Maandeeq: the Dilemma of the Post-Colonial State in Somalia Abdirashid A
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SOMALIA at SIXTY (PART 1) Brief Historical Reflections, 1960-69 by Aweys Omar Mohamoud, Phd 26 June 2020
SOMALIA AT SIXTY (PART 1) Brief Historical Reflections, 1960-69 by Aweys Omar Mohamoud, PhD 26 June 2020 Sixty years ago this week, Somalia’s march to independence began by the union of the former Trust Territory of Somalia under Italian administration and former British Somaliland. This is the first of a series of articles commemorating the 60th anniversary of our political independence. The themes covered include (a) brief historical reflections of the post-colonial state; (b) ideas for reconciliation, and (c) the need for a new leadership with great vision in 2021. There’s no one better to act as our point of reference to help us sift through the notions of independence and self-governance in post-colonial Somalia than the late Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal (August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002), third Prime Minister of the Somali Republic and later President of Somaliland, who in his famous words spoken at the BBC Somali Service on 5th May 1960 put forward an uncannily prescient question: “I think we’ve all heard the response of the Colonial Secretary today, and I believe you are fully versed that the matter has been concluded in our favour. We’ve started the talks on the day we arrived, on Monday. I believe the British have already decided on the matter, and had their decision to hand. Essentially, the idea (on the part of the British) was to ascertain what we as people wanted, the (independent) state or government we wanted to create, and was this something that people were united about, and will be run by people who are capable of running a country? That was what they were trying to verify. -
Somaliland – a Walk on Thin Ice 1
7|2011 KAS INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 79 SOMALILAND – A WALK ON THIN ICE 1 Harriet Gorka “Northerners can in no way claim that the 1960 merger with the South was a shotgun wedding – by all accounts unification was wildly popular. Northerners could argue, however, that they asked for an annulment of the union prior to the honeymoon and that their request was unjustly denied.”2 This statement by a legal scholar reflects the prevailing balancing act of the conflict in Somaliland, which some might say started with the voluntary unification of Harriet Gorka worked Somaliland and the Italian Trust Territory of Somalia. Yet from February to April 2011 at the Konrad- the conflict goes deeper and is more far reaching than Adenauer-Stiftung in “just” the desire to secede from the Somali state. It is Windhoek, Namibia. an ongoing debate whether the right to self-determination should prevail over the notions of territorial integrity and sovereignty. May 2011 marked the 20-year anniversary of Somaliland’s proclamation of independence. However, its status has not officially been recognised by any state, even though it has a working constitutional government, an army, a national flag and its own currency, which should make Somaliland a stand out example for other entities seeking independence. The territory also sets itself apart from the rest of Somalia because it is stable and peaceful, which has been achieved by integrating clan culture into its government. The accom- plishments of the past two decades are impressive, despite 1 | The opinion expressed by the author is not in all points similar to the opinion of the editors. -
UCLA Ufahamu: a Journal of African Studies
UCLA Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies Title The Emergence and Role of Political Parties in the Inter-River Region of Somalia from 1947-1960 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7h11k656 Journal Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 17(2) ISSN 0041-5715 Author Mukhtar, Mohammed Haji Publication Date 1989 DOI 10.5070/F7172016882 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Emergence and Role of Political Parties in the Inter River Region of Somalia From 1947 to 1960 (Independence) by Mohamed H. Mukhw Somalia has enjoyed a unique role in the history of African nationalism. As the only country in Africa whose population is vinually homogeneous, most speak a common language, all are Muslims and claim to be relaled to a common (or several common) distant ancestors. One might therefore expect thai its independence movement would have been more unified than those ofother African territories where tribal and regional differences came to be reflected in political party groupings after World War Il. Also Somalia was the only country to be partitioned seveml times: once at the end of the 19th century during the scramble for Africa and again in the 1940's following the break-up of the lIalian East African Empire. This would seem to have been another factor that unified Somalis in a sense ofcommon nationalism. However, the drive for Somali independence gave rise to not just one but several political parties. Were these panies based on regional or "tribal" differences of a particular Somali son? Did they have differtnt views ofSomali nationalism and self-government? These questions are difficuh to answer, not only because source materials are limited but also because one Somali party, the Somali Youth League (SYL), came to dominate the political scene in the 1950's and was the majority party at the time of Somali independence in 1960. -
