I O MA IO CI E O ANIMAL WELFARE INSTITUTE
.O. x 6 0 W h n t n, .C. 2000 W nt r 80 8 l. 2 , . 4 h r f r b rd
C b rd n h nt t r b n l d nt th have been euthanized and millions of US— tl fr M x . E t t v r b t n 0,000 nd dollars paid to pet-store dealers and 00,000 r. Alth h US C t r n l rt t th pr b owners by way of indemnity. (Dealers l , th n b r f b rd z d ( 0 n t n n r l t n who operate quarantine stations have been known to 'cash in' on this ar- t th tr ff . And v r l r t v tr ff t . rangement by introducing the disease deliberately in order to claim on birds Yellow-headed parrots, for exam- thousands of legally imported birds sick from some other cause.) ple, bought in Mexico for $50 can which had undergone quarantine and Parrots are peculiarly susceptible to fetch upwards of $350 in the US. And were awaiting shipment to pet stores this disease. They are also by far the birds smuggled across the border throughout the US. most popular of cage birds—so much avoid both customs duty and the cost By the time Newcastle Disease was so that parrot populations in the wild (up to $80 a bird) of compulsory diagnosed these shipments had taken have plummeted and many parrot quarantining. So smuggling brings a place. The Department of Agriculture, species are now rare. Rarity, of course, nice profit. But smuggling also brings which supervises the quarantine pro- adds to the value of a species and Exotic Newcastle Disease. gram for imported birds, then had the makes it all the more sought after. For This avian disease is highly con- task of tracing recipients. By late animal dealers an animal's path from tagious and usually fatal. In wild birds October 29,752 birds had been rare to endangered to extinct is paved it may be dormant, erupting only euthanized to prevent the disease from with gold. under stress. Most probably the erup- spreading to poultry. If parrot species are to survive, the tion of last August started in smuggled Outbreaks of Newcastle Disease oc- major bird-trading nations will have to cage birds which were sent to a dealer cur almost every year. Invariably impose strict controls. Happily most of in Miami. There, while incubating the smuggled birds are the cause. As a the large bird-importing countries, now disease, they came into contact with result tens of thousands of cage birds Continued on back page S th K r bj t Sou Korea has i e an objection to the IWC's prohibition on killing great whales with 'cold' harpoons. The ex- treme and wholly unnecessary cruelty of using such primitive weapons is the reason for the ban adopted by an over- whelming majority at the IWC annual meeting last July (see previous In- formation Report). The objection means that the United States could invoke the Pelly Amend- ment and the Packwood-Magnuson Ainendment. South Korea would then be denied both the US market for her fish products and the right to fish within the US 200-mile limit. The sanc- tions should be enforced immediately unless South Korea installs explosive h ll h d d p rr t r z d h l b n l d fr M x nt C l f rn . Wr pp d n n p p r nd h dd n nd r r t, th h d ll d d fr ff harpoons on her catcher boats and t n. h t : US C t withdraws her objection. r d l pl r b hn Gl b r Ma i e a k o
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Es ecia y w e you isco e i oge e i a e i may e eques e i e si es— a co a ee o o i a s Key a i y esc i es i se as e "maga i e om e A ima We a e I s i u e o a go a a s i e Mo i o o a i es ack" is is e i s maga i e 3 5 Was i g o C 7 We e Ca e a e as— a e ecome sa c u- a yw e e o o i e i e a io a co e - a y o su y mo es qua i ies (u o a ies age o e a ima ig s mo eme I is 5 ee i you wis o is i u e em o a ai a e i e U i e S a es o y y ie s o a ge o e s we wou a - An l C n r t Und r su sc i io a ca e a esse a i s ecia e a co i u io o e us mee ai e eim C esce o o W11 i i g a os age cos s S r t n A ece a io a Ca ce I s i u e s u y co i ms w a e u ic as o g sus- f th d p r n n d $ , 0 ec e ca ce is o e ise I e May issue o CI s ou a e au o s a a y e Callings is au Wi e s ce e a io o e f r S r n l t n a a om CI su eys o ca ce i ci e ce oices o e sea e me o ies we e i - A o a i e o $135 was e ie agai s om 19 9 o 1971 a om 1973 o 197 s i e y e ca s o 15 i e e sea e essee Wa ki g o se ow e e e a co c u e a ca ce a i c ease y mamma s— us ce ai a o es suc as i o si a ai e o e Mo is o 9 amo g w i e ma es a y 1 e wo a e o a ea e ac ua o o s ow A a e e cou s ou amo g w i e ema es—a ise o e a s oices o e a ima s a e wo e i o e ei o se so e om wea i g eg c ai s 1 ca ce ic ims eac yea a ic o e music Ma e ous y e oca i e a su e i g ecu i g a use e u ge W i e e e is wi e e a e o e e e - A o g wi e wo eco s comes a - u e a a o ma se si i i y a i am- ac cause o e i c ease ma y scie is s age ook e wi ois e ous o og a s ma io was ou i o o e o se s e ie e i is i ec y e a e o e oo o o w a es o i s sea s a o e c ea- o e im s c emica s ma ke e si ce 195 e ew u es e se ca e o ai e om i i g s u y wi us ace cu e ca ci oge i- Music eco s o i c ie Co - $2 00 r rd f r f h r n ci y es i g oce u es— i ci a y a ima ec icu 759 ice $15 us $1 5 es s— u e e e mo e se e e sc u i y os age a a i g $ 600 f n f r p rp ll r a e o e e e o me o o -a ima immie A a i o o Isa e e as a ca ce es s as ma e some og ess mos s im is e ma is e i s e so o o a y y uce Ames o e U i- ecei e a ewa ($ 5 u e e e si y o Ca i o ia a e ke ey We i Ma i e Mamma o ec io Ac o is a e ow e summa y o a a ic e y im i co ic i g a Me ica is e ma Ca os w ic a ea e i e es igious ou a ia - e a c a ge wi a oo i g o - Science. oises a i saw ia ki i g a o oise e summo e e Coas Gua w o S r . amage o A a ea s o oa e e ia esse a ou es y e e ma o cause o ca ce a ge e ic ki e a ima s a a oo s e Me ica i e ec s a may co i u e o agi g was a e co ic e i e $5 a gi e a ea isease as we e age s a a sus e e se e ce e o ei e is cause is amage mus e i e i ie a oo i g gea Ma y o ese age s a e a u a c emi- ca s ese i e uma ie as com e mi u es e e s o ousa s o ma - v t pr t t n ma e c emica s a a e ee i o uce e i s Eu o ea Co e e ce o e i o e e i o me i e as ew ec- o ec io o a m A ima s was e ac es mus a so e es e o ei a i i y o 17-1 A i 1979 i Ams e am e o- amage A E is i g a ima es s a cee i gs o is co e e ce o m a s ecia uma e i emio ogy a o e a e i a e- issue ( o 3 o 1 o Animal Regula- qua e o is ask ecause o ime e - tion Studies—a mu i isci i a y ou a e se a e i icu y o ea i g wi s o so e y e Wo e e a io o e com e mi u es ew y e e o e o ec io o A ima s e u is e is s o - e m es s mos o em assayi g o E se ie 5 a e i A e ue ew mu age ici y a e iscusse as key oo s i pb rf : r r b h nd th h d Yo k Y 1 17 ee sam e co ies a e i e i yi g e i o me a mu age s a h t. o o v d M tt l a ai a e o eques ca ci oge s
l t b r p l n n l K ll n h l pr t t n r r h n l ? Politics seemed to be uppermost at Ruth Harrison, the distinguished Experts from various countries within the meeting in Amsterdam on October author of An l M h n and head the International Whaling Commission 30 to merge the World Federation for of the Farm Animal Trust, successfully met in Cambridge, England, 10-14 the Protection of Animals and the In- protested the attempt by executive November, to assess methods of killing ternational Society for the Protection committee members to obtain blanket whales humanely. Participants re- of Animals. approval by the WSPA board of a viewed the use of explosives, electrici- Of the 10-man executive committee budget for 1981 void of any details ex- ty, drugs, poisons and compressed which will run the new World Society cept the total amounts to be spent in gases. Of these only the first show any for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), the London, Boston, and Zurich of- real promise. Japanese scientists are only two are drawn from outside the fices. The budget was not approved. developing explosive harpoons in- Anglo-Saxon world. The composition Rather a ceiling on expenditure was tended to kill instantly by shock. is four from the USA, four from the adopted. The new Japanese explosive, pen- UK, and two from West Germany. thrate, has a powerful concussion ef- Ruth Harrison also led the success- Although WSPA has a board of di- fect, and it does not destroy meat. ful demand for approval of the scien- rectors that is more widely repre- Scientists at the meeting put forward tific committee by the directors after sented, it seems that they will have various study proposals, but in the examination of their names and quali- scant opportunity to give guidance to meantime, stunning with penthrate fications and for the elementary right WSPA or even to learn what the exe- should be mandatory for minke whal- of directors to decide when they would ing. Where stunning equipment is not cutive commute is planning to do. meet. Mrs. M. E. Tait, an ISPA director, available, minke whaling should be now a WSPA director, bitterly pro- What will WSPA achieve? It is suspended until it is. tested the fact that the constitution and hard to know because policy on bylaws were "presented to us without animal welfare issues was not r t n xp d voting or discussion." discussed. O tl Wh l r 80 documents in thorough and often horrifying detail M x n r d nt p t t n d n n l lf r the depredations of pirate whalers from June 1979 to July 1980 and the Extr t fr p p r pr nt d t the muscle fibers, making the meat easily operations of certain nations within the r d nt p z rt ll f M x b contaminated. In bacteriological studies International Whaling Commission a group f M x n p l t and done at the Ferreria slaughterhouse, which brazenly flout IWC rules. The nt t n M 8 n n . t ph l aureo germs were isolated in most moving item in the report is the random samples of meat; these germs are log of the slow dying of a 50-foot As professionals in the field of veterinary primarily responsible for food poisoning sperm whale. First harpooned at 10.15 medicine, we are conscious of the need for in man. on a July morning in the Azores, its legislation to halt man's aggressive and The use of animals in teaching the bio- destructive tendencies against animals. logical sciences and as indicators of car- vain battle for life continues until 09.55 Such legislation is of direct concern to us cinogens in medicines and foods is current the next day. because it is closely linked to the following practice. For the researcher, it is essential Put together by Greenpeace, O t fundamental objectives of our profession: to keep his animals under optimum hous- l Wh l r 80 is available from ing and nutritional conditions so that study • Increasing production of food-animals AWI, Box 3650, Washington DC and preventing waste; results will be reliable. Our human con- 20007. Price $5.00 prepaid. dition requires that experiments on labora - • Safeguarding man's health by prevent- Generally speaking, legislation ought ing diseases transmitted to him by animals; tory animals cause them as little pain as to prohibit the owning of wild ani- • possible. It is therefore obvious that every Preventing needless suffering in ani- mals by private individuals. mals. country with experimental stations and laboratories must have legislation that pro- Without respect for life in all its The fact that no legal regulations govern vides for the proper maintenance and manifestations, there can be no mu- the transport, handling and slaughter of handling of laboratory animals. tual respect among men. Good treat- food-animals gives rise to major economic Wild animals are intimately related ment of animals is symptomatic of losses. to the ecological order to their own good mental health. Cruelty toward In order to give some idea of the mag- region and therefore should not leave them degrades the person who com- nitude of the problem, we shall cite some it. In an artificial environment like a mits it and generates antisocial forms of figures. At the Tlalnepantla slaughterhouse human dwelling, their activities clash behavior. Therefore, preventing cruelty to in Mexico State, 4,420 kgs of pork are with the new structure and represent animals is a matter of social welfare that burned on average each month because of a risk to man's health, both in terms should be backed up by the force of the the death of the animals during transport. of serious lesions and disease. It is law. At the Ferreria slaughterhouse in the also worth considering that those Forty-eight countries around the Federal District, 18 tons of beef were persons who acquire wild animals as world, including many in stages of seized in 3 months because of trauma- pets are promoting the destruction of development less advanced than our tisms, caused by physical violence to the the already decimated and pressured outn, have legislation preventing and animals. The waste of these huge quan- wildlife. Those who deal in these punishing cruelty to animals. tities of meat at a time when hunger and animals destroy a great many adults, M x f ll d v l p nt d malnutrition are a constant threat amounts especially females, in order to cap- nd n t nt r f n n f th r l to inexcusable carelessness. ture a few young. Furthermore, most t dn h p h h M x n n It has been found that primitive slaugh- of these die because they do not t n th r f ll , th th nv tering methods, like throat-cutting without adapt to captivity, so nullifying their r n nt n h h l v , nd th prior anesthesia or stunning, mean that reproductive worth to the detriment th th r l v n r t r th t nh b t large amounts of blood accumulate among of the preservation of the species. r l nd.
3 o is o e cou " ome a ge si e e r f l d t rt n f ca cu a e accu a e y " u i iew o e ac a s e a o mo e e u s wice ecause ou esea c e " oca e f nd n n t l j tr p a is u e e e s " e e is ca cu a io mus e sus ec O 3 e ua y 197 i was ou C ea y e s u y was a ai u e a An l Unh r d ea " e a a e cause o ea ea me o a ima s makes o a b r p was s a a io I s ca u e oo a scie ce ecause ma ea e a ima s o ee c ewe o " o e a e o ma y A e same e "A Mic iga s u y o coyo e Ou esea c e oi s ou a mai a ge o com ai s ou o e mo eme s isc e i s e c a ge a ea y s ow a su e o em e a u es e u e g a ua e esea c e u e eg o a s cause u ue su e i g o co i u e o e s a a io o e wo wo maga i es w ic ca ie e i u y o coyo e as su e e a y a ima s ou ess u s ow i g oss y i accu a e summa y o his se ious i u y " ( o e Mic iga Mic iga coyo e cou y is a o e s u y o co c u e a a a icu a U i e si y wi e sce e A f t coyo es a is o s u y su o s e e u ice o a - O td r f say coyo es o ai u y aggi g a e s a ei o y w e i u i c us e oo ca e e ec e o su - oes e e e se is isg ace u i e i C ea y e d r t cause o e a o e e ac om e maga i e ea was o a wea e u a a - Ou oo i e a ea e i u A i g ea me W l , 19 May 19 I is a mos mis- A a o w a ? e u ose o ea i g summa y o is Mic iga e s u y was o " e e mi e ome coyo e s u y I ee i is a a es y a ge si e " Wi ega o e wo We u is e ow e e e a ac s coyo es w ic we e soo ea ou e- ake i ec om sou ce—a u e - sea c e e ie es a "ca cu a io s a e g a ua e esea c a e su mi e o e y u e es ima e ue o e ac o e Mic iga U i e si y i a o coyo es su e e se ious i - ecem e 1979 u y o ei ca u e ee " A i " ou a io-co a e coyo es C n coyo e a ema e u was ca u e i /a a s we e mo i o e o e e mi e Oc o e 1977 th t e use o a ome a ge si e ee o e ou a e o owi g Oc o e s e was coyo es ie u i g e s u y wo a e a ki e u a i e ie o s a a io w ic was i i ec y mea ime " is e se eyo eac o cause y e i i ia a i g " ese e sea c a e " a e e o e i g se e ces o e a - A ou coyo e a a u ema e s ac — e summa y o e aim a was a e o a ua y 197 uck i i gs— o e a e i ques io was o e si e a wea e a ack e s ge i qui e c ea ou coyo es o a a io co a e aye e e ease o a e eg o - a e a e ease si ays so e a i g e o eco e O r pp d t h n t lf n r f n ee ie wo o em om s a a io e ou coyo es use i e s u y o y h l tr n t p . h t : C rl G t n ue i some measu e o " e i i ia a i g " A wo maga i es say a is " isc e i s e c a ge a eg o a s cause u ue su e i g" a a W ll M h n tl th t l j ? " o coyo e as su e e a y se ious i - "A person shall not manufacture, sell, offer highly effective. All eyes were on his u y " We i yi g om s a a io is for sale, buy, set, import into this state, riveting demonstration of Newton's second o "se ious i u y " e i s a o transport, or otherwise utilize, except for law of motion (which he explained to the k ow w a is display or exhibition purposes, any trap, assembly). His tools were a #1 1/2 double- u we mus e sc u u ous y ai net, snare, or other animal trapping device coilspring trap and a pencil. The trap broke e a i g we a e o was o y which does not painlessly capture or im- the pencil. Those present were then invited "i i ec y" e cause o ea oes mediately kill its animal victim." So states to put their fingers in the trap and leave is mea a e ea cause was Michigan. House Bill 4783. A crucial hear- them in for an hour. There were no volun- some i g qui e i e e so e o e- ing on the bill took place in the State teers. House, Lansing, on 24 September. The scientists certainly made headway a i g e eg o a om ame? In the dock was the steel jaw leghold at the hearing. And if not all the trappers o a swe we mus co su e mai trap. The `defense'—trappers and support- seemed happy with the idea of a Trap a o e a e ers of trapping—argued that opponents Evaluation Committee, they could hardly e i s o e wo coyo es was are really out to end all trapping, hunting dispute a point made by Mr. Jack Sullivan a e o ecem e 1977 e and fishing, that the leghold trap is n t in- of the Michigan Federation of Humane ay i was a io- agge a e ease humane and that if only it was renamed a Societies, that if the steel jaw trap is not O 7 e ua y 197 i was ou foothold trap the cruelty issue would go cruel—as they claim—they have nothing to ea " e a a e cause o ea away. The 'prosecution' —scientists and far from an objective evaluation. representatives of humane organiza- Some trappers expressed interest in the was s a a io e a e oo a tions—based their case on the docu- Novak, Davies and Swedish leg snare de- ee a y o a c ewe e osi g mented cruelty of the steel jaw trap and vices. Based on the principle of constant oke o es " the availability of less painful alternatives. teipsion, these alternatives to the steel jaw e seco coyo e was a e o Dr. John Beary, AWI Vice President, trap are effective and demonstrably more 3 ecem e 1977 I was "ke i a spoke for Defenders of Wildlife and the humane. s e o ee ays a e og oo ; Society for Animal Protective Legislation. One good hearing does not ensure the i was e a io- agge a e ease " His method of persuasion was unusual but passing of a good bill. But it certainly helps!
law, they are sold by the hundred in the open market, peddled in the streets and served at bars without any interference from authorities. Later the television station (Channel 13) interviewed the Chief of the De- partment of Evaluation of Wild Sea and Continental Fauna Resources, Eduardo Lopez Pizarro. He said the Minister of Agriculture had asked him to prepare a new decree that would abolish Decree No. 9 and replace it with total protection for the green turtle.
b ll j v n l , n , h . h t : Ar h C rr Notorious smuggler they are still being caught by fishermen Shrimpers pledge help who will go as much as 100 miles out indicted to sea in open boats for highly priced On 7 August a federal grand jury in Every summer and fall loggerhead rock lobster and snapper. Any hawks- Miami indicted the notorious Antonio turtles are washed up dead on the US bills that are caught are a handsome Suarez of Mexico and three other Atlantic and Gulf beaches. 1980 saw a bonus. businessmen, together representing six death toll of over 1,850. But 1981 Carr wants an international tourist corporations, on 13 separate counts. Should- be different. For the shrimp education campaign to halt the pur- They were charged with importing into industry has at last accepted blame chase of all tortoise shell. A prime the US over 37 tons of Pacific Ridley and introduced turtle-saving measures. target should be the Japanese. turtle meat—the equivalent of 7500 Chief of these is agreement to pull in turtles— and describing it on customs the trawl nets every 90 minutes or less documents as Dermatemys mawii, a when turtles are known to be present. Costa Rican TV Mexican freshwater turtle whose im- Turtles trapped under water for longer port is legal. than this will drown. exposes slaughter On an earlier (22 July) indictment in The agreement was reached on 18 Last August a Costa Rican television Brownsville, Texas, the owners of two September at a meeting sponsored by station exposed the barbaric way in other seafood firms were charged with federal and state (South Carolina) offi- which turtles are slaughtered whole- importing and receiving more than cials and attended also by conserva- sale along a river bank south of the eight tons of endangered sea-turtle tionists and shrimpers. The meeting town of Limon. Lain on their backs meat. had been requested "on an emergen- with their stomachs to the blazing sun The indictments climaxed 18 cy basis" by no less than 27 conserva- and their feet sewn together to prevent months of investigation by govern- tion and welfare groups. them turning over, the turtles are left ment wildlife agents. Suarez, in par- Of course the best remedy is not to for a minimum of one week and some- ticular, had long been suspected of il- catch the turtles in the first place. But times for three weeks before they are legal trade in turtle meat. In recent test trials on a turtle 'excluder panel' at- finally killed. years tens of thousands of Pacific tached to the trawl net have been The killing method itself—slicing the Ridleys have been slaughtered by found to exclude too many shrimps head off, dismembering the body, cut- Mexican fishermen working for (20-30% of the normal catch) for an ting it open and throwing meat and PIOSA, the company he established. industry hard hit by rising fuel costs. eggs into a bucket—violates Executive On 7 September Suarez paid bail Good news, though, comes from initial Decree No. 9 which mandates sanitary and returned to Mexico on his own tests on a new 'trap door' which allows slaughter. Though the sale of green recognizance. No trial date has been turtles to escape while not losing turtle eggs is prohibited by Costa Rican set. shrimps. Caribbean hawksbill is going under "A fisherman can get $300 for one Caribbean hawksbill," reported turtle specialist Archie Carr, Jr. to scientists and conservationists attending the IUCN Survival Service Commission meeting in Gainesville, Florida, last October. "Their situation is as bad as Kemp's Ridley." He explained that hawksbill shell is semi-precious and will bring up to $70 per pound if the belly shell is included with the top shell; Japanese buyers like clear belly shell. Although the turtles l pp r h l d fr nt nd b nd t d t ht, r n t rtl v nl tr l t r ht t lf. are now found only in deep water, h t : M rt M tt
5 unlanded, five times that tonnage of other l nn n f r r pl n t rv v l fish. The problem is not insoluble. Prodded hard by conservationists the US tuna fleet like the Strategy, is more than just a has substantially cut the number of dolphin t v th rld catalogue of Earth's man-made afflictions. It proposes remedies and draws up f n rv t n ntr b t The experts are repeatedly telling us that priorities. the life-support systems of our planet are t th r n t n n b t n th C n rv t n r t tr ph ? is the h v nd th h v n t nd under mounting stress and will soon col- question posed at the very start. It sounds lapse. But their message, though so fright- like the opening shot in yet another emo- h n t l b l n t b l t ening in its implications, arouses hardly a tional fusillade aimed at the heinous sins of flicker of fear or even interest nowadays. Homo sapiens. It is not. The tone deaths, while the US shrimp fleet (see Impact has been dulled by repetition. And throughout is cool and analytical. But this page 5) is now belatedly acting to reduce besides, the long-predicted doom seems a can in no way disguise the starkness of the turtle mortality. long time a-coming. Perhaps (happy choice before us. How to save the world ends with a plea thought) the experts are wrong. The book does not cover everything. to the individual. "Ultimately no conserva- No, unhappily on this matter the experts "Living-resource conservation" is the tion strategy can succeed unless everyone are not wrong. Agreed that for us western- actually behaves as a conservationist. Per- ers the signs of doom are not very evident. Onl n t fr t n f th sonal attempts to conserve resources may But in the world beyond our own back appear inconsequential in relation to the yards the warning signals are flashing: rld pl nt nd n l h enormous problems. But such efforts are floods and droughts from deforestation; b n nv t t d f r p bl among the most significant of actions, the falling fish catches from overfishing; loss of f ln n d l tr t nt sum of which spread throughout society cropland to expanding cities— and expand- will mean real and enduring success." ing deserts; chemical poisoning of life in subject— a category which excludes the How to save the world, $12.95 (hardback), lakes, streams and even large seas like the crucial issue of population. Within the A World Conservation Strategy, $3.50 Mediterranean. And so on. bounds set, the first task is to determine (paperback) plus/postage. Order from: Biological systems can take just so much priorities. This should be on the basis of Unipub, Box 433, Murray Hill Station, stress and no more. How much is "so significance (in terms of benefits to peo- New York, NY 10016. Phone: (212) much"? No one knows; but politicians, ple), urgency and, most important of all, r 686-4707 r v r b l t (extinction of species being the Alr d f r t l t h lf f th most obvious example). Agriculture, Gl b l 2000 forests, the sea, endangered species, are rld p p l t n n rv t n "priority problem areas". There is a In May 1977 President Carter directed the n tt r f l f nd d th chapter on each of them and each chapter Council on Environmental Quality and the ends with a section headed: Wh t h ld Department of State to study the likely en- b d n . vironmental changes in the world as a businessmen, farmers, fishermen, capital- In all these areas a paramount need is whole "through the end of the century". ists, communists, rich men, poor men—all fully to integrate conservation with The outcome, three years later, is Global of us, in fact— act as if there are no limits. development. Conservation which auto- 2000. This is a short cut to doom. Persistent matically opposes all development is not The study takes the form of projections players of Russian roulette are soon dead. operating in the real world; development which assume that present policies and Greed and short-sightedness are not the which ignores conservation is not devel- trends will persist. It makes sombre sole culprits. Poverty and soaring numbers opment, it is destruction. reading. Overpopulation, resource deple- can push people into trying to gain a liveli- One snag, though, is that 'destruction' tion, environmental degradation—in all hood by methods which destroy the plant can bring short-term profits— while the these areas the problems we face today life and animal life on which their own pay-off on conservation is seldom im- are trifling compared to the problems in future life depends. Being alive to the mediate. To ask poor countries to protect store. For although "policies are beginning needs of tomorrow (which is what conser- rare species—the genetic resource base to change", there are no signs of these vation is about) is of small help to those upon which future advances in medicine, changes going deep enough to allow us who will be dead tomorrow unless they industry and farming depend—is to ask the luxury of believing that the projections can manage to feed themselves today. will be falsified. Global 2000 is the first undertaking of its Wh t n d ? b r ff t v n rv kind by any government. It will give new t n t n d r d ll t h n shape and more solid substance (or such is Of course, not quite everybody reacts to th p bl p r pt n f th r t the intention) to US "foreign and domestic alarm calls on the plight of the planet with t t d t d v l p nt policies relating to population, resources yawns of indifference. There are many and environment". Starting now. "If deci- people, even people in government, them, in effect, to subsidize the rest of us. sions are delayed until the problems be- whose response is a heartfelt "Dreadful, And that is to ask too much. International come worse, options for effective action but what can we do?" A national park here companies (eg pharmaceutical firms) will be severely reduced." and there may save the odd species; moni- whose life-blood comes from wild life Nor can these "problems" be contained toring pollution may force industry to be a should help pay the costs of protection. within strictly environmental boundaries. shade more responsible. Such measures, This is plain economic justice—and it For the study makes the very important though, are like applying band-aid to a would strengthen the appeal of conserva- point—too often ignored by conservation- haemorrhaging patient. But— what else tion to poor-world governments. ists—that environmental issues are "inex- can we do? Waste is one of the main enemies of tricably linked to problems of poverty, in- How to save the world is a book which conservation. And the most profligate of all j tice and social conflict". tries to answer this despairing question. It forms of waste comes under the innocuous - It goes on to say "New and imaginative is the popular paperback version of A heading of incidental catch. Well known ideas—and a willingness to act on them— World Conservation Strategy. (The examples are the huge 'incidental' killing of are essential". Quite so. What are the Strategy, published last March, is aimed at dolphins by the Pacific tuna fleets, of pr'osp ects? governments and international agencies seabirds and Dall porpoises by the Jap- The Global 2000 Summary Report costs and was prepared mainly by IUCN, the In- anese salmon fleets, of turtles by the $3.50 from: Superintendent of Docu- ternational Union for Conservation of world's shrimp fleets—which land 1-3 ments, US Government Printing Office, Nature and Natural Resources.) The book, million tons of shrimp a year and destroy, Washington, DC 20402.
