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A Letter from Cerrah Mustafa Pasha, Vali of Tunis, To A LETTER FROM CERRAH MUSTAFA PASHA, VALIOF TUNIS, TO SIR WILLIAM TRUMBULL (A.H. 1099/A.D. 1688) COLIN HEYWOOD THIRTY years ago, when I first studied the papers of Sir William Trumbull in the Berkshire County Record Office, it was a particular pleasure to discover that amongst the Downshire Manuscripts which derived from his years as English ambassador at the Porte were a number of Turkish documents.^ Through the kindness of the County Record Office staff at the time, I was able to obtain photocopies of the documents, and the suggestion was also made that a handlist might be compiled. Unfortunately, the Trumbull manuscripts, both *old' series and Additional, were only on deposit at Reading, and it was at about this time (the exact date I now disremember) that their then owner placed severely restrictive conditions on their use by historians. Any further photography of the Turkish documents, together with plans for their future publication, was out of the question. The draft handlist and the photocopies already in my possession, together with the other results of my study of Trumbull's embassy to the Porte, were obliged perforce to remain unpublished.^ More than a quarter of a century elapsed before the sale of the Downshire Manuscripts and their purchase on behalf of the nation at last rendered them fully accessible to disinterested scholarship.^ ^ To mark the acquisition by the British Library of the Downshire MSS, and in default of the handlist of the Turkish documents in Trumbull Add. MS. 96, which for reasons of space cannot be published on this occasion, I offer here a preliminary study of the sole Ottoman document in Trumbull Add. MS. 96 which possesses a North African provenance. Trumbull Add. MS. 96,4 (flg. i) is a letter (mektub), sent from Tunis and dated I Receb 1099 (22 April 1688 O.S.). The author is Cerrah Mustafa Pasha, a former Aga of the Janissaries newly appointed muhafiz (governor) of the de jure Ottoman province of Tunis. The document is published below, together with its contemporary translation into Italian (Trumbull Add. MS. 96, 23) and a new English translation of the original. THE DOCUMENTS (i) Letter (mektub) of Cerrah^ Mustafa Pasha, muhafiz of Tunis, to [Sir William Trumbull], English ambassador at thie Porte. Tunis, ist (gurref of Receb 1099 (= 22 April 1688, Old Style). Ottoman Turkish. Ftg. i. 218 ^^^^c>443; • ^. /. Trumbull Add. MS. 96, 4 recto 219 British Library (formerly Reading, Berkshire County Record Office), Downshire Manuscripts, Trumbull Additional MS. 96, no. 4. Greyish horizontally laid paper of European manufacture. Watermark: tre lune.^ Dimensions: 435 cm x 295 cm (external); 19*5 cm x 28 cm (written area of recto). No invocatio; 8 lines text+ 8 lines, inverted, in the right margin {der kenar). Signature of Mustafa Pasha in lower left corner. Small rectangular seal-impression (14x10 mm; fig. 2) of same on verso, behind signature. The document has been folded forward laterally from the bottom eight times, making sections of 3-2, 45, 47, 4*9, 5-0, 5-1, 5*2, 5-3, and 5-2 cm. A letter of compliments from Cerrah Mustafa Pasha to an unnamed English ambassador (scil. Trumbull), thanking him for arranging his voyage from Istanbul to Tunis via Malta, and promising good treatment for the English merchants in Tunis. Trumbull is also requested to send news of any future political developments at the Porte which might affect the sender. [recto:] "> *-^ * [II] / iSJ-i u>^ j' [V] 220 J >- i (V) JI "• • • J' [VIII] J ^.^^ < (A) [X] * L .^ « Li;i ^ . [in the right margin, inverted:] j-ljl Ji * j^ V ^1 J [XII] J.M* 6XJI jLu«iji (^^) /^ J-* J l [XIII] 221 [XIV] [verso:] [seal impression, in lower right corner] JI '^' v-^ jJ [^•]^v (2) Contemporary translation. Italian. Single sheet, folded vertically to make a double folio, 20 cm X 295 cm, and refolded (after writing) once laterally and four times vertically to make a flattened tube 6-5x15 cm, which formerly enclosed the previous document.'' 1-5 pp. text (f. ia-b); f. 2a blank; f. 2b endorsed (in TrumbuU's hand): / Transla[ti]on o[f] the L[ette]re / o[f] the Pasha of/Tunis, th[a]t went/in Capt. Leth[er]Iand[*s ship]. / [slashes]/r[eceive]d the 4. June. [i6]88./[slashes]/. Watermarks: (i) Cross keys over 'ROMA'; (2) Trifolium with elongated stem separating the letters CM over Z. Trumbull Additional MS. 96, 23. [I] [II] Doppo li Salutj et Riuerenze fatte verso di \ostra Y^ccellenza IllM5/m.sima [III] La diamo parte se domanda Amicheuolm^wte per noj, che per Gratia d'Iddio, dopo d'esserci imbarcati nel Vascello in quelle parti et Inviaticj per costa; In qualonque luogo che siamo Capitati, per mezzo della Sua Lettera Concessarj, sempre ci portono grand' honore e Respetto; [IV] Si il Console di Malta, come de Tunis, et cj hanno trattato et honorato Amicheuolm^Kte[.] [V] Amicitia tale, si troua Solam^wte zpx^resso di lej, et li Suoi: siate prosperj. [VI] La preghiamo di Continouarla, et per Tauuenire speriamo simile Amista da lej, desiderando di soccorrerij in tuttj lj nostrv) negotij ch' accadano. [VII] Et tanto per lj suoi negotij, ch' accaderanwo, quanto di quellj che son appartenenti all Natione Inglese, et si ritrouano appr^^^o di Noj cj affaticaremwo quanto siamo degnj; [VIII] solam^wte desideriamo d'esser fermi et Constanti nella di lej Amista. 222 [XI] Et mio Amoreuolissmo Amico desideriamo di far notare et Inuiarcj costi tutte le Nouita et Cangiam^wti che nascon et succedon' in quelle partj [XII] et Inviarci [mandarcj] quanti prima tutte le Lett^re de nostr'] Amicj [XIII] et se potra hauer qualche auuiso dalla parte del Dominio, / toccante il nostro Dimorare o Leuarcj di quj ci far a la Cortesia di notificarlo Incontinente se sara vero. [XIV] Et sopra questi Negotij preghiamo la Sua Cortesia, [XV] Et desideriamo di non far Procrastinatione in questo. [IX] S'e notato allj Vltimj^ della Luna di Regeb L'Anno 1099. [X] [XVI] Translation [recto:] [I] [He!] [II] Having enquired, with abundant amity-bearing friendship, of the sweet musk- scented mind of His Excellency the Lord Ambassador, my affectionate sincere friend, and having duly performed the offering of friendship based on inmost affection, may [this letter find] you in [possession of] enjoyment and pleasure joined with health and prosperity and in cheerfulness of heart. [III] Should you be enquiring as to how we are in these parts (taraftmtzdan); [well], praise be to God - He is exalted - we embarked (kalyona bin-) at those parts {ol tarafdan [scil. Istanbul]), [and] while [we were] on the way here, by reason of the letter [of introduction] {kagtd) which you gave [us], in every place at which we arrived, they showed us the utmost consideration {re'ayet). [IV] Both the [English] consul {baylos) at Malta and the consul here at Tunis showed us friendship and consideration. [V] Such friendships however, is found only from you and those [contacts of yours]: may you be blessed [for it]. [VI] And moreover we hope and request that henceforth [we may continue to enjoy] friendship from you and from those [contacts of yours]. [VII] In our present affairs, to this end both you and your [contacts] and other[s] of the English nation should also let us know [and] whatever their concerns and affairs may be, as far as we are able we shall extend our best efforts. [VIII] Only with you [too] let firm and constant friendship be maintained. [IX] Written on the first (gurre) of the month of Rajab the Venerated, anno [hijrce] 1099. [X] The sincere friend / Mustafa / governor of/Tunis/at present In the right-hand margin^ inverted: [XI] And, my affectionate friend, whatever may be the state of affairs in those parts {ol taraf {scil at the Porte]), and what the news may be, who may be in or out of office {tebdtl ve tagayyur), write and tell me everything about it {cumle kimaht yazub irsal edesiz). [XII] And whoever from amongst our friends may write a letter to us, by whatever means there 223 may be [for you] of sending it, take [it] and send it to us as soon as possible. [XII] And if there shall be any news at the Porte of our coming or going or staying on [here] and of [any political] good luck or misfortune, if it should be verified, whatever news comes to hand, write and immediately make [it] known [to us]. [XIV] [Assistance in] this particular point is greatly desired. [XV] May you not refuse or be negligent [in this]. [XVI] 'Attested' {sahh). [verso:] The seal of Thy love, O Lord / of Mankind, [alone] / is [engraved] in Mustafa's heart / like an inscription in stone [A.H. io]97 COMMENTARY (i) Diplomatics In Ottoman diplomatic usage this document may be classified as a mektub, or letter, being in this case essentially a private (or at the most a semi-official) document.^ As such, it differs in certain details from the official communications between a provincial official and a representative of a Christian state. The invocatio [I]^** appears to be missing. The forms of address [II] (11. 1-2) are cordial; the tone is friendly. There is no expressed or implied wish for the recipient's conversion to Islam, neither the customary du^a- formula (i.e. khutimat ''awakibihi biU-khayr).^^ which follows the elkab (the name and honorific appellations of the addressee),^^ nor the so-called ' Schliissformel' (i.e. maU- salam 'alaman ittaba'a U-huda)^'^ being employed.^* The actual name of the addressee is, as commonly, omitted.^^ The words el^i beg ('Lord Ambassador') in 1.
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