Dutch Data Landscape the Netherlands As the Ideal Environment for Data Centers

Dutch Data Landscape The Netherlands as the ideal environment for data centers

Index

1 Foreword 7 Sea ports PAGE 5-7 PAGE 56-65 Introduction Approximate distance Top 5 2 Cable landing points PAGE 8-19 Introduction 8 Field research Cable landing points overview PAGE 66-83 Approximate distance Introduction Top 5 Overview SmartDC INTERVIEW

3 IX points PAGE 20-29 9 The structure of data centers Introduction PAGE 84-89 Approximate distance Top 5 10 Data centers PAGE 90-99 4 Sea levels Data center overview PAGE 30-37 Locations data centers

Introduction Approximate meters below sea level Top 5 11 Conclusion PAGE 100-105 Extinction of the physicality of data centers 5 Wind turbines PAGE 38-47

Introduction Approximate distance Top 5

6 Airports PAGE 48-55

Introduction Approximate distance Top 5

5 1 Foreword Data centers in NL The physicality of data and data centers were completely unknown to us before we started our research. It is fascinating how rapidly data centers have grown in a short amount of time, especially in the Netherlands. It made us wonder how it would develop in the future, and in what ways it might transform. But above all it makes us question why. Why are there so many data centers in The Netherlands? This question was our guide through- out our entire research and design pro- cess and led our journey towards un- derstanding the unknown aspect and complex workings of data centers. In our research we tried to make connections between various environmen- tal aspects and the data centers. Our atlas displays a collection of the gath- ered data that gives an insight into why The Netherlands is the ideal environment for the data center landscape to grow and expand.

8 9 2 Data centers and cable landing points Cable Landing Points A cable landing point is the location where a submarine or other underwater cable makes landfall. The term is used for the landfall points of submarine telecommunications cables and submarine power cables. The landing will either be direct (in the case of a point-to-point cable system) or via a branch from a main cable using a submarine branching unit. The branch can be many kilometres long. Countries must have multiple cables to ensure reliable connectivity in case there is damage to a cable. Undersea cables are only built between locations that have something important to communicate. In The Netherlands there are seven cable landing points in total. The Netherlands has direct access to several submarine communication cable systems delivering low-latency links to other European nations, North America and beyond. All cable landing points are in the end somehow connected to the data centers.The shorter the distance between a cable landing point and a data center is, the more efficient the low-latency link is.

12 13 PLACE OF LANDING POINT BEVERWIJK DOMBURG EEMSHAVEN Name of cable landing point Atlantic Crossing 1 Farland VSNL Northern Europe

Year when cable went into service Ready For Service: 1999 Ready For Service: 1994 Ready For Service: 2002 Year when cable is going out of service End Of Service: 2024 End Of Service: 2019 End Of Service: 2027 Total length of the cable Length: 13.377 km Length: 149 km Length: 551 km Total costs of building the cable Costs: $875.000.000 Costs: $10.000.000 Costs: unknown Terabytes the cable can transfer per second Design capacity: 5.2 Tbps Design capacity: 0.018 Tbps Design capacity: 3.84 Tbps Owner(s) of the cable Owner(s): Level 3 Owner(s): British Owner(s): TATA Communications Communications Telecommunications PLC

BEVERWIJK Pangea

Ready For Service: 2000 End Of Service: 2025 Length: 511 km Costs: $20.000.000 Design capacity: 7 Tbps Owner(s): Pangea Ltd.

14 15 CABLE LANDING POINTS EGMOND AAN ZEE KATWIJK IJMUIDEN ZANDVOORT UK-Netherlands 14 TAT-14 ULYSSES-2 Concerto-1

Ready For Service: 1996 Ready For Service: 2001 Ready For Service: 1997 Ready For Service: 1999 End Of Service: 2021 End Of Service: 2026 End Of Service: 2022 End Of Service: 2024 Length: 208 km Length: 15.453 km Length: 250 km Length: 574 km Costs: unknown Costs: $400.000.000 Costs: unknown Costs: $25.000.000 Design capacity: unknown Design capacity: 9.38 Tbps Design capacity: unknown Design capacity: 0.0025 Tbps Owner(s): BT, KPN Telecom, Owner(s): TAT-14 Consurtium, Owner(s): WorldCom International, Owner(s): Flute Vodafone KPN Telecom BT, France Telecom, KPN Telecom

16 17 CABLE LANDING POINTS Drenthe Alticom: Data center Hoogersmilde Approximate distance Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC2 Flevoland Alticom: Data center Lelystad between data centers and NLDC Data center Amsterdam 3 (Almere) Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC1 cable landing points Friesland Alticom: Data center Tjerkgaast Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 01 Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 02 Gelderland Alticom: Data center Ugchelen BIT: BIT-1 BIT: BIT-2A BIT: BIT-2B BIT: BIT-2C BIT: BIT-2D Dataplace: Arnhem ITB2 Data centers: Apeldoorn Groningen Bytesnet BV: Data center Groningen Data center Groningen Google: Eemshaven NLDC: NLDC Data center Groningen TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Eemshaven TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Groningen Limburg Alticom: Data center Eys Alticom: Data center Ittervoort Alticom: Data center Maastricht Alticom: Data center Roermond ENGIE Services: Maastricht SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen Systemec Data Centers Noord-Brabant Alticom: Data center Gemert Alticom: Data center Loon op Zand Alticom: Data center Megen Alticom: Data center Mierlo Alticom: Data center Roosendaal Dataplace: Brabant Data center Nedzone Global-e Data center Interconnect Services BV: Den Bosch Interconnect Services BV: Eindhoven NLDC: NLDC Data center Eindhoven Noord-Holland Alticom: Data center Amsterdam Alticom: Data center Haarlem Alticom: Data center Wormer atom86: Schuberg Philis Digital Realty Trust: Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Cateringweg Digital Realty Trust: President Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Gyroscoopweg Digital Realty Trust: Naritaweg

0–20 km 20–40 km 40–60 km 60–80 km 80–100 km 100–120 km 120–140 km 140–160 km 160–180 km 180–200 km

18 19 CABLE LANDING POINTS Digital Realty Trust: Paul van Vlissingenstraat 1. TCN Data Hotels: Data EdgeConneX: Amsterdam Top 5 data centers Hotel Eemshaven Equinix: Equinix AM1 1,8 km (Eemshaven) Equinix: Equinix AM2 nearest to a cable Equinix: Equinix AM4 2. Google: Eemshaven Equinix: Equinix AM5 landing point 3,2 km (Eemshaven) Equinix: Equinix AM6 Equinix: Equinix AM7 3. Alticom: Data center Global Switch: Amsterdam Haarlem Interxion: Amsterdam 1 8,7 km (Beverwijk) Interxion: Amsterdam 2 Interxion: Amsterdam 3 4. Alticom: Data center Interxion: Amsterdam 4 Wormer Interxion: Amsterdam 5 10,5 km (Beverwijk) Interxion: Amsterdam 7 Interxion: Amsterdam 8 5. Alticom: Data center Interxion: Science Park Den Haag KPN International: Data center Amsterdam 13,9 km (Katwijk) Maincubes GmbH: Amsterdam Microsoft: Middenmeer NIKHEF Amsterdam NLDC Data center Amsterdam 1 (Oude Meer) NLDC Data center Amsterdam 2 (Aalsmeer) 1. Alticom: Data center Eys Switch Data centers: AMS1 Top 5 data centers 186 km (Katwijk) Switch Data centers: AMS3 The Data center Group (TCDG) Amsterdam farthest away from a 2. SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen Overijssel Alticom: Data center Markelo 182 km (Katwijk) Alticom: Data center Zwolle cable landing point Equinix: Equinix EN1 3. Alticom: Data center Equinix: Equinix ZW1 Maastricht ITB2 Data centers: Deventer 171 km (Domburg) Previder: Previder PDC1 Previder: Previder PDC2 ENGIE Services: Utrecht Alticom: Data center Ijsselstein Maastricht Dataplace Utrecht 171 km (Katwijk) Switch Data centers: WRD1 The Data center Group (TCDG) Utrecht 4. Alticom: Data center Zeeland Alticom: Data center Goes Roermond Zuid-Holland Alticom: Data center Alpen aan den Rijn 158 km (Katwijk) Alticom: Data center Den Haag Alticom: Data center Rotterdam 5. Alticom: Data center Bytesnet B.V.: Data center Rotterdam Ittervoort NLDC Data center Rotterdam 152 km (Katwijk) SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam The Data center Group (TCDG) Delft Systemec Data Centers The Data center Group (TCDG) Rotterdam 152 km (Katwijk)

0–20 km 20–40 km 40–60 km 60–80 km 80–100 km 100–120 km 120–140 km 140–160 km 160–180 km 180–200 km

20 21 CABLE LANDING POINTS 3 Data centers and Internet Exchange Points(IXP) Internet Exchange Points An internet exchange point (IXP) is a physical network access point through which major network providers con- nect their networks and exchange traffic. The primary focus of an exchange point is to facilitate network intercon- nection through an exchange access point instead of third-party networks. Internet exchange points were cre- ated to minimize the part of an Inter- net service provider’s (ISP) network traffic that had to go through an up- stream provider. IXPs provide a com- mon place for ISPs to exchange their Internet traffic between autonomous network systems. The exchange points are often established in the same city to avoid latency. The Dutch capital Amsterdam is home to AMS-IX, which connects around 500 leading network suppliers and is, with over 2 Terabit per second, the world’s largest Internet exchange. The AMS-IX offers solutions to 397 internet service providers, carriers and mobile operators as well as all kinds of content and application providers.

24 25 Drenthe Alticom: Data center Hoogersmilde Approximate distance Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC2 Flevoland Alticom: Data center Lelystad between data center and NLDC Data center Amsterdam 3 (Almere) Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC1 Internet exchange points Friesland Alticom: Data center Tjerkgaast Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 01 Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 02 Gelderland Alticom: Data center Ugchelen BIT: BIT-1 BIT: BIT-2A BIT: BIT-2B BIT: BIT-2C BIT: BIT-2D Dataplace: Arnhem ITB2 Data centers: Apeldoorn Groningen Bytesnet BV: Data center Groningen Data center Groningen Google: Eemshaven NLDC: NLDC Data center Groningen TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Eemshaven TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Groningen Limburg Alticom: Data center Eys Alticom: Data center Ittervoort Alticom: Data center Maastricht Alticom: Data center Roermond ENGIE Services: Maastricht SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen Systemec Data Centers Noord-Brabant Alticom: Data center Gemert Alticom: Data center Loon op Zand Alticom: Data center Megen Alticom: Data center Mierlo Alticom: Data center Roosendaal Dataplace: Brabant Data center Nedzone Global-e Data center Interconnect Services BV: Den Bosch Interconnect Services BV: Eindhoven NLDC: NLDC Data center Eindhoven Noord-Holland Alticom: Data center Amsterdam Alticom: Data center Haarlem Alticom: Data center Wormer atom86: Schuberg Philis Digital Realty Trust: Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Cateringweg Digital Realty Trust: President Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Gyroscoopweg Digital Realty Trust: Naritaweg

0–0,5 km 0,5–1 km 1–6 km 6–11 km 11–16 km 16–21 km 21–26 km 26–31 km 31–36 km 36–41 km

26 27 INTERNET EXCHANGE POINTS Digital Realty Trust: Paul van Vlissingenstraat 1. NLDC Data center EdgeConneX: Amsterdam Top 5 data centers Amsterdam 3 (Almere) Equinix: Equinix AM1 0 km Equinix: Equinix AM2 nearest to an IX point Equinix: Equinix AM4 Serverius data centers: Equinix: Equinix AM5 Serverius SDC1 Equinix: Equinix AM6 0 km Equinix: Equinix AM7 Global Switch: Amsterdam Data center Fryslan: Data Interxion: Amsterdam 1 center Fryslân 01 Interxion: Amsterdam 2 0 km Interxion: Amsterdam 3 Interxion: Amsterdam 4 BIT: BIT-2A Interxion: Amsterdam 5 0 km Interxion: Amsterdam 7 Interxion: Amsterdam 8 BIT: BIT-2B Interxion: Science Park 0 km KPN International: Data center Amsterdam Maincubes GmbH: Amsterdam BIT: BIT-2C Microsoft: Middenmeer 0 km NIKHEF Amsterdam NLDC Data center Amsterdam 1 (Oude Meer) BIT: BIT-2D NLDC Data center Amsterdam 2 (Aalsmeer) 0 km Switch Data centers: AMS1 Switch Data centers: AMS3 TCN Data Hotels: Data The Data center Group (TCDG) Amsterdam Hotel Groningen Overijssel Alticom: Data center Markelo 0 km Alticom: Data center Zwolle Equinix: Equinix EN1 Data center Nedzone Equinix: Equinix ZW1 0 km ITB2 Data centers: Deventer Previder: Previder PDC1 Global-e Data center Previder: Previder PDC2 0 km Utrecht Alticom: Data center Ijsselstein Dataplace Utrecht Interconnect Services Switch Data centers: WRD1 BV: Den Bosch The Data center Group (TCDG) Utrecht 0 km Zeeland Alticom: Data center Goes Zuid-Holland Alticom: Data center Alpen aan den Rijn Alticom: Data center Alticom: Data center Den Haag Amsterdam Alticom: Data center Rotterdam 0 km Bytesnet B.V.: Data center Rotterdam NLDC Data center Rotterdam Alticom: Data center SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam Haarlem The Data center Group (TCDG) Delft 0 km The Data center Group (TCDG) Rotterdam Digital Realty Trust: Business Park 0 km