6 animal reservoirs, man can't hope to era- should have added a line giving equal dicate it as he has eradicated the smallpox credit to the tenacity of whooping cranes." ... virus, although he can soften its impact. In Other endangered species among the Britain, however, the virus was wiped out falcons, whales, manatees and primates, b nd W ldl f : by 1903 as a consequence of laws which the lemurs of Madagascar and the edu- l t r p t v called for the vaccination of all pets, the cated gorilla, Koko, in San Francisco, take y a i W Mac o a killing of stray dogs, and the imposition of their places in this broad-based book with a strict national quarantine. A pet dog accounts of an American white-footed O o U i e si y ess 19 3 95 smuggled into Plymouth in 1918 started a mouse, a woodchuck, a starling, and an i UK $ om O U 7 1 local epizootic which took three years to entertaining piece on bluejays, which quell. gently debunks the idea that bluejays are Rabies is a dreaded viral disease of the The best hope for rabies control in the unduly expensive birds to maintain at bird nervous system. In humans, if untreated, it future is "to persuade the foxes to vac- feeders. She writes that she can watch a is fatal. It is a special threat to people in cinate themselves." It seems that foxes will bluejay "gobble his 25-seed capacity with crowded nations such as India, where it take baits laced with an oral vaccine which an easy mind. At 15/1 o a e y e kills about 10,000 yearly. It almost always subsequently takes effect either through sig is a ea a gai I gi es me a ee i g kills other mammals (except bats) that it the mouth or the intestines. Oral vaccine a is a e ese ays I makes me ee e - attacks. These victims include cats, dogs, can be dropped from aircraft at a cost of i y rich." foxes (and many other carnivores), cattle, about six cents per fox-taken bait. The Mrs. McNulty can rouse both uncon- deer, and New World bats. Rabid vampire resulting immunity—if I rightly understand trollable laughter and deep sorrow, and— bats in Latin America yearly kill cattle it—resembles the natural immunity devel- especially in the story "An Oiled Bird"— valued at $250 million. In the wild, rabies oped in young foxes when they eat rabid she subtly brings forth human traits that epizootics rise and fall in intensity, their prey carrying the virus in its nonvirulent militate against the acceptance of our cycles controlled mainly by constantly stage. ethical obligations to animals. All through changing ratios of individuals possessing Macdonald seems a practical sort. If the book, she touches with great delicacy natural, serum-neutralizing antibodies. rabies should return to Britain he would on moments "elusive of description" of Strangely, these antibodies have also been immediately surround the focus of the epi- contact between her and all the different found in animals that could not have had zootic with a fox-killing zone or cordon—to beings in the book, from a tiny mouse to any contact with rabies virus. A fox popula- thin the population and reduce the the huge humpback whales whose songs tion reduced by a rabies epizootic to one- chances of fox-to-fox contact —and would she listened to through hydrophones with tenth will recover in about six years. surround this zone with another in which Roger and Katy Payne. Macdonald, a British biologist and spe- foxes would be immunized. Failure to update current whale-killing cialist in fox behavior, focuses on rabies in As a fellow biologist I find Macdonald's quotas and stances of member nations of the fox, for he believes that the nature of natural, holistic approach to rabies control the International Whaling Commission is a rabies can best be understood if one stud- convincing. Rather than continuing to rely minor flaw in a book otherwise remarkable ies in d pth its effects on a single species or on seek-and-destroy methods, he would or its accuracy, lucidity, fairness and true species-group. He suggests that "any wild- use such biocontrol methods as are now feeling. Chr t n St v n life management problem can and should available, meanwhile seeking to learn all be tackled only on the basis of a thorough there is to be learned about the ages-old understanding of the behavioural ecology relationship between a pathogen and its of the species involved." hosts. He agrees that rabies is most apt to flare t r S h ff r up where foxes are abundant, yet he con- cludes that "mass-killing (of foxes) has h W ldl f St r f generally not worked." He points to the th M lt success of the Polish method, which is based largely on biocontrol —the control of y ai Mc u y life by life. When rabies erupts in Poland i us a e y o i ickma and the authorities kill ailing foxes and all ou e ay a Co Y 19 $17 95 stray dogs and cats, then let the disease run its course, that is, limit itself. I e c a i y o e ose a e su e ess In 1952 an attempt was made to stop o e i s i c s i w i i g a ou a ima s the southerly spread of rabies through the ai Mc u y joins a sma se ec g ou o province of Alberta. Largely through the au o s ac e Ca so a Gus a Eck- distribution of strychnine and cyanide s ei come to mind immediately. She sets poisons, about 50,000 foxes, 100,000 a very high standard of personal observa- coyotes, 4,300 wolves, 7,500 lynxes, 1,850 tion, and in the course of her writing ex- bears, 500 skunks, 64 cougars, 4 badgers, presses a view of fellow mammals, birds, and 1 wolverine were killed. "There are and other wildlife which is slowly growing, depressingly few instances," Macdonald perhaps only just in time to save great writes, "where the introduction of such numbers from cruel persecution and, in control schemes can unequivocally be said some cases, extinction. h t : K v n tl r to have resulted in the eradication of Some of the pieces dealing with endan- The revised edition of the popular rabies." gered creatures first appeared in The New manual r t A d and Care f S ll Moreover, in Alberta "the number of Yorker, notably the fascinating documen- An l is now available from the deer and moose increased greatly after the tation of the whooping cranes' fortunes Animal Welfare Institute, Box 3650, slaughter of carnivores which had pre- over the past half century. The tremend- Washington, DC 20007. The new edi- viously preyed upon them; this resulted in ous dedication of a few of the people in- tion contains a greatly enlarged bibli- serious over-grazing and consequent long- volved contrasts with the callousness, dgraphy and an extensive chapter on term damage to the range, which reduced avarice and pettiness of others. The cranes baby bird care, prepared by Ralph its capacity to maintain big game herds." themselves are portrayed both as a species Heath (pictured above) and staff of When poison baits are set against foxes and as unique individuals. After quoting e Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary, St. they kill not only foxes but raptorial birds. Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, Petersburg, Florida. Teachers, li- What often follows? . . . f r birds, r "The good news on the flock's growth is brarians, humane societies and scout field rodents and (supported by rodent heartening evidence that thoughtful men leaders may order one copy free; ad- foods) r foxes. can help undo the ravages of thought- ditional copies cost $2.00 prepaid. Because the rabies virus persists in wild- lessness," the author writes, "Perhaps he
7 Cage birds continued bogus. 90% of all birds imported are sold as single pets. And few even of W ldl f rn including Japan, are members of the remaining 10 %— which go to zoos Army, police and game wardens in CITES (Convention on International and research—are used for captive Zimbabwe have joined forces against Trade in Endangered Species). And breeding. For example, less than 100 one of the chief threats to the country's CITES holds its next biennial meeting macaws a year are raised worldwide in war-torn economy—poachers working in February. At this meeting the US zoos, while thousands continue to be in gangs and equipped with an arsenal and UK governments will propose that imported. of weapons used in the fight for inde- all members of the parrot family not in The pet industry has established no pendence. In Operation Wilderness Appendix I of CITES should be in major captive-breeding center. Why? Warrior hundreds of poachers, spotted Appendix II. (The UK proposal, Because captive breeding is formid- by helicopters, have been rounded up. though, does exclude budgerigars.) ably difficult and because wild birds Prime Minister Mugabe's government, Predictably the pet industry is mak- can be bought cheap and sold dear. acutely conscious that destruction of ing a great fuss. Last September an ar- The industry may argue that its 'mark- the country's wildlife will also destroy ticle in the trade newspaper Pet up' has to be high because of the high tourism, has asked magistrates to deal Business exhorted readers to write to mortality of their merchandise. Cer- severely with these 'ecological-cum- the Department of Interior protesting tainly the death rate is appalling. Only economic'saboteurs. Wardens report a the "proposed ban". The article was 20% of wild-caught parrots, netted in startling rise in animal deaths due to headlined Plan to Ban All Psittacines. the forest or plucked from their nests poachers in recent months. Zim- This shows woeful (or wilful) ignor- as fledglings, live long enough to be babwe's chief game warden has said: ance of the rules of CITES. Trade sold to pet owners across the counter "The problem is reaching crisis propor- in Appendix II species is not banned. It of a pet shop. And most of these then tions." is permitted— so long as the animal die within a year. In neighboring Zambia President carries an export certificate from the Agreement by the CITES parties to Kaunda is likewise taking a tough country of origin certifying that trade regulate the parrot trade will not by stand. Alarmed at the decimation of will not imperil the species. itself put a stop to this cruel and waste- elephants in Luangwa national park The industry is also repeating pre- ful destruction. But it would compel ("poachers aim to kill the remaining vious claims that trade in birds helps to both exporting and importing coun- 55,000 within the next two years" says prevent extinctions thanks to captive tries to take a more responsible stand one wildlife official) and the evidence breeding. These claims are entirely than at present. The AWI is preparing of corruption, he has said that "no a substantial report on the bird trade mercy will shown towards chiefs or worldwide; participants at the CITES government officials found running meeting will receive copies. poaching operations." Wildlife transport: simpler El ph nt pr t t n rules, easier enforcement t ll The US now has just one set of rules Despite persistent efforts by conser- governing the import, export and vationists the 92nd Congress broke up transport of wildlife and wildlife pro- without the elephant protection bill be- ducts. New regulations, issued on 24 coming law. In its original form the bill September by the Department of In- passed the House of Representatives terior's Fish and Wildlife Service, in December 1979. Senators Chafee draws together provisions of the En- (R. RI) and Culver (D., IA) introduced dangered Species Act, the Lacey Act an amendment to the bill and in the and various other statutes adminis- form under consideration by the Sen- tered by the Service. It means an end ate Committee on Environment and to the confusing multiplicity of regula- Public Works, the bill was concerned tions covering this matter; it should with both protecting the elephant and also mean an end to pleas of ignor- enabling the US to strengthen interna- ance being sympathetically received. tional conservation in the field. It de- The license requirements of the new mands speedy enactment by the new regulations are quite clear. Congress.
An l W lf r In t t t
S nt f C tt Int rn t n l C tt Off r Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. T. G. Antikatzides, D.V.M.— Greece Christine Stevens, President Bennett Derby, M.D. Major C. W. Hume, O.B.E., M.D., B.Sc., M.I. Cynthia Wilson, Vice President F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. Biol.—United Kingdom Jon Beary, M.D., Vice President Roger Payne, Ph.D. Angela King—United Kingdom Marjorie Cooke, Secretary Samuel Peacock, M.D. David Ricardo—Canada Roger L. Stevens, Treasurer John Walsh, M.D. N. E. Wernberg—Denmark Godofredo Stutzin— Chile
St ff Fran Lipscomb, Executive Assistant Maria Gulino, Administrative Assistant Patrick Allen, Editorial Consultant Diane Halverson, Research Assistant Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secretary
Leon Bernstein, Ph.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Lynne Hutchison, Whale Campaign Adele Schoepperle, Assistant Treasurer
Consultant in Physiology Secretary Sheryl Sternenberg, Publications Secretary INFORMATION REPORT A IMA WE A E I S I U E
.O. x 6 0 W h n t n, . C. 2000 Spr n 8 l. 0, .
I symposium examines alternatives to animal testing b r t r n l : t rn n p nt? r nd n M th d l n v v , n v tr , nd M th t ease i e co e e ce wou e- l Appr h . h t tl f d p p n r d b comme a o ia io s o a o- th t n l In t t t f lth n t x tl t th p l g am o u sue e " a i goa " of al- r n b t h t th t n n rn d th f ternatives to animal testing. r d n d p nd n n l v n l n th t t n f pr d t . Dr Victor Morganroth of the Food and Drug Administration is Chairman And h t r d d r n th thr d n br r r of the government Interagency Regu- t nl x t n nd j t ht pr v t rn n p nt. latory Liaison Group which has work- ed for four years to "harmonize" the The citadel of animal testing was biology" adumbrated by Dr Prince dur- maze of regulations issued by different roundly assailed by a host of scientists ing the seminar. "The thread of life as agencies. In this "regulatory night- armed with the highest credentials. captured in DNA is showing a pro- mare" the agencies sometimes call for Those under attack—representatives found similarity in all life forms" said the same animal tests resulting in an of the chemical industry and research Dr Raub. "Ten years from now our "enormous waste of animal re- and testing bodies—countered that views on ethics will be labelled biologi- sources." Noting that to repeat the "substitutes will evolve, developments cally naive." Draize eye test on six animals costs cannot be legislated, money wi not from $15,000 to $18,000, Dr Morgan- buy a solution," but the citadel no S l nt p nt roth said, "Once you put a procedure longer appears impregnable. Scientific, humane, economic and down on paper it tends to go on for Follow-up measures are already in legislative factors were all amply cover- ever. Our committee is trying to adopt train. At the end of the seminar Dr ed during the seminar. In his opening the draft guidelines of the Organization William Raub, Associate Director of remarks Congressman George Brown for European Community Develop- I announced: (D., Ca.) said that while "respect for life ment." OECD recommends that: a 1) The setting up o a forum con- is on the increase, pieces of legislation local anesthetic be given when a sub- ce e wi es i g a wi e ques- a u o o set policy don't neces- stance might cause pain; a known cor- tions—what are we trying to measure? sarily solve the problem too well." In rosive or strong irritant not be tested in Why? At what cost in time, money and response to a question by Henry Spira rabbits' eyes; three animals be used in animal lives? The forum will include the Congressman said he would be C nt n d p 8 representatives of ll the parties con- cerned—federal agencies, manufac- , W Y turers, labor unions, advocates of rights of animals, of consumer protec- tion and of safety in the work place. 2) The recommendation that re- search and regulatory agencies focus their attention o "the three Rs" — replacement, reduction and refine- ment. 3) e request by NIH that existing guidelines on the treatment of (in par- ticular) chimpanzees be modelled on the treatment of human subjects in experiments—in line with the "new h r z t t— r bb t b f r rr t nt t t n , nd th n ft r rd .
E CASE AGAI S AC O Y A MI G . . . E CASE AGAI S AC O Y A MI G . .
e ey awki s a success u o o k r t n —f t r f r n ig- a me wi 5 yea s e e ie ce as ie a e ec e e s aw- ee s a s e ea y wea i g es ouse so eage y y nd r r t n wo ke s a e E e ime a us a y ac o y a mi g was e a i e y ew i o ig a mi g i is cou y W e e s aw- U i us ow e oa a e i g o S 19 5 w e o esso am e a is ess co i i g sys ems we e o ce C eme s a ow a i g come ack o co eagues u e ook a a iame a y a o e e e as muc as ey s i a e mo e " a u a " me o s esc i es e e qui y i o e issue ey we e s ocke e e ow 5 o sows i Swe e a e Mi is y o Ag icu u e Sys em as "1 y muc o w a ey saw oug o a o ce agai ea e o s aw i e s yea s ou o a e " as s ocke as ey we e w e ey saw Ekes o ou a e sows a owe awki s w o a ms 1 sows 1 ow e Go e me a "wa e e ee om o mo eme a s aw we e o w ic i e i o - as io e ee- a ge ow " ei ecomme a io s o a ease wice as ea y as ose co i e O e u u y o e sa y soi o is a m us e a mi g o y ese ecomme a- " ee" a ima s 1 e e ie ce some ou si e o o k s Ki gs y e ie es e io s i im eme e wou a e ou - ea o em w i e amo g e co i e a me s ou ig o e e a is me s o awe mos mo e us a y me o s a ima s e o o io ose o W e e equi me ma u ac u e s a i es i c u i g c a e ea ca es a e e e gi i g i o y 3 o e ee a ima s w a mo ey e as i igs o a is sows ook o ge a eig ou s com a e e e ie ce ea s ou e i e y e i i gs u w i e e o uce s a e we - wi 5 o e co i e sows us o e o Ekes o— a a owi g sows ee om o _ a is s emai ocke i mo a com a e 1 o e sows i e s ee e me ica mo eme a esis i g e em a io o wo si es accusi g eac o e o e- ea me as agai s 1 i s a s e o ce oo ma y igs e yea om em s ec i e y se ime a i y a g ee some a e o s i o ig e s was ig e i e wi ea i e e o i e o ge - i i g i e es i g e e o me s a e ee aki g co i e sows wi e um e o sows a e e o e mo e ig e s e sow ace o i i ai a i mai a Eu- mummi ie s i e e ig e s o se e
o e A g ou o io ee i g scie is s a imes ig e auma ic i u y was ikewise t l b t n pr bl e ig e e a me s a e ee maki g a ig e i e co i e g ou O y isco e ies a ou a ima e a io w ic o e e e sows e e ie ce is U ike e ee i g igs i e Mi is y s ow a o ci g e ace o a u e o y e o i u y com a e wi 1 o U i is sows a e o e e e e i si e o y causes su e i g u ca a so e uce sows i s a s o es i e i e s o i e o swee -sme i g e a me s o i Ge i a u e a u c ma as a so s aw—sows e says a e e eme y as i i- ous o ce ei a i s a e u e s oo e i e y i e e i e ce is eme gi g a s u ie e e a io o sows is i i gs as o ai - i i g o ems ecause is e a a e a ia o ac o y a mi g a s ow a w i e e eg ee o ig i g o s ocki g e si y is ig a e sows a o ce seeme so co e ie — e cu ic es a ig a m as o sig i ica e ec o k ow eac o e e e i g i is o i io a e a e e a me o c am wice as e a io e ese ce o e e a mi u e is c ue a u a u a a ea s o oo ma y sows u e o e oo as ei ee- amou o s aw oes igs o a y e- esio s o a ses a ack o ems as u i g e e a iou wou o e a e e i e o s aw s owe agg essio o- e sow seeks co s a y o i a ew s o ea c a es a seeme so ygie ic e wa s ei e ows o a e age e e y wo s a s a i away wi e ee o s aw mi u es A e ei g o i e wi o y o e oo e says e is ega e as a " i o a a mucki g ou —mig a e a e a 1 gms o s aw eac e ic u e c a ge u e " ecause e kee s igs ou si e a e e si e s a e ama ica y W i e ai - i i g a e om- ac ice e says wi a i o i o y a O icia eac io o ese isco e ies e o ea e y e a me as i quick y is ow u as io a e S essi g a o o w ic e agai a agai o e o se co ami a es e ca cass occu e amo g i you a e o a e a ig soi e oi s Mo e a u e s me o s o o y o 1 o e igs w o a o s aw amo g ou a w i e o se u a i e si e sys em uma e u mo e sig i ica y o eco- ose wi s aw i a ec e o y 5 O wi s a s s a s a s u y um s cos s omic g ou s is g u gi g a o e co ic e a io — i i g o e igs— e 15 e sow o se u a e e si e u i e u ice e Mi is y s eac io o a is a i y was mo e ama ic wi 5 cos s e wee a 5 e a ima i e-yea s u y y o ac e ea o- o e igs wi ou s aw a ici a i g as agai s 13 w o a s aw "I you o y a e 1 o s e uce s (s owi g a ca es i s aw you e a e o ge a o mo e igs i you ya s we e sig i ica y ea ie a ei go e e si e " c a e cou e a s was o e "i s s i o esso o We s e o e e a - oo ea y o e " a ie y ikewise w i e me o e e i a y Me ici e a e U i e - Swe e as a a io as i ua y a a - si y o is o as s e e as i e yea s o e i e si e ig- a mi g a e s u ies s u yi g e e a io o ea ca es ea e o e a ee- a ge sows i e o ge i c a es com a e wi ose ea e i ee e ess me ica io a o uce s aw ya s ike Ekes o wi igs is mo e ig e s E e ime a us a y i i gs a e e o u io i e ea ea i g U i s u y e i is Mi is y o Ag icu - me o s i i ai w e e 75 o ea u e a e e usias ica y wea i g ea ie ca es a e ow ea e i is ma e a ea ie e e kee i g i y ig e s i (S essi g a e is a scie is o a we - ea e a e y cages o o ce e sow ack a e cam aig e We s e a mi s a e i o ig e soo e i i gs— a ca es mi g i g oge e e igges s u y ca ie ou so a i o a ee i g emse es om a au oma ic e e o ma ce o sows i a ious sys- is e se a e ea ie a ei c a e ems is a o o esso I g a Ekes o o seg ega e cou e a s— su ise im Swe e is s u y o sows ouse " e i e si is s a gue a i is i e i - i g ou s i s aw e s a 1 7 co - Y n p n t t l nf n nt tr pl i e i s a s as a a a ica e ec d n r r C nt n d n xt p
THE CASE AGAINST FACTORY FARMING . . THE CASE AGAINST FACTORY FARMING . . Britain-continued terests of the animals to keep them teth- ered or in individual crates to prevent disease, but the straw yard method shows that this is manifestly untrue." Webster found that diarrhea and pneu- monia, the two diseases that commonly af- flict calves—which, unlike pigs and chick- ens, are not disease-free stock bred on the premises, but are brought in from markets all round the country—went down mar- kedly in the straw yards. Vets' bills for calves in the straw yard system were about a third of those incurred by the crated animals. While 22% of the straw-yard calves needed some form of veterinary at- tention, in crates the figure was 55%. Webster's explanation for the improved health of the calves, in spite of their being able to touch and groom each other, is that the straw yard is more natural. "If they were in the field with their mothers they would suck from them about 16 times a day—exactly the way they use the feeder. In the crates they were fed twice daily from a bucket. Taking all that half day's feed down in 45 seconds overloaded the gut G d n th d f h n lv b Q nt l o o Qua ock and allowed bacteria to colonize at a time a sizeable number of people would be do not preen what is left. The dirtiness of when the calves had virtually no natural prepared to pay more for a product which the eggs, a problem stressed over and over immunity." The drop in respiratory ail- they believed to be tastier, more nutritious by battery supporters, is greatly exag- ments he attributes to the bigger airier and produced in less disturbing cir- gerated. buildings using natural ventilation. cumstances than the battery egg. Pitts knows quite a lot about battery Aware of this growing lobby the Govern- hens as at present he buys birds at the end Ch p r nd r h n ment has recently voted a small amount of of their caged life to tide him over with big His verdict on the straw-yard system is money for research into alternative meth- eggs while his pullets are growing. "They certainly that it is cheaper, with lower labor ods of egg production; and an aviary sys- are in a dreadful state when they arrive. costs, far lower building costs and— without tem, where the hens are free to perch, They've produced 270 eggs in 350 days. the need for heat or automatic ventila- peck and dustbath is currently being stud- That's pushing nature as far as you can. tion—greatly reduced running costs. He is ied at the Ministry's Experimental Hus- They've often got broken bones and also pleased that it is the "humane" alter- bandry Unit at Gleadethorpe, Lincs. wings— they've deprived themselves of native which has triumphed. One of the Martin Pitts, a chicken farmer in the little calcium to keep up this hectic rate of egg aspects of crating which distressed him hamlet of Pusey, just outside Marlborough, production. They can't walk. They can't fly. was that calves could not chew the cud Wilts, has in fact been making a substantial Sometimes it seems cruel to expect them and instead would lick the walls and bars living out of his version of the aviary for to acclimatize." of their cage for up to 10 hours a day. "Our just over 15 years. As the largest free- Phillip Brown, chief vet of the RSPCA, experiment has exploded a few myths— range egg farmer in the country—his hens is convinced that hens suffer psychologi- that if you let a calf chew straw the meat produce around 2000 eggs a day—he cally in their cramped cages. "Because will darken; that if you let it mix with its makes no bones about the drawbacks. It is they cannot perch, dustbath or nest they fellows they will cross-infect each other. expensive—costing 50% more than bat- go in for displacement behavior, man- The old farm-animal welfare codes state tery production. Because the birds are in nerisms which they have invented because that a basic necessity for animal welfare is contact with their droppings there is more of their barren environment. Head the provision of a husbandry system ap- of a problem with disease; because the shaking, pacing, shivering. You get the propriate to the health and behavioral birds can use runs, there are parasites. same thing with calves and sows. At the needs of the animal. In my opinion the old They eat more—and waste more—than do end of the day when you see birds that crate system did not fulfil either and the battery-reared birds. There is also more have been in cages for 10 months their straw yard fulfils both." pecking and bullying and sick birds are physical condition sums it all up. They are While in pig and veal farming the new more difficult to locate. fit only for pies and soups." findings indicate that methods of hus- Nevertheless many of the problems al- To people who believe we are asking bandry which take more account of the ready being predicted by Ministry officials tpo much of Nature on our modern farms animal's needs are more economic, the for the Gleadethorpe experiment just don't the lessons of people like Ekesbo, Webster picture is reversed when it comes to egg exist. Birds on higher perches defecating and Hawkins seem so simple. How long production. Nevertheless the market in on birds beneath them isn't a problem ow- before the Establishment sees the light? free-range eggs is booming with more and ing to the oil in the feathers and the con- l r r more of the supermarket chains begging stant preening, and even an amateur can producers to step up their output—a fact see how fit and glossy the birds are, com- Nicola Tyrer is a British journalist who has which would seem to suggest to the pessi- pared to their caged cousins, who have fre- spent three months researching welfare mists in the National Farmers' Union that quently lost most of their feathers and who aspects of intensive farming.