The Rise of Islamic Resurgence in Somalia
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256191703 The Rise of Islamic Resurgence in Somalia Chapter · January 2013 DOI: 10.13140/2.1.4025.1843 CITATIONS READS 0 665 1 author: Valeria Saggiomo Università degli Studi di Napoli L'Orientale 11 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: decentralized cooperation and local governance in Senegal and Burkina Faso (2014) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Valeria Saggiomo on 08 March 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. NOVA COLLECTANEA AFRICANA COLLANA DEL CENTRO DI STUDI AFRICANI IN SARDEGNA 2 Editor in Chief Bianca Maria Carcangiu Università degli Studi di Cagliari Editorial Board Catherine Coquer-Vidrovitch Université Paris Diderot — Paris 7, France Federico Cresti Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy Joan Haig University of Edinburgh, UK Habib Kazdaghli Université de Tunis-Manouba, Tunisia Nicola Melis Università di Cagliari, Italy Jean-Louis Triaud CEMAf — Université de Provence, France For information and contributions: http: // www.csas.it/ | [email protected] http: //affrica.org/ | [email protected] Work published with the contribution of: Provincia di Cagliari — Provincia de Casteddu, Ufficio di Presidenza Politics and Minorities in Africa Edited by Marisa Fois Alessandro Pes Contributors Gado Alzouma, Richard Goodridge, Henry Gyang Mang Mohamed Haji Ingiriis, Akin Iwilade, Giuseppe Maimone Alessia Melcangi, Sabelo J. Ndlovu--Gatsheni, Iwebunor Okwechime Yoon Jung Park, Mauro Piras, Valeria Saggiomo Elisabetta Spano, Bianca Maria Carcangiu Copyright © MMXIII ARACNE editrice S.r.l. www.aracneeditrice.it [email protected] via Raffaele Garofalo, 133/A–B 00173 Roma (06) 93781065 isbn 978–88–548–5700–1 No part of this book may be reproduced by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche, or any other means, without publisher’s authorization. -
Journal of Somali Studies
JOURNAL OF SOMALI STUDIES Volume 1, Issue 1, 2014 INAUGURAL ISSUE Journal of Somali Studies Mission The Journal of Somali Studies is a peer reviewed interdisciplinary scholarly journal dedicated to advancing critical scholarship on the history, culture, politics, linguistics, and economics of Somali society and the experience of the Somali diaspora around the globe. The JOSS welcomes submissions based on original research, comparative analyses, and conceptual and methodological essays. All views expressed are those of the authors of the articles and not necessarily those of the editorial staff. Editorial Board Editors Ali Jimale Ahmed Mohamed A. Eno Abdi M. Kusow Queens College, CUNY, USA St Clements University Somalia, & Iowa State University, USA ADNOC Technical Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE Associate Editors Ladan Affi Mohamed Hagi A. Ingiriis Qatar University, Qatar Mohamed H. Mukhtar Goldsmiths, University of Savannah State University, USA Abdulkadir O. Farah London, UK Aalborg University, Denmark Editorial Board Stephanie R. Bjork Kimberly A. Huisman Ali Mumin Ahad Paradise Valley Community College, University of Maine, USA La Trobe University, Australia Arizona, USA Hilarie Kelly Mohamed Nuh Ali Asli A. Hassan California State University, Carleton University, Canada Petroleum Institute (PI), Abu Dhabi, Long Beach, USA Rima Berns-McGown UAE University of Toronto, Canada International Advisory Board Hussein M. Adam, Charles Geshekter, Kenneth Menkhaus, College of the Holy Cross, USA California State University, USA Davidson College, USA Martin Hill, Tunde Adeleke, Abdinur Sh. Mohamed Minority Rights Group International Mohamud, Iowa State University, USA Ohio Department of Markus Hoehne, Safia Aidid, Education, USA Max Planck Institute for Social Harvard University, USA Anthropology, Germany Monica N.W. -
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SOMALILAND: DEMOCRATISATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS 28 July 2003 Africa Report N°66 Nairobi/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1 II. BRIEF HISTORY OF SOMALILAND........................................................................ 2 A. THE BRITISH SOMALILAND PROTECTORATE (1884 – 1960)...................................................2 B. THE STATE OF SOMALILAND (1960).....................................................................................4 C. INTERLUDE: DICTATORSHIP AND CIVIL WAR........................................................................5 D. THE REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND...........................................................................................6 III. GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRATISATION .......................................................... 8 A. FACTIONAL RULE (1991-1993).............................................................................................8 B. CLAN REPRESENTATION AND CIVIL ADMINISTRATION (1993-1997) ..................................10 C. TOWARDS CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY .........................................................................12 1. The May 2001 Constitutional Referendum .............................................................12 2. Constitutional Transition: The Death of Egal..........................................................13 IV. ELECTIONS: “THE OLD -
NEAS 18'1-2 Interior E.Indd
Against All Odds: The History of Archaeological Research in Somaliland and Somalia Jorge de Torres Rodríguez, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) ABSTRACT This article presents an overview of the history of archaeological work in So- maliland and Somalia from the late nineteenth century to the present, situating that work within its ever-changing social and political contexts. It also assesses the current challenges and opportunities that archaeological practice faces in both regions. Despite numerous obstacles—including political instability, a fragmented academic community, and defijiciencies in the publication and dissemination of fijindings in multiple research languages—the article contends that the extensive data from previous and current archaeological studies, if assembled and properly utilized, can shed light on a range of key questions in the prehistory and history of the Horn of Africa. Finally, the article notes the growing threats to the archaeological and historical heritage in the region, and suggests how institutions, academics and the Somali community can join effforts to protect and preserve the remains of one of the most impressive African heritages. Northeast African Studies, Vol. 18, Nos. 1–2, 2018, pp. 265–??. ISSN 0740-9133. © 2019 Michigan State University. All rights reserved. n 265 266 n Jorge de Torres Rodríguez Introduction There is little doubt that the Horn of Africa is one of the most dynamic regions in Africa, a crossroads connecting a complex tapestry where cultures, religions, ethnicities, and languages are interwoven and where the material expressions of these connections constitute one of the most important lega- cies of world heritage. However, the study of these material expressions has had mixed fortunes. -
To Proceedings of the Trusteeship Council, 1953
ST/Lm/SER.B/T.7 INDEX TO PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL Twelfth Session UNITED NATIONS 1954 INDEX TO PROCEEDINGS OF THE TRIJSTEESHIP COUNCIL Twelfth Session 16 June to 22 July 1953 United Nations Headquarters Library Bibliographical Series No. T. 7 UNITED NATIONS New York 1954 ST/LIB/SERB/T.7 April 1953 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATIO~ L-.----~jSales No.: 1954. 1. 12 Price: iU.S. 0.25; 1/9 stg.; Sw.fr. 1. (or equivalent in other currencies) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Explanatory note , , ~ ,... v A. Introduction Members and terms of office 1 Officers 1 Plenary meetings 1 Standing committees 1 Ad hoc committees 2 Resolutions and decisions 2 B. Agenda 3 C. Subject index 4 D. Index to speeches 16 E. Numerical list of documents 19 Hi This page intentionally left blank EXPLANATORY NOTE 1. This Index to Proceedings of the 12th session of the Trusteeship Council is intended to offer a bibliographical guide to the discussion and documentation of the meetings. Being a sessional index, it does not include standing committees or ad hoc committees meeting between sessions. However, because of the close relation of its work to each specific session, the Standing Committee on Petitions is included. The index consists of the following parts: Part A. Introduction This part includes check lists of meetings, giving, in tabular form, meeting numbers, dates of meetings, publication of the records, and relevant United Nations Press releases. Part B. Agenda The items on the agenda are listed in part B, with references to the relevant subject headings used in part C. -
The Missionary Factor in Somali Dervish History, 1890-1910
the Missionary Factor in Somali Dervish History, 1890-1910 Charles Geshekter I. Introduction The origins, expansion and demise of the Somali Dervish Movement (1899-1920) have attracted a considerable body of scholarship. More has been written about its leader, Sayyid Muhammad Abdille Hasan (1856-1920) than any other individual in Somali history. In his efforts to defeat Ethiopian marauders and repel European colonizers, Sayyid Muhammad articulated an appeal for inter-clan solidarity with an insistence that reformist Islam become an ideological and organiza- tional force for Somalis. Sayyid Muhammad had traveled across the Islamic world from 1885 to 1895, visiting Mogadishu, Harar, Mecca and Hejaz, home of the Wