A LETTER FROM CERRAH MUSTAFA , VALIOF TUNIS, TO SIR WILLIAM TRUMBULL (A.H. 1099/A.D. 1688)

COLIN HEYWOOD

THIRTY years ago, when I first studied the papers of Sir William Trumbull in the Berkshire County Record Office, it was a particular pleasure to discover that amongst the Downshire Manuscripts which derived from his years as English ambassador at the Porte were a number of Turkish documents.^ Through the kindness of the County Record Office staff at the time, I was able to obtain photocopies of the documents, and the suggestion was also made that a handlist might be compiled. Unfortunately, the Trumbull manuscripts, both *old' series and Additional, were only on deposit at Reading, and it was at about this time (the exact date I now disremember) that their then owner placed severely restrictive conditions on their use by historians. Any further photography of the Turkish documents, together with plans for their future publication, was out of the question. The draft handlist and the photocopies already in my possession, together with the other results of my study of Trumbull's embassy to the Porte, were obliged perforce to remain unpublished.^ More than a quarter of a century elapsed before the sale of the Downshire Manuscripts and their purchase on behalf of the nation at last rendered them fully accessible to disinterested scholarship.^ ^ To mark the acquisition by the British Library of the Downshire MSS, and in default of the handlist of the Turkish documents in Trumbull Add. MS. 96, which for reasons of space cannot be published on this occasion, I offer here a preliminary study of the sole Ottoman document in Trumbull Add. MS. 96 which possesses a North African provenance. Trumbull Add. MS. 96,4 (flg. i) is a letter (mektub), sent from Tunis and dated I Receb 1099 (22 April 1688 O.S.). The author is Cerrah Mustafa Pasha, a former Aga of the Janissaries newly appointed muhafiz (governor) of the de jure Ottoman province of Tunis. The document is published below, together with its contemporary translation into Italian (Trumbull Add. MS. 96, 23) and a new English translation of the original.

THE DOCUMENTS (i) Letter (mektub) of Cerrah^ Mustafa Pasha, muhafiz of Tunis, to [Sir William Trumbull], English ambassador at thie Porte. Tunis, ist (gurref of Receb 1099 (= 22 April 1688, Old Style). Ottoman Turkish. Ftg. i. 218 ^^^^c>443; • ^.

/. Trumbull Add. MS. 96, 4 recto

219 British Library (formerly Reading, Berkshire County Record Office), Downshire Manuscripts, Trumbull Additional MS. 96, no. 4. Greyish horizontally laid paper of European manufacture. Watermark: tre lune.^ Dimensions: 435 cm x 295 cm (external); 19*5 cm x 28 cm (written area of recto). No invocatio; 8 lines text+ 8 lines, inverted, in the right margin {der kenar). Signature of Mustafa Pasha in lower left corner. Small rectangular seal-impression (14x10 mm; fig. 2) of same on verso, behind signature. The document has been folded forward laterally from the bottom eight times, making sections of 3-2, 45, 47, 4*9, 5-0, 5-1, 5*2, 5-3, and 5-2 cm.

A letter of compliments from Cerrah Mustafa Pasha to an unnamed English ambassador (scil. Trumbull), thanking him for arranging his voyage from Istanbul to Tunis via Malta, and promising good treatment for the English merchants in Tunis. Trumbull is also requested to send news of any future political developments at the Porte which might affect the sender.

[recto:]

"> *-^ * [II]

/ iSJ-i u>^ j'

[V]

220 J >- i (V)

JI "• • • J' [VIII] J ^.^^ < (A) [X]

* L .^ «

Li;i ^ .

[in the right margin, inverted:]

j-ljl Ji * j^ V

^1 J [XII] J.M* 6XJI jLu«iji (^^)

/^ J-* J l

[XIII]

221 [XIV]

[verso:] [seal impression, in lower right corner] JI

'^' v-^ jJ

[^•]^v

(2) Contemporary translation. Italian. Single sheet, folded vertically to make a double folio, 20 cm X 295 cm, and refolded (after writing) once laterally and four times vertically to make a flattened tube 6-5x15 cm, which formerly enclosed the previous document.'' 1-5 pp. text (f. ia-b); f. 2a blank; f. 2b endorsed (in TrumbuU's hand): / Transla[ti]on o[f] the L[ette]re / o[f] the Pasha of/Tunis, th[a]t went/in Capt. Leth[er]Iand[*s ship]. / [slashes]/r[eceive]d the 4. June. [i6]88./[slashes]/. Watermarks: (i) Cross keys over 'ROMA'; (2) Trifolium with elongated stem separating the letters CM over Z. Trumbull Additional MS. 96, 23.

