The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries NEW STUDIES in MEDIEVAL HISTORY General Editor: Maurice Keen
The Military Orders From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries NEW STUDIES IN MEDIEVAL HISTORY General Editor: Maurice Keen
EARL Y MEDIEVAL SPAIN Unity in Diversity, 400-1000 Roger Collins
BE FORE COLUMBUS Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229-1492 Felipe Fernandez-Armesto
THE MILITARY ORDERS From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries Alan Forey
MEDIEVAL THOUGHT The Western Intellectual Tradition from Antiquity to the Thirteenth Century Michael Haren
THE ORIGINS OF FRANCE From Clovis to the Capetians, 500-1000 Edward James
SPAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES From Frontier to Empire, 1000-1500 Angus Mackay
LITERATURE AND SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL FRANCE The Mirror and the Image, 1100-1500 Lynette Muir
MEDIEVAL IRELAND The Enduring Tradition Michael Richter
Forthcoming fitles:
THE ORTHODOX WORLD, 1200-1500 A.A.M. Bryer
EARLY MEDIEVAL SICILY Conlinuity and Change from Ihe Vandals 10 Frederick 11, 450-1250 Jeremy Johns
THE BIBLE IN THE MIDDLE AGES Judilh McClure
THE MAKING OF ORTHODOX BYZANTIUM, 600-1025 Mark Whittow The Military Orders From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries
ALAN FOREY
New Studies in Medieval History General Editor: MA URI CE KEEN
M MACMILLAN © Alan F orey 1992 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1992 978-0-333-46234-8
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First pu blished 1992
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Forey, Alan 1933- The military orders: from the twelfth to the early fourteenth centuries. 1. Armies, his tory I. Tide 355.009 ISBN 978-0-333-46235-5 ISBN 978-1-349-21888-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-21888-2 Contents
Priface VB
Maps Vlll
INTRODUCTION
2 FOUNDATIONS AND LOCATIONS 6 The Templars 6 Other Military Orders in the Holy Land 17 The Iberian Peninsula 23 Central and Eastern Europe 32 Within Western Christendom 39
3 MILITAR Y ACTIVITIES 44 Roles and Functions 44 Military Personnel 54 Castles and Strongholds 58 In the Field 77 Naval and Other Activities 95
4 RESOURCES AND MAN POWER 98 Income 98 Recruitment 132
5 STRUCTURES AND REGULATIONS 148 Organisation 148 Ranks 174 Conventual Life 188
6 CRITICISM AND CHANGE 204 The Orders' Critics 204 Changing Roles 220 The Trial of the Templars 225 Conclusion 239
Abbreviations 242
v VI CONTENTS
References 243
Further Reading 252
Index 264 Preface
Although I have long thought of writing a book on the military orders, it is doubtful whether, without Maurice Keen's invitation to write such a volume, the project would in fact have been carried out. I would therefore like to express my gratitude to hirn for providing the impetus, as weH as for valuable suggestions during the course of writing. In the first part of Chapter 2 and in the last part of Chapter 4 I have drawn on material which originaHy appeared in the Journal rif Ecclesiastical History and Viator; and elsewhere I have made briefer use of articles which were published in Speculum and Traditio. I am grateful for the permission which has, where necessary, been gran ted for me to do this. I would also like to thank Vanessa Graham and Katherine Pym for the trouble they have taken in the production of the book. My wife has provided assistance at aH stages, and my greatest debt is to her.
ALAN FOREY
VII Vlll MAPS
24 • Dama CU$ I Tyre 26 2 272 ) 28 Ac)re 3 ~;2 ' 34 33 /
KINCDOM of jERU ALEM \ 35 \ L36d7. jeru>alem ~ 0:;" U ! , ~, , , '1--' , I
The Military Orders in Syria ~lAPS IX