3 19 E CASE AGAI S AC O Y A MI G . . . E CASE AGAI S AC O Y A MI G . .
The various activities preparatory to they felt like it they could always stretch M d rn p r r n lying down—scraping, burrowing and the one wing at a time. like—are more frequent and more drawn- The chairman of the British Egg Associa- th d p r d out in pigs kept in solitary confinement. tion was one of the federation's spokes- Biting the bars, empty chewing etc. are men. The committee had visited his farm- An nv t t n nt th ff t f modern expressions of an increased level of excite- 64,000 birds, five to a cage. They com- p r r n th d n th ll b n nd ment caused by the suppression of in- mended him for his efficiency but ex- h lth f p — b tt d t th World stinctive drives. There is no proper outlet pressed doubts as to whether just one Federation for the Protection of Animals for their natural behavioral needs. employee could look after the welfare of b . S r, . . S br nd . Young sows are usually reared in such a huge number of birds. They were Kr l h, v t r n r n t M n h Un v r groups and placed in solitary confinement told that in a highly automated system this t . h r report has b n r z d. at around 10 months old. To test the effect was not difficult. Whether they accepted The principal aim of modern rearing of confinement on younger animals, 16 this assurance we shall know when their systems is to house animals in a labor- sows aged 5-6 months were placed in stalls report is published. saving manner and to make intensive and farrowed about seven weeks later. farming profitable. Pigs are usually kept in Only two of the 16 escaped injury or in- solitary confinement and without bedding. fertility or difficulties during the act of birth. Narrow box stalls or tight tethering se- It follows that solitary confinement usually verely limit movement and prevent them begins at an age which is barely tolerable from turning round; runs and pasture are o e a ima s denied them. By strictly economic cri teria— number in litter, size, productivity— these modern rearing systems may com- ltr f r r pare well enough with previous methods. But do they prove well-being? An investi- v v d n gation of this issue has been undertaken and completed. Intensive livestock farming with the focus Mourning on animal welfare has been the subject of a Parliamentary enquiry in Britain. Con- n n l n b tt r . The behavior of sows intensively reared sumers, producers, welfare bodies—in re- in solitary confinement (box stalls without cent months all have given evidence to a bedding) was compared with that of sows C n S l t C tt and those on reared in groups. In solitary pigs, 'natural' the committee have visited a variety of h h f r n movements (burrowing, chewing, biting) farms practising a variety of systems. Their were carried out either without a substitute report, embodying recommendations to S r t r l t h object or on unsuitable objects. Rubbing Parliament, will be published in July. the bridge of the nose, 'empty' chewing On 5 March it was the turn of the British r fr and bar-biting were frequent and extreme Poultry Federation to give evidence and in box-stall rearing. These substitute activ- an AWI representative attended the hear- The new Secretary of Agriculture is John ities diminished as the system became ing. Spokesmen for the federation agreed R. Block, a hog farmer in Knox County, Il- more natural. there was no hard evidence to support the linois. He was interviewed in January by `Mourning' describes the expression and oft-repeated claim that the battery system John Byrnes, editor of r M n posture of sows tt n for long periods in is the most economic. While defending the nt. The interview appeared in the box stalls—head hanging low or supported system as giving "adequate welfare" they magazine's February issue and in a sepa- on a bar, eyes tight shut. In groups, sows also agreed, under pressure from the com- rate article the editor writes of John Block's sit for only a few minutes; it is merely a mittee, that a system giving birds more pig-rearing methods, including the free- transitory position while getting up. For freedom of movement would be more dom enjoyed by his sows in summer. A solitary pigs, sitting is the clumsy and humane and, if economically sound, brief extract from the a ic e follows. lengthy transition from standing to lying; would be acceptable to poultry farmers. h nd lt r h d mourning can last for hours. (Economic considerations include the fear p r t l nt l n h n th of being swamped by cheap imported eggs 2 nd lt th t pp r t b from France and Holland.) l t t f rr n r v d nt A welfare code lays down guidelines but t b r p t r . h 0 r p is not mandatory. Again the federation t r tl nd h r tr agreed that practices which are in all cases th ll p f p n r nd. needless and abhorrent— eg de-winging, h f nd th r f v r t r nd de-beaking, castration without anesthe- nd l d n nd h v p . sia—should be made illegal. Beak trim- Aft r b t h n 0 ming, though, as opposed to de-beaking, ll v f rr d, th n th t h v n t was defended as a sometimes necessary f rr d r v d t n th r p form of "multilateral disarmament;" in t r l n th th r nd lt caged poultry the pecking order may take l t t f rr n . h ocess a vicious form. The code requires that birds bnt n n h f th 11 f rr n have room to stretch—which in cages they do not. It was rather lamely said that bat- p t r . tery birds show no signs of wishing to in- Readers may wish to write the Secretary to A rn n n bl t t rn r nd. dulge themselves in this way but that if express appreciation.
4 E CASE AGAI S AC O Y A MI G . . . E CASE AGAI S AC O Y A MI G . . the operator must use energy to adjust it, West Germany, Italy and France. otherwise productivity falls. In Britain the Brambell Committee's The section on loss of protein, feeding it proposals for legislation were based on a through animals rather than direct to minimum 'five freedoms' and this, as an An l t r humans, covers well explored territory, but easily administered regulation, might be an y im Maso a e e Si ge there is an interesting quote from Ohio effective start. "Every animal should at C ow ew Yo k 19 $1 95 University on food energy availability: least have sufficient room to be able with- "Even the best of the animal enterprises out difficulty to get up, turn round, lie Si ce Animal Machines first appeared in examined returns only 34.5% of the in- down, groom itself and stretch its limbs." 1964 there have been many develop- vestment of fossil energy to us in food There is plenty of evidence on the benefits ments world wide. Expert government energy whereas the poorest of the 5 crop of litter for livestock and another effective committees have investigated the pros and enterprises examined returns 328%." regulation could lay down a bedded lying cons of the various intensive livestock area for all classes of stock. systems, national laws have been passed dd n t This is a book, not for the specialist, but for the uninformed. The introduction and an international convention drawn up Then there are hidden to cos s cos s makes it clear that it is not the whole of among the 21 member states of the Coun- the health of consumers who dine on fatty, livestock farming that is under criticism, not cil of Europe for the protection of these chemically dosed, antibiotic-fed animals farm animals. in fact the farmer at all—but only the that never exercise or see sunlight; costs to agribusiness mentality by which he is being It seems remarkable, therefore, that it the environment from the accumulation of pressured. I could have wished that some has taken 16 years for a book to be pub- huge quantities of noxious animal wastes; of the systems had been explained more lished on ac o y a mi g i e S a es I is costs to our limited store of fossil fuels; clearly and that within the body of the text written in a most readable and pungent costs to the starving, whose lives might be there had been more emphasis on alter- style reflecting the enthusiasm of the au- saved by the food we are wasting; costs to native viable systems. But nevertheless this thors for their subject. the land, which is forced to produce more is a welcome addition to the literature on The book describes the development of and more grain to be turned into meat; the subject. th rr n the extreme systems in the States and costs to wildlife, whose habitat is destroyed some of the pressures behind farmers to to grow more grain; costs to the quality of Ruth Harrison is the author of Animal adopt them. "For years government poli- life for small farmers who, getting no sup- Machines and a member of the Com- cies have favoured size . . . Most pervasive port from the Department of Agriculture or mons Select Committee which is currently of all is the bias towards agribusiness by the agricultural research establishment, enquiring into animal-welfare aspects of farming magazines, agricultural colleges can no longer compete with big business intensive farming in Britain. extension agents, and salespeople from and must leave the land; costs to the ani- the companies that supply products to mals themselves, confined, crowded, An l & Eth agriculture. Together, these elements put bored, frustrated, and deprived of most of Man and his various dealings with animals forth an ideal of farming that represents their natural pleasures; and finally, costs to is the subject of this paperback. Animals & their view of profitable or successful farm- our own self-respect." Ethics is an admirably succinct statement ing. The progressive farmer .. is the one What of the future? The authors pro- of the views of a working party covering who goes all out for production and uses duce evidence that farmers are themselves Man and Wild Animals, Man and Managed anything and everything to get it." beginning to question the extreme sys- Animals, The Animals Man Uses for Food, The new systems proliferate as many tems. Some have found that, as one pig The Animals Man Uses as Pets, The Ani- problems as they seek to solve. One is the farmer put it, "10 years of confinement mals Man Uses in Research. The book drugs used to prevent disease and to es- raises more questions than it answers," costs $2 from: Watkins Bookshop, 21 Cecil calate growth. Many farmers do not know and have returned to more traditional Court, Charing Cross Road, London WC2. what additives are in the feedingstuffs ways of rearing their livestock. Nor are they use. Nor do they often know exactly these systems less productive than the A robin redbreast in a cage how long before slaughter the additives more extreme ones. Puts all heaven in a rage. should be withdrawn. This problem gets In Britain around 40% of veal producers William Blake carried over into another of the mammoth have returned to the straw yard system of problems—waste disposal. The practice of rearing calves, in which the calves are kept One robin caged—and heaven's mad! recycling waste as a means of getting rid of in groups in well-bedded pens and fed But when to just that one you add it profitably has meant that the drugs con- from the teats of automatic milk dispens- Vast flocks of battered battery birds tained in the waste go through to the ers. The pens are in naturally ventilated, And half-starved calves in crated herds animals fed on it, creating a hidden hazard. naturally lit buildings and the calves can And multitudes of tethered sows The book has very good sections on move and feed at will. This system is In narrow stalls—these horrors rouse energy use and it highlights the extra proving as viable as the alternative veal All heaven to a rage so wild energy needed in confinement systems in crates. It is not entirely a 'welfare' system Its former rage seems wondrous mild. which the animal is completely unable to yet, in that the calves are still fed only a Factory farmers used to state: adjust to its environment: "For example, critical amount of iron since whiteness of pigs and poultry have more difficulty than the flesh is still aimed for, abnormal growth "Our animal machines are great! The more they're crowded (studies prove), some warm-blooded animals in maintain- rates are still demanded and, from the con- The less they are inclined to move; ing body temperature. They easily get too sumers' point of view, a questionable The less they move (as studies show), hot or too cold. On a traditional farm, they amount of antibiotics and growth pro- The more they and our profits grow." could keep warm in cold weather by nest- moters are used. Nevertheless, the system But now increasingly they cry: ling in bedding placed in shelters. In hot works and solves many of the welfare weather, they could cool off in shady, problems associated with veal production. "Our problems mount and multiply." damp soil. In the factory, however, when The system is the preferred one in Switzer- But agribusiness won't be fun the environment becomes uncomfortable land, and is also used on some farms in When earth and heaven rage as one.
5 ase o e sku — e so-ca e o ame cou se a y ue u e e is a as y I is o is immo a o e ess— o e o- ic c ea io s "w ic o o imi a e ac ua i y
mag um ; a assageway oug w ic ac ica easo o co ce a i g o a a i y o i e— a I some imes i myse u a ce i a i umi a e ea i y " S h tz r M d l t e s i a co commu ica es wi e ma o s ecies I we wis o sa e e a e ayi g Wou i e e o e e ou ageous I my ow e e ie ce I a e ou a ai A ew mome s a e I saw i agai i o a y ami we mus sa e e e i e o ca ese mo a e eme s w ic a e co - a ei es e e e a io s o scie ce a e was e ace o a mouse I i es iga e a y ami I we a e o se asi e e oug o ec i e y immo a Go ? A o ca e as u i i g as i s i i g as e g ea es a h l n rv t n t c ose a ge a ou a s e a ui e ocea s o e su e a ia e o u a io o immu a e aws a e ai em Go s oug I am o a ca -ca yi g a is I am e es i e ai case o e w a e—a w a es— e ki gs o e sea—we wi a e aws? I I ake is s e se e a i gs a a ama eu musicia a a e a se e a The following is a speech given by Dr. Roger Payne on 5 February muc mo e e o ic co sum i e use o a o e su e a ea y a u a ce o e e y- imme ia e y i o ace o e am e I ca e io s o my i e s e mo e ime ayi g when accepting, on behalf of himself and his wife, Katharine, the 1980 w a e a a y we uma s a e e ise i g o w ic e w a es ee a u e s a w y I ee age w e a s ecies c am e music a oi g scie ce A Albert Schweitzer Medal. The medal is awarded annually by the AWI is seeme o me o e a o e a sac- oug w ic ey swim o sa e a ki g is es oye — e es uc io o a y e e- a oug e e is o i g I a e e oye o io e wee a mouse a a w a e I e - o e mus a so sa e is su ec s si ce ki gs me i e o a i y is a ow s uck i ec y mo e a music I ca es i y a e e e an Outstanding Contribution to Animal Welfare. e is o y i somuc as ei su ec s e is ; i e se e ig o ayi g o e am e e us as e w a es e is o y i somuc as s ow mo eme o O us 59 o 1 (o e S n t r l n ( .,MA h h go e— a e e a e i e ig —a I e y ami w ic su o s em e is s I f l r h n p e i e y o e as ee o e qua e s i f n C n r n l r rd n nv r n am e e i Imme ia e y e ay oses e i e uci e mi imum ecosys em is a d tr d—th d tr t n f o e cee w a I e w e I ea e n l nt n th t t l t nt l , ntr d d r n . i s mys e y a a u e I is o o ge oo y ami wi a si g e e a o o a ou ack o es o i i g co i e s bl tr d r tl t th G d I p f h pr d n th r f r u ique u us ike a y o e ay e o u i is a oome ecosys em u ess o e ica i g mo ecu es o e s o a e- nd K t , th f ll r d nt f a oyi g e ai s o i e eoccu y a s o e oug suc y ami s a e ese e o r h p. ous o igi o i e o e e I mus a mi M h tt " nd d th t th r n h my mi w ic o y ou s e o e we e e su e e e e ui y o e e a o I w a e so gs I ac ese a e s i i ua e- t d " h th r n nd n ee a g i i g wi e w a es I ee is se se a w a e oes o e is a a ig s w ic com a e a o a y wi ose a e Go I wo s i I is sc eme e e n l v n h r n th th nv r n nt ee is a i i a e—sym oms I su - om i s y ami I is o e wi i s y ami e i i g om e igio a music— ey nd l rn t l v th rth th t n rt r ose o o e i ess o s i i I e y ami I is muc e same wi ee e o ic o omy e wee e igio make i e es i g com a io s a o o ." f rr n t th v l h h nd r I is ecause w a es a e suc g a a ki gs e wo ki g e i es a o ice o a scie ce si ce we ca use scie ce o c as as muc as we mig a e ea e p n th n rv t n v nt th S n g owi g c ea u es a ei ea s o ea a ou Go I ac we ca oug scie ce ea a i ec a o Go a ways t r p nt d t a th r t d t n lf nt r t—"n t h o b s ayi g o cou se a e e ei g i e e If n f r th n t n f ll pr b bl l v thr h t, b t f r h r v tl pr t l r n o ma e ow s ow ou og ess is sug- th h n rld n b h lf f h ld, h r h ld nd h r h ld ft r th t." f r n ntr t n n j r p ges s a a e a ei g ea e e y n n h n l f ll b l v n h pp n d n th M h . If h t v th p x f scie ce e igio cou i scie ce o e i s n r nl ht n d rld nd S Wh l tt t t b l th r ht h l —th p r d, t v th n ll n t b f n th pr p t f om a p nt n b h rd Ell v r n l h h h b n th f f t r p r d. d n fr r t l n l n f r n r nt r . p r t.
Wh t h pp n t b t ll h pp n t comme ce eg a e us so I wi co ou n. All th n r nn t d. If th r t ou esce a s We a e e ge e a io a sea c e o Ma s o e i e ce o i e c a ge o e s e e w ic a o ce I a e ake is e ou ecause I b t r n n ld r l d f ouse e w a e s au e a e igma ic wis e o cas i a ew ig e o e a I r t l n l n f p r t. a ema ka e u cou ouse e oug mo a se se o s o e es uc io o e e e g a es mi e a y mouse a i e a ow ee scie ce ca ay i co se a io We s a eme (ma e i 1 y C ie Sea e aca c am e wi a w o e umu o a e o g ecog i e e esse ia a ue o e esses e ac y w a I se se wi e e ma i es a io s o i e o ea I a se se we a e ike e oma s w ose sma e mo e com ac i e ige ces a scie ce o eso i g co ic s o e ow a mos ai u oss w e " e g ea eas s a e s u e i a a u o wigs a s o ges a y O e mig e e say a as s ecies s a e ma age ( o i s a ce a e go e"; a w e we a e co em e wo ks o a a c i ec u e a e gi ee i g i s i e ou awe u w ose a ic i s a es g ass o i a y em y c e ice a mea s o u e s a i g e wo ks o ow quo as s a e se o u i g seaso s o i e a o e o a e e i y Cou e mi o e mouse ossi y Go scie ce is w a e igio as ee i e u a is us i s ou eyma s I a e s e e as 11 yea s s u yi g a g a ia o ia com a a e mys i yi g a oa esome com e e w a a e ao i a y sa c- ayi g o e is i c isco e ies o sci- u y; we ca o e e o e o i s i e a y ig w a es i A ge i a a I a e e ua y s e a se ec e o e es ? W i e e ce oug o uce y mo a uma ma o c a ges i ow s ecies a e iewe eac yea a o e i ess o s i i w e e u si g e you g i si e a a ego y- i e ec s a e ue agme s o a o e - y uma ki a e ce ow ey a e S h l pp r w a es ea e a e ay e u s o si e ce i e ca e o e w a e s sku cou s e a i i i ua A ki g w o as os is su - a c i g immo a i e ige ce ca e a u- ea e u ess we ca i s i e ou ow s e- a em i ess I is a o co ey a Some yea s ago a sei w a e a ea e i imagi e su ess wo s e ea e sea ec s a ee e o e as o mea i g- a aws ey a e u i i eas co ai e cies wi a se se o e mag i u e a ee i g u w e e w a es a e e e a ou ay o se e a ays ou y o o es i e wi s ow y w ee i g ga a ies o u e is e ce e is ike a y o y e se— os wi i a i com e e si y a ge o e - swee o w a wi e os i we ai o ac ou ays a e s e wa c i g em eac - icke u i s ow ca s i e is a ce su e- os o esce c ea u es; o -mi e i e c ow a soo o go e I is I ee a c i g i ea I is se se ey a e a e e o y ou e we ca use o make e i g s ou i g swimmi g cou i g sai i g y o e o e mos mys e ious a ee ie mig a io s; o owe i g ice e gs? o ma - a goo s a egy i co se a io o i e i y ike ose mice es i g wi i e ai ki s o isco e ies a wi i s i e us o us i g a s o i g—a a ei ma es ic sou s o is a e A e e ca s e i was goo so i ousi g a ima a a ki gs a e o gua a - case o e w a e ac io is oug scie ce— e es mea s g acia ace; o w e I see em sus e - s o e A ew ays a e we a wo I o au e mouse s use o e sku ee ei ki g oms I a e o g e a e o e o a i e o ma as ye e ise o ea a ou e e a oa i g i e s a ows g ea a e w a e a ie a was as o e ecause a e a s e c a ce u o i W i e o e su ec o ki gs a y a- ea (a co ce a is i e c a gea e cosmos I we ca i e e imagi a io o ma y mi es om cam We mou e a qui e y acci e u i is cu ious ow mi s I wa o ook a e o a i y o i e - wi e wo co se a io ee s o e e uma wo o e a o o - uma
e cu sio o sa e e ske e o a ucke mu a e e e e mos e o ic uses a e -- sec i g i e ocki g i e ac i g y a- w i e i o e igio s—is i ac o e ue o i e we ca i s i e a co s i ue cy o e It b h l r h e o es ack o w a e cam w e e we w ic mamma s ou se es i c u e u mi s— e w o e o i e o ea Yea s ago ecome a e igio i i s ow ig S ou wi wo w ic wi ise oa i g o i s r nd nd l n r t r th t s o e em a o g e ack o e eac w a es I is as i we a a a se o s i i e co ce was a a ce a i eg a e is come o ass i wou e a e igio ee a ema e ig s o a i e o th r d th f r r d eyo e eac o s o m wa es u e a cou o igu e ou ow o o i om a ima socie ies w ic a e ma e u o i i- wi scie ce a i s oo We s ou o ee ea I ma ca og ess a a a ec- r d . sku was oo a ge o go ow e s ee cu u es o e a ou ow i ua o ga isms ( o e am e a co o- a scie ce is some ow a i a equa e og i e a e is o e mas e o ce e- oa a esce s e c i s o e ay a ecause w a es ow a e so ma y a - ies a e i ac a si g e e i y o "su e - ase u o w ic o ui e igio s O e mo ies u us a o e e y ace amo g so i was o oa e o e a eau a o e oca es a a e ake o a i e a io - o ga ism" as i was a e e I ow seems co a y scie ce ca u i e sou gi e mi io s o o e egui i g s ecies a a c ou - ike ei gs i i g wi cu e s oo w e e i ow ies a o e i e ese ou a us e i is o su isi g a ey a e easo a e o ma y o us a a o ga- e s i i wi gs a eac i ow o soa a us s ecies a e i a s—c ucia i s ow o e cei e my s i i s soa a I am o sig o e sea su ou e y us es a so a ac e o o e s amo g e a ks isms a su e o ga isms com i e o Scie ce ca ea us o e e a io s a a s—a a i is o isg ace o a e a mo e i ways a o i g w ic is sma - I a ua y o is yea I ai e sku a o ose om w om ey mig usua y c ea e a su e -su e -o ga ism— e w o e ai ca o I ca o i e i sig s as ee i a i o e ays i we e e s ow e e e mo es me isi o see ow i was a i g a as I su - e ec su o O e o e ea s a oo o i e o ea e e eme s o is su e - ( e a s ee e ? a ose w ic come ca go o I is e e comes o ass we A e comes a ay—usua y i mi eye e " ecay o a co ossa w eck" I muc ime is ei g s e o suc g amo - su e - o ga ism oug i i i ua y mo a oug ai Some scie i ic u s a - wi e i i g i a mo e e ig e e wo ecem e —w e I awake a ook ou oug I saw some i g mo e I a a - ous eas s w i e my ia esse k ow s e- a e co ec i e y immo a a e aws a sce e igious e ie s a i umi a e Go s a wi o e aci g e os ec o yi g ac oss e ay a see o i g ey a e ea e mome a i y a a ou o e i e cies c y ou o o ec io A a is o go e em a e a u a aws wo ks I is way ey a e mo e ike a is- om a g ea o e i ess o s i i
7 o o b n l nt n d tiating these species." He said condi- "they could use a slit lamp. Oph- the Draize test rather than the standard tions for laboratory chimps range from thalmologists use it in their offices six; a substance be regarded as not tox- c`relatively. ideal to totally inadequate." every day." ic if there are no reactions at a level of He urged that 1) chimps must be ac- Dr Roland Nardone, Professor of 5000 mg per kg of body weight. Dr. quired humanely—so ruling out com- Biology at Catholic University, char- Morganroth said it is routine to do der- mercial exploitation in which "5-10 acterized the prospects for non-animal mal toxicity tests before the Draize test mothers must be shot to obtain one tests as "better now than ever before and asked if a substance is "a dermal baby"; 2) chimps' special needs, in- because of the advances in tissue cul- irritant, why do the eye?" cluding space and play, must be sat- ture." Dr John McCormack of John- Dr. Richard Griesemer, Director of isfied; 3) institutions sponsoring son Baby Products described in detail the Biology Division, Oakridge Na- research with chimps must bear re- an in v tr assay he developed to tional Laboratories, said that no more sponsibility for their lifetime care or detect water-soluble irritants. Cells than 300 substances a year can be controlled release into the wild —while from a single rat provide the equiv- screened using standard animal tests those financing such research must alent of 48 rabbits which would other- and that it would take two centuries to provide lifetime funds; 4) no experi- wise be used in a Draize test. The new test all those in commerce. He cited ments should be permitted without test has, he said, "a high degree of one example in which 80,000 mice prior review by appropriate commit- precision, repeatability and accuracy". would be needed to establish a single tees. datum point. He spoke of a 10-fold Because there is unique sensitivity C nt n d n xt p variation in LD 5 tests in animals and in t r to exposure to chemicals via a 1000-fold difference in testing iso- the mother, Dr Norton, Professor of proterynol in male Sprague-Dawley Pharmacology at the University of rats. He pointed out that the testing of Kansas School of Medicine, is inter- b l r t chemicals is just beginning and that the ested in "reducing our total depend- p t number of animals needed to test two ence on the adult animal." She men- " ht n th r l t n chemicals together is very large. He tioned the failure of the rat to be a r t n l f r d d n h th r th characterized this as "almost not prac- satisfactory model for thalidomide, , th r t, th r bb t, th tical, but we're being asked to do it by characterizing it as "a completely in- n p r th n n effective model in that case." She our regulatory agencies." t b th b tt r d l f r ff t Dr Frank Schabel, Jr., Director of pointed to the value of the chick em- n h n b h v r . . . h n r Chemotherapy Research at the bryo for nervous system and behav- t r thr h ndr d ll n d l Southern Research Institute which, ioral studies because there are no ma- l r r th t r n p nd according to press reports, uses ternal influences during development, n n r t n n l t t r l t rthl fr th p nt f v f t nd rd tt n ... It pl n t p bl th ll th n l n th rld t thr h n h l n th bl nd th t h v t th pr nt t , nd r h r d bl n l n b t th h z rd t h n h lth. W r t n 10,000 mice a week, described testing it is convenient for observations during p . It n th t h d p of anticancer drugs on tumor-bearing development, the reliability of results is nt f r t nd h d b tt r and leukemic mice. Dr Harry Rowsell good, the cost of purchase and main- d th n b t t." of the Canadian Council on Animal tenance is low, and human allergic r r nt t t nt d Care commented, "While I can sup- reactions are minimized. b r. h d rb r , n port the need for animals in cancer AWI President, Christine Stevens, t t, b l r t nd pr research [I am concerned about] the asked how the animal testing system d nt f f ll r Un v r t . end point when many are miserable, can be truly safe and efficient when ill, sick." He asked why, when the irre- most substances remain untested be- versibility of tumor growth had been cause of expense and lack of toxi- A Search for Environmental Ethics— an initial bibliography. $8.95 observed, "cannot they be given a cologists and facilities. She pointed out humane death?" that the United States uses more ani- Smithsonian Institution Press Books, PO B9x 1579, Washington DC 20013 Dr Alfred Prince, head of the Virol- mals than any other country and Tile ethics of conservation are a fertile ogy Laboratory of the New York therefore has a particular obligation to field and one that has grown apace since Blood Center stated that the lead in developing substitutes for the war. For the first time the widely scat- "previously accepted distinction be- laboratory animals and in changing tered literature has been harvested. Ar- tween man and chimpanzee is becom- our regulations accordingly. Dr John ranged alphabetically by author and title with an introductory essay by the Secre- ing blurred." He pointed to the fact Beary of Georgetown Medical School tary of the Smithsonian, this bibliography is that "biochemical and immunological urged a prompt change in Draize test an invaluable tool for those pursuing the data provide little basis for differen- methodology. "Right now," he said, ethical quest.
8 Alt rn t v t n n xp r nt n n l by Dallas Pratt M.D. Argus Archives, 228 East 49th St., NY 10017, 1981. $3.95 + $1.00 handling.
In this country a large proportion of basic research studies use animals. How much of this can be justified on the basis of scientific merit remains debatable, but certainly some portion of these studies might be better done in alternative sys- tems. With ever dwindling resources to fund basic science, it would be prudent to investigate the feasibility of alternatives to animals. The major problem in addressing this issue is the lack of a source reference C ll lt r r n r n l b n d b t t t f r l b r t r n l . that not only summarizes current animal research, but also provides a source of Photo: National Institute on Aging, NIH. alternative systems. Dallas Pratt's book is an important con- Dr Mathhew Scharpp, Department transformation test gave 95% sen- tribution to the arena. The introductory of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College sitivity and 89% accuracy. Dr De chapters consider the issue of pain and of Medicine, speaking on monoclonal Serres asked, "How representative are suffering in animals (for example, whether antibodies said they "give us a whole the 42 coded substances? Are all n animals can actually feel pain); ensuing new vista." Homogeneous and pre- v v assays equally insensitive?" chapters then survey a number of major dictable, they can be produced in vir- Dr Richard Cramer of Smith, Kline fields such as behavior research, cancer and toxicology with numerous examples tually unlimited amounts. "Once a and French spoke on "Quantitative monoclonal antibody has been gener- of cruel and also humane animal studies. Analysis of Structure/Activity Rela- Many of the animal examples are familiar ated, it is much less expensive" than tionships" and said it was not unusual using animals. He pointed to the rapid (such as the Draize test); the most valuable in his computer analyses to look at portions of the book, however, describe growth of interest in the field, noting several variables at once. He charac- scientifically valid alternatives to the that the technology was first described terized n v tr testing as "cheaper, animal tests. in 1975 and that the 20 or 30 papers faster and cleaner to interpret." An example of the general format of on the subject of two years ago had by Despite rational comments such as the book can be illustrated by the chapter June 1980 grown to 140. He ex- these, however, an impassioned de- on cancer. After a brief introduction of the pressed hope that the Food and Drug bate took place during the ensuing scientific limitations of animal studies on Administration would give its approval cancer, such as the different innate sus- panel discussion. Using phrases such for routine n v tr assays using this ceptibility to cancer between mice and as "vain hope" and "criminally insane" technique. men, there follows a lengthy discussion of certain scientists showed themselves Nobel Prize-winner Dr Marshall alternatives including the use of human strongly hostile to attempts to sub- cells in cell culture, human tissues in organ Nirenberg of NIH described mouse stitute non-animal tests. cultures, epidemiological studies, as well neuroblastoma cells as "exquisitely as other tests such as the Ames Salmonella Professor Thelestam from the Karo- sensitive to environmental conditions." test for mutagens. What is most impressive Dr Nardone commented that Niren- linska Institute's Biology Department is that the majority of the references cited berg's outstanding work has prompted reported on the Swedish National for alternatives are very recent (1975- the development of a system for Committee for Laboratory Animals 1980); thus, this represents a rich source- neurotoxicological evaluation. formed in 1979. New Legislation re- book for scientists in many fields. Often the Dr Frederick De Serres of the Na- quires that research animals be raised reason for a scientist using animals for his tional Institute of Environmental for the purpose. Ethical boards have studies is that he is simply not aware of Health Sciences reported that an been established to consider the im- alternative methods that might be more suitable scientifically, as well as evaluation of 30 especially promising portance of the experiment, the suffer- ing of the animals and "the three Rs." economically. short-term tests for carcinogenicity was There are a few areas presented which Anyone who wants to use animals has completed six months ago. Using 42 could be debated as to interpretation, but coded samples, 11 of which were to apply to a board. Professor Thele- these are really quite minor, and do not selected because they were difficult to stam announced that in September an etract from my overall impression of this spot in the Ames test, it was found international conference will be held in 1 ok. It is a well-researched, well-written that the short-term animal tests gave Sweden similar to the NIH symposium and honest account of alternative methods lower sensitivity and accuracy than the but limited to consideration of LD50 with which to conduct scientific inquiry. n v tr tests. For example, rodent and acute toxicity tests. ■ , h l p h , M. . tests gave only 50-60% accuracy— Dr. h nd t n n r r comparable as Dr De Serres noted, to LD5 is that dose of a toxic substance which r h n th r f l , flipping a coin. In contrast, the n v tr will kill 50% of the animals tested. th d , Maryland.
9 The Int rn t n l Journal f r th St d E IO ICA EASU ES b hn Gl b r f An l r bl is published bimonthly by The Institute for the Study of Animal Problems, an organization sponsored by Since it is unlikely that many readers of chain to hide. That pile of 'possum car- The Humane Society of the United States these pages curl up regularly with The casses is not going to get any better with and The Royal Society for the Prevention Trapper • this seems a good place to bring age, deal with them on a day to day basis. of Cruelty to Animals. If you can get to the Each and everyone of us are obligated to up some interesting points that surfaced in end of that sentence, you'll read anything. just one article in the February issue. It was all users of wildlife to leave the best impres- It is attractively designed and covers a sion we can on the non-users. And the best brought to our attention by kind friends. wide range of topics from general animal make every effort t b Parker Dozhier of Bigelow, Arkansas, is way to do that is to interest articles to mildly high level scien- (with good reason, I think) concerned lest nv bl . tific writing. There are short, topical news "W , tr pp r , nn t ff rd n x the general public get a clear look at trap- items, notices of meetings and legislation p r b f r th n n n p bl . . . . ping techniques. and, of course, book reviews. The public simply does not need to be ex- "Hunting and trapping are privileges Director Michael Fox is originally British posed. The lady shopping for a fur coat that have been granted to us by the law- and Associate Director Andrew Rowan is does not need a lesson in wildlife manage- makers. . . . For this reason trappers, h from South Africa. Combined with 35 dis- ment, all she needs is a checkbook. By are n th razor's edge in some areas of tinguished editorial advisors from all over maintaining as low a profile as possible, losing these privileges, should be con- the world, they contrive to give the Journal many of our problems of the past, will fade stantly aware of pr n . a pleasant, slightly cosmopolitan air. into the background. "The bunnie [sic] hugger out for a Sun- Annual subscriptions are $25 for individ- day morning drive in the woods does not "There is a place for all of the bunny uals, $45 for institutions, and $17.50 for want to see a fox in a trap at the edge of a huggers in this world, they are called con- students. Orders should be addressed to hayfield, even if it's your hayfield. The sumers and we need them." Journal Department, The Institute for the neighbor that drives up in your yard to bor- [Emphasis supplied] Study of Animal Problems, 2100 L St., row a couple of eggs doesn't need to see a The bunny huggers, dear reader, are N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037. Lovers of carcass pile that would rival Mt. Hood. you and me. acronyms should be delighted to find they "If you feel as if you must trap in some The Trapper, Box 550, Sutton, NE are instructed to make their checks paya- high visibility areas give that critter enough 68979 ble to "HSUS for ISAP."
help can become members of HORSE; Gr r t h f r ld h r membership fee, $50. The address is: The ancient Greeks are said to have re- Another response, this time from a O SE, Hellenic Organization For Retir- vered animals but this feeling does not Greek citizen, comes from Theo Antikat- ing Senile Equines, Boyatti-Attica, Greece. seem to have been inherited by very many zides D.V.M. and member of Animal Wel- modern Greeks. "I would never want to be fare Institutes's International Committee. an animal here," said a Greek TV com- In the spring of 1980 a French TV team th r p t mentator, showing the charred corpse of a filmed the appalling condition of horses Some 10 years back the Information dog which had been hung from a tree in being transported from Greece to France Report told the story of a mongrel dog an Athens suburb and then burned to and Italy for slaughter there as horsemeat. which was about to be used in laboratory death. Dr. Antikatzides has written to AWI to say experiments but escaped this gruesome In January Greece joined the European that though the film made a great impact fate by becoming a canine therapist at the Economic Community. The EEC, some of on the Greek public, the Ministry has done Children's Psychiatric Hospital, University whose original members are not exactly nothing. He has therefore founded the of Michigan. One reader was so entranced blameless in matters of animal cruelty, are Hellenic Organization for Retiring Senile with this story that she delved deeper and putting pressure on Greece to mend its Equines (HORSE). The society has its own produced a full-length book —Skeezer, ways. The government has responded Horse Rest Farm where up to 50 decrepit th M n. The book has now with a bill which makes cruelty to animals horses can be sheltered and paddocked been made into a 2-hour film and will be a punishable offence. until they die of old age. Those wishing to shown on NBC TV on 7 May.
An l W lf r In t t t
S nt f C tt Int rn t n l C tt Off r Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. T. G. Antikatzides, D.V.M.— Greece Christine Stevens, President Bennett Derby, M.D. Major C. W. Hume, O.B.E., M.D., B.Sc., MI. Cynthia Wilson, Vice President F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. Biol.—United Kingdom John Beary, M.D., Vice President Roger Payne, Ph.D. Angela King—United Kingdom Marjorie Cooke, Secretary Samuel Peacock, M.D. David Ricardo—Canada Roger L. Stevens, Treasurer John Walsh, M.D. N. E. Wernberg—Denmark Godofredo Stutzin— Chile
St ff Lisa Melvin, Administrative Assistant Maria Gulino, Administrative Assistant Patrick Allen, Editorial Consultant Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secretary Diane Halverson, Research Assistant Leon Bernstein, Ph.D., MR.C.S., LRC.P., Lynne Hutchison, Whale Campaign Secretary Adele Schoepperle, Assistant Treasurer
Consultant in Physiology Fran Lipscomb, Executive Assistant Cynthia Lee Stokes, Publications Secretary
1 Wh l nd p rr t h r CI ES p tl ht
Wh l nd p rr t r th h f putting forward instead a severely the Chief, Office of Scientific Authority, b n f r f th rd t n truncated list of just 25 parrot species. US Fish and Wildlife Service. f th rt t th C nv nt n Neither fiscally conservative politics n Int rn t n l r d n End n nor consumer-nation protection can Oth r d n r d Sp (CI ES n justify the new US posture. It was the • The US and Canada jointly proposed lh , 2 br r 8 M r h. Of conservative UK government—whose very restrictive criteria for placing on Ap- th n 6 v rn nt rt , monetary policies have been applaud- pendix II those species not currently 0 tt nd d. ed by President Reagan—which put threatened by trade. Various nations ob- forward the parrot proposal. It was the jected strongly that this proposal went flat consumer nations of the EEC and against the fundamental principles of the Altogether 350 species of animals Canada which supported the propos- Convention, undermining its effectiveness in a number of ways. Objectors included and plants were added—in every case al, knowing that the new listings would not for the most part prohibit trade and India, Uruguay, USSR, Australia, Sweden, by overwhelming majorities—to the Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, West Ger- lists used by CITES members to pro- hoping that the required monitoring many, UK, France. hibit (Appendix I) or monitor (Appen- would make that trade sustainable. As • Guidelines for the humane handling dix II) international trade in wildlife for the third-world producer nations and transport of live species in the CITES and their products. most endorsed the parrot listings as an listings were adopted. The Parties also By a 37-2 majority the conference aid to controlling trade and confound- agreed to try a new voluntary system of backed a West German proposal to ing smugglers. advising each other by post on the condi- give sei, fin and sperm whales Appen- Those in New Delhi detected the tion of live specimens received in trade. • Semi-precious black coral used widely dix I protection. Only the two major hand of the pet trade in the drafting of for jewellery and ornaments will be pro- whaling nations, Japan and USSR, the 'revised' US parrot proposal. It ex- cluded most of the endangered and tected. voted against. The US which offered • The North American gyr falcon pop- a much less whole-hearted measure threatened parrots found in legal and ulation, now increasing, was moved from bringing whale protection into line with illegal trade currently entering the US Appendix Ito II, so allowing trade by per- the latest rulings of the International either legally or illegally. Credit (if mit. All falcons in trade must be banded, Whaling Commission abstained on the that's the word) for its narrow con- and the US and Canada agreed to review vote as did Norway and Paraguay. struction was given to those within the the situation should evidence arise that en- Although the impact of the whale new administration who want to put dangered European populations are being vote was clouded by USSR and Japa- the brakes on environmental and smuggled on to the market. nese statements that they may enter animal protection. The global commu- • A committee will report to the next nity would have none of the new US meeting of the Parties on the feasibility of reservations on these species, so per- `reverse listing' (the listing only of those game of environmental brinkmanship mitting themselves to continue trade in species which may be freely traded). sei, fin and sperm whales, the CITES but what effect will this governmental • Confiscated skins, hides and horns of decision now puts pressure on the peer pressure have on the US delega- endangered species will be destroyed 1981 meeting of the IWC to bring its tion now that it has returned home? whenever it is not possible to store them own quota system into line with the There will be strong pressures urg- under the strictest security. In particular all CITES listings. ing the US to do what it has never Parties still outside CITES are being urged done before—to take out reservations. to stop trading in rhinoceros horn. There will be strong pressures urging • The 'ranching' of species such as US pp implementation. The outcome will turtles and crocodiles is permitted under shed some light on the new adminis- very strict conditions—including a marking In a 32-4 vote all parrots except system to distinguish ranched animals tration's attitude on global conserva- budgerigars, cockatiels and Indian from wild ones. ring-necked parakeets were placed on tion, and it is an outcome which all • Parties will investigate the usefulness one or other Appendix. This means who care about animal protection will of forgery-proof documents and security that of the nearly 200 parrot species wish to try to influence. The final de- stamps to accompany legally traded now on these lists 31 are banned from cision—expected early May—is that of wildlife products. r n p b trade while the remainder can only be traded with export permits granted by The Bird Business is a 121-page, color- Also available from AWI is our annual re- the country of origin. illustrated study of the cage bird trade—a port for the period July 1979 through The four countries to oppose this trade which accounts for some 7 1/2 million June 1980. The report takes the form of UK proposal were Switzerland, Liech- wild birds every year. At the CITES confer- an i illustrated booklet and is sent free to all tenstein, Chile and—the United States. ence in New Delhi the book was eagerly whco request it. Most surprising and difficult to under- devoured by delegates who—armed with Please send me copies of THE the horrific facts—have made the world a stand is the US vote. BIRD BUSINESS at $5.00 each, for which slightly safer place for parrots and other I enclose $ Shortly before the CITES meeting pet birds. Written by Greta Nilsson with a the US shocked the international com- foreword by S. Dillon Ripley, The Bird Name munity by retracting its own well docu- Business is available from AWI, PO Box Address mented proposal to list all parrots and 3650, Washington DC 20007. Price: $5.00.
11
h nd f pr t d n tr n t v r r
E e y yea ousa s o ima es a e im- ma es u i g 197 a 1979 i o i g r t t n Wh l —Al o e i o e US o sa is y e ee s o ig mo a i y ea s u i g ca u e a o o ec um ack w a es i G acie me ica a seu o-me ica esea c o i g io o s i me o o o ay a io a Mo ume A aska o mo e A e e y yea ousa s ie e o e e e cou se s ow u e ai o wi o u- a 339 sma esse s a comme cia e me i w i e coa s ge o o em a io s is us e e g ea e a e igu es is i g esse s may ow e e e ay u - is oes mea a e esea c e s sugges A s ecies me io e a e o e i g e w a e seaso E ies y c a e e u wi ewe a ey wa ; i us e a ge e o ea e e is o CI ES esse s wi e a 197 e e s e comme - mea s a ey o e mo e a ey W i e e a amou co ce is o co - cia a es i g wi i G acie ay o e ee k owi g a ea wi c aim ma y se a io a uma e ea me e e is um ack s i ci a oo (ca e i sa - o e way a o e wo yi g as ec o is so y a e a ce eu ausi s s im is a so o i i - e I e a io a ima e o ec io Sick a ima s ca e a ge e ea o a e ese ew egu a io s a e i o ce eague as ee s u yi g e eco s a w o a e em a ei use y scie - 9 a ua y 19 1 oug 15 May 19 3 e Ce e o isease Co o A a a is s ca i a i a e esea c a co ami- Geo gia aki g o y o e s ecies e a e e e o uc r t t n Wh l — Dead on Died i S th Afr Species Number Shipper Importer a i a quarantine As om 5 ecem e 19 Sou A ica aw o i i s e ki i g o ca u e o a y ee S ews 1 Siam oo ai a ima e Im o s 5 w a e a a y ime a e is u a ce o 19 a assme o a y w a e u i g e - 1 9 1 mo ee i g seaso (U e is aw 77 1 1 1 11 e so s comi g wi i 3 me e s o C a -ea i g a co I o esia 17 11 w a es a e so s w o o o " ocee Macaque imme ia e y" o u a eas 3 me e s e- I qua e 11 15 wee emse es a a y c ose-su aci g imaco 19 7 w a e a e gui y o is u a ce o a ass- ime a e o 1 11 me Si ce simi a egu a io s a ea y a so o 11 35 co e o i s e ew aw mea s a a Si e a gu Mi eso a oo 1 ce acea s i Sou A ica wa e s a e ow Ow Mo key Sa c e a ama Sou Ame ica 37 u y o ec e ima es Miami
e e mo key I ou a i e i s O e o e wo s ea i g i o ogis s S v th h l —AWI 1 mo s o 1979 us o e im o e ( i- S Ka e as se e e y c i ici e e ic a E is a is a au o as oug ma e Im o s Co o a io ew Yo k e- eg ige ce o a ima ea e s o e o - ou a ew ook The Book of Whales. e cei e some s i me s om E io ia e s a im o e s e as sai " o i - e a is y i us a e wi e au o s Ke ya a Soma ia a a a u 3 o e s u y is ma e o asce ai e cause awi gs a ai i gs as u esc i - ese mo keys ie ei e o e ou ey o ea amo g a ima s o owi g ca u e io s o 33 w a e s ecies M E is s a is y o u i g e su seque 9 - ay qua a - ey a e sim y isca e a e o i g is we k ow o ma y AWI su o e s e- i e e io o o e a icu a e o e s a io ac s as a ima y sou ce o i ec io cause a co i u o s o $15 a u wa s Wo k e & a i o E io ia e ea o a a i i g a ima s ikewise e y i e o ou Save the Whales cam aig ecei e a e was o e a -5 is o e y im o e s o e e mi e e ei c oice o is e quisi e co o i s o e ow a e some s i me s o o e i- cause o ea s " um ack w a es o s e m w a es
A ima We a e I s i u e o - o i O o 3 5 O ga i a io U S os age Was i g o C 7 AI ew Yo k Y e mi o 9
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r C ntr n Int rn t n l Wh l n C n C n d Q t WS Sh It St n r t n S I G O E— E UA Y. v t n f lr v r , v l d t $4 0,000, r z d b nt f t th IWC th US h nd W ldl f S rv p n b r . S r h r lt n l nd t d n f v Never has so much happened in ternational, Defenders of Wildlife, and t t b t th n z r r such quick succession before an an- Friends of The Earth, attending IWC n Al . nual meeting of the International meetings for the past ten years as an Whaling Commission (IWC). Four NGO (non-govermental organization S I G WO—MA C . S tt r, new countries have joined: India, observer). l n nd l p lt r z d China, St. Lucia, and Dominica. And Garrett was proposed as U.S. Com- b nt f th US h nd Canada, under intense fire for its vote missioner by Secretary of the Interior W ldl f S rv p n b r . against the sperm whale moratorium James Watt, a former classmate at the n r rr t d. d at the 1980 IWC meeting, has with- University of Wyoming. Animal wel- l t r r tt r p lt r n drawn from the Commission and will fare, environmental and conservation f t d t An h r rp rt attend only as an observer. groups are solidly behind this signifi- ( nt n d n p Canada's former Commissioner, cant action of the Reagan Administra- who cast the swing vote condemning tion despite highly publicized dis- 1320 sperm whales to death, would agreements on a number of other have become Chairman of the IWC issues. this year had Canada remained a voting member of the Commission. h r rd hl pl This important position must be filled f r h l when the Commissioners convene Norway, the world's third largest July 20th in Brighton, England. whale killing country, held a "Hvalens G rr tt n d A t n Dag" (Whale Day) program June 15th at the Sjofarts Museum. It is the first U.S. C n r whaling country to hold a celebra- The United States will fight for the tion for whales in their own right. moratorium on commercial whaling, Leading Norwegians of worldwide which it successfully proposed at the fame sent messages of encourage- 1972 Stockholm Conference on the ment. Liv Ullman cabled at length Human Environment, under the lead- from New York, and Thor Heyerdahl's ership of a battle-scarred, veteran telegram was quoted in the Norwegian whale protector, Tom Garrett, who has press as follows: "Many people hope served as Deputy U.S. Commissioner and believe as I do that a nature-loving for three years and now steps into the country and a nature-loving Prime position of Acting U.S. Commissioner. Minister will show the courage and will Garrett has worked for whales, resear- to protect the whales." Heyerdahl had ched and written about them as a pri- reported earlier on the great decrease h tt r pr t t d b l b t t ll vate citizen and on behalf of Monitor In- ( nt n d o p 2 pr d n b n f r t h hl pr z d p lt. r t n t th IWC S th n (continued from page 1) r n h S nt t in the number of whales observed by Spl nd d n th him on his world famous voyages. Sp O t St t f n r Dagbladet, a leading Norwegian A n t l newspaper, carried a major story by A very happy note is the follow-up of a Hakon Lund headlined with a quota- meeting on June 16th at the Danish Em- tion "Boikott norske varer" (Boycott "The only objective and irrefut- bassy with Ambassador Otto Borch and Norwegian goods) and illustrated with able observation concerning the Counselor Soren Dyssegaard and repre- photographs of Gregory Peck, Crown evolution of Cetacean stocks in sentatives from the Animal Welfare In- Prince Harald, Thor Heyerdahl, and the past 40 years is that, as the stitute, Monitor/USA, Greenpeace/USA Flo, the humpback whale balloon years have passed, faced with the and The Society for Animal Protective whose appearance last year in Oslo accelerated depletion of stocks, Legislation. As always, the Danes were the International Whaling Com- courteous, interested and well-informed. had a highly hostile reception from the They said they would be in touch with mission has been forced into police. Copenhagen and would present our posi- The article reported on the Animal increasing protection of species, tions urging further whale protection at the Welfare Institute's television spots thus providing a proof of failure IWC meeting in Brighton. featuring Peck and Jack Lord, and in terms of management policy. Counselor Dyssegaard has sent a letter referred to what is termed "Norway's Starting from the largest Ceta- to John Gleiber of SAPL dated July 7, dilemma"—its vote for a ten-year ceans, and finally arriving at the 1981 and stating in part: moratorium on commercial whaling at minke whales, the stocks have all "It is the intention of the Danish the Stockholm Conference on the been more or less maltreated and Government to instruct its delegation to Human Environment, and its subse- are in poor condition. Those that the meeting to support the proposal for quent reversal on that stand. Another have been protected are only fin- a moratorium on all commercial whal- "dilemma" spotlighted by Dagbladet is ding a precarious balance after a ing. Norway's use of the cold harpoon on very long interval. Finally, the "Finally, it appears likely, from what we understand, that Denmark will support a minke whales. Lund refers to the human exploitation of certain re- sources of the environment that ban against the use of 'cold harpoons' "death fight" which takes half an hour in commercial whaling at the annual because the whalers say use of ex- are indispensable for the survival meeting." plosives in the harpoon spoils too of Cetaceans (krill, fish), and the much meat. various pollutions of the marine Sir Peter Scott in a long feature environment, do not help to offset story in Aftenposten, another major the depletion of the stocks. It h t t newspaper, emphasized the whales' would be perfectly hypocritical to The first-ever saving of a stranded great brains, "bigger than ours," and hide behind the unconditional ac- Physeter catodon or sperm whale—and a their highly developed social system. ceptance (by deliberately or hap- sick one at that —was quite a media event. Referring to the cold harpoon, he lessly ignoring any critical sense) But then sperm whales, sick or well, very urged that it "must be possible to pro- of pseudo-scientific results (by this rarely beach themselves. However, in tect the whale against such a cruel I mean the use of rational high- mid-April on Coney Island, Physty did just method of killing that we would not level techniques applied to insuffi- that. With some difficulty the giant whale was think of using against a cow." cient and approximate data) to rule on the future of Cetaceans. In towed very gently to sick bay—a nearby The marketing director of Nestle- boat basin. There pneumonia was diag- the absence of a massive influx of Findus, whose sales of canned whale nosed and Physty was force-fed on meat have been severely criticized, complete and really usable data, penicillin and squid laced with chloro- told the press that all such sales the short-term solution of pro- mycetin. The recovery curve had its ups stopped this June "in view of the viding some hope of preserving and downs but after a week the patient growing opposition against whale the species resides in the deter- was passed fit enough to be asked to leave. catching." mination to establish a morator- Somewhat reluctantly Physty agreed and Clearly, Whale Day, organized by ium intended to protect all the was last seen heading out into the deep Siri Hall with support from Sonia species." Atlantic. L,6chen and other Norwegian humani- tarians and conservationists, has had a valuable influence. However, Foreign —From Proposals by the Government Wh l S h l 8 is offering a 7-day Minister Frydenlund told the Nor- of France for a Moratorium on the Advanced Workshop, 16-22 August. It will Commercial Exploitation of Sperm pr vide experience, using the latest re- wegian Parliament that a general Whales and Minke Whales. Appendix moratorium on commercial whaling serch techniques, to students and instruc- A, "Limitations and Problems Raised tor's already knowledgeable in marine biol- must be resisted because catching of by the Development and Use of ogy and/or cetology. The fee—which in- minke whales is "important for many Mathematical Models in the Manage- cludes all meals, camping facilities and districts." An estimated 600 "small ment of Stocks of the Great Ceta- membership of the Whale Museum —is whalers" (fishermen who kill small ceans," by M. Pascal Laboratoire de la $500. Write to: Whale School 1981, PO whales as opportunity offers) still Faune Sauvage et Cynègètique. Box 1154, Friday Harbor, Washington operate off the coast of Norway. 98250.
2 A Y GO Y American missionaries are apparently the chief killers of elephants in Sierra Leone, accounting for 90% of the annual slaughter. So keen are they on this 'sport' that they are even flying their teenage children over from the States to join them in the hunt. Sometimes they have hunting licenses, often they do not. On the homeward trip their trophies, carved and raw ivory, go into their personal baggage. This disturbing information comes from Geza Teleki of George Washington Uni- versity who has recently completed a 6- month tour of Sierra Leone and Senegal. Mr. Teleki also gives news of those two notorious animal dealers residing in Sierra Leone, Franz Sitter and Suleiman Man- saray. Prohibited by presidential decree from trafficking any longer in chimpan- zees—though not before decimating West Africa's chimp populations—they have switched their attentions to other animals. Franz Sitter in particular is making big money on the export of all varieties of live r t t f l v . t th n t t f r— nd th l ph nt l n . animals as well as skins, tusks and hides. Cr d t C nth . M , Afr n W ldl f d r h p nd t n Mr Teleki reports that in Senegal ivory traders do a brisk business without bother- ing to acquire official documents authenti- E SA E E n K n , Ch n nd p n . In n cating the source of the ivory and licensing E E A r n r n 8, rr pt f its sale. Apparently much of the ivory f l d v rt d 20 t n f h hl t x reaching Dakar is smuggled from Sierra h l ph nt n r d ll f th p t d fr ff pl nt t n nd Leone across Guinea. Afr n nt n nt nd h f v t t n h d p d t n In Sierra Leone, however, the situation th rn A . d th Afr n l t r h l nd tr . h nd could be on the mend. The Cabinet has ph nt r n h b n r d d t f l ph nt ff r d h rr bl d th , approved a national conservation strategy. " l nd " tt r d thr h t th ll ll f th b rd , n , In 1982 hunting restrictions will be im- b S h r n r n, nd t n b r nt l p nd th r ldl f v r posed on a long list of rare species and all t r nd . ll n, p rh p v t r . S h v r l d d wildlife exports will be banned in order to f th p p l t n j t 00 r . b rd n pl n th t t l t protect the areas that are scheduled to be- h A n l ph nt v rt ll x r h d n t ff. come reserves. Chief among these is the t n t n th ld nl f th nd d th v r d rn th r t proposed Outamba-Kilimi National Park. f th r l t p p l t n x t n r nd n f n n th lth This 980km tract of almost untouched sa- t p t . n t n j r d p rt nt t r n vanna forest contains numerous endan- h l ph nt t d l l n th US nd E r p f t r th gered animals, including leopard, elephant, h b t t t th xp n n f h n "b bl " n n p p r d . In th chimpanzee, colobus monkey and croco- p p l t n thr h t Afr nd r E t ll t r b rv n f dile. A small 30 km swamp, rich in reptile A . t th j r r n f r th v r . W lth nv t r v r h r and bird life, has already been established r p d d l n n r nt r h b n h v b n t p l n v r t as the Mamunta-Mayoso Game Reserve. v p h n f r v r . pr d t , l ld nd S n th rl 0 h ndr d f lv r. h v l f v r h r t d th nd f l ph nt h v b n n r nt r p l t r h t, p n d, p r d nd v n h rd d t, p rh p n nt p t n f b rn d b rd r n n th xt n t n f th p . r h A rd r d b r d ff l nd Y n h lp v th l ph nt b A n pr v r a West German n r p l tr d r . In rb n th d nd f r th v r th t foundation is offering up to DM 50,000 for Afr n ntr r tr p h v n th r d tr t n. Wr t outstanding papers on animal welfare. d h n n nd r t l tt r t r l l d p rt nt t r Entries must be submitted by 31 December l n h n h l pt r t d t r j lr t r , n th h r and if not in German must have a German h l h rd . r n b r f t n th t th r v r nd f th n b summary. Details may be had from: Felix t , n r th n f n h r th t p h r h d n h nd n t. Wankel Research Award for Animal Pro- l n , r pp r n n th rld Wr t l tt r t r l l n tction, Ortlindestrasse 6/VIII, D-8000 r t, t t n t th d th f p p r, l rt n th p bl t th Munich 81, West Germany. th nd f b b l ph nt . l ph nt pl ht. If n h p pl , One of last year's winners was Dr. l n l d f th ll tt n v r p t, n v th l ph nt . Andrew Rowan of the Institute for the h v b n h pp d t f Afr t l h lp. Study of Animal Problems. His subject: E r p nd th r E t ( nl Cr n t Alternatives to Laboratory Animals in Tox- r n , l , W t G r n , Ex t v r d nt, M n t r icology Testing.
3 will learn to love all environments t b p rt nt— n Wh t d p equally. Far from it. f r d b pr f r n f r h llt p Pigs are intelligent and inquisitive. fr h h ppr h n ntr d Boredom could be one reason for r n l b p tt d. nt? A poor (unprofitable) performance. Per- Practical application of this work will haps they should be encouraged to appear in the next issue of the Inf r th "work" for their food, water and even t n Report. light. Perhaps, too, their environment "If you want to know what a pig wants, should be more varied and stimulating ask a pig" runs the headline of a long than it normally is in commercial units. article in the March 13 issue of the Says Dr. Elizabeth Walser: "Pigs are r. Grz n British journal, Farmers Weekly. The extremely interested in any loose fit- f t r f r n article describes the work of the Agri- tings in the pen and will continually ex- cultural Research Council's Institute of plore and play with them. There is cer- Animal Physiology at Cambridge. The distinguished scientist and au- tainly no harm in deliberately adding thor, Dr. Bernhard Grzimek, has given The Institute has devised experi- simple and inexpensive loose compo- ments (based on the techniques of his permission to reprint the following nents like chains, to try to create added translated excerpt from his book From operant conditioning) to get pigs to interest." Providing logs and small "state" their preferences. For instance, Grizzly Bear to Cobra recently pub- pieces of timber enables pigs to engage lished in West Germany. do pigs prefer light to darkness and, if in their natural rooting and shovelling so, all the time or just some of the behavior. Pigs also like to eat straw As food consumers, we are collaborators time? Bearing in mind that wild pigs and use it as bedding and nesting in the torture of animals. Few of us are are nocturnal animals, the slightly sur- material. aware of how much suffering is involved in prising answer is that pigs kept alone the production of eggs and veal arid pork. like to have the light on 72% of the M n h l n Ed nb r h ... Calves live in complete darkness in cells time. Whether pigs in groups are so narrow they cannot turn around. Their equally "switched on" to light is now Parallel research is going on at the only nourishment is a milklike fluid. When thirsty they lick urine from the walls and being studied. Edinburgh School of Agriculture. Pig behavior there is being studied at its floor. Because of their diet, designed to What is the point of all this? make them anemic, these calves have diffi- Research worker Dr. Douglas Ingram roots. Stage one of the project began when six groups of adult pigs were culty breathing and their swollen legs will says: "We know that hormonal activity hardly support them. Because of their die- affects growth rate and general per- turned loose to breed freely. Their out- tary deficiency, they crave iron and will formance, so there may be some op- door home is a rich environment. A also lick anything made of iron that they portunity to influence the pig's com- steep sloping site, it includes pine can reach. mercial performance if we can deter- woodland, gorse bushes, springs, two Pigs—similar to dogs on the biological mine preferences." streams and boggy marshland with scale —are squeezed between iron bars and forced to lie, without bedding, on iron r th t l r th t th In rushes at the bottom of the hill. Nearly all nests are sheltered on at gratings. They are also kept in the dark, in t t t h ld t th v th t this case to prevent tail biting, with no n l lf r nd nd n least one side (the wind in Edinburgh can be bitingly cold) and often have an chance for any normal activity. nt r n nd th Three of every four eggs are produced open view facing south. ll n th n . Dr. Bob Baldwin puts it this by horribly tortured hens. They are way: "Our experiments are designed l d n t r r r . A v crowded into wire cages stacked one to allow pigs to tell us what they want. above the other. These cages are so There are obvious links between social cramped that birds are crowded beneath rank, aggression and outbreaks of ear and atop other birds. The wide-spaced wir- and tail biting. The more we can learn ing of the cage floors means the hens can about the pig's basic behavior, the never stand naturally. The bottoms of the cages (sloped so that the eggs roll forward) greater will be our chances of avoiding increases their discomfort. Muscles and sporadic outbreaks of bullying and tendons are strained, joints ache. Such cannibalism under intensive condi- "battery hens" can never rest on a com- tions." fortable perch, stretch their wings, or even, take a dust bath. The mucous membrane nn r l t —n v r nd of the cloaca protudes after an egg is laid, Pigs are remarkably adaptable. and the other birds will often peck at this When "dinner time" was shifted from sensitive area. Crowded, bored and frus- 2:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m.—a 7-hour dif- trated hens fight, pull out each others feirthers, and sometimes kill and canni- ference —they very quickly adjusted. balize each other. To help prevent this, By the second day they were happily beaks are notched with a hot knife which sleeping through to the later hour. makes pecking, even for food, extremely This adaptability may make life painful. Such birds are constantly plagued easier for the stockman —and pigs cer- bb n n t p t f v r t t v by mites because they cannot use their tainly do thrive in very different sys- t f p . r v n h ld l b damaged beaks to groom themselves. tems—but this is not to say that they d t n bl th t d th . (continued on page 8)
4 one motion she could wallop me into maturity (3-5 years) every acre is expected M l extinction. But she didn't. I decided to to yield an annual profit of $12,000. drift closer to the "auntie" and made a Another country interested in jojoba is few strokes in that direction. Then Argentina. AWI has heard from Luis Car- n nt r something awful happened. pineti who works for the country's Forest There was a sudden extemely loud Institute Research Department (IFONA). He says jojoba is being experimentally th noise overhead. Startled I looked up. cultivated in various parts of Argentina. He A small helicopter was directly over us. points out some of its incidental virtues. It h pb When I looked down again just sec- grows happily in salty soil, makes appetiz- onds later the whales were gone. ing forage for wildlife and livestock, and "is ideal for those who like green salads—and For several days while snorkelling in t r pt. Two days later while is also good for people who have high Hawaii I had been "calling" the hump- swimming round the reef I again sang blood presure." back call. Though the whales seemed the whale song. Almost immediately it All this from just one little nut tree! to ignore me I persisted. And then one was answered. I thought it was a snor- day it happened. As I swam I noticed a keller imitating me. But no. As I swam humpback coming closer. I gave my beyond the reef it was clear the answer call. The whale began circling me. came from far out—rhythmically at When she was between me and the one second intervals in unison with my shore she gave a wonderful perform- own call. ance of ballet in slow motion. First her I altered my call. No reply. I reverted body broke surface, then the enor- to my first call and back came the mous fluke was lifted high and held, answer again. I was hoping the whale coming down only slowly. She was would approach as before. But this about 50 yards away and beckoning time it did not happen. me. It was hard to follow her move- If only certain areas of these waters ment below the surface as the water could be off-limits to speed boats. was cloudy. Then whales I believe would be more Suddenly I heard her very near. I willing to come inshore. Fast-driven heard her breathing. Like a huge valve speed boats also scare away the reef puffing in slow rhythm. Then I saw the fish —and can be dangerous to sub- top of her body about 20 feet from me. merged snorkellers. Ho ho ba yu ga kr% / I hesitated—then swam towards her. Elfr d (Jojoba oil is) -/E111 She had been motionless but now she K h , M , Kujira inochi no dived, very gently. I stopped swim- t4 ming and floated, turning in her direc- (Of whale's life) tion. Suku i gami And then—there they were! Not one (The Savior) whale but three! Snuggled against a A ll pl nt n huge mother humpback, greyish black h lp v C rt f h K. M , M j b b r t r with bright barnacles sprinkled over her body, was a sleek black baby not v th n much larger than myself —and behind Jojoba is among dozens of former them came "auntie," less than a third A plant that produces a liquid wax with Indian crops that today lie unloved the size of mother. properties unique to the plant kingdom. A and untended within US borders. . . . I was at the mother's head, my eyes plant that provides, in e words of the Indians, who have long roasted jojoba looking into her eye. I was hypnotized Australian government's Inquiry into beans for "coffee" and used the oil as Whales and Whaling, "a suitable substitute and gazed incredulously, being sure at hairdressing, have spearheaded a for sperm-whale oil in almost all applica- this point that I had nothing to fear. drive to bring the crop into modern tions." A plant that thrives in near-rainless agriculture. . . . Indian reservations in The tableau was motionless, calm and desert where other plants would wither the Southwest harbor some of the beautiful. and die. The name of this miracle plant? worst pockets of poverty in the nation. The slight movement of the ocean Jojoba — Sim mondsia chinensis. The land is useless for conventional drifted me shoreward and the mother Demand for the precious oil—unlike crops, often two-thirds of the work whale followed by bending her body sperm oil it is so pure it needs virtually no force is unemployed. In five or ten towards me. As she did this the baby refining—is growing apace and more and years jojoba could bring self-suffi- drifted at right angles to her and while I more desert countries are becoming pro- ciency to reservations that have de- was pushing slowly away the baby's ducers. The world's largest jojoba project is ! pended on federal services for a cen- in Costa Rica. There the government- fluke almost hit my head. I became a tury. . . . So great is demand that in owned company Rancho San Rafael SA is 19 little anxious. Did the mother really the San Carlos Apaches in Cali- busy transforming several thousand acres fornia received as much as $3300 for want me this close to her new-born of arid desert into a flourishing and highly a barrel of jojoba oil the yield of a baby? lucrative plantation. The jojoba's roots go single well-tended quarter acre. She turned on her side. I was now deep to tap the ground water 30 feet from National Geographic, May 1981 right alongside the huge fluke. With down, and once the bushes have reached
5 A awaiia i sues a 1 g i ies o ow sui Spurred on by the famous victory of the tiny 6-ounce bird, 12 heavyweight grizzly The tiny and very rare palila is a member bears from Wyoming (in company with the of the honeycreeper family. It lives only on Sierra Club and Defenders of Wildlife) the upper slopes of Hawaii's dormant have sued the federal government. They volcano, Mauna Kea, and feeds only on allege that the granting of mineral explora- the seeds of the flowery mamane tree. Lit- tion rights in an area which they inhabit tle by little sheep and goats, first intro- violates the National Environmental Policy duced to Hawaii about 200 years ago by Act and the Endangered Species Act. European explorers, have eaten away its They claim that the Forest Service and the habitat and food source, so much so that in Fish and wildlife Service have failed to give 1975 it went on the Endangered Species due weight to their biological needs. list. In 1978, with a little help from its friends in mainland America, the palila sued the An l t t n — state of Hawaii—the first lawsuit ever brought in the name of a species. The bird lt rn t v f nd d won. The state, bleating loudly, appealed. The bird won again. r r I ll Four separately funded research programs have been established with the goal of finding a non-animal alternative to the Draize eye-irritation test. This test uses r d l pl r b hn Gl b r large numbers of rabbits to determine the safety of cosmetics, detergents and many Probably the most concise environmental crats and fear of legislators. . . ." Besides household products. The chemical to be publication with an overview of just what is this emotional impetus, the NRA member- tested is placed in one eye of a series of going on throughout the world is Oryx, the development program includes a sports- living rabbits and the effects are noted. official magazine of the Fauna and Flora man/hunter offer. Gretschel said that more Dr William Douglas of the Tufts Univer- Preservation Society (address: Zoological than 50% of the success of a mailing is sity Medical School has been awarded a Society, Regent's Park, London NW1, determined by the way the offer is formu- grant of $100,000 by the New England England). Membership rates for the United lated, and in this case he included liability, Anti-Vivisection Society to develop an al- States range from $10 for Students to $20 theft and gun-loss insurance. "Emotional ternative to the Draize test. He will study for Ordinary Members to $40 for Benefac- appeal is added with a description of the toxicity of chemicals on cells cultivated tors. Life memberships are $600 for those NRA's foes." from human corneal tissue. aged 60 or under and $300 for those over. It makes one proud to not be a member A three-year grant totalling $176,000 That should remind you we are all mortal. of the National Rifle Association. was awarded July 9 to Joseph Leighton, Subjects in a recent issue include One of the most genuinely charming M.D. of the Medical College of Pennsyl- whales, condors, Brazilian sideneck turtles magazines I have encountered in a long vania's Department of Pathology, to de- and lechwe (highly specialized antelopes). time is Swara, the magazine of the East velop a non-animal substitute for the It's small enough to slip into a pocket or a African Wildlife Society which incor- Draize test. Dr. Leighton will study inflam- handbag and scholarly-looking enough to porates "Panda News from World Wildlife mation caused by different substances on make it a surprise to find Oryx T-shirts Fund/Kenya." Swara means antelope in the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick advertised—between the special currency Swahili, but I bet you know that. embryo. The work is expected to comple- arrangements for Zambian members and While not a "glossy" magazine, the color ment the study at Tufts University. The announcement of the 1981 tour to Peru. photographs are lovely and the articles American Fund for Alternatives to Animal The writing and reporting is of a uni- have a pleasing blend of information and Research is the lead organization making formly high calibre. There are interesting lore with an almost familial kind of the grant, assisted with substantial contri- photographs, maps and charts for the seri- folksiness. A recent issue celebrated the butions for each of the three years from ous reader and a "Briefly" column giving first birthday of Juma, an artificially reared the Air Chief Marshall the Lord Dowding information in capsule form which is both baby elephant at the Nairobi National Park Fund for Humane Research and the instructive arid entertaining. Where else Orphanage, told about genets which, it American Anti-Vivisection Society. could you find out that the elk population turns out, are more mongoose than cat, Revlon Inc. is providing a $750,000 3- in Estonia is up? and had a smashing piece about endlessly year grant to The Rockefeller University. A typically alert member of our staff (not, romantic Kilimanjaro. According to Dr. Dennis Stark, Associate alas, me) recently read through Associa- Anyone who leafs through this and does Professor and Director of Rockefeller's tion Trends which is published at 7204 not have an almost irresistible urge to head Laboratory Animal Research Center, initial Clarendon Road, Washington DC 20014 for the nearest international airport has research will use tissue culture. for "America's top 25,000 association ex- either a heart of stone or an exceptionally Avon, through the Cosmetic, Toiletry ecutives." Page 2 of the 10 April issue clearsighted view of the state of his bank and Fragrance Association, has committed reports a speech made by Mike Gretschel, account. $250,000 towards the creation of a na- President of National Outdoor Sports Ad- The East African Wildlife Society was tional center for the study of alternatives vertising, Inc. It's an interesting account of founded to "safeguard wildlife and its atkl has set aside a further $500,000 for the campaign the National Rifle Associa- habitat in all its forms as a national and special research projects. Funding for the tion approved and which, according to the international resource." Ordinary US national center will also come from other magazine, "skyrocketed" enrollment. membership is $18 with airmail service for cosmetic companies and possibly from Gretschel proudly announced that the magazine an additional cost. Write to other industries. Some 20 research institu- "using direct mail, TV, telephone and the Society at PO Box 20110, Nairobi, tions have been invited to submit research space ads, the project has succeeded Kenya. Other than cash, you may use proposals. One of these institutions will be through a widespread distrust of bureau- American Express or Diners Club. selected as the national center.
Why are common S l n f h r n t p rp songbirds not so common nd b rd n th nd any more? Scarlet tanager, western tanager, black- h nd f p rp nd h ndr d f th nd f b rd r and-white warbler, rose-breasted gros- ll d h r b p n l n lln t n th rth f nd beak—common songbirds of the United r n S . Y t n 0 n th US r nt d p n l n f h r f r States. But common for how much longer? th r r p r t, ll n th v d tr t n f r n l f And are they really US birds? The two t nt n . Wh ? questions are linked. For these migrants US p n nt nd th t t h v r f d th p r t ld pl spend upwards of half their lives in the neo-tropical forests of Latin America. And h v nt th p n f h r tt n t n t t d th US z n . these forests are fast being felled by multi- h ld n t t p th " n d nt l t ." Ind d th v rn nt national timber companies and are being th n th t h v ld pr b bl r lt n h h r rt l t f r converted into marginal cropland and b th p rp nd l and d r pt th r t n f l n t shortlived cattle pasture. (Our liking for Al . S b rd , th h, r d ff r nt tt r. hamburgers is swallowing up huge tracts of these forests. McDonald's sells 3 billion Recent studies (David Ainley et a() nets and gear that will not be so waste- hamburgers yearly, using 300,000 head of show that since its inception in 195 ful. A a ua e o o is esea c cattle). the salmon fishery has accounted for is required. Destroy habitat and you destroy not some 10 million seabirds—almost 2) No incidental take of harbor por- only the wildlife that lives there now but all twice the original estimate—and that the unborn generations to come. Of all poises, white-sided dolphins or killer threats to wildlife, habitat destruction is the some populations of diving birds are in whales is allowed. greatest. And no habitat is under greater trouble. Petrels, fulmars and albatross 3) The industry must pay for an un- threat than the forests that are the winter are very liable to become entangled as specified number of observers on their home of some of "our" best-loved they attempt to seize the netted fish. vessels who will monitor compliance songbirds. Bird mortality is governed by two with the permit requirements. The The theory that this winter home con- main factors. One: mesh size of net. If seabird problem has not been dealt sists only of second-growth forest, with the the mesh is small, under 82 mm, very with directly. Neither the Department mature forest left to the all-the-year-round few birds are trapped. Two: distance of Interior, which administers the Mi- inhabitants, has been disproved. Studies from breeding grounds. Within 50-75 gratory Bird Treaty, nor the Depart- show that the migrants freely mingle with the stay-at-homes in the mature forest — nautical miles of their nesting sites, ment of Commerce, which oversees what's left of it. Since 1968—according to seabirds, particularly murres and puf- marine mammal conflicts with the the Fish and Wildlife Service annual sur- fins, are more densely concentrated, salmon fishery, would claim jurisdic- vey conducted in 1700 US sites—fewer so more likely to be caught. (The tion. The permit granted by Com- and fewer migratory songbirds have been salmon gillnet fishery off Greenland merce, however, urges the fishery to making the spring trip north each year. kills 350-500,000 thick-billed murres a cooperate with the US and Japanese year, 88% of them within 30 nautical governments in developing methods miles of the coast.) to reduce seabird mortality. Com- merce will help develop an appro- th l n l priate research program and will in- Massive monofilament webbed drift struct observers to count and identify nets used by the Japanese salmon injured and dead birds caught in the U fishery are illegal for US fishermen. nets. But where the money for a full — e ussia s don't use them either. It study will come from remains unclear. is a wasteful way to catch salmon. Set like curtains across 10 miles and more of sea, these nets catch anything too r n n t r t large to swim through the mesh. Monofilament netting is indestructible; Livestock awaiting slaughter will continue it does not rot. An entangled dolphin to have access to drinking water. The or seal may break free but still be Department of Agriculture has rejected the adorned by an irremovable and (final- petitions of the American Association of 5 ly) lethal "necklace" of net. Meat Processors and the Iowa Beef Proc- The 3-year permit to the Japanese essors, Inc. The former claimed there were salmon fishery to take 5500 DaII por- difficulties in supplying water in the final poises a year with exemption from the holding pens and that since animals do not readily drink in strange surroundings they incidental take requirement of the were not being mistreated if denied water Marine Mammal Protection Act was in their last 24 hours of life. The regulations issued under the following conditions: were promulgated under the 1978 1) A greater Japanese-US research humane slaughter amendments to the Wh t ll b th f t f th b t f l effort, with the emphasis on designing Federal Meat Inspection Act. S rl t t n r?
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Off r ll d: " h U e essu e om e i us y as ace i u e g ou co ai e s Sa - nd t n f th d l t we as om cou ess uma i a ia s e mo e a w ic causes so muc i es i a b nd d r pt n. S h d th r Mi is e o Ag icu u e es o e y a o - amage i ma a a ima s ca easi y r h d ff nd th r r i g 1 5 ma ks (a ou $7 o i e i iqui ma u e o o e a yea W e bl d n pr f l fr d p a aye s mo ey o a s u y o e e mi e ma u e ge s i o i e s a akes i o- nd b t n th r l nd th r w e e kee i g e s i a e ies was o mo es a ea y g ow o a gae w ic p rt f th r b d ." C nt An l i ac i uma e i s i e o e ac a ecom oses a ki s is a o e o ms C ntr l Off r St v Cr n d ma y e aus i e s u ies a e a ea y i e - o i e "S f th d r b dl is e ce is mea a 5-yea e ay was Ag icu u e is ecessa y o ou su - l d p v t r n r n ldn t wo o e ac o y a me s o e ou y i a —i s ou e su o e y e e ues l . n f nd v n t d n t r d i us y om i us y We ca o e u o e t n." Ma y ai y cows n v r see su ig o o se a e ow Wi ou a ue su y f th tr n l nd ff g ass om ei i o ei ea e ie s wou ie a ow u ose es o si- nt nf r nt, b th nd f M goa o e e ig e mi k a mea o uc- e o ou ag a ia o icy s ou o a i- v n v rd t h d b n h nd d io quo as equi es a e e i c ease ai- icia y i us ia i e ou ag icu u e— o d n. h p n lt n l d d f n y i ake o ig o ei ee w ic co - e e ime o e a me a ou r n n fr $ 000 t $ 000 nd ai s ma y i sec ici es W i e some a e e i o me nt n f 0 t 0 d n j l.
h St n nt t h t d th r t r Canada geese to winter at the lake instead ( nt n d from p th th r h b t nt n th r nv of flying further south. r n nt. Onl n r nt r h v The lake's shallow bottom is strewn with h l t n h p nt t f th p p l t n t rt d t lead pellets fired by hunters. The wintering p n. r h th h lth l v l, r n geese swallowed quantities of these pellets S I G EE—A I . St ll n n Opt S t n bl while feeding and at least 3000 of them p l t n (OS . died from lead poisoning—as was proved r tt r p lt , th bl pr v d t bl t ph r f r when gizzards were cut open and the r t v l f p t $2 00 h, th pr p r nf r nt f th A t, pellets revealed. r z d b nt f th US r th r z t n f r r th n n Tragically Governor Dreyfus of Wiscon- h nd W ldl f S rv p n r nt l. Al r r sin had signed a bill early in 1980 lifting the b r . n r rr t d. th r z t n ll n th M r n state's prohibition against lead shot, argu- h l th ld d l v r M l r t t n A t nd th En ing that the ban was unjustified. The argu- 26,000 tt r p lt . d n r d Sp A t p ment, always flimsy, has now been shot to lt n l f r n d r t n b ribbons. Wisconsin should promptly reim- C n r t l t n t th h nd C n r n r t . h v rl p pose the ban on lead pellets and allow only W ldl f S rv f r thr f n " t n " ld r l ll n f steel or, better still, the new non-toxic p r t n t nh pp l th t n th MM A t l n t t n th "soft-iron" shot. n th t l d n t t p th r . h f r n t th th End n r d Flesh-eating birds at the top of the food f d r l nt r bl t t Sp A t. h r ld th n b chain are also at risk. Dr Milton Friend, th d d b l r n pr t t n f r th h ndr d f Director of the National Wildlife Health pr t t d b th 2 M r n M th nd f l nd d lph n nd Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, says: l r t t n A t. th A t t th r r n l h h r n t "I'm disturbed at how often we find lead lf t nd n r nt n d f pr t tr tl nd n r d r thr t n d. poisoning in bald eagles." A carcass analy- t n. h M r n M l r t t n sis by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed h r b n t b d A t pr t t ll r n l , more eagles dying from lead poisoning fr r n l — tn th n t j t th f n xt n t n. It than from pesticide poisoning. b v . t th l l n t nt nd pl nt t n h Over in England the problem is not h v th r p rf l n . M n b n t d n x pl f d l hunters but fishermen. Post-mortems on l nd f h n nt r t v th l l t n f r nd r n n r swans from the Thames, Tees, Avon and n l ntr d r — nd th r pr v t n. It h ld n t b l d r other rivers, revealed that more than half t t n tl nd t r . rd r d r r d t pp th of them had succumbed to lead poisoning h r th M r n M l r lf h nd h rt ht d d nd f after swallowing lead fishing weights. The t t n A t p f r r th r z v l n r t . rest had up to three times the normal t n. C rt n nt r t r d nd n amount of lead in their blood—victims of th t C n r j r h n . the estimated 250 tons of lead annually S v n t n f th A t dumped by anglers in Britain's waterways. "r ll n r ." (The comparable figure for spent lead shot d h t ll b rd in the US is 3000 tons.) A t n t d t On 6 M th US S n t C th t h tt n th r C tt v t d t r th r Last winter Lake Puckaway, Wisconsin, z th MM A f r t r , t p l t provided macabre and massive evidence t rb n ff t f n th t th p rt t n rn d that lead shot can kill without ever hitting t " b t nt l pr r " its target. Freak weather and food condi- v h l n d rt l t rd r lv n th r d ff r n b tions combined to induce several thousand Recreation, housing and the needs of l . An r lt n nd nt defense are putting increasing strain on ll b v t d n b th f ll S n t n arid landscapes in the southwestern states. th f ll. In 1979, the Council on Environmental On M th M r h nt Quality reported that 25% of Americans M r n nd h r C tt n r take part in "ORV recreation." On arid r l nd d th 2 r r th r soils especially this can do great and lasting z t n, r d n t t j t n r. damage. The 22 May issue of Science Und r th pr nt A t t th (page 915) reports on field experiments in f d r l v rn nt h h ntr l the western Mojave Desert, California, to th f t f r n l . St t assess and predict the effect of "off-road n n nt nl f th vehicles" on arid soils. xt nd th pr t t n d A prime concern is the rate at which th f d r l v rn nt. Al n r p compacted soil recovers. Invading vegeta- r nt t v h v d th nt t tion may appear within a few years but ex- n th r n r n l trppolation of data in a long-abandoned nd nt th h ft t b d th tciwnsite in Nevada suggests that native t f r l h r n h h ll perennials may need a century or more. r x n t n f tn . The funereal pace at which damaged desert soils regain their former healthy M r th n n r nt l structure means that erosion persists long A nt t h t h lth after the destructive deed has been done. p p l t n f r th v r r n And h n th n tl n r p Desertification is not an affliction confined l p h b n j b f r ll th l v — r d f l d p n n ? by the laws of nature to the Third World.
9 37
CI ES pr d t tt . . . r h v tr nd b n t v t l t nd d v r h rd." Good News! The U.S. will honor the new CITES listings in their entirety. There For seven years the U.S. government will be no U.S. "reservations" on parrots or gave protection to kangaroos by banning 0rv . any other species. imports of hides and meat. But on 29 May I The equivocal line, especially on parrots, the U.S. Interior Department lifted the ban. taken by the American delegation at the Shortly before the official action, Judge CITES (Convention on International Aubrey Robinson ruled in District Court Trade in Endangered Species of Wild that Interior's action was legal. Defenders I Fauna and Flora) meeting of the Parties of Wildlife, which had brought the test last March in India had aroused fears that case, appealed 3 June for summary rever- His whimpering child-like cries, coupled the U.S. might duck its international obliga- sal by the Court of Appeals. No action has with those two front paws reaching out tions and, alone among member countries, yet been taken by the court. The pending blindly, intertwining, rubbing each other in permit unmonitored trade in threatened case deals with the question of whether what appeared to be anguish, evoked the parrot species to continue. It has not hap- commercial trade can be authorized in despair of unexpected death. Big Red died pened. species listed as Threatened under the when an ax shattered his head." The three-month grace period in which Endangered Species Act. The Red Kanga- In Kangaroos Goodbye Virginia Kraft parties are entitled to omit from their own roo and both the Eastern and Western wrote "We drove to where the kangaroo national list species newly added to the Grey Kangaroo, chief targets of the com- had fallen. It struggled to get up ... flailing CITES lists has now passed. The U.S. mercial skin and meat trade, remain on In- big feet at the air and flinging its body in 100 % "no reservation" remains intact. terior's Threatened Species list. But quite voilent half-circles as if pinioned by one hip Good! apart from this question, important as it is, to the ground. It was making low snorting the extreme cruelty routinely employed in noises like a child trying to stifle sobs it can the commercial killing of kangaroos cannot no longer control . . . and all the while it be tolerated by U.S. consumers. Docu- looked at us ... with dumb hurt eyes." mented repeatedly over the past ten years Colin McCaskill of the Sydney Office of t b rth ntr l is the appalling fact that it is common prac- the Royal Society for the Prevention of tice to shoot to cripple, not to kill. The Cruelty to Animals told Australian Pent- l n p ff accompanying diagram shows the location house, January 1980, that because of the of the "pelvic shot," "hip shot," and remoteness involved many shooters mere- In August 1976 the Vancouver branch of "kidney shot." Advice from The Roo ly wound the animal leaving it to lie in the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty Shooter, by Keith Weatherly (1968, Pacific misery through the night. "That allows to Animals opened a Spay and Neuter Book) includes "When you shoot a roo for them to make the kill on their return, mak- Clinic. Its effect has been most marked. In skin with a heavy rifle, it's no good to blow ing the meat still fresh." 1976 over 80,000 cats and dogs in the out half its chest. You shoot for the pelvis, Joeys in the pouch or at foot are Vancouver area were destroyed as being even from the front . . . the tiny copper- generally swung against the truck or a tree "surplus to human requirement." By 1980 jacketed bullet would have to break the to smash their heads or stamped to death the figure had dropped to 17,800. In the pelvis or the spine . . . the classical pelvis under a boot. Others are missed and left to same period the number of dead animals shot . . . six inches above the tail, two perish slowly. picked up off the streets declined by inches off the center line of the back." To date no kangaroo products are 90% —from 310 to 31. Another comment from The Roo Shooter: known to have reached the U.S. market. Another bonus is that attacks by dogs on " . . . roos have tremendous vitality and die Readers of the Information Report are livestock are now rare—and reimburse- very hard." urged to be on the lookout to boycott and ments to farmers for animals lost corre- The human-like cries and sobs of protest strongly against any such products spondingly low. In one municipality (Delta) wounded kangaroos are frequently de- encountered. Please write the Animal farmers received nearly $6000 in 1976. In scribed: an article in Audubon magazine Welfare Institute about any kangaroo 1980 the sum was just $34—the value of March 1974, by Franklin Russell states: leather products, fur or meat you may see six chickens. "When we raced up to him he was dying. offered for sale in the coming months.
An l W lf r In t t t
S nt f C tt Int rn t n l C tt Off r Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. T. G. Antikatzides, D.V.M.— Greece Christine Stevens, President Bennett Derby, M.D. Major C. W. Hume, O.B.E., M.D., B.Sc., M.I. Cynthia Wilson, Vice President F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. Biol.—United Kingdom John Beary, M.D., Vice President Roger Payne, Ph.D. Angela King—United Kingdom Marjorierie Cooke, Secretary Samuel Peacock, M.D. David Ricardo—Canada Ma o L. Stevens, Treasurer John Walsh, M.D. N. E. Iiiirnberg—Denmark Godofredo Stutzin— Chile
St ff Maria Gulino, Administrative Assistant Lisa Melvin, Administrative Assistant
Patrick Allen, Editorial Consultant Diane Halverson, Research Associate Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secretary
Leon Bernstein, Ph.D , M.R.C.S., LRC.P., Lynne Hutchison, Whale Campaign Secretary Adele Schoepperle, Assistant Treasurer
Consultant in Physiology Fran Lipscomb, Executive Assistant Cynthia Lee Stokes, Publications Secretary E A IMA WE A E I S I U E QUA E Y
.O. x 6 0 W h n t n, .C. 2000 ll 8 l. 0, .
The stage is now set o Congress to act p h h ft r l b n l h r n
Wh n C n r n W l r n ( . p n d th h r n n U f An l n M d l r h nd t n n O t b r, h l ft n d bt f th p rt n h tt h d t th bj t. " h r br d f l n th t th p n nd ff r n f n l d n nt f r r h n d .. . nd t t n h ld b r d d t n b l t n ," h d, "I h r th t f l n nd r rd t r t l n n b t th r p t d t l f n ll t n f r . h h r n n t pl n th The great roo row p 2 t n f h n n l r tr t d nd r d f r b nt t . W r Whaling. good and xpl r n th r d ff lt t n f h n, nd nd r h t r bad news p 3, 4, 5, 11 t n , th f l v n l j t f d." Lab animal hearings p 6, 7 Ch r n W l r n n l d d b n n thr l ".. . t r d British urge an end to factory h p bl th n b r f n l d n r r h nd t t n farming p b pl n ph n lt rn t v t n l t v r th ht Acid rain kills wildlife 9 t th l t d r t n h n th f n l b j t f d Ivory dealer aids elephants p12 t r th pr p r nd t n f r tr t nt nd r x t h n n l t b d. It ld h v b n f r th S b tt t d th . v r, Ch r n f th S b tt , I b l v th r n r p rt nt bj t d rv n r tt nt n." The Congressional sponsors of the establish a national center for alter- two principal bills among the seven native research, provide training, pro- pending before the Subcommittee hibit use of animals if alternatives are were first to testify, Congresswoman available, and direct no less than 30 % Pat Schroeder (D. CO) for H.R. 4406 of total NIH research funds to devel- and Congressman Robert Roe (D. NJ) opment of alternatives. for H.R. 556. Mrs Schroeder urged the Subcommittee to prevent "the sub- A n p nt jugation of animals to unnecessary The appalling treatment of monkeys pain." at the NIH-funded Silver Spring labo- Her bill to amend the Animal Wel- ratory had received extensive media fare Act would remove the existing coverage just prior to the hearings. exemption on the actual research; (at Alex Pacheco, who worked as a volun- present there are no restrictions on the teer at the laboratory and whose com- way experiments are conducted); re- plaints resulted in the raid by Mont- quire each institution using vertebrate gomery County Police in Maryland, animals to establish an animal care reported to the Subcommittee on the committee to pass on proposed animal case. experiments; define pain; end re- Pacheco said, "The animals were peated painful use of an animal; re- injured and allowed to injure each h d t n tr t nt f n quire adequate space for exercise; and other . . . to collapse through not being t th I f nd d S lv r Spr n l b establish a committee including animal fed." He described "open wounds, r t r h b n d l r p rt d. t welfare members to advise the Secre- broken bones, fingerless hands, im- th xtr pr r n th bd tary of Agriculture in administering the proper bandaging by untrained staff." n f th r b t n . law. Congressman Roe's bill would nt n d p 6 (M r p t r n nt r p . h r t r r Gu ea s s ow The US is or was the Australian beef Now from Australia comes another a s o we industry's best overseas customer— horrifying account, this time on film importing around 300,000 tons of beef and made by an Australian wildlife a year. "Is or was" because the scan- group. wi ake Mo o dalous revelation that Australian The film shows kangaroos being "beef' can be kangaroo or horse—or shot at night from the back of a truck Modern man lives by manipulating his even buffalo or wild pig—has put a big and the truck heedlessly running over environment. In so doing he lives question mark over the whole future wounded animals. In one scene a dangerously. Manipulation means change of this multi-million dollar trade. wounded kangaroo jumps a small wire and change, as we well know, can spell The governments on either side are fence and is chased by two men. One disaster for all life. An early warning deeply worried. The US embargoed man grabs the struggling animal by the system is therefore essential and nature for a time all Australian meat ship- tail while the other tries to cut its throat provides a ready-made one—birds. Their ments and combed the country to con- with a knife. The sound of laughter sensitive organisms respond more quickly fiscate dubious supplies. The Aus- greets the final killing. than our own grosser clay to disturbances tralians for their part have set up a A director of the Australian Wildlife in nature's balance. Royal Commission to investigate the Protection Council commented: "If a This has long been known of course (the scandal and to "uncover" the story of person does this for the cameras, it miner's canary) and is one reason why a 4-year cover-up. makes you shudder to think what he birds are good to have around and why At government level the health issue would do unobserved." their conservation is important. In Cali- is paramount. Australian shadow Min- Meanwhile in Britain a health officer fornia this lesson has recently been ister of Health, Mr Roper, has said: claims that at least 2% of the beef underlined—in a very sad manner. Please "Kangaroos are being shot at night, sold in the UK comes from doubtful read on. then left all night—while bacteria sources—including kangaroo. He says grows in them—and then processed that at least eight criminal rings are in- On the doorstep of Los Angeles lies a the next day, most probably in unhy- volved and "making huge profits." fine stretch of freshwater, Lake Mono. But gienic conditions." We end by repeating the request we every year it lies a little lower, stretches a But if health is a prime concern, so made in the summer. Please write the little less far and loses a little more of its also is cruelty. The last issue of the In- Animal Welfare Institute about any freshwater freshness. Last spring tragedy formation Report (as it was then kangaroo leather products, u or meat struck. called) described just how kangaroos you may see offered o sale. Virtually all the baby gulls which meet their death at the hand o man. hatched on the islands in Lake Mono died. The gulls feed almost exclusively on brine shrimp. At a critical time for the fledglings the shrimp hatch failed and the young gulls starved. Conservationists and city officials alike were shocked. Laboratory tests had suggested that brine shrimp could tolerate Lake Mono's steadily rising level of salinity—rising as the lake itself steadily sinks. Did the lab tests lie then? Not exactly. The season's second hatch of brine shrimp survived normally. So why the earlier failure? Because the eggs of the first hatch, unlike those of the second, spend the U winter at deep lake levels where (so it is surmised) the water has undergone chem- The meat stays fresher, longer if kangaroos are immobilized with a bullet but not ical changes which analysis has not de- killed. Barbarous cruelties like this are the real scandal behind the kangaroo meat tected. cover-up. Which all goes to show that even where stalwart environmentalists and conscien- tious scientists are in plentiful supply (as r t l h d n they surely are in California!) things can In the United States it was a big threat to Kariba over half the eggs of 40 clutches still go dangerously wrong. It has required birds in its day. The peregrine falcon examined by game warden Ron Thomson the tragic death of thousands of birds to tell almost went under. The bald eagle turned out to be 40% thinner than normal. us that the health of Lake Mono is im- suffered badly. The threat? DDT. Its day? This means—as happened with the Ameri- perilled. In the US the 1960s and early '70s—but can bald eagle—that they will not hatch. Californians have got the message. Con- right now in many developing countries. Mr Thomson says that "the fish eagle gressman Norman D. Shumway (of Cali- Zimbabwe, for example, uses 1000 tons could cease breeding round Lake Kariba in fornia) has sponsored a bill in the House of of DDT a year. And news comes that the less than a decade." He also says that in Representatives which would establish fish eagle—a majestic bird two and a half Zimbabwe high levels of accumulated Lake Mono as a National Monument and feet long with a six-foot wing span—is feel- DDT have been found in human breast thereby ensure exemplary management of ing the effects. Last season around Lake milk, dairy products, beef and corn. "this precious national treasure."