[I] [II] Doppo li Salutj et Riuerenze fatte verso di \ostra Y^ccellenza IllM5/m.sima [III] La diamo parte se domanda Amicheuolm^wte per noj, che per Gratia d'Iddio, dopo d'esserci imbarcati nel Vascello in quelle parti et Inviaticj per costa; In qualonque luogo che siamo Capitati, per mezzo della Sua Lettera Concessarj, sempre ci portono grand' honore e Respetto; [IV] Si il Console di Malta, come de Tunis, et cj hanno trattato et honorato Amicheuolm^Kte[.] [V] Amicitia tale, si troua Solam^wte zpx^resso di lej, et li Suoi: siate prosperj. [VI] La preghiamo di Continouarla, et per Tauuenire speriamo simile Amista da lej, desiderando di soccorrerij in tuttj lj nostrv) negotij ch' accadano. [VII] Et tanto per lj suoi negotij, ch' accaderanwo, quanto di quellj che son appartenenti all Natione Inglese, et si ritrouano appr^^^o di Noj cj affaticaremwo quanto siamo degnj; [VIII] solam^wte desideriamo d'esser fermi et Constanti nella di lej Amista.

222 [XI] Et mio Amoreuolissmo Amico desideriamo di far notare et Inuiarcj costi tutte le Nouita et Cangiam^wti che nascon et succedon' in quelle partj [XII] et Inviarci [mandarcj] quanti prima tutte le Lett^re de nostr'] Amicj [XIII] et se potra hauer qualche auuiso dalla parte del Dominio, / toccante il nostro Dimorare o Leuarcj di quj ci far a la Cortesia di notificarlo Incontinente se sara vero. [XIV] Et sopra questi Negotij preghiamo la Sua Cortesia, [XV] Et desideriamo di non far Procrastinatione in questo. [IX] S'e notato allj Vltimj^ della Luna di Regeb L'Anno 1099. [X] [XVI]

Translation [recto:]

[I] [He!] [II] Having enquired, with abundant amity-bearing friendship, of the sweet musk- scented mind of His Excellency the Lord Ambassador, my affectionate sincere friend, and having duly performed the offering of friendship based on inmost affection, may [this letter find] you in [possession of] enjoyment and pleasure joined with health and prosperity and in cheerfulness of heart. [III] Should you be enquiring as to how we are in these parts (taraftmtzdan); [well], praise be to God - He is exalted - we embarked (kalyona bin-) at those parts {ol tarafdan [scil. Istanbul]), [and] while [we were] on the way here, by reason of the letter [of introduction] {kagtd) which you gave [us], in every place at which we arrived, they showed us the utmost consideration {re'ayet). [IV] Both the [English] consul {baylos) at Malta and the consul here at Tunis showed us friendship and consideration. [V] Such friendships however, is found only from you and those [contacts of yours]: may you be blessed [for it]. [VI] And moreover we hope and request that henceforth [we may continue to enjoy] friendship from you and from those [contacts of yours]. [VII] In our present affairs, to this end both you and your [contacts] and other[s] of the English nation should also let us know [and] whatever their concerns and affairs may be, as far as we are able we shall extend our best efforts. [VIII] Only with you [too] let firm and constant friendship be maintained. [IX] Written on the first (gurre) of the month of Rajab the Venerated, anno [hijrce] 1099. [X] The sincere friend / Mustafa / governor of/Tunis/at present

In the right-hand margin^ inverted: [XI] And, my affectionate friend, whatever may be the state of affairs in those parts {ol taraf {scil at the Porte]), and what the news may be, who may be in or out of office {tebdtl ve tagayyur), write and tell me everything about it {cumle kimaht yazub irsal edesiz). [XII] And whoever from amongst our friends may write a letter to us, by whatever means there

223 may be [for you] of sending it, take [it] and send it to us as soon as possible. [XII] And if there shall be any news at the Porte of our coming or going or staying on [here] and of [any political] good luck or misfortune, if it should be verified, whatever news comes to hand, write and immediately make [it] known [to us]. [XIV] [Assistance in] this particular point is greatly desired. [XV] May you not refuse or be negligent [in this]. [XVI] 'Attested' {sahh). [verso:] The seal of Thy love, O Lord / of Mankind, [alone] / is [engraved] in Mustafa's heart / like an inscription in stone [A.H. io]97

COMMENTARY (i) Diplomatics In Ottoman diplomatic usage this document may be classified as a mektub, or letter, being in this case essentially a private (or at the most a semi-official) document.^ As such, it differs in certain details from the official communications between a provincial official and a representative of a Christian state. The invocatio [I]^** appears to be missing. The forms of address [II] (11. 1-2) are cordial; the tone is friendly. There is no expressed or implied wish for the recipient's conversion to Islam, neither the customary du^a- formula (i.e. khutimat ''awakibihi biU-khayr).^^ which follows the elkab (the name and honorific appellations of the addressee),^^ nor the so-called ' Schliissformel' (i.e. maU- salam 'alaman ittaba'a U-huda)^'^ being employed.^* The actual name of the addressee is, as commonly, omitted.^^ The words el^i beg ('Lord Ambassador') in 1. i are elevated above the other words in the line, the space which they would have occupied being left blank. This usage, known as honorific elevation {elevatio)^ was designed to show respect to the recipient and was frequently employed in Ottoman chancery practice,^® most commonly for the term sultamm., *my Lord', in ^arzuhals and similar documents. In this context it is mentioned, but without explanation by Fekete {Einfiihrung, p. lix), but the origins and ramifications of the usage lie at a much deeper level of symbolic significance.^^ The document displays certain elements with regard to Cerrah Mustafa Pasha's rank. Although described by Trumbull as the 'pasha' of Tunis, he employs in his signature the term muhafiz}^ He employs no penge in his document, but only the signature {imza) in the lower left corner. The seal-impression {muhr\ fig. 2) is placed on the verso of the document, directly backing the signature, if the document is signed personally by the sender: these are all attributes of lesser provincial officials not of vizirial rank.^^ Nonetheless, the document bears the sahh {vidimus), which is said by Fekete to be placed on letters which will bear a penge, or cypher/signature of the issuer. In such cases it is set in the 'bow' of the penge. This is not the case in the present document, where the

224 sahh is apparently employed solely to authenticate the 'postscript' ( =11. 9-16) der kenar, i.e. in the right margin.^**

Fig. 2. Trumbull Add. MS. 96, 4 verso (detail of lower right-hand corner)

(ii) Historical Note The short notice on our Mustafa Pasha in Mehmed Sureyya's biographical dictionary of Ottoman statesmen may be to a certain extent supplemented.^^ According to the Sicill- i ^Osmani, Cerrah Mustafa was a product of the Outside Service of the Palace, achieving the rank of Imperial Swordbearer {silihdar-i ^ahriyar). In Muharrem 1099 (beg. 28 Oct./7 Nov. 1687) he was given the appointment of Aga of the Janissaries, but on account of his incapacity in not punishing the mutinous soldiery in the violent emeutes in Istanbul which had accompanied the deposition of the Sultan Mehemmed IV, he was in the same year dismissed and appointed pasha of Tunis. Later, in A.H. I 106 (beg. 12/22 Aug. 1694) he was appointed muhaftz of Kars, but died in the following year, A.H. 1107 (beg. 2/12 Aug. 1695). The background to Cerrah Mustafa Pasha's fall from grace after the accession of Suleyman II may be taken a little further. The war with Austria and her allies in the in which the Ottomans had found themselves after the failure of Kara Mustafa's ill-considered attempt in 1683 to seize had been a catalogue of disasters. Buda, the seat of a beglerbegi, and the administrative centre of Ottoman Hungary, had fallen to a siege by Austrian and allied forces late in the campaigning season of 1686; less than a year later the Ottomans were to sustain a bloody defeat in the field at the hands of Austria in the second battle of Mohacs (12 August 1687), the news of which reaching the Porte had coincided with the arrival there of Trumbull. ^^ The defeat had led to a widespread mutiny in the army and the flight of the Grand Vizier Suleyman Pasha from 225 the front to refuge at the court. Serious social and political unrest broke out in Istanbul. On 25 August a large fire devastated a great part of the city; a week later, on i September, part of the Topkapi palace was burned down. The Grand Vizier Suleyman Pasha, to whom Trumbull had written on 29 August to accompany his formal letters of accreditation,^^ was sacrificed by the Sultan Mehemmed IV to the mob and the army, and was replaced by Siyavush Pasha, the army's nominee. The political situation, however, rapidly worsened, leading on 2 Muharrem 1099 (29 October 1687, O.S.), to the deposition of the Sultan and the placing of his brother on the throne as Suleyman 11.^^ The accession of the new Sultan was followed by far-reaching changes of personnel both in the immediate entourage of the Sultan, and in the Ottoman 'ruling institution' generally. These developments took place against a background of continuous unrest in Istanbul, particularly amongst the janissary and sipaht troops stationed there. Insofar as they concern Cerrah Mustafa Pasha, they may be recapitulated as follows. On 6 Muharram/2 November, Morali Hasan aga, the then Swordbearer to the Sultan {silihdar-i ^ahriyar; silihdar-i padi§ahT), who had been Swordbearer to Mehemmed IV since 1095/1684, was dismissed and appointed z^a/r of Egypt.^^ The vacant position was filled by Cerrah Mustafa, but he held office for only nine days, for on 15 Muharram/ii November the mutineers, enraged at the non-payment of the customary donative on the accession of a new Sultan, rioted, and demanded the deposition of the Aga of the Janissaries, Cado Yusuf a^^z, who was quickly sent into exile at Jiddah.^^ Cerrah Mustafa was now appointed Aga of the Janissaries, while his former post was given to Elmas Mehmed aga, a future Grand Vizier under Suleyman IPs successor, Mustafa II." Cerrah Mustafa remained Aga of the Janissaries until i Rabl' II, 1099 (25 January 1688), when he was appointed commandant {muhafiz) of the Dardanelles fortress of Seddulbahr. This appointment he never took up, for on the seventh of the same month (31 January) the post was given to the Grand Vizier's locum tenens at the Porte {ka^im-makam-i rekab- i humayun), Kopriilli-zade Mustafa Pasha, and Cerrah Mustafa was made valt of the distant and largely autonomous province of Tunis.^^ This effective exile from the centres of power and influence to a remote and largely nominal provincial posting was the development which brought Cerrah Mustafa Pasha into contact with Trumbull. In his diary for i February 1687/8 (O.S.), that is to say, on the day following Mustafa Kopriilti's appointment as commandant of Seddulbahr, Trumbull noted that '[the Imperial Dragoman Alessandro] Mauro Cordato came in [the] morning ab[ou]t a ship to carrie [a] Bascha to Tunis'.^^ The Porte, as always, had moved fast to rid itself of politically disgraced functionaries: within hours of his dismissal, steps were taken to find a convenient means of conveying Cerrah Mustafa into gilded exile. Mavrocordato's enquiry of i February eventually bore fruit. Evidence for this is to be found in a letter dated i March 1687/8 from Trumbull to Goodwyn, the English consul in Tunis, which was sent by the hand of the 'Hasnardar'^*^ of the new Pasha of Tunis and on an English ship commanded by one Capt. ^^

226 The bearer hereof being Hasnardar to Gerah Mustapha (late Janisar Aga but now made Pacha of Tunis) desired me to give him this L[ette]re to addresse him to you; w[hi]ch by reason of many civilities shewed by his Master to my self & o[u]r Nation, I could not refuse, perswading my self, that It can be no disadvantadge to you but rather of use to keepe a freindly Correspondence with him, I hope you will accordingly let him know that my recommendations have had some weight with you; And w[hat]t kindness you shall shew him, shall upon the like occasion be returned to any friend of yours in these parts...^^ The further course at Tunis of Cerrah Mustafa Pasha's rather unsuccessful career, and his relations there with Consul Goodwyn and the English merchant community, lie outside the scope of this short note. The ongoing correspondence which he sought with Trumbull appears not to have been continued, if the negative evidence of TrumbuU's own Turkish Letter-Book may be taken at face value ;^^ however, it may not be without significance that Cerrah Mustafa's own letter to Trumbull, published above, also fails to find a place in it, and further research, for which at present both time and space are lacking, may yet allow reconstruction in greater detail of this seventeenth-century Anglo-Ottoman encounter.

1 The twenty-five Turkish documents in the 6 This well-known watermark of three sequentially uncalendared Trumbull Additional Manu- disposed crescent moons, found particularly in scripts, together with a number of contemporary paper of European, especially Venetian, manu- translations and some other material, have been facture destined for the Ottoman market, is gathered together in an unbound bundle under characteristic of Ottoman documents of the the rubric 'Turkish Letters and Documents' period (cf. Franz Babinger, Das Archiv des and classified as Trumbull Additional Manu- Bosniaken Osman Pascha (Berlin: Reichs- script (henceforth TAMS) 96. druckerei, 1931), pp. 30-2, and V. Nikolaev, 2 Cf. my 'English Diplomacy between Austria and Watermarks of the Mediaeval Ottoman Documents the in the War of the Sacra in Bulgarian Libraries, vol. i (all published) Liga,... 1689-1699', unpublished London Ph.D. (Sofia, 1954). I have not attempted to identify dissertation, 1970. here either the particular tre lune watermark on 3 My grateful thanks are due to Miss Sonia TAMS 96, 4, or the watermarks in the succeed- Anderson, of the Royal Commission on His- ing document below (TAMS 96, 23). I remit torical Manuscripts (H.M.C.), for kindly draw- these identifications to a fuller study and edition ing my attention to the acquisition of the of the Turkish documents in the Trumbull Downshire MSS by the British Library. Papers, long ago begun, on which I am now in a 4 Cerrak (< Arabic jarrah), in Ottoman usage = position to resume work. *surgeon', 'dresser of wounds'. The cerrah-bap 7 Although the letter of Cerrah Mustafa and its was the chief surgeon at the Ottoman court. translation were found separately when TAMS 5 Gurre (Ar. gurra), the first day of a lunar month. 96 was examined c. 1963, the ingrained discolor- On the non-numerical denominators {gurre., ation affecting all of what had obviously been at muntasaf {'middle')y and selh Mast day') in the least for many decades previously the upper dating of Ottoman documents see Ludwig [ = external surface of the translation, and all except Lajos] Fekete, Einfuhrung in die Osmanisch- the corresponding (and unaffected) mid-section Turkische Diplomatik der Turkischen Botmds- of Cerrah Mustafa Pasha's letter, shows this to sigkeit in Ungarn^ iste. Lieferung (Budapest: have been the case. Universitatsdruckerei, 1926), p. xl. 8 Sic, for 'primi' {gurre).

227 9 On the mektub type of document see Fekete, versal usage of Ingiltere {< Ital. Inghilterra) Einfuhrung, pp. xlviii-liv; for a short discussion elgisi), 'Sir WilliamTnimbuir (S[e]R VlL[yi/ of the diplomatics of private letters, op. cit, pp. ye?]MTUR[u]MBAL). lx-lxi. 16 And also, of course, by non-Muslim chanceries 10 The Roman numerals supplied (in square which imitated Ottoman usage in their own brackets: '[I]', etc.) refer to the relevant sections communications in Turkish to the Porte (cf., for of the document and its translations. On the English usage TAMS 96, 6a (see n. 13, supra): invocatio {= da^vet; Ar. da'wa, 'a calling upon elevatio in 1. i of sultamm, 'My Lord'). [God]') in its simplest form, the initial letter 'A' 17 For the Far Eastern, specifically Chinese, origins of hiive (Ar. huwa, 'He!'-5«7. Allah), see of 'honorific elevation', see Joseph E. Fletcher, Fekete, Einf, pp. xxx, ff.Th e Muslim invocatio 'China and Central Asia, 1368-1884*, in John was also employed in documents emanating K. Fairbank (ed.). The Chinese World Order: from, e.g., the Turkish chanceries of Christian Traditional China's Foreign Relations (Cam- embassies at the Porte (cf., for English usage - bridge, Mass., 1968), pp. 206-24, 337-68, at pp. in this case, 'A'-cf. TAMS 96, 6a, [Trumbull] 212, 352-3 (a discussion of the diplomatic to [Siyavu§ Pa§a, Grand Vizier], 'duplicat[e]', subtleties inherent in the Chinese practice, in the n.p., n.d. The Italian version-or original(.^)- context of the surviving Persian version of a (TAMS 96, 6b), which impHes an issue date letter sent in 1418 from the Ming Emperor Chu of 11 Oct. 1687, O.S., does not bear an Ti to the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh). The invocatio. adoption and practice of elevatio in the Ottoman 11 Arabic:' May his ends (Ar. ''awakib, pi. of 'akiba) context has been exhaustively examined by be terminated in good' - i.e., may he become a Professor Menage in his important study 'On Muslim in his lifetime (on the du'a formulae cf. the Constituent Elements of Certain Sixteenth- Fekete, Einf, pp. xxxvii, xlix). Century Ottoman Documents', Bulletin of the 12 On the elkab formulae in general, see Fekete, School of Oriental and African Studies, xlviii/2 Einf, pp. xxxiii, ff. (for Christian rulers, pp. (1985). PP- 283-304. xxxv-vi, xlviii-ix). 18 Cf., for parallel contemporary usage, the titu- 13 Arabic:' And peace be upon him who follows the lature and signatures employed in letters from right path' (i.e. Islam). Cf., for the 'Schluss- of to Trumbull's successor. Sir begrussungsformeln' in general, Fekete, Einf.,, p. William Hussey, and to his successor Lord Paget liii. (London, SOAS, Paget Papers, unpublished 14 Cf., for the use of these formulae in letters Turkish Documents). I am currently working on referring or addressed to Trumbull, TAMS 96 a study and text-edition of these documents. nos. (a) 8a (a firman of Suleyman II, III. 19 Cf. Fekete, Einfuhrung, pp. iff. Muharrem 1099 to Mustafa, janissary aga (i.e., 20 Fekete, loc. cit. *our' Cerrah Mustafa), and —, bostanct-ba^i, 21 Mehmed Sureyya, Sicill-i 'OsmanT, 4 vols. regarding the import of wine by the English (Istanbul, 1308/1890-1315/1897; rpt. Fam- embassy ('khutimat' formula only); (b) 3 (a borough, 1971), vol. iv, p. 409. mektub of Siyavu§ Pa§a, Grand Vizier, Edirne, 22 Trumbull had arrived in Istanbul in August n.d.); (c) II (a mektub of Tekirdagli Mustafa 1687 (Heywood, 'English Diplomacy', p. 71; cf Pa§a, Grand Vizier, Edirne, n.d.). the firmans regulating his arrival and the 15 This common Ottoman usage in secular docu- departure of his predecessor Chandos: (a) a ments seems not to have been observed in firman dated III. Ramadan 1098 [= 21-30 July legal-religious documents: cf. TAMS 96, 8b, 1687], issued in response to a petition {'arzuhaf) the hiiccet ('legal attestation', 'legally authen- sent by Trumbull to the Porte on his arrival at ticated act') issued on 5 Rebl* I, 1099, by ^eyh Izmir, and addressed to the vezTr Mustafa Pasha, Mehmed, cadi of the Istanbul port quarter of commandant {muhafiz) of Bogaz Hisan and Tophane, in certification of the provisions of the cadis and castellans {dizdars) of Kilidiilbahr TAMS 96, 8a (= doc, (a) in n. 13 supra), which and Sultaniyye, ordering them on receipt of the refers by name to the 'English ambassador' firman to permit the ship bringing the new {Ingiliz [< Fr. 'anglais'?] Wfm; but cf., in English ambassador to the Porte to pass the Ottoman secular documents, the almost uni- Dardanelles, and to see that the envoy be

228 furnished with provisions at the authorized rate 27 Fmdiklih Mehmed aga, known as Silihdar, and sent speedily and swiftly formard to the TarJh, 2 vols. (Istanbul, 1928), vol. ii, p. 306. Porte ('Turkish Letter-Book', P.R.O., SP no/ 28 Ra§id, op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 24-5. 88, f. I* [= 254r]); and (b) a further firman, 29 Trumbull, 'Diary', BL, Add. MS. 52279, f. 97b. dated II. Zi'I-ka'da 1098 [= 8-18 Sept. 1687], 30 I.e. Cerrah Mustafa's household treasurer addressed to the cadis of Gelibolu (Gallipoli) (Arabo-Pers. hazTnedar, vulg. Turk, 'haznadar', 'and at the Straits' castles and in the Aegean' * Keeper of the Treasury'). {Bogaz Hisarlari ve Ak Denizde vaki' kadtlar), 31 Trumbull Letter Books, vol. i (TAMS 94/1), p. the dizdars of the Dardanelles fortresses, and 154: 'Consul Goodwyn by the Hasnardar to subordinate functionaries, ordering them to Pacha of Tunis p[er] Cap[tain] Letherland'. permit the ship taking Chandos (' Konte Captain John Letherland (or Leatherland) was Sandu9'), * latterly recalled by his King from his an experienced ship's master in the Levant trade post as English ambassador at the Porte and during this period. Circa 1694 he was master of gTanted permission by the Sultan to depart' the 'Eagle' {Calendar of Treasury Books, vol. x, (ibid., f. 2* [=253r]). p. 411); the following year he is recorded as 23 Trumbull to Suleyman Pasha, 29 Aug. 1687 commander of the 'Richard', one of the ships (P.R.O., SP 110/88, 'Turkish Letter-Book' (see returning in the Turkey fleet convoy in Septem- below, n. 33), ff. 5*-6* [= 25or, 249r]: the ber 1695 (ibid., p. 1216). letters from the King to the Sultan and to 32 Trumbull was already acquainted with Good- Suleyman Pasha (copy of the latter, ibid., ff. wyn. He had conducted negotiations at Tunis en 3*~4* [= 252r, 25ir]) have been handed to the route for the Porte (he was there between 20 and latter's kaymakam for transmission (cf. also 25 June 1687, H.M.C., Downshire MSS., vol. i, Trumbull to the re'is efendi, [n.d. but? 29 Aug. p. 251) and also at Malta (27-29 June, ibid.). 1687 (ibid., ff. 7*-8*)], communicating the Goodwyn (Goodwin) was a partner in the rather stale news of the death of Charles II and Marseilles-based firm of Goodwin and Martin the accession of James, and also announcing his (cf. his letters to Trumbull, op. cit., pp. 251, 253, own selection by the latter as English ambassador 255-7)- at the Porte). 33 TrumbuU's Turkish Letter-Book, covering the Memories of the fiscal exactions and indig- entire period, almost four years, of his embassy nities suffered by the English community up to at the Porte (P.R.O., SP 110/88: ' Registro delle more than a decade earlier under Kara Mustafa Lettere Turchesche scritte da Sua Eccellenza il Pasha (Grand Vizier 1676-83) were still fresh in Cavagliero Gughelmo Trumbull Ambasciatore London: James IPs letter to Suleyman Pasha della Sua Maesta della Gran Bretagna &c al referred pointedly to his hopes that Trumbull Supremo Vesir et altri della Porta Ottomana, e might receive honourable treatment and that the dei Commandi Imperiali nel tempo della sua King's merchants and subjects in the Ottoman Ambasciata cominciando dal Giorno 17 Agosto dominions {memalik-i mahrusede olan tiiccar ve 1687 sin al Giorno 29 di Giugno 1691') contains re'ayalarimtz) might trade freely and in security, register copies (made in the cancellaria of the 'unlike the situation which obtained in the grand English embassy), in Ottoman Turkish together vizierate of Kara Mustafa Pasha'. with the corresponding Italian translations/ 24 The military and political crisis in the Ottoman originals, of 151 documents, including the Empire in the latter part of 1687 needs a majority of the Turkish documents (and of the satisfactory study. For a conspectus of the events, surviving Italian translations of the lost Turkish based largely on Ottoman chronicle sources, see originals) which are preserved in TAMS 96. An J. von Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen edition of the Turkish texts in SP 110/88 is Reiches, 10 vols. (Pest, 1827-35 i ^P^- Graz, currently in progress; the relationship between 1961), vol. vi, pp. 49off. the original documents and the register copies 25 Mehmed Ra§id, Tar'ih'^, 5 vols. (Istanbul, will be explored in a forthcoming publication 1282/1865), vol. ii, p. 16. (see above n. 6). 26 Ibid., vol. ii, p. 20.

229