven of the ten congressional races and Robert La Follette Jr. winning an easy reelection. Farley and the Wisconsin Democrats were most disappointed in incumbent governor Albert Schmedeman's loss to Progressive Philip La Follette, brother of the senator.10 In the wake of the election, Farley was left to deal with the ongoing factionalism in the state party. These divisions, caused primarily by patronage and the Progressive Republican pres­ Portrait of James Farley, undated ence in Wisconsin, posed difficult challenges for the Democratic Party chairman. Letters to Farley from party leaders around the state attributed it to the continued devotion of many hibition repeal, she was the first woman from Wisconsin to be Democrats to Al Smith, an outspoken critic of the administra­ named to the Democratic National Committee.
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