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Appendix: Masters of the Hospital Appendix: Masters of the Hospital Note: square brackets are used of those who were temporarily in charge (like Lt. Masters) or are doubtful. Gerard (1099–1120) [Roger, Lieutenant Master?] Raymond of Puy (1120–1158×1160) Auger of Balben (1158×1160–1162)1 [Arnold of Comps? (1162–1163)] Gilbert of Assailly (1163–1171) Cast of Murols (1171–72) [Rostang Anti-master? (1171)] Jobert (1172–1177) Roger of Moulins (1177–1187)2 [Ermengol of Aspa, Provisor (1188–1190)] Garnier of Nablus (1190–1192) Geoffrey of Donjon (1193–1202)3 Alfonso of Portugal (1203–1206) Geoffrey Le Rat (1206–1207) Garin of Montaigu (1207–1227×1228) Bertrand of Thessy or Le Lorgne (1228–1230×1231) Guérin (1230×1231–1236)4 Bertrand of Comps (1236–1239×1240)5 Peter of Vieille Bride (1240–1241) William of Châteauneuf (1241–1258) [ John of Ronay, Lieutenant Master (1244–50)] Hugh Revel (1258–1277×1278) Nicholas Lorgne (1277×1278–1285) John of Villiers (1285–1293×1294) Odo of Pins (1293×1294–1296) William of Villaret (1296–1305) Fulk of Villaret (1305–1317×1319) 233 Notes Explication and Acknowledgements 1. Joseph Delaville Le Roulx, Les Hospitaliers en Terre Sainte et à Chypre (1100–1310) (Paris, 1904); Hans Prutz, Die geistlichen Ritterorden (Berlin, 1908). 2. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c.1050–1310 (London, 1967). 3. Rudolf Hiestand, ‘Die Anfänge der Johanniter’, in Die geistlichen Ritterorden Europas, ed. Josef Fleckenstein and Manfred Hellmann (Sigmaringen, 1980); Alain Beltjens, Aux origi- nes de l’Ordre de Malte (Brussels, 1995); Anthony Luttrell, ‘The Earliest Hospitallers’, in Montjoie, ed. Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan Riley-Smith and Rudolf Hiestand (Aldershot, 1997); idem, ‘The Amalfitan Hospices in Jerusalem’, in Amalfi and Byzantium: Acts of the International Symposium on the Eighth Centenary of the Translation of the Relics of St. Andrew the Apostle from Constantinople to Amalfi (1208–2008), Rome, 6 May 2008, ed. Edward Farrugia (Rome, 2010). 4. For recent examples, see Jochen Burgtorf, The Central Convent of Hospitallers and Templars. History, Organization, and Personnel (1099/1120–1310) (Leiden and Boston, 2008); Marie- Anna Chevalier, Les ordres religieux-militaires en Arménie cilicienne (Paris, 2009); Michael Gervers, The Hospitaller Cartulary in the British Library (Cotton MS Nero E VI) (Toronto, 1981); idem, ‘Pro defensioneTerre Sancte: The Development and Exploitation of the Hospitallers’ Landed Estate in Essex”, MO 1; Anthony Luttrell and Léon Pressouyre (eds), La Commanderie, institution des ordres militaires dans l’Occident médiéval (Paris, 2002); Kristjan Toomaspoeg, Templari e ospitalieri nella Sicilia medievale (Taranto, 2003); Philippe Josserand, Eglise et pouvoir dans la Péninsule Ibérique: les ordres militaires dans le royaume de Castille, 1252–1369 (Madrid, 2004); Judith Bronstein, The Hospitallers and the Holy Land. Financing the Latin East 1187–1274 (Woodbridge, 2005). For a summary, see Helen Nicholson, The Knights Hospitaller (Woodbridge, 2001). 5. Giles Constable, ‘The Military Orders’, in idem, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century (Farnham, 2008); Tom Licence, ‘The Templars and the Hospitallers, Christ and the Saints’, Crusades 4 (2005); idem, ‘The Military Orders as Monastic Orders’, Crusades 5 (2006); Rudolf Hiestand, ‘Templer- und Johanniterbistümer und -bischöfe im Heiligen Land’, in Ritterorden und Kirche im Mittelalter, ed. Zenon Hubert Nowak (Torun, 1997); Alan Forey, ‘The Military Orders in the Crusading Proposals of the Late-thirteenth and Early-fourteenth Centuries’, Traditio 36 (1980); idem, ‘Novitiate and Instruction in the Military Orders in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’, Speculum 61 (1986); idem, ‘Literacy and Learning in the Military Orders during the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’, MO 2; Anthony Luttrell, ‘The Hospitallers’ Early Written Records’, in The Crusades and Their Sources, ed. John France and William G. Zajac (Aldershot, 1998); idem, ‘The Military Orders: Some Definitions’, repr. in idem, Studies on the Hospitallers after 1306 (Aldershot, 2007), art. I; idem, ‘Further Definitions’, repr. in idem, Studies on the Hospitallers after 1306 (Aldershot, 2007), art. II; Jonathan Riley-Smith, Templars and Hospitallers as Professed Religious in the Holy Land (Notre Dame, 2010). 6. UKJ; PTJ. 7. ‘Administrative Regulations for the Hospital of St John in Jerusalem Dating from the 1180s’, ed. Susan Edgington, Crusades 4 (2005); ‘A Twelfth-century Description of the Jerusalem Hospital’, ed. Benjamin Kedar, MO 2. 8. Adrian Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders (London, 2006); Richard P. Harper and Denys Pringle, Belmont Castle (Oxford, 2000); Balász Major and Éva Galambos, ‘Archaeological and Fresco Research in the Castle Chapel at al-Marqab: A Preliminary 234 Notes to pages ix–5 235 Report on the Results of the First Seasons’, MO 5; Gergely Buzás, ‘The Two Hospitaller Chapter Houses at al-Marqab: A Study in Architectural Reconstruction’, MO 5; Istvan Kováts, ‘Meat Consumption and Animal Keeping in the Citadel at al-Marqab’, MO 5; Thomas Biller (ed.), Der Crac des Chevaliers. Die Baugeschichte einer Ordensburg der Kreuzfahrerzeit (Regensburg, 2006). 9. Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. A Corpus, 4 vols (Cambridge, 1993–2009), 3:192–207; 4:82–116; Eliezer Stern, ‘The Church of St John in Acre’, Crusades 4 (2005); idem, ‘La commanderie de l’ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre’, Bulletin monumental 164 (2006). Frescoes and other works of art have been described by Jaroslav Folda, in The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land 1098–1187 (Cambridge, 1995) and Crusader Art in the Holy Land from the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre, 1187–1291 (Cambridge, 2005). 10. Peter Spufford, Handbook of Medieval Exchange (London, 1986), pp. 297–8. 11. See Jonathan Riley-Smith, ‘The Crown of France and Acre, 1254–1291’, in France and the Holy Land, ed. Daniel Weiss and Lisa Mahoney (Baltimore and London, 2004), p. 48. Prologue 1. Abbayes et prieureìs de l’ancienne France: recueil historique des archevêchés, évêchés, abbayes et prieureìs de France, ed. Dom Beaunier et al., 45 vols (Paris, 1905–41); Laurent Cottineau, Répertoire topo-bibliographique des abbayes et prieurés, 3 vols (Mâcon, 1935–70); David Knowles and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses: England and Wales (London, 1971), p. xiii. 2. Kaspar Elm, Umbilicus Mundi (Sint-Kruis, 1998), pp. 496–506; Christian Vogel, Das Recht derTempler (Münster, 2007), pp. 229–34. 3. Alan Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries (Basingstoke, 1992), pp. 2–3; Luttrell, ‘The Military Orders: Some Definitions’, pp. 80–1. 4. Constable, ‘The Military Orders’, passim. 5. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, ed. Joseph Pecci, 4th edn, 5 vols (Paris, 1926), 2a 2ae, Qq. 179–89, esp. Qu. 188, arts. 2–5. There have been occasional references to Thomas’s treatment of the subject, but its significance has been overlooked. See Riley- Smith, Templars and Hospitallers, p. 13; Helen Nicholson, Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. Images of the Military Orders, 1128–1291 (Leicester, 1993), p. 40; Luttrell, ‘The Military Orders: Some Definitions’, p. 85. 6. James Weisheipl, Friar Thomas d’Aquino (Oxford, 1974), pp. 261–5. 7. Nicholson, Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights, pp. 42–3. 8. Forey, The Military Orders, pp. 216–20. 9. Le dossier de l’affaire des Templiers, ed. Georges Lizerand (Paris, 1923), p. 58; Luttrell, ‘The Military Orders: Some Definitions’, p. 85. 10. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica 2a 2ae, Qu. 188, art. 3. 11. Information provided by Nicole Bériou. 12. Le dossier, pp. 64–6. 13. For this topic, see also Judith Bronstein, ‘Caring for the Sick or Dying for the Cross? The Granting of Crusade Indulgences to the Hospitallers’, HME, pp. 39–46. 14. Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), pp. 9–17, 45–63. 15. Richard Kaeuper, Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe (Oxford, 1999), p. 47. 16. Keen, Chivalry, pp. 143–61. 17. Roger of Stanegrave, ‘Le Livere qe s’apelle le Charboclois d’armes du conquest precious de la Terre saint de promission’, PC, pp. 293–385. 18. Theoderic, ‘Peregrinatio’, ed. Robert Huygens, Peregrinationes tres (Turnhout, 1994), p. 145. 19. Benedicta Ward, Miracles and the Medieval Mind (London, 1982), pp. 33–66. 20. Cyrille Vogel, ‘Le pèlerinage pénitentiel’, in Pellegrinaggi e culto dei santi in Europa fino all Ia crociata (Todi, 1963), pp. 37–94; Ward, Miracles, pp. 124–5. 236 Notes to pages 5–10 21. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 29–31. 22. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, pp. 36–8. 23. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, pp. 31–3. 24. Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood. A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 9–10. 25. Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (London, 1972), pp. 195–213. 26. Jonathan Riley-Smith, ‘The Death and Burial of Latin Christian Pilgrims to Jerusalem and Acre, 1099–1291’, Crusades 7 (2008), pp. 168–70; Pringle, The Churches, 3:6–72; Folda, The Art of the Crusaders, pp. 175–245. 27. A measure of its success was the effort put into reviving Rome as a goal of pilgrimage around 1200 by Pope Innocent III. Debra Birch, Pilgrimage to Rome in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 1998), pp. 150–94; especially , pp. 177–82, 187–94. 28. Pringle, The Churches, 3:31–2. 29. ‘Pelrinages et pardouns de Acre’, IAJ, pp. 235–6. 30. Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1985), pp. 73–4; Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, pp. 12,
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