The Military Orders in Syria 1. Roche Rousse! (T) 2. Roche Guillaume (T) 3. Darbsaq (T) 4. Baghras (T) 5. Gibe! (TjH) 6. Chateau de la Vieille (H) 7. Hamah 8. Margat (H) 9. ? Eixserc (H) 10. Bar'in (H) 11. Rafaniyah (H) 12. Tortosa (T) 13. Ruad Island (T) 14. Chastel Rouge (H) 15. Safitha (T) 16. Arima (T) 17. Tuban (H) 18. Horns 19. Crac des Chevaliers (H) 20. Castellum Bochee (H) 21. Lacum (H) 22. Felicium (H) 23. Sidon (T) 24. Beaufort (T) 25. Chastellet (T) 26. Montfort (T) 27. Castellum Regis (TO) 28. Judin (TO) 29. Safed (T) 30. Hattin 31. Cresson 32. Mount Tabor (H) 33. Belvoir (H) 34. Chiteau PeIerin (T) 35. Arsur (H) 36. Casal das Pleins (T) 37. Montgisard 38. Beit-Jibrin (H) 39. La Forbie 40. Gaza (T)
(T) Temple (H) Hospital (TO) Teutonic Order o Si te of batde Frontier in 1186 x
L EO 1'1 ~ ~-:J
CASTILE
MALJ.ORCA0 fl
The Military Orders in the Iberian Peninsula The Military Orders in the 31. Anna (S) 64. Alarcos Iberian Peninsula 32. Enguera (S) 65. Calatrava (C) 33. UcJes (HIS) 66. Consuegra (H) 1. Puigreig (T) 34. Alharilla (S) 67. Alhambra (S) 2. Monzon (T) 35. Oreja (S) 68. Salvatierra (C) 3. Corbins (T) 36. TOLEDO 69. Las Navas de Tolosa 4. LERIDA 37. Cabafias (Tr) 70. Baeza 5. Gardeny (T) 38. Albalat (Tr) 71. Ubeda 6. Grafiena (T) 39. Sta. Cruz (Tr) 72. Segura (S) 7. Barbara (T) 40. Trujillo (Tr) 73. Martos (C) 8. BARCELONA 41. Monfragüe (M/c) 74. MocJin 9. Alcafiiz (C) 42. Caceres (S) 75. GRANADA 10. Miravet (T) 43. Alcantara (A) 76. Cartagena (SM) I!. Alfama (SJ) 44. Monsanto (S) 12. TORTOSA (T) 45. San Julian de Pereiro (A) (A) Alcantara 13. Amposta (H) 46. Castelo Branco (T) (Av) Avis 14. Inca 47. Soure (T) (C) Calatrava 15. Monroyo (C) 48. Tomar (T) (G) Grande-Sauve 16. Castellote (MIT) 49. Belver (H) (H) Hospitallers 17. Aliaga (H) 50. Crato (H) (M) Mountjoy IMonfragüe 18. Montalban (S) 51. Avis (Av) (S) Santiago 19. Orrios (MIT) 52. Evora (Av) (SJ) San Jorge de Alfama 20. Alfambra (MIT) 53. :'vioura (H) (SM) Santa Maria de Espafia 21. Villarluengo (MIT) 54. Serpa (H) (T) Templars 22. Cantavieja (MIT) 55. Aljustrel (S) (Tr) Trujillo 23. Pulpis (T) 56. Mertola (5) 0 Si te of batde 24. Chivert (Tl 57. Ayamonte (S) Frontier in the mid-twelfth century 25. Terue! 58. Medina Sidonia (SM) Frontier in the mid-thirteenth century 26. Alcala (Gi 59. SEVILLE 27. Ville! (:'vI/Tl 60. Lora (H) 28. Libros (:'vi/TI 61. Setefilla (H) 29. Burriana 62. CORDOBA
30. VALE]'I;CIA 63. Capilla (Tl ~. XII ~IAPS
The Military Orders in Central and Eastern Europe
I. Fellin (SB/TO) 2. Wenden (SB/TO) 3. Segewold (SB/TO) BAlllC 4. Riga SEA 5. Ascheraden (SB/TO) 6. Kokenhausen 7. Dünaburg (TO) 8. Doblen (TO) 9. Memel (TO) 10. R
(Cl Calatrava (D) Dobrin (SBl Swordbrethren (Tl Temple (Hl Hospital (TOl Teutonic Order
The Military Orders in Central and Eastern Europe MAPS xiii
The English Priory of the Hospitallers in the later thirteenth century I. Torpichen 2. Mount St John 3. Beverley 4. Newland 5. Maltby 6. Ossington 7. Skirbeck 8. Dalby 9. Yeaveley 10. Halston 11. Yspytty-Ifan 12. Siebech 13. Dinmore 14. Grafton 15. Dingley 16. Melchbourne 17. Chippenham 18. Carbrooke 19. Battisford 20. Maplestead 21. Standon 22. Shingay 23. Hogshaw 24. Clanfield 25. Quenington 26. Brimpton 27. Clerkenwell 28. Sutton At Hone 29. Swingfield 30. Poling 31. Godsfield 32. Ansty 33. Fryer Mayne 34. Buckland 35. Bodmiscombe 36. Trebeigh
~ Headquarters of the Priory • House of Hospitaller brethren • House of Hospitaller sisters
(from ,~ Swanston Atlas ofCrusades, Times Books) CHATEAU PELERIN x :2' 1. N.W. Tower 2. N.W. Hall 3. North Hall 4. North Vault 5. North Alley 6. Inner or U pper Ward 7. West U ndercroft 8. Bridge 9. West Hall 10. Ovens I!. S.W. Hall 12. South Hall 13. Round Church 14. South Undercroft 15. South Bailey 16. North Great Tower 17. South Great Tower 18. East Bailey 19. Middle Gate Tower 20. North Gate Tower o SO 100 Metr':S 21. South Gate Tower o 150 .100 F... t 22. South Beach Gate 23. North Beach Gate 24. Ditch or Fosse r-----. 25. Harbour All. B ~ A c::::::; 2 7 16 21 23 Reproduced from T. S. Boase, Gastles and Ghurehes ()[ the Grusading Kingdoms, 1967, by permission of Oxford U niversi ty Press. Plan of Chateau PeIerin; after C. N. Johns