0–0,5 km 0,5–1 km 1–6 km 6–11 km 11–16 km 16–21 km 21–26 km 26–31 km 31–36 km 36–41 km

28 29 INTERNET EXCHANGE POINTS Digital Realty Trust: Maincubes GmbH: Am- 1. Microsoft: Middenmeer Cateringweg sterdam Top 5 data centers 42 km 0 km 0 km farthest from an IX point 2. Alticom: Data center Digital Realty Trust: NIKHEF Amsterdam Tjerkgaast Gyroscoopweg 0 km 40,1 km 0 km NLDC Data center Am- 3. Alticom: Data center Digital Realty Trust: Paul sterdam 2 (Aalsmeer) Ijsselstein van Vlissingenstraat 0 km 30,9 km 0 km Switch Data centers: 4. Alticom: Data center Equinix: Equinix AM1 AMS1 Goes 0 km 0 km 30,7 km

Equinix: Equinix AM2 Switch Data centers: 5. TCN Data Hotels: Data 0 km AMS3 Hotel Eemshaven 0 km 30,5 km Equinix: Equinix AM4 0 km Previder: Previder PDC2 0 km Equinix: Equinix AM5 0 km Bytesnet B.V.: Data center Rotterdam Equinix: Equinix AM6 0 km 0 km NLDC Data center Rotter- Equinix: Equinix AM7 dam 0 km 0 km

Global Switch: Amster- SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam dam 0 km 0 km The Data center Group Interxion: Amsterdam 1 (TCDG) Delft 0 km 0 km

Interxion: Amsterdam 3 2. Interxion: Science Park 0 km 30m

Interxion: Amsterdam 4 3. Interxion: Amsterdam 2 0 km 113 m

Interxion: Amsterdam 5 4. EdgeConneX: Amsterdam 0 km 300 m

Interxion: Amsterdam 7 5. Serverius data centers: 0 km Serverius SDC2 339 m

0–0,5 km 0,5–1 km 1–6 km 6–11 km 11–16 km 16–21 km 21–26 km 26–31 km 31–36 km 36–41 km

30 31 INTERNET EXCHANGE POINTS 4 Data centers and sea levels Sea Levels The Netherlands is known to be a ‘water country’, and it is not surprising that the flooding risk is something to take into account. As far as data center disasters go, flooding might be one of the worst. Water has the power to destroy the servers, resulting into damage. Needless to say, such a distaster has to be prevented at all costs. The rising sea levels are not only a risk for the data centers directly, but are also set to damage fiber optic cables and ubmerge network points of presence (PoPs), researchers have warned. At a particular risk are fiber optic cables buried underground, which - unlike submarine cables - are not designed for prolonged periods of submersion. In order to prepare data center facilities against the worst, companies need to be aware of all possible outcomes and design their systems in such a way that they can keep data centers running or reduce server room downtime that can often be the result of such a disaster.

34 35 Drenthe Alticom: Data center Hoogersmilde Approximate amount of Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC2 Flevoland Alticom: Data center Lelystad meter data centers are NLDC Data center Amsterdam 3 (Almere) Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC1 below the sea level Friesland Alticom: Data center Tjerkgaast Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 01 Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 02 Gelderland Alticom: Data center Ugchelen BIT: BIT-1 BIT: BIT-2A BIT: BIT-2B BIT: BIT-2C BIT: BIT-2D Dataplace: Arnhem ITB2 Data centers: Apeldoorn Groningen Bytesnet BV: Data center Groningen Data center Groningen Google: Eemshaven NLDC: NLDC Data center Groningen TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Eemshaven TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Groningen Limburg Alticom: Data center Eys Alticom: Data center Ittervoort Alticom: Data center Maastricht Alticom: Data center Roermond ENGIE Services: Maastricht SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen Systemec Data Centers Noord-Brabant Alticom: Data center Gemert Alticom: Data center Loon op Zand Alticom: Data center Megen Alticom: Data center Mierlo Alticom: Data center Roosendaal Dataplace: Brabant Data center Nedzone Global-e Data center Interconnect Services BV: Den Bosch Interconnect Services BV: Eindhoven NLDC: NLDC Data center Eindhoven Noord-Holland Alticom: Data center Amsterdam Alticom: Data center Haarlem Alticom: Data center Wormer atom86: Schuberg Philis Digital Realty Trust: Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Cateringweg Digital Realty Trust: President Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Gyroscoopweg Digital Realty Trust: Naritaweg

50 –25 m 25 – 15 m 15–10 m 10–5 m 5–1 m 1–0 m 0 – -0,5 m -0,5 – -1 m -1 – -2 m -2 – -5 m

36 37 SEA LEVELS Digital Realty Trust: Paul van Vlissingenstraat 1. SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen EdgeConneX: Amsterdam Top 5 data centers 123,20 m Equinix: Equinix AM1 Equinix: Equinix AM2 that are the highest 2. Alticom: Data center Eys Equinix: Equinix AM4 190,4 m Equinix: Equinix AM5 above sea level Equinix: Equinix AM6 3. ENGIE Services: Equinix: Equinix AM7 Maastricht Global Switch: Amsterdam 103,94 m Interxion: Amsterdam 1 Interxion: Amsterdam 2 4. Alticom: Data center Interxion: Amsterdam 3 Maastricht Interxion: Amsterdam 4 84,96 m Interxion: Amsterdam 5 Interxion: Amsterdam 7 5. Alticom: Data center Interxion: Amsterdam 8 Maastricht Interxion: Science Park 84,96 m KPN International: Data center Amsterdam Maincubes GmbH: Amsterdam Microsoft: Middenmeer NIKHEF Amsterdam NLDC Data center Amsterdam 1 (Oude Meer) NLDC Data center Amsterdam 2 (Aalsmeer) Switch Data centers: AMS1 Top 5 data centers 1. NLDC Data center Switch Data centers: AMS3 Amsterdam 1 The Data center Group (TCDG) Amsterdam that are the lowest (Oude Meer) Overijssel Alticom: Data center Markelo -6,84 m Alticom: Data center Zwolle below sea level Equinix: Equinix EN1 2. The Data center Group Equinix: Equinix ZW1 (TCDG) Rotterdam ITB2 Data centers: Deventer -5,36 m Previder: Previder PDC1 Previder: Previder PDC2 3. Alticom: Data center Utrecht Alticom: Data center Ijsselstein Rotterdam Dataplace Utrecht -4,46 m Switch Data centers: WRD1 The Data center Group (TCDG) Utrecht 4. Interxion: Amsterdam 7 Zeeland Alticom: Data center Goes -4,40 m Zuid-Holland Alticom: Data center Alpen aan den Rijn Alticom: Data center Den Haag 5. Maincubes GmbH: Alticom: Data center Rotterdam Amsterdam Bytesnet B.V.: Data center Rotterdam -4,25 m NLDC Data center Rotterdam SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam The Data center Group (TCDG) Delft The Data center Group (TCDG) Rotterdam

50 –25 m 25 – 15 m 15–10 m 10–5 m 5–1 m 1–0 m 0 – -0,5 m -0,5 – -1 m -1 – -2 m -2 – -5 m

38 39 SEA LEVELS 5 Data centers and wind turbines Wind Turbines Without accessibility to commercial power and redundancy or full access to reliable connectivity, a data center is useless. The data centers need a constant large supply of energy. Research suggests that data centers will be the biggest energy consumers on the planet. The need for energy is foreverever growing, and thus companies are looking into alternative ways of obtaining the needed electricity, such as windmills. A number of data centers use the utility power that is sourced from windmills. The next step would possibly be to have an on-site turbine to generate the power from their own turbine installations. One of the frontrunners is Microsoft, whom will purchase 100% of the wind energy generated by a wind farm by Vattenfall in Wieringermeer polder for their data center in The Netherlands. For them, the proximity of the wind farm in the Netherlands made it especially attractive, since it will directly generate power from the clean loyal wind.

42 43 Drenthe Alticom: Data center Hoogersmilde Approximate amount of Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC2 Flevoland Alticom: Data center Lelystad wind turbines within in a NLDC Data center Amsterdam 3 (Almere) Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC1 10 km radius around Friesland Alticom: Data center Tjerkgaast Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 01 data centers Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 02 Gelderland Alticom: Data center Ugchelen BIT: BIT-1 BIT: BIT-2A BIT: BIT-2B BIT: BIT-2C BIT: BIT-2D Dataplace: Arnhem ITB2 Data centers: Apeldoorn Groningen Bytesnet BV: Data center Groningen Data center Groningen Google: Eemshaven NLDC: NLDC Data center Groningen TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Eemshaven TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Groningen Limburg Alticom: Data center Eys Alticom: Data center Ittervoort Alticom: Data center Maastricht Alticom: Data center Roermond ENGIE Services: Maastricht SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen Systemec Data Centers Noord-Brabant Alticom: Data center Gemert Alticom: Data center Loon op Zand Alticom: Data center Megen Alticom: Data center Mierlo Alticom: Data center Roosendaal Dataplace: Brabant Data center Nedzone Global-e Data center Interconnect Services BV: Den Bosch Interconnect Services BV: Eindhoven NLDC: NLDC Data center Eindhoven Noord-Holland Alticom: Data center Amsterdam Alticom: Data center Haarlem Alticom: Data center Wormer atom86: Schuberg Philis Digital Realty Trust: Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Cateringweg Digital Realty Trust: President Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Gyroscoopweg Digital Realty Trust: Naritaweg

5+ 10+ 20+ 30+ 40+ 50+ 60+ 80+ 90+ 100+

44 45 WIND TURBINES Digital Realty Trust: Paul van Vlissingenstraat 1. NLDC Data center EdgeConneX: Amsterdam Top 5 data centers Amsterdam 3 (Almere) Equinix: Equinix AM1 105 Wind urbines Equinix: Equinix AM2 with the most wind Equinix: Equinix AM4 2. Serverius data centers: Equinix: Equinix AM5 turbines nearby Serverius SDC1 Equinix: Equinix AM6 97 Wind Turbines Equinix: Equinix AM7 Global Switch: Amsterdam 3. Google: Eemshaven Interxion: Amsterdam 1 86 Wind Turbines Interxion: Amsterdam 2 Interxion: Amsterdam 3 4. TCN Data Hotels: Data Interxion: Amsterdam 4 Hotel Eemshaven Interxion: Amsterdam 5 85 Wind Turbines Interxion: Amsterdam 7 Interxion: Amsterdam 8 5. Microsoft: Middenmeer Interxion: Science Park 79 Wind Tubines KPN International: Data center Amsterdam Maincubes GmbH: Amsterdam Microsoft: Middenmeer NIKHEF Amsterdam NLDC Data center Amsterdam 1 (Oude Meer) NLDC Data center Amsterdam 2 (Aalsmeer) 1. Alticom: Data center Switch Data centers: AMS1 Top 5 data centers Hoogersmilde Switch Data centers: AMS3 0 Wind Turbines The Data center Group (TCDG) Amsterdam with the least wind Overijssel Alticom: Data center Markelo Alticom: Data center Alticom: Data center Zwolle turbines nearby Ugchelen Equinix: Equinix EN1 0 Wind Turbines Equinix: Equinix ZW1 ITB2 Data centers: Deventer Alticom: Data center Previder: Previder PDC1 Roermond Previder: Previder PDC2 0 Wind Turbines Utrecht Alticom: Data center Ijsselstein Dataplace Utrecht Systemec Data Centers Switch Data centers: WRD1 0 Wind Turbines The Data center Group (TCDG) Utrecht Zeeland Alticom: Data center Goes Alticom: Data center Zuid-Holland Alticom: Data center Alpen aan den Rijn Gemert Alticom: Data center Den Haag 0 Wind Turbines Alticom: Data center Rotterdam Bytesnet B.V.: Data center Rotterdam Alticom: Data center NLDC Data center Rotterdam Megen SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam 0 Wind Turbines The Data center Group (TCDG) Delft The Data center Group (TCDG) Rotterdam Alticom: Data center Mierlo 0 Wind Turbines

5+ 10+ 20+ 30+ 40+ 50+ 60+ 80+ 90+ 100+

46 47 WIND TURBINES NLDC: NLDC Data center BIT: BIT-2C ENGIE Services: Maas- Eindhoven 1 Wind Turbine tricht 0 Wind Turbines 2 Wind Turbines BIT: BIT-2D Interconnect Services 1 Wind Turbine KPN International: Data BV: Eindhoven center Amsterdam 0 Wind Turbines ITB2 Data centers: Apel- 2 Wind Turbines doorn Alticom: Data center 1 Wind Turbine Bytesnet B.V.: Data Markelo center Rotterdam 0 Wind Turbines Interconnect Services 2 Wind Turbines BV: Den Bosch Equinix: Equinix EN1 1 Wind Turbine SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam 0 Wind Turbines 2 Wind Turbines Equinix: Equinix AM1 Previder: Previder PDC1 1 Wind Turbine 4. Bytesnet BV: Data center 0 Wind Turbines Groningen Equinix: Equinix AM2 3 Wind Turbines Previder: Previder PDC2 1 Wind Turbine 0 Wind Turbines Data center Groningen Equinix: Equinix AM5 3 Wind Turbines Alticom: Data center Den 1 Wind Turbine Haag 0 Wind Turbines Switch Data centers: 5. Dataplace: Arnhem AMS1 4 Wind Turbines Alticom: Data center 1 Wind Turbine Rotterdam Interxion: Science Park 0 Wind Turbines Switch Data centers: 4 Wind Turbines AMS3 The Data center Group 1 Wind Turbine (TCDG) Delft 0 Wind Turbines Dataplace Utrecht 1 Wind Turbine The Data center Group (TCDG) Rotterdam Switch Data centers: 0 Wind Turbines WRD1 1 Wind Turbine 2. Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC2 NLDC Data center Rot- 1 Wind Turbine terdam 1 Wind Turbine BIT: BIT-1 1 Wind Turbines 3. Alticom: Data center Ittervoort BIT: BIT-2A 2 Wind Turbines 1 Wind Turbine Alticom: Data center BIT: BIT-2B Maastricht 1 Wind Turbine 2 Wind Turbines

5+ 10+ 20+ 30+ 40+ 50+ 60+ 80+ 90+ 100+

48 49 6 Data centers and airports Airports There are many reasons why business thrives in the Netherlands. One of these reasons is its geographic location and the well established infrastructure, in- cluding seaports, airports and railways. The air and seaports open possibilities in the data center field and it’s in- novation. In February, Dubai Airports has opened a modular data center, built by Huawei. Modular data centers can be constructed in a fraction of the time it takes to create a traditional fa- cility, and can be shipped easily to ar- eas where building a permanent data center is impractical due to various reasons. So, a well established infrastructure opens up possibilities that would otherwise not be possible.

52 53 Drenthe Alticom: Data center Hoogersmilde Approximate distance Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC2 Flevoland Alticom: Data center Lelystad between data centers NLDC Data center Amsterdam 3 (Almere) Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC1 and airports Friesland Alticom: Data center Tjerkgaast Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 01 Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 02 Gelderland Alticom: Data center Ugchelen BIT: BIT-1 BIT: BIT-2A BIT: BIT-2B BIT: BIT-2C BIT: BIT-2D Dataplace: Arnhem ITB2 Data centers: Apeldoorn Groningen Bytesnet BV: Data center Groningen Data center Groningen Google: Eemshaven NLDC: NLDC Data center Groningen TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Eemshaven TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Groningen Limburg Alticom: Data center Eys Alticom: Data center Ittervoort Alticom: Data center Maastricht Alticom: Data center Roermond ENGIE Services: Maastricht SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen Systemec Data Centers Noord-Brabant Alticom: Data center Gemert Alticom: Data center Loon op Zand Alticom: Data center Megen Alticom: Data center Mierlo Alticom: Data center Roosendaal Dataplace: Brabant Data center Nedzone Global-e Data center Interconnect Services BV: Den Bosch Interconnect Services BV: Eindhoven NLDC: NLDC Data center Eindhoven Noord-Holland Alticom: Data center Amsterdam Alticom: Data center Haarlem Alticom: Data center Wormer atom86: Schuberg Philis Digital Realty Trust: Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Cateringweg Digital Realty Trust: President Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Gyroscoopweg Digital Realty Trust: Naritaweg

0–6km 6–11 km 11– 16 km 16–21 km 21–26 km 26–31 km 31–36 km 36–41 km 41–46 km 46–51+ km

54 55 AIRPORTS Digital Realty Trust: Paul van Vlissingenstraat 1. The Data center Group EdgeConneX: Amsterdam Top 5 data centers (TCDG) Rotterdam Equinix: Equinix AM1 0 km Equinix: Equinix AM2 nearest to an airport Equinix: Equinix AM4 2. NLDC Data center Equinix: Equinix AM5 Amsterdam 1 (Oude Equinix: Equinix AM6 Meer) Equinix: Equinix AM7 2,1 km Global Switch: Amsterdam Interxion: Amsterdam 1 3.Interxion: Amsterdam 4 Interxion: Amsterdam 2 2,8 km Interxion: Amsterdam 3 Interxion: Amsterdam 4 3. Digital Realty Trust: Paul Interxion: Amsterdam 5 van Vlissingenstraat Interxion: Amsterdam 7 2,9 km Interxion: Amsterdam 8 Interxion: Science Park 4. Maincubes GmbH: KPN International: Data center Amsterdam Amsterdam Maincubes GmbH: Amsterdam 3 km Microsoft: Middenmeer NIKHEF Amsterdam NLDC Data center Amsterdam 1 (Oude Meer) NLDC Data center Amsterdam 2 (Aalsmeer) 1. Alticom: Data center Switch Data centers: AMS1 Top 5 data centers Tjerkgaast Switch Data centers: AMS3 63 km The Data center Group (TCDG) Amsterdam farthest away from Overijssel Alticom: Data center Markelo 2. Data center Fryslan: Alticom: Data center Zwolle an airport Data center Fryslân 02 Equinix: Equinix EN1 54,9 km Equinix: Equinix ZW1 ITB2 Data centers: Deventer 3. Data center Fryslan: Previder: Previder PDC1 Data center Fryslân 02 Previder: Previder PDC2 54,8 km Utrecht Alticom: Data center Ijsselstein Dataplace Utrecht 4. Systemec Data Centers Switch Data centers: WRD1 54 km The Data center Group (TCDG) Utrecht Zeeland Alticom: Data center Goes 5. Equinix: Equinix EN1 Zuid-Holland Alticom: Data center Alpen aan den Rijn 53,1 km Alticom: Data center Den Haag Alticom: Data center Rotterdam Bytesnet B.V.: Data center Rotterdam NLDC Data center Rotterdam SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam The Data center Group (TCDG) Delft The Data center Group (TCDG) Rotterdam

0–6km 6–11 km 11– 16 km 16–21 km 21–26 km 26–31 km 31–36 km 36–41 km 41–46 km 46–51+ km

56 57 AIRPORTS 7 Data centers and sea ports Sea Ports Not only is the port of Rotterdam the largest port in Europe, it is also market leader in dry bulk, liquid bulk and con- tainer handling. The port mainly owes this position to the economies of scale Rotterdam offers. This makes the port of Rotterdam a logical choice. The World Economic Forum has elected the Dutch port infrastructure the best port infrastructure in the world several times. This position is mainly due to its modern facilities, the extensive hinterland network and the major investment projects in Rotter- dam. Billions have been invested in projects such as the expansion of the intermodal network, the construction of Maasvlakte 2, the widening and deepening of port basins and state-of- the-art terminals. Looking at the func- tion and importance of seaports in the context of data centers might be far- fetched for some. However, if we take a look at possibilities within the realm of data centers and it innovations, a lot is possible, For instance, underwater data centers. Microsoft is currently testing a data center under the sea, and could very well provide internet connectivity for years.

60 61 Drenthe Alticom: Data center Hoogersmilde Approximate distance Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC2 Flevoland Alticom: Data center Lelystad between data centers NLDC Data center Amsterdam 3 (Almere) Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC1 and sea ports Friesland Alticom: Data center Tjerkgaast Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 01 Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 02 Gelderland Alticom: Data center Ugchelen BIT: BIT-1 BIT: BIT-2A BIT: BIT-2B BIT: BIT-2C BIT: BIT-2D Dataplace: Arnhem ITB2 Data centers: Apeldoorn Groningen Bytesnet BV: Data center Groningen Data center Groningen Google: Eemshaven NLDC: NLDC Data center Groningen TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Eemshaven TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Groningen Limburg Alticom: Data center Eys Alticom: Data center Ittervoort Alticom: Data center Maastricht Alticom: Data center Roermond ENGIE Services: Maastricht SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen Systemec Data Centers Noord-Brabant Alticom: Data center Gemert Alticom: Data center Loon op Zand Alticom: Data center Megen Alticom: Data center Mierlo Alticom: Data center Roosendaal Dataplace: Brabant Data center Nedzone Global-e Data center Interconnect Services BV: Den Bosch Interconnect Services BV: Eindhoven NLDC: NLDC Data center Eindhoven Noord-Holland Alticom: Data center Amsterdam Alticom: Data center Haarlem Alticom: Data center Wormer atom86: Schuberg Philis Digital Realty Trust: Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Cateringweg Digital Realty Trust: President Business Park Digital Realty Trust: Gyroscoopweg Digital Realty Trust: Naritaweg

0–10 km 10–20 km 20– 30 km 30–40 km 40–50 km 50–60 km 60–70 km 70–80 km 80–90 km 90 –100+ km

62 63 SEA PORTS Digital Realty Trust: Paul van Vlissingenstraat 1. TCN Data Hotels: Data EdgeConneX: Amsterdam Top 5 data centers Hotel Eemshaven Equinix: Equinix AM1 1 km Equinix: Equinix AM2 nearest to a sea port Equinix: Equinix AM4 2. Google: Eemshaven Equinix: Equinix AM5 2 km Equinix: Equinix AM6 Equinix: Equinix AM7 3. The Data center Group Global Switch: Amsterdam (TCDG) Amsterdam Interxion: Amsterdam 1 3 km Interxion: Amsterdam 2 Interxion: Amsterdam 3 4. Digital Realty Trust: Interxion: Amsterdam 4 Gyroscoopweg Interxion: Amsterdam 5 4 km Interxion: Amsterdam 7 Interxion: Amsterdam 8 Digital Realty Trust: Interxion: Science Park Naritaweg KPN International: Data center Amsterdam 4 km Maincubes GmbH: Amsterdam Microsoft: Middenmeer Interxion: Amsterdam 1 NIKHEF Amsterdam 4 km NLDC Data center Amsterdam 1 (Oude Meer) NLDC Data center Amsterdam 2 (Aalsmeer) Interxion: Amsterdam 3 Switch Data centers: AMS1 4 km Switch Data centers: AMS3 The Data center Group (TCDG) Amsterdam Interxion: Amsterdam 4 Overijssel Alticom: Data center Markelo 4 km Alticom: Data center Zwolle Equinix: Equinix EN1 NIKHEF Amsterdam Equinix: Equinix ZW1 4km ITB2 Data centers: Deventer Previder: Previder PDC1 5. Alticom: Data center Previder: Previder PDC2 Amsterdam Utrecht Alticom: Data center Ijsselstein 5 km Dataplace Utrecht Switch Data centers: WRD1 Digital Realty Trust: The Data center Group (TCDG) Utrecht Business Park Zeeland Alticom: Data center Goes 5 km Zuid-Holland Alticom: Data center Alpen aan den Rijn Alticom: Data center Den Haag Digital Realty Trust: Paul Alticom: Data center Rotterdam van Vlissingenstraat Bytesnet B.V.: Data center Rotterdam 5 km NLDC Data center Rotterdam SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam Equinix: Equinix AM4 The Data center Group (TCDG) Delft 5 km The Data center Group (TCDG) Rotterdam Interxion: Science Park 5 km

0–10 km 10–20 km 20– 30 km 30–40 km 40–50 km 50–60 km 60–70 km 70–80 km 80–90 km 90 –100+ km

64 65 SEA PORTS 1.Alticom: Data center Eys Top 5 data centers 130 km farthest away from 2. SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen a sea port 128 km 3. Alticom: Data center Zwolle 125 km

4. ENGIE Services: Maastricht 119 km

5. Alticom: Data center Maastricht 118km

0–10 km 10–20 km 20– 30 km 30–40 km 40–50 km 50–60 km 60–70 km 70–80 km 80–90 km 90 –100+ km

66 67 8 Field research at SmartDC Rotterdam SmartDC Rotterdam During our research we were curious about how things work inside a data center. Although data centers are very secured and not easily accesible, we got the opportunity to take a look inside one of the two data centers of SmartDC. This data center was established in 2009 and has a floor area of 3,500 m². It is the largest hub in the region and located next to one of UNESCO’s fa- mous world heritages, the Van Nelle Factory. Besides suites with server racks, you can also find suits here were bitcoins are being mined. These bitcoin miners generate a lot of heat, that’s why in these rooms temperatures can go up to 32C. Usually the suites are shared by various companies, but it is also possible to rent a private rack or suite in this data center. SmartDC Rotterdam is specialized in hosting online games like from Ubisoft, which make them an important player in the gaming industry. During our visit we were guided by Murat, the account manager at SmartDC, and he told us everything about how the data center works.

70 71 72 73 SMARTDC ROTTERDAM Murat (SmartDC): Here you see the ventilation system. It sucks the cold air inside. On the other side, the hot air will flow into a room which is preserved there- and later to be used as the source of heating for the Van Nelle Factory. Linda: The entire factory?!

Murat (SmartDC): Yes.

74 75 SMARTDC ROTTERDAM Laura: The air is very dry here, it seems. Is it because of the ventilation system?

Murat (SmartDC): The server rooms are very dehydrated because servers and air humidity generally do not go well together.

76 77 SMARTDC ROTTERDAM Linda: What is that red tube alongside of the ventilation system? Murat (SmartDC): This tube is part of our extinguishing system. For extinguishing, we do not use water but gas. So, if something were to happen, the air is sucked out of the room and a special tab will turn on to release gass that will ex- tinguish the fire.

78 79 SMARTDC ROTTERDAM Linda: So what exactly does this power generator you just mentioned do? Murat (SmartDC): Good question. Electricity will flow inside the transformator with huge amounts. This will be divided into parts, if you will, and divided and spread towards the racks into the servers. One of these transformators is pow- erfull enough to supply for the entire data center. However, we have two of them.

80 81 SMARTDC ROTTERDAM Laura: How many houses would you be able to provide (with the generator)?

Murat (SmartDC): At least half of Rotter- dam, propobably. But it always depends on the use of electricity.

82 83 SMARTDC ROTTERDAM Linda: If I may ask, what would be the price of the power generator?

Murat (SmartDC): Around one million or two million.

84 85 SMARTDC ROTTERDAM 9 The structure of data centers The Structure of Data Centers Data centers are relatively new in our urban landscape. In fact, most people are not even aware that they exist. A data center is often an anonymou looking industrial building, used to house computer systems and asso- ciated components such as connectivity and storage systems. Comput- ing and networking equipment is concentrated here for the purpose of collecting, storing, processing, dis- tributing or allowing access to large amounts of data. It has redundant or backup power, redundant data communications connections, cool- ing installations, fire safety systems and various security devices. Taking all of this into account, large data centers are enormous operations on an industrial scale. The air in a data center is also amaz- ingly clean: Filtration systems filter particulates to the sub-micron level. Data center filters have a 99.97% (or higher) efficiency rating in removing 0.3-micron particles.

88 89 Because of their high concentrations of servers, often stacked in racks that are placed in rows, data centers are sometimes referred to a server farms. They provide important services such as data storage, backup and recov- ery, data management and networking. These centers can store and serve up Web sites, run e-mail and instant messaging (IM) services, provide cloud storage and applications, enable e-commerce transactions, power online gaming communities and do a host of other things that require the wholesale crunching of zeroes and ones.

The floorplan of Interxion Science Park (AMS9)

90 91 10 Overview of Dutch data centers 1 2 3 4 25 26 27 28

5 6 7 8 29 30 31 32

9 10 11 12 33 34 35 36

13 14 15 16 37 38 39 40

17 18 19 20 41 42 43 44

21 22 23 24 45 46 47 48

94 95 OVERVIEW DATA CENTERS 49 50 51 52 73 74 75 76

53 54 55 56 77 78 79 80

57 58 59 60 81 82 83 84

61 62 63 64 85 86 87 88

65 66 67 68 89 90 91 92

69 70 71 72 93 94 95

96 97 OVERVIEW DATA CENTERS 1. Alticom: Data center Hoogersmilde 17. Bytesnet BV: Data center Groningen 33. Alticom: Data center Mierlo 49. Digital Realty Trust: Naritaweg Van Veenstraat 26, Hoogersmilde Friesestraatweg 219, Groningen Torenweg 1, Mierlo Naritaweg 52, Amsterdam

2. Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC2 18. Data center Groningen 34. Alticom: Data center Roosendaal 50. Digital Realty Trust: Paul van Ketelskamp 10, Meppel Beneluxweg 4, Zuidbroek Melis Stokelaan, Roosendaal Vlissingenstraat Paul van Vlissingenstraat 16, Amsterdam 3. Alticom: Data center Lelystad 19. Google: Eemshaven 35. Dataplace: Brabant Oostvaardersdijk 2, Lelystad Oostpolder 4, Eemshaven Gragtmansstraat 1B, Waalwijk 51. EdgeConneX: Amsterdam Koolhavenlaan 12, Schiphol-Rijk 4. NLDC Data center Amsterdam 3 (Almere) 20. NLDC: NLDC Data center Groningen 36. Data center Nedzone Rondebeltweg 62, Almere Liverpoolweg 10, Groningen Drukkerij 6, Steenbergen 52. Equinix: Equinix AM1 Luttenbergweg 4, Amsterdam 5. Serverius data centers: Serverius SDC1 21. TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Eemshaven 37. Global-e Data center De Linge 26, Dronten Huibertgatweg 2, Eemshaven Haansbergseweg 12, Rijen 53. Equinix: Equinix AM2 Luttenbergweg 4, Amsterdam 6. Alticom: Data center Tjerkgaast 22. TCN Data Hotels: Data Hotel Groningen 38. Interconnect Services BV: Den Bosch Gaestdyk 3, Tjerkgaast Zernikelaan 16, Groningen De Steenbok 1, ‘s-Hertogenbosch 54. Equinix: Equinix AM4 Science Park 610, Amsterdam 7. Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân 23. Alticom: Data center Eys 39. Interconnect Services BV: Eindhoven François HaverSchmidtwei 3, Leeuwarden Eyserbosweg 27, Eyes Park Forum 1041, Eindhoven 55. Equinix: Equinix AM5 Schepenbergweg 42, Amsterdam 8. Data center Fryslan: Data center Fryslân2 24. Alticom: Data center Ittervoort 40. NLDC: NLDC Data center Eindhoven Archimedesweg 3, Leeuwarden Hunsel/Branskamp 16, Ittervoort High Tech Campus 53, Eindhoven 56. Equinix: Equinix AM6 Duivendrechtsekade 80a, Amsterdam 9. Alticom: Data center Ugchelen 25. Alticom: Data center Maastricht 41. Alticom: Data center Amsterdam Otterloseweg 110 a/p, Ugchelen Trichterbaan 170, Maastricht Barbara Strozzilaan 251, Amsterdam 57. Equinix: Equinix AM7 Kuiperbergweg 13, Amsterdam 10. BIT: BIT-1 26. Alticom: Data center Roermond 42. Alticom: Data center Haarlem Kelvinstraat 63-67, Ede Op De Meuleberg 7, Roermond A. Hofmanweg 1, Haarlem 58. Global Switch: Amsterdam Johan Huizingalaan 759, Amsterdam 11. BIT: BIT-2A 27. ENGIE Services: Maastricht 43. Alticom: Data center Wormer Galileïlaan 19, Ede Amerikalaan 35, Maastricht-Airport Eenhoornweg 1, Wormer 59. Interxion: Amsterdam 1 Gyroscoopweg 58-60, Amsterdam 12. BIT: BIT-2B 28. SmartDC B.V.: Heerlen 44. Atom86: Schuberg Philis Galileïlaan 19, Ede Kloosterweg 1, Heerlen Boeing Avenue 271, Schiphol-Rijk 60. Interxion: Amsterdam 2 Gyroscoopweg 72, Amsterdam 13. BIT: BIT-2C 29. Systemec Data Centers 45. Digital Realty Trust: Business Park Galileïlaan 19, Ede Marinus Dammeweg 25, Venlo H.J.E. Wenckebachweg 127, Amsterdam 61. Interxion: Amsterdam 3 Cessnalaan 1-33, Schiphol-Rijk 14. BIT: BIT-2D 30. Alticom: Data center Gemert 46. Digital Realty Trust: Cateringweg Galileïlaan 19, Ede Hemelsbleekweg 15, Gemert Cateringweg 5, Amsterdam 62. Interxion: Amsterdam 4 Gyroscoopweg 58-60, Amsterdam 15. Dataplace: Arnhem 31. Alticom: Data center Loon op Zand 47. Digital Realty Trust: President Tivolilaan 251, Arnhem Finantien 4, Loon Op Zand Business Park 63. Interxion: Amsterdam 5 Jan Wijsmullerdreef 10, Hoofddorp Tupolevlaan 101, Schiphol-Rijk 16. ITB2 Data centers: Apeldoorn 32. Alticom: Data center Megen Grote Woudhuis 5, Apeldoorn Ravensteinsedijk 2A, Megen 48. Digital Realty Trust: Gyroscoopweg 64. Interxion: Amsterdam 7 Gyroscoopweg 2E-2F, Amsterdam Cessnalaan 50, Schiphol-Rijk

98 99 LOCATIONS DATA CENTERS 65. Interxion: Amsterdam 8 80. ITB2 Data centers: Deventer Pudongweg 37, Schiphol-Rijk Herfordstraat 18, Deventer

66. Interxion: Science Park 81. Previder: Previder PDC1 Science Park 121, Amsterdam Expolaan 50, Hengelo

67. KPN International: Data center 82. Previder: Previder PDC2 Amsterdam Barnsteenstraat 15, Hengelo Paalbergweg 1-3, Amsterdam 83. Alticom: Data center Ijsselstein 68. Maincubes GmbH: Amsterdam Hogebiezendijk 21, Ijsselstein Capronilaan 2, Schiphol-Rijk 84. Dataplace Utrecht 69. Microsoft: Middenmeer Kon. Wilhelminaweg 471, Groenekan Agriport 601, Middenmeer 85. Switch Data centers: WRD1 70. NIKHEF Amsterdam Polanerbaan 1, Woerden Science Park 105, Amsterdam 86. The Data center Group (TCDG) Utrecht 71. NLDC Data center Amsterdam 1 Groningenhaven 26, Nieuwegein (Oude Meer) Fokkerweg 300, Oude Meer 87. Alticom: Data center Goes Cornelisweg 10, Goes 72. NLDC Data center Amsterdam 2 (Aalsmeer) 88. Alticom: Data center Alpen aan Lakenblekerstraat 13, Aalsmeer den Rijn Energieweg 4, Alphen aan den Rijn 73. Switch Data centers: AMS1 Lemelerbergweg 28, Amsterdam 89. Alticom: Data center Den Haag Louise Henriëttestraat 385, Den Haag 74. Switch Data centers: AMS3 Lemelerbergweg 28, Amsterdam 90. Alticom: Data center Rotterdam Anthonetta Kuijlstraat 40, Rotterdam 75. The Data center Group (TCDG) Amsterdam 91. Bytesnet B.V.: Data center Rotterdam Kabelweg 48a, Amsterdam Schuttervaerweg 48, Rotterdam

76. Alticom: Data center Markelo 92. NLDC Data center Rotterdam Larenseweg 58, Markelo Anthony Fokkerweg 300, Rotterdam

7 7. Alticom: Data center Zwolle 93. SmartDC B.V.: Rotterdam Bergkloosterweg 62, Zwolle Van Nelleweg 1, Rotterdam

78. Equinix: Equinix EN1 94. The Data center Group (TCDG) Delft Auke Vleerstraat 1, Enschede Heertjeslaan 1, Delft

79. Equinix: Equinix ZW1 95. The Data center Group (TCDG) Telfordstraat 3, Zwolle Rotterdam Tempelhof 5-11, Rotterdam

100 101 11 Conclusion Extinction of the Physicality of Data During our research, we have stum- bled upon multiple visions regard- ing the future of data centers. One of these visions is their extinction, at least as we know them. Many sources state that the tradition enterprise data centers is going to be taken over by cloud coputer and the internet of things. Which leads to the revision of the perception of the book. Our contemporary atlas may in time transform into a historical catalogue of data centers and their presence in the physical world. Data centers have their own advan- tage compared to the cloud such as. For instance, organizations that are able to have an in-house data storage center are far less reliant on maintain- ing an Internet connection. The data will be accessible as long as the local network remains stable. The security within data centers is more stable against cyber hackers, in contrast to the online nature of cloud computing. However, this might not be enough to keep data centers alive.

104 105 One of the sources that argues digital infrastructure will be based on against the remaining existence of needs, rather then being constrained data centers would be David J. Cap- by physical locations. puccio, the Research VP at Gartner, This allows companies to avoid up- who states that “The role of the tradi- front costs and complexity, but also tional data center is being relegated to gives them the opportunity to manage that of a legacy holding area, dedicat- any data, anywhere, at any time. This ed to very specific services than can- enables a successful transition to dig- not be supported elsewhere, or sup- ital business and ensures control and porting those systems that are most overview at all times. economically efficient on-premises. As interconnect services, cloud pro- In matter of fact, the cloud is an on- viders, the Internet of Things (IoT), line storage system designed to frag- edge services and SaaS offerings con- ment and duplicate your data across tinue to proliferate, the rationale to multiple locations. In case of failures, stay in a traditional data center topol- a cloud system ensures that there is al- ogy will have limited advantages. This ways a backup of the backup. The only is not an overnight shift, but an evolu- way anything ever put on the cloud tionary change in thinking in how we can ever be destroyed is if the Internet deliver services to our customers and itself no longer exists. to the business.” We have concluded that Cloud computing will one of, if not the cause of the extinction of data centers (as we know them). Rather than owning their own computing infrastructure or data centers, companies that use cloud computing can rent access to anything from applications to storage from a cloud service provider. One of the big changes is that the

106 107 COLOPHON

Design, concept and research Laura Brouwer and Linda van Houtum

Typefaces Suisse Int’l, Lido STF

Paper Cyclus offset 140g

Assignment ‘Blind spots in society’ Lauren Alexander and Vit Ruller

With special thanks to SmartDC Rotterdam

KABK, December 2018 Graphic Design Department

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.

Dutch Data Landscape The Netherlands as the ideal environment for data centers