1/ On r h v At th r t n f th Int rn t n l Wh l n C n n r ht n, En l nd, thr rt r j r t f n t n v t d th t Excerpts from Statement by p r h l n l n r b ll d nd th n tr " ld" (n n Tom Garrett, Acting US Com- xpl v h rp n b r pl d r fr n th l d t rdl missioner to the International d v . h t th d n . h b d n th t thr ntr h v Whaling Commission, before f l d bj t n ( p nd th t t n th b d t p t t p t the House Subcommittee on ll r l h l n f l d. On r h v ld d t, th h Human Rights, 22 September On t ht l ttl l b f h l n A f r th p n th b tt r p ll 19 1 th r f r d t ll nd x h l n n t n , th IWC io t th 8 r ht n t n , t d th r t h lp t d n. n r nd r b n " nf ltr a n l pr nt d b Gr np t d" b th h ph l ph h h r v n 0 0 r n h d th t th nt t f h l t n th n n n th th v h l th n l t r nd l ttl b t th t h l r pl r r t f h p th t p r h l h nt b xpl t d. h r th r r t ll b p r tt d n th n rth f . v n n r nd x f th h nt f tt ll t l rl b l v th t h l h v n n xt M r h t p n l ntr n r ht t l f nd "b l n " t th t t n th r r ff nt ll n t n p rt f r n t ll t . t thr rt r h r t . ( h v nth n t n, Ch n , j r t n n d d t v rt rn n th r p n r v t d—"th r th n z r r l n . l rn". G ld n p n n h n t th n rv t n t r nf r nt — th Ur , Ind On nt r l t f t r p t f nd dd n p n nd l th r t n th p rf r n f th Un t d St t . Wh r n n t th f r p r f th r v t —pl v r t t t t r nt r th US h b n v ll t b th r n d p n r , n nd v n d v , th h d f th p n r t nn d nd d l t n, G rr tt, f r l , f r n , t n vr d. On f l nd tr htf r rd, nn n Head of US delegation, Tom Garrett th r l p r h l v t th ld n p n n fr n rv t n xp rt d t p n h d r n d n rl p n "bl " d nt r t d. t :. Wh l G rr tt l f l n d d n t nt f r th r a 80, A l t th IWC, th h, th t n t th v n f h l r r l r nt d h tr n t nd, h t r nd 4,000 t n p r r. h p v t r h d pr t tt h d t t. p r d t rr b r t r p rt th t th C rt n h l n n t n d f r, nd bt dl h lp d b th b n th r f n h h h Sp n h h l r r x d n th r nd t, r h l n th r n xt 80 x f 240 h l . r t th n th nt f r v l p r d US ff t v n n tt h d r nd d. r th p t—th t f E v r Alth h Sp n d n d ll n n x v n xtr r d h l , I l nd b h d . f th 80 t , th d d r l nd Sp n xtr f n h l , nd v n v r th h n t n t t t h n a i r n th Gr nl nd, v n r , n t h j t b n p t t l p p r nt f nd r z d h l t n, ll tt d 0 h pb d p t l nd nt l th 8 t n , b h h r h n l t n th rd f th t t l n l t r nd d p t th p r t h r r h t h v b n 80 t h. l t t f th t . pl h d nd h rd th n n h S nt f C tt pr d d thr nfl t n t r nd t d rv n r p rh p th d n t n r th rv v l f n f t n f r th p p l t n o th 82 Sp n rd . h h v b n th rld t nd n r d t : n f r z r , n o 137 (th h lp d b th p ltr nt f d t t n . v r t o th p r d 68 , f r th r r , b t r th n n It t t r n z th rr r f nd a th rd f r 2 0 n l . h th rd f th r t h l t r n th p t. Av l bl nf r t n Sp n h C n r r t d 240 t d f nd r z d h l . t nl n d t t pr t t th h l h l . Ev nt ll t f 2 0 f n h d th fl r ntl br n IWC r l h l r l h l n n h l d pt d, All Ame ica b t th US C n r, t n , nd t f r th r n nt t pr nt b l v d th t th n r G rr tt, p nt d t, "An n h ll th r th t th Un t d n ll f t r n l may r fl t f l r th th h t r f h l n St t h pr p d n nd f n t l f n h t r n l t n th t th t ppr h d r t r n r l h l p th quo a a ht nd t ll p th p r nt f nd r n . I r t j n th nd h n n p p l t n tr t r l r z d h l n th t h n r d th r p pl thr h t th rld t th pr d n th ll p f th dr t ll ." t r th pr t t n f th Ant r t nd th rth f f n n v r th p t f r r fr n f nt r t r nd h h l t . W h ld nt n t t 20 t 2 t , th n n r p rt nt n t r th si ua io r f ll . r n th Sp n h t h f "b b r . f n " h rt nl b n dr t . n ll n And th rt l, t ll t d th c "oackCa—s — oe ■ n ll n ma o b t n IWC, l t n h l , th n rth A e ac om esi e eaga s t v n rn d r n th r ht n t Atl nt t ld b n d p message o e IWC tr bl . nt n d p 4
3 r nd f th h l Gr np h r G ee eace as c a ge a as o- em e i a a a a y um ack was acke o ea o i s mea om a o- og a o e emai s w a e io ogis o e ow e was a e o e i y e s ecies G ee eace as o es e s o g- y o e a a ese; e ig y e a ge e um ack as ee o icia y o ec e y e IWC si ce 19 t t h p O 19 u y 197 a c ew mem e o oa e u se sei e e u se amuse imse y s oo i g e ea e y a a um - ack w a e wo a a a yea s a e us ice caug u wo me om e US o es Se ice a s o e e ou age a e o e i O 13 e ua y 19 1 i A c o age a e e a u ge i e e C n r n t M Cl nd n n r, t l rt pp rt r ow e s a o e a o s o e oa a e y f th h l , nf r t th IWC t n n r ht n, En l nd. $15 o a " ee ess a se se ess" io a io o e Ma i e Mamma o ec io Ga e — nt n d Ac n . Aft r h d n, th IWC n n th n rv t n t r d t pt b n n th f ntr , p rt l rl th th Un t d n n xpl v h rp n f r n St t , b t th f t r f h l n . If M rt t d n h l b nn n th th 82 8 a e e a e t b r n t h h om h v n t r, 9 Augus p l n nd 8 t l l v l f v rn nt, t b p bl Ma i a Gos e w o as ou e e n. v r, n f th ff t d t l th r nd r th r f r wo o e a o e A ima We a e I - ntr f l a bj t n a ph t f r l h l n . s i u e a e Cous eau Socie y c ea es t h v r f t n n nd t h r rld d nt nt a ces i omage o ea -e i c wi - t th p b l t . h th r h l n n t h l n f lt as n v r b f r i e e o e is o i ue ce ma ki i n t n n rn d b l n t n th C n. At th t , e ese a io o e a ge e s ecies th p n t pr v d th t hn l th n rn v r j r d l z n n A we s e mig u gi g y e e ec- n d d f r pl n . h r a ge - tr d n n r n l nt th p l f i e ess o e c o eog a y e a f l n a th p n n th v r n t n , th f t r f h l Es ecia y ema ka e was e e ic io d v l p a ff nt xpl v h rp n t b h t t "l r r o a wo s a ic ig i a wi e ess i - o mi ke h l h h ll n t d tr n rn ." If th t f h p f r a e y u e s sa e y ackage i a l r amou f t. br n n r l h l n t l , a es a s e si g e e o mous s age h r t n f a a nd th r t l a t f n d r bl p r l. i ig -s ee u s s e e oke e e o h l n n t n t th v nt a r h b l v th t ou a io ll t nd o e e ess a ima w o is me ci ess y t n d p nd i r o h t f r o ou o icy f pp t n t s o ow
d . p n, n p rt l r, o r l h l n , n n t d n th agic oo was e a e o a a oo e wa t r l n th f h t t h n r d nt l tt r t th 8 IWC w a e o ec i g a u ca y i usio o th t rn r n S nd G lf f t n . I b l v a ma y f th e imme si y o ocea ic s ace e a ce Al f r f h ndr d p r th r v rn nt ll t nd b nd oig a y e ac e e w a e s s ow e i- h l . th t t th r ll o e l t th a io as e osi e a oo s i e i s I ld xp t p n t n t t d h ll n . i e io a a ese W a e s a e u is em e e c ie ies wea i g a ca a y- w a es was o ou o ace si ce is ess; a ey wou a e e ge o ye ow o e a wi is ea s a e se ice was a e e y em oyees o cease e u e s aug e o i oce ega ayi g " e ease ei sou s om a a s a ges w a i g com a y e w a es ago y e em go o e o e O e Si e sou s ey aye o we e ose o e I u o cou se o e o is ook ace As a ecome u as " e e a e w a es ey a ki e o e u is ies s w o e em- o e ies s c a e o a o y - a e se ice ee a ac o ge ui e se es a ei em e o is c a a e o ica y u is ie y a o a s am e mo i a e o ou y isio s o a a ge i a y e c ie ies e i e e a s o w a e s a com a y o icia s wou a e o a io om e w a i g com a y ei omi y "I am ease a you a e e e e o ei i ume a e io a io s o ac io s s eak e oque y o e a e s a e c ose ou em e o is se ice I use e i s u is ece o o ki i g o a a ese u ism o ay o ea w a e mea i e a my A so I ey wou a e aye o Ka o e E ac s om Ch r h f y os i ee e y c ose o w a es " e e e e ce o o isa a o com assio o o gi e- i i Ka eau
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Sea Shepherd II, the whale conservation finding the commercial whaleship —Word reached the ship over the ham vessel, entered Siberian waters last Au- Zevezdny and putting her out of action. radio that the Kremlin had sent a diplo- gust—and came out again with a Soviet Undetected, or at least undeterred at the matic note to the American embassy in "escort" and photographs that brand the start, Watson and crew searched briefly for Moscow, informing them that the Sea Russians as liars to the IWC. Pleading the the Zevezdny. Unable to find her they then Shepherd crew would be arrested for subsistence needs of Siberian aborigines, steamed to the small Russian port of espionage. The American State Depart- the Soviets have for many years been Loren. Here, Watson suspected, the Rus- ment immediately declared that they were granted an annual quota of around 200 sians slaughtered the whales and fed them maintaining an "observer's status." gray whales "exclusively for native use." to minks on nearby farms. —Another helicopter arrived. But whale conservationists have for some Into a bay teeming with gray whales —A ship appeared in the radar and sped time had nasty suspicions—which have Watson and two other crew members toward the Sea Shepherd. The captain now turned out to be nasty facts. In the were lowered, striking out for the shore in pronounced it a warship capable of doing following article Eric Schwartz, one of the a small rubber boat. On arrival they found three times the Sea Shepherd's speed, and crew of Sea Shepherd II, explains. women carving whale meat, while on a hill decided to turn back toward the border. "Sometimes it takes outlaws to stop out- above stood a mink farm within a con- Amid diving helicopters and a maneu- laws", says conservation activist, Paul Wat- veyor belt's reach of the slaughtering area. vering warship a thick Russian accent son. Long dissatisfied with the traditional Soldiers, assuming they were Russian, came through the radio: "Sea Shepherd! weapon of petitions and protests, Watson stood casually on the beach as Watson and Stop immediately!" was the man responsible, as skipper of Sea company photographed the operation. Shepherd, for the ramming and sinking of Watching them drift to within 15 feet of the S v d b h l the notorious pirate whaler, Sierra. Now he shore, the soldiers began to wave, motion- "Stop killing whales!" shouted back Wat- has turned his sights on the Russians. ing them to land. They were within easy son, and as the crew looked toward the Sea Shepherd II, skippered by Watson shouting or shooting distance and Watson Russians and prepared for the worst, a and with an international crew of 8 women jovially, in English, asked them what they whale surfaced between the two ships. and 21 men, left Glasgow, Scotland, last wanted. It swam steadily between them, as if April. Four months and 14,500 miles later Startled by the revelation that the crew drawing with its body the line of a this ex-North Sea fishing trawler entered was not Russian, the soldiers ran—the truce. Russian waters west of Alaska. The aim? three raced back to the ship— and events Almost immediately the Russians stop- To stop the Soviet killing of the gray began rapidly unfolding ped dead in the water. They seemed un- whale. The plan called for documenting il- —The lookout in the crow's nest spotted certain what to do next. They dropped licit Russian operations and, if possible, a helicopter gunship in the distance. back further. The helicopters disappeared. The Sea Shepherd re-entered American waters. Two additional forays were made into Siberia in search of the Zevezdny. On the third mission two warships blocked the Sea Shepherd's path; running short of fuel and provisions, Captain Paul Watson decided to call it quits. Watson calls the mission "80% success- ful" and plans to take the photographic proof of the Russian operation to the in- fractions committee of the IWC. "If this is true," said Tom Garrett, head f the US delegation to the 1WC, when the Soviet operation was described to him, "it certainly makes liars out of the Russians." Garrett said that when the IWC meets next summer in England the US will ask that international observers be allowed to visit that Siberian area. "Two months before this mission," said Watson, "no one knew for certain that the Russians were hunting gray whales com- mercially. Now the world knows, and if in ernational pressure is brought to bear the IWC will respond and the Russians will be forced to stop." Finding, no shortage of challenges, Wat- son and his Sea Shepherd crew will plow on. In February the ship will reach Iki r n r n, S b r , l ht r d r h l r l nd d nd n island, Japan, and confront Japanese rv p th t. On h ll b v t nd th n f r . In t: W t n fishermen who spear and club dolphins to nd t p n n , r t th r d , h d f r th h r . death annually. b n l h r n — nt n d a ey wi u i ei u y?" e "Und r pr nt r t n r r h nt t n d h t v r h r om a u s o a com a y w ic e o em o e au o i ies e ese e o og a ic e i- u e aske " ow o -i o e h nt t d t n n l, r rdl f h th r r n t t l l t is maki g a o i s om e e si e wi ou ea o osi g ei o s o e ce a a swe e ma y ques- ow isi e es e o you ow sa es o o -go e me e e - e u ici g ei a a ceme a io s y i e e mem e s o e gui e i es equi e a commi ee o r t p n nd ff r n . . . . h t f n t p n th l l t n ises I co as o a u s a o isio e a e maki g e e- Su commi ee e?" Co g essma o S ama - nt n d b f n l nd d pr d ff r n n l b r t r a a e ee a oca e o e s e- o i g o a ima mis ea me sky ( O comme e a e ci ic u ose o e aci g a ima s i ma a o y e I g a as ow ee nd r r h f l t ." r M h l x sus e e o owi g a e e si e " a e ooke goo " a c a ac- es s o e uci g e um e s e- E s K o i e ese i g e i es iga io y I Wi iam e i e cu e I es o si i i y qui e a is es i e e ac a e e a io o Ame ica Socie ies au Associa e i ec o es i ie o a ima s use i esea c i i- ay G ass o e U i e si y o wee e ee s o scie i ic e u i g wi i e mo is ose w ic a e ee e e o e o E e ime a io ogy a o owi g ac eco e s a e a a ce as "a o -sys em i i g i s u g Sc oo o Me ici e esea c a e co ce s o e ee s o ecome e a e Co - a e a ess cos y i o mo ey E wa Me y s eaki g o e I a a w i e assu a ce om e i a a e cu ai " Aske y s a e "I i i ua esea c e s e mai s eam a ima we a e mo e- g ess a o ia es e u s a a ime " Associa io o iome ica e- e I s i u e o e a io a e- e C ai ma " ow o you e i e ey s u e s o u o esso s me " mus ema accou a i i y om Ci i g e AWI a e ack ook sea c e esse su o o sea c a i was com yi g wi a qua i y su e i g o a ima s" u c io wi com e e ee om o A ew owa o e a o e u i g age cies " h l nd M nt l S ff r n f w ic wou au o i e $1 I gui e i es u a mi e a a w a e I c i e ia o u ue ea ei a ima s as ey see i e Scie is s G ou o e e o m S i a o ose a e Ge e a Exp r nt l An l , A v f mi io o omo e e e e o - e e is " o ma a o y si e isi " su e i g we e au asse e U o w ose s ou e s e a s o A ima E e ime s oi e ou Accou i g O ice i es iga e S nt f t r t r fr me o o -a ima me o s o a " o egu a si e isi " y I ques io o oe e M o e es o si i i y o e su i g a cu e egu a io s equi i g e a io a esea c o a ima s; a 8, co ies o w ic we e esea c e e ime a io a es - owe e si e isi s wo a ee I w o sai "I e u k o io- uma e ea me o esea c a i- es s o a ima s a e " o goo e " a io a o ico ogy og am su ie o eac Su commi ee i g u Ge a e ey s okes- yea s ago o esea c a ica io s me ica esea c e e is o ai o ma s? e a swe is e mos scie ce " e ca e o i ce i es o a a o e egu a o y o ies mem e s e a so e e e o a ma o e Ame ica Associa io om e a o a o y i ica e a su e i g" a c a ac e i e assess- e eague e e so a a esea c e cou age e e e o me o imme ia e y o ga i e ig - e e a e om e Augus 19 1 issue o Me ica Co eges o ose i me o su e i g as "a mos e i e y i s i u io e e e i a ia e o -a ima es s e ca was ask o ces o e e o a a i a e o Experimental Neurology, w ic sayi g "A oug e ai may e
su ec i e " e s ima y o is o kee u a ec oe y Co g essma e ic a e ies o o -a ima sys ems o esc i e ca s ace i s e eo a ic o scu e e a e a i e me o s o owi g e I es imo y e co s a su y o ca s ogs mo - mo o g- ime c am io o a e - e ace cu e a ima es s;" a i s ume s a e e e si e su gica mo ey wi su e y e ou y e a me o Ag icu u e e- keys e c o e scie is s e M a i es egis a io e u ge a I omo e e o s o e ace i e e io s Ge e a a es esia e uci g I og am u s " ques e a e e e o i e oga- o su e s a s a e ea i g "w e e e ossi e e e e a a ima s o e uce ei use o ow- was isco i ue a e a ima s e Ame ica syc o ogica io co ce i g e Si e S i g ow is eck ai y o kee e go e me e e o a use es s i g e a e s a ea y es a is e we e a a y e wi o y oca a es- Associa io e ese e y case ecause " e e a me e- su y o a ima s comi g e as a o o use i e a ima s " wi e ia e es Commi ee ( u - e ic o e wou s e sei u es e ie A ams u ge os o eme came a a y o ocee i gs i i e ime o mo i o ow ese o a a es w o u ici e ic aw 93-35 a u i io we e i uce y owi g u a - o n ac io o e e i g i s cou " us e e a me s o a a ima s a e ac ua y use I e c ue go e me e e ime s was esea c ai u e o ec i y e a a i g ie a c y o a me ica sc oo e i e e ei s a e e qui Co g essma i We e ( a uses i e a o a o y was o e is ow ma o e o em o e em asi e a o y a ou 5 o Mi aske i a e uc io i e e ami e a e ea i g o c a e ge a acu y scie is e e ime s o a ima s a e u - um e s o a ima s use was i gi g i a mi io o a s i is e i scie i ic ou a s occu i g M S i a ci e e Oc o- An l lf r t t n esea c u s wou mos o - a cy ay o s eaki g o e e 19 1 issue o M maga i e e o es i y we e e ese a- a y cos e e is o " Massac use s S C A i su o w ic s a es a i 195 mi io i es om a ima we a e g ou s Mic ae o i ec o o e o ci e aws i e - a ima s we e use ; i 197 e a esea c o ies ea y a e I s i u e o e S u y o A ima ma k E g a o way Swe e um e a ise o 9 mi io A a ima we a e --s okesme we e o ems sai "We e usias ica y Swi e a a ce Wes Ge - i c ease i i come o C a es ai e scie is s; o o e o e e- e o se e o isio s o ma y e e e a s I a y i - i e a o a o ies was gi e as sea c e s was associa e wi a y " as a i w ic "s i es o a a u em ou g egu a i g 3 uma e g ou s ike a acce a e a a ce e- a ima e e ime s S e ecom- Socie y o A ima o ec i e me e a i io o wo mem e s egis a io es imo y ese e y o e u ic wi a ima we a e C is i e S e e s ci e e o em S lv r Spr n l b r t r . S lf t l t n f d ff r nt d l b th S lv r Spr n l b r t r . h qua i ica io s o e i s i u io a o sec ecy e Su commi ee was , n fr tr t n, h b tt n ff t t . Wh t pr t t n n f r l d b nd ( h n t l t a ima ca e commi ees equi e su ie wi "a co y o a e o th t l t d l b? Onl th t tt r d r n nt f d rt b nd . h n d? h b n h d u e o e iew o o- w ic I i se e a e a e oo s w ic a ee i se e i Aske y Mi o i y Cou se ow t r v l bl d t n d r . co s o e e ime s o a ima s su esse i is a su s a ia f ll xp d t f lth n ei s omac s e a ima s cou ma y cases a come e o e e v r n nt, th nd ll t e y S i a w ose success u 1 - age u ica io e a e a o mo e o c y ou o s ow ai o A A s e ics commi ee A ams l l t f t r. coa i io agai s e ai e es u ic e e se I was a o ec i e ea i ica e o y wo o ee i - oug a ou a mos $ mi io o s u y o w ic a i e es e a ies o o ec agai s su e i g s a ces i e ee yea s si ce e e aci i y was "sa is ac o y " e " u i om comme cia co ce s we e a e o co i u e u I i w ic ca o e e ec e e commi ee was o me o a i - C ai ma aske " ow ma y a o- o esea c o e e o a e a i es o wis e Co g ess o a e is o owi g ame me o qui y a ou o ow-u ac io e a o ies a e u e you c ose su - es i ie " e e is i c easi g co - i o ma io " was sugges e "I oca a es e ics sai " e e was o e oug e i- ei a ce a io wi e?" au ce a ou e e ime s i o i g M s S e e s u gi g e Su - a e use e a ima mus e a e o e ce o u sue" i a y o e a swe e a I as assu a ces e i a io ea e e ess ess commi ee o au o i e u i g o e a io a y emo s a e e es- cases so ac i i y y e Associa io om 5 a o a o ies w ic i u s e ec ic s ock a ia io a e e o me o a e a i es sai e ce o ai ( a a y ics may o e was co i e o "co es o e ce oug ou e cou y a a agg essio ese a e ei g e - e wo s igges ee e o ese " ack o e e so w o e e e i "o y a a u " a ee ou cei e as massi e u ic wo ks o- mice C a es i e a o a o ies Co g essma u G egg ( o us " Cou se o e a i e o o e i com ia ce g ams o u s as a $ mi io go e me co - aske o sugges io s o Si e S i g case "You cou e C ai ma aske w e e e "A e e u ic a ou ou ac 19 -19 3 o o e a e a i- ame me s o a say you cou su s a ia e e makeu o I s A ima Ca e w a was a e i g a e I s i u e ma y Ge e ic Ce e o o e s ma e e a ua e sugges io a e i e ce " e C ai ma sai e Commi ee aise a y eye ows S lv r Spr n l b r t r . h nt nt f th n nd nl r fr r t r o e a io a esea c i e i ioco ami a E i o me s i s ea o me e y au o i i g e - wou ook o wa o e Associa- " o ey make a y e ese a io f r d n nd "fr h" fr t (r tt n ppl . Co g ess ackya e I cu o is is us o e si g e co ac ai so e w o o se e a uses o io s ocee i gs i e case
7 i / British MPs want an end to factory farming No more hens in battery cages, no more sows in close confinement, no more roughage. (For a picture of Quantock calves in crated stalls. After examining from every angle the thorny issue of calves in their spacious home, see the animal welfare in factory farming, this is what an all-party committee of British Spring 1981 issue of the AWI Information MPs is demanding for Britain (and for Europe). Not immediately but soon. And Report.) with a combination of new laws and financial suasions to bring it about. The MPs also want "labelling which makes clear the method of production" Over many months the MPs visited different farms practising different systems, and a ban on exclusively liquid feed for and interrogated both the "industry" and welfare bodies. In July came their report. calves. It is a radical document. Sharply critical of intensive practices, it endorses a great There is inevitably a European dimen- many of the proposals championed by animal campaigners. sion to this whole issue. As a member of n : The report calls for battery cages the 'small-group' system; they should not the European Economic Community, Brit- to be phased out over, say, a 5-year period. be given to those using close-confinement ain is committed to "the freedom of move- Thereafter no battery eggs should be pro- methods." ment of goods." This means that Britain duced and imports of such eggs should be Pigs housed indoors should always have cannot forbid the import from EEC coun- banned. In the meantime the number of access to a bedded area and should not be tries of, for example, battery eggs, what- birds in each 20" x 18" cage (a widely ever its own internal legislation on the used size) should be cut from the present M n t r l nd ff l th n n matter. The MPs' report says, though: four, five, and even six to three. A new law h ld v r ht t "This does not mean that the UK Govern- should prohibit beak-trimming except as "a n l lf r th n t ment and producers should hang back or last resort" and then only by a skilled h v b n th h th rt . drag their feet; on the contrary we think operator. Contrary to popular belief and farmers' kept in total darkness. Castration should h th r t h ld b r d propaganda "the cost of producing eggs in be forbidden and tail-docking discouraged. t pr t n t nl f The welfare aspect of very early weaning lf l r p r t nt d r rd f d n l lf r r v (nearly 40% of piglets are weaned at th l b t l f n l t n r tt nt n, b t h v under 4 weeks old) should be thoroughly r r l n n h h x f l n th t t t ll r rd d investigated. Sows in close confinement pl r n n ld h v t r pl t n n n should be given some plaything to relieve f l d t rr nt ff t. d r d b v l nt nt l t frustration and boredom, "even if it is no h n d t b pl t d t n more than a few bits of straw, a chain or an that they should give a strong and sus- t t pr d r pr f t . old motor tyre." tained lead towards eliminating undesir- th xt nt th t th tr , t C lv : For veal calves the MPs say able practices and achieving the highest that "the evidence is overwhelmingly in h h t f r h n f tt t d . attainable standards of welfare." favor of the loose-yard system: not only As it happens there is a golden oppor- strawyards or on deep litter or wire-mesh was it advocated by the welfare organiza- tunity for giving just such a lead right now. floors would be only some 20% more than tions and the vets, but despite some reser- During the final months of this year Brit- in normal 5-bird cages." This translates to vations in their oral evidence the Farmers' ain's Minister of Agriculture, Peter Walker, about 121/2% extra in the shops— hardly a Union told us unequivocally in writing that is also the chairman of the EEC Council of decisive obstacle to change, especially in Agriculture Ministers. This gives him the view of a Gallup Poll finding that 63% of S t h d t t th t authority to write the ministers' agenda. It British women would be prepared to pay nd ff r n n t d t is a rare chance to exert influence. n l , nd nn t pt more for non-battery eggs. St t nt n b ld t p are taken from A switch to a totally free-range system th t th t d t h ld b t d th f C n A r lt r C was not recommended, though. Besides n rd r th t f d b pr tt r p rt n An l W lf r n costing appreciably more, it would eat up a d d r h pl . Wh r n ltr , nd l C lf r d t n. great deal of land—"more than the county pt bl ff r n n b l of Berkshire." n t d nl t xtr t, th t t The MPs found that while pig : h ld b b rn r th pr d t systems are many, none is a clear-cut win- f r n . ner on welfare grounds. All the same "we M n h l they 'would actively advocate an adapta- x t n p l h ld v d n th US .. . tion to this system in the future. . . .' No n r n nd r bl grants of any kind should henceforth be The US Department of Agriculture is th d f h b ndr . Gr nt made to facilitate crated production." spending $380,000 on a 2-year study of nd th r f n n l n nt v In effect this section of the report farm animal care. The study is primed by h ld b d p t v l t n amounts to a ringing declaration in support the growing awareness that animal welfare r b tt r th d . of Volac, the company which has pio- an4 productivity are very closely linked. It neered the loose-yard system in Britain is O'idely acknowledged that stress can cannot bring ourselves to regard close con- and which sells its produce under the lead to slower growth, loss of weight and finement of sows by stalls or tethers brand name Quantock Veal. The essential greater proneness to disease. throughout their pregnancies—that is, for features of the system are that the calves Research will focus on intensively raised most of their adult lives—with anything but are housed in groups of up to 40 in straw- poultry, veal calves and pigs. One of the distaste." The report therefore urges that yards, protected by naturally ventilated centers of research is the University of Min- "financial grants be so directed as to pro- buildings, with access at all times to liquid nesota where behavior of sows in and out vide positive support to producers using feed and water and freedom to consume of farrowing crates will be investigated.
8 h r n f d th That "gentle rain from heaven" of international conference on acid rain reproduction but also by releasing tox- which Shakespeare spoke is not next spring. On the American conti- ic metals buried in the soil of lake or what it used to be. Over large tracts nent a Canadian government study forest. In northern Germany alumi- of Earth the rain that rains is acid complains that Canada, especially the num salts, released in this way, are rain, sulphur dioxide pumped into provinces of Ontario and Quebec, is poisoning the roots of trees. A beech the atmosphere by coal-fired importing 27.5 million tons of sulphur forest there is considered to be dioxide a year from its southern power stations and descending doomed and a spruce forest unlikely neighbour, and that before the century to survive. again as a most ungentle part of is out 48,000 lakes north of the border The US National Commission on normal rainfall. may die. Air Quality says that a 40% cut in sul- Under this rain of death crops The United States is also concerned. phur dioxide emissions—equivalent fail, trees wither, and life in river And the concern is not just diplomatic. to 7 million tons a year—could be and lake and pond slowly chokes. In many northern and northeastern achieved by 1990 and would put less Moreover the acid that rains on States rainfall is 40 times more acid than 2% on consumers' bills. That's one country often originates in than it should be. In the Ohio Valley surely a tiny price to pay for so great a another. The "fall-out" thus crops are being seriously damaged gain! transcends domestic politics. while in the Adirondack Mountains half the high-altitude lakes no longer In Europe the Swedes, sourly aware For further information on the destructive have fish and many of the plants have that foreign industry is much to blame effects of acid rain, write to: Environmental for the sad state of their once so fish- died too. Defense Fund, 1525 18th Street, NW, rich lakes and streams, are hosting an Earlier this year a joint US-Canada Washington, DC 20036. government work group published an "interim report" on the destructive Al t v r th n d n. Ev r th n . A d r n ff t th b rd effects of acid rain. The Washington- th t f d n f h, th f r b r n based Environmental Defense Fund n l th t f d n f h. h has issued its own summary of this I l t t, v r th n n n t r report and has pointed out that "entire d p nd nt n f d, nd h n ecosystems are threatened." The Fund r d th f d ppl f r th calls for "action now to curtail sulphur b rd nd n l , t ff t th r dioxide emissions." b rd nd n l th t r n t d r tl d p nd nt n t n t nd f h. rd ff r t f th l n h n h r bb t d n, Not only are fish the most promi- th fox d n, d r r The song of the loon is a many- d n, d n, th b b t nent victims of acid rain but restocking splendored thing: yodel, hoot wail, d n, th r n d n. Ev n may well be impossible. Fresh-water tremolo and combinations thereof. The th p r p n d pp r n . fish populations are often genetically loon delights in solos, loves duets and r f rl pl nt f l b t f distinct, having adapted to local condi- hugely enjoys chorusing with his own kind r b r l p . It ll tions. Even if acid levels decline, and even with other kinds (coyotes, for ex- t n th n fr b r t rb . replacements may not survive. And ample). f th Loon captures it all r nd r f h r d n. certainly they will not survive if acidon record, price $9.00 post free from Na- K n f h r, pr , ll , th r rain has expelled essential elements tional Audubon- Society, 950 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022 or from ll d n. h l n h d p from the water. The case for "action p r d. ... North American Loon Fund, Meredith, NH now" is therefore a very strong one. Ir- Y d n t f h j p n 03253. Profits will go to management of reversibility, no less than extinction, is r . h r r n f h t j p, the common loon plus research and edu- nd v n f th r r , th r d b for ever! cation. n n t t th j p. It As well as fish, many frogs, toads t t p nt h r r n and salamanders also find reproduc- t h v t pl G d n nd t rt tion impossible in acid waters. The ll v r b n th nv r n mammals and birds which feed on fish nt f rt bl f r th l ttl t and amphibians are thus hit too. n t. Among vulnerable mammals are This statement comes from Bill Mar- mink, otter and muskrat. Among vul- leau, forest ranger for 33 years in the nerable birds are many varieties of western Adirondacks in upper state duck and merganser, the great blue New York. He is quoted in the article heron, the belted kingfisher and the An A r n r d by Robert H. common loon (which is now very Boyle in Sports Illustrated, 21 Septem- rare). ber 1981. Acid rain kills not only by preventing h n l n n very rare. K p t th b n l ... n , tr p , n —th r th the llamas, when in the right place, proved pound used was lithium chloride and from t h n r d p n f r pr t t n adept at scaring off marauding coyotes. fairly extensive trials it seems clear that the h p fr t nd d . t th They simply spat and the coyotes method works. Although sheep killings did p n , b d b n r l, r vanished. not drop to zero (a conditioned aversion to n th r l t v n r ff t v nd But llamas and sheep did not easily mix, sheep carcasses may not always carry over t d th r b n h rpl probably because they had not been to live animals), they were very signifi- t n d n t j t b fth rt d n l reared together. So there were still some cantly down on former levels. The case for l v r b t b h rdh d d h p f r losses. This year a baby llama was raised "aversion therapy" is a strong one—made r . S r l th r t b b tt r with the new-born lambs. During the sum- all the stronger by the very similar findings ? mer it grazed alongside the sheep and the of a recent 3-year study in Saskatchewan, Yes, there is—large guardian animals coyotes kept their distance! once again using lithium chloride. living with the flock. George Heinlein, a The Californian psychologists make the professor of animal science at the Uni- telling point that sheep farmers often un- versity of Delaware, champions the don- . . . r l ttl wittingly encourage coyote predation. key. He has been rearing donkeys with his They go on to say, though, that this bad goat herd since 1957 and maintains they habit can easily be turned to good account. need less training than dogs and are more nd t n n "It is a common practice for sheep herders trustworthy. Another champion of don- An entirely different means of curbing to discard their dead sheep in close prox- keys is sheep farmer Tim Morris of Reister- coyote predation is by what the psycholo- imity to their herds, thereby 'setting a table' town, Maryland. He has 75 donkeys gists call "taste aversion conditioning." In for roaming coyotes and ensuring that they guarding his 2000 ewes. "Since we've had essence this consists of baiting dead sheep acquire a taste for mutton. It is our conten- the donkeys in the field I don't think we've with some mildly toxic compound, so giv- tion that this harmful practice can easily be lost a single ewe," he says—adding that of ing the sheep-devouring coyotes a dis- turned to the advantage of the sheep farm- the 75 maybe seven or eight, "the most agreeable emetic and (it is hoped) a strong er by simply injecting the discarded car- aggressive ones," do all the protecting. disinclination to touch mutton again. casses with a solution of lithium chloride." Meanwhile in Morton, Wyoming, sheep Some very interesting field work along It is a solution which works! farmers John and Betty Lye are seeking these lines has recently been done in References: Behavioral Biology 20, help from an unlikely animal—the South California—under the direction of the 91-95 (1977), Behavioral and Neural American llama. This bold experiment be- Department of Psychology, California Biology 29, 532-536 (1980) and 31, 214- gan last year. Keen-sighted and inquisitive, State College, San Bernardino. The corn- 224 (1981). A C E S EAKS OU O 080 tr l r bb t , r nd rr l nd th r r d nt . S nt r h h h l pr bl th 080 t t h n t. Ev n h n v r l t h v f d 0 r bb t f r v r th t r nn t b tr t d th nd f pr d t r p n r b n I f d n . M d t hb n r th p n th t t ll ll nl d, th h rdl n r tr t n , h n b d b r nd rr l . t . It ll t f r t t h p r n h r nt n d t t W th t th pr d t r th n ld n l nd l t f b rd . ht f b n nd h p n b r nt t h r . n n W n r l n l t f d nh ll. n n t n t lv ldl f h b t t t n r l d v l p l t f n pr bl th t t n f E n dd r b nt. W r d n t n d t p t t b lv d f th h p nd tr f r th E A h r n n pr d t r r ldl f f rth r th p n. t b . ntr l, 2 l 8 . If p n h d v r lv d n pr b Al n th th r pr d t r , l th r ht b r nt. t n b r l t t h lp n r t A d nd C r f W ld rd b hn Gl b r r d l pl r David and Charles, 1980, North Pomfret, Those long winter evenings will be here April) magazine published by Journal Pub- VT 05053, $28.00 before you know it. You might consider lications of 21 Elm Street, Camden, ME edited by J.E. Cooper and J.T. Eley turning off your television set and settling 04843 at $1.50 per copy. It is invaluable down with "Humpback Whales", A Cata- for the clear picture it presents as to just Birds are a crucial and integral part of our logue of Individuals Identified by Fluke what is going on in the fishing industry ecosystem and heritage. First Aid and Photographs. The individuals are, I hasten today. For example, it kept us current on Care of Wild Birds gives us great insight to add, whales, and there are 108 pages of the ways the tuna industry coped with into their illnesses and injuries and how photographs of flukes (with 10 photo- regulations regarding seining and showed best to treat them. It is an excellent re- graphs to a page) for you to study, restudy that the industry, far from collapsing into source book and an invaluable tool in the and identify. There is an index at the back economic ruin, as their spokesmen direly emergency room/laboratory environment. for you to either check your scores or just predicted, actually flourished. MuFh care has been given to detailing the peek a little. This is the second edition (I'm measures to be employed from the initial just getting round to it) and is published by The Orion Nature Book Review of which encounter with the sick or injured bird to the College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, we wrote so glowingly such a short time the time when it is ready for release back ME 04609. The price is $10.00. ago ceased publication with the October into: the wild. Written for both the scientist issue. Associate Editor Aina Niemela (a and layman, this is the ultimate bird care For sheer professionalism, it would be name to turn the hair of a copy editor book. hard to beat, or even match, The National snow white) writes "Costs do not permit Ralph T. Heath, Jr, Director Fisherman, a monthly (semi-monthly in us to continue the publication." Alas! Suncoast Seabird Sanctuary, Inc.
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O C I A S o icia ew C i a ews Around the wicked world Age cy quo es scie is s as sayi g a a o e cou y s 13 e a ge e s ecies JAPAN, NORWAY and ICELAND filed musk ee e e c ose o e i c io a e o e e ge o e i c io ecause o objections 9 November to the cold har- oac i g smugg i g a co u io eck ess ki i g a e o s e scie is s poon ban set during the 1981 IWC meet- i a ce y a a ese i e es s is ac i e i ask o s ic e aws a a e uca io a ing, and Japan filed an objection to the a a ou e a —w ic a e a og am aime a e u e s o ou- sperm whaling prohibition. Significantly, a e i musk i 1973 W e a a sa s o C i ese "comme cia " u e s the Soviet Union, South Korea and Brazil a i ie CI ES as yea i ook ou a as yea a easa co ic e o s oo i g did not file cold harpoon objections " ese a io " o is A e i I s ecies a gia a a was ai e o 1 mo s although they take large numbers of minke a co i ues o im o ima aya musk whales. Because other countries did object, o e u e o some 3 a ima s a yea SOU A ICA is e mi i g c ee a however, they have an additional 90 days u im o s o a a a e oomi g ski s o e so o e y i cu io s o s i to file on the cold harpoon. mig i y I e as io a e sa o s mos o o a es u g acco i g o Wo Wi i e COLOMBIA is a new member of ese u s come om wi a ima s ("wi " u Ke ya A a a s aa a mi g CITES—with effect from 29 November. equa s " e e " o a a ese cus ome s maga i e a e ises c ee a o ies This should mean an end to the huge ex- ig y e a ge e s ecies o eo a a (" e mi " o $ ports of wild animals, often accompanied ige a e es ecia y i e by forged documents. (Last December 3000 caimans arrived in ITALY bound for a captive-breeding farm. Within three So o is o ses mus go wes — months ea y a a ie om neglect and malnutrition.) o ma y yea s Co om- u ee - ey-su e ? - - ia aws o ec i g wi i e a e ee E e y yea ousa s o o is o ses om Eas Ge ma y ca ie ou a s o s ic —o a e u e cou y s co se - a e a s o e y ai a oa o s aug - c eck o a ew y a i e co sig me o a io age cy Inderena has apparently e ouses i I a y a a ce ( e mea 7 o ses ou o a ce Se e a o e been powerless to enforce them. Customs s o age i o a akes seco ace o a ima s we e ou i u ge ee o officers at Barranquilla airport have not e go e me s es e a e ques o a a e io O is occasio ( o o ce ey even allowed Inderena officials on to the cu e cy om s a o i is e ou ey go i runway! ca ake ays u i g w ic ime wa e i g A uses wi o y cease w e e i e MONGOLIA now includes the snow aci i ies a e o e e y oo a e e i a y a e is s o e o ses ue o s aug e leopard among permissible game. The ca e u ime a y s ou e ki e i ei ow cou y a government is eager to attract rich as Ma c i s ec o s i e Wes Ge - e e o e i e ige a e ca s foreigners who are not fussy about tourist ma ow o e a us o e e o e facilities. Snow leopards live in the High Altai in eastern Mongolia. Any of three firms, two in the UNITED STATES and G d b rd ack o e u g e one in WEST GERMANY will take you there—in the company of hunters and for b n — I May 19 wo c im a ees a o e $50,000. ygmy c im a ee we e isco e e y f r h n Wes Ge ma o e o icia s i a sack i LEBANON was responsible for a e oo o a ca w ic was comi g om depressing non-event last year. In count- b b , a new recruit to CITES, has e gium e i e was c a ge a e less eastern European villiages the eagerly banned all commercial bird exports pend- a ima s i a i eous s a e we e ee a awaited storks, harbingers of spring, never ing revision of the country's wildlife laws. ake o a k u oo ogica Ga e s arrived. On their long migrating ou ey E d r has banned the commercial ex- e ygmy c im a a oke a m a from southern Africa they had got no fur- port of all birds with the exception of 38 was a e y a i e e wo c im a ees ther than Lebanon. There thousands we e species which are subject to quota controls. we e e eme y i a i e y oo _massac e — a a e y_ o ei eaks hr n, in response to information a ou - ea — - what is the u a ue o s o k eaks ? e e- e o o Australian parrots, now re- o u i 1 mo s a e i e case A A acco i g o ie s o e quires ministerial approval for the export come before the courts and until then, on Ea okyo is us i g e ima aya of all live birds. nt n d p 2
An l W lf r In t t t
S nt f C tt Int rn t n l C tt Off r nd r t r Aileen Train Marjorie Anchel, Ph.D. T. G. Antikatzides, D.V.M.— Greece Christine Stevens, President David 0. Hill Bennett Derby, M.D. Angela King—United Kingdom Cynthia Wilson, Vice President Madeleine Bemelmans F. Barbara Orlans, Ph.D. David Ricardo—Canada John Beary, M.D., Vice President Gerard Bertrand Roger Payne, Ph.D. N. E. Wernberg—Denmark Marjorie Cooke, Secretary Freeborn G. Jewett, Jr. Samuel Peacock, M.D. Godofredo Stutzin— Chile Roger L. Stevens, Treasurer Sue Hunt John Walsh, M.D. Christabel Gough
St ff Maria Gulino, Administrative Assistant Lisa Melvin, Administrative Assistant
Patrick Allen, Editorial Consultant Diane Halverson, Research Associate Nell Naughton, Mail Order Secretary
Leon Bernstein, Ph.D., M.R.C.S., LRC.P., Lynne Hutchison, Whale Campaign Secretary Adele Schoepperle, Assistant Treasurer
Consultant in Physiology Fran Lipscomb, Executive Assistant Cynthia Lee Stokes, Publications Secretary
11 -9 Iv r is may e lp th n rtd l r eau i u v h l Mikhail Baryshnikov, Artistic Director of the American Ballet Theatre, is a Soviet " r " t defector. He is also an ardent lover of whales who deplores their continued f nd l ph nt slaughter. At NBC studios he has made • televised tapes, lasting 10, 20 and 30 sec- p n onds, which movingly state his views on whales—and whalers. These tapes are in- Und r v r nv t t n l d tended for television stations which are t th z r f 00 v r rv willing to run them without charge as a n , v l d t $ ll n, t th public service. St nl M r G ll r n Please try to get your local t.v. station to An l . h ll t n v l t d participate. Then, if successful, write to us C l f rn End n r d Sp at AWI giving all the necessary details and A t. A ll p n $ 000 we will speed the tape on its way. Help to f n nd f rf t n h ll t n, This ivory elephant from the Stanley save whales! We're winning—but we must M r r d— p rt f h n keep up the pressure! nt t pl —t p $ 00 f r n Gallery was one of many carvings dv rt n p n d n n n seized by the Los Angeles police. th l ht r f l ph nt nd l t v $ 000 t th t t t p p bl d pl b th t u i ca o th C nt nd An l e cuse is rp rt. h d pl ll pl n th t th v r n d fr th h d f l n l ph nt — nd ll b n b v t r fr ll v r th rld t th 84 Ol p .
n l — nt n d the order of the CITES authorities, the animals remained at the zoo. In that time they fully recovered, tripling their weight and again becoming vivacious young apes. Now the two chimps are "home" once more. On 25 September they returned to The Gambia. After a period with Stella Brewer's Ch p nz Rehabilitation Proj- ect they will be released into the wild. The M h l r hn h r n p rt n Poachers hack away at the elephant future of the pygmy chimpanzee is still h AWI h rt. You can have one too! unsettled. His native land is Zaire but a tusks, part of the poaching frenzy that Ad lt ll, d , l r or extra l r , suitable rehabilitation center does not exist threatens rhinos and other African $6.00 h ldr n ll nd d , $ .00. there. wildlife. Ord r d r t fr AWI.
A ima We a e I s i u e O o 3 5 Was i g o C 7
In v f t r tl n r d v r nd z , th AWI Inf r t n p rt l br t n t th rt th r f p bl t n th n n , h An l W lf r In t t t Q r t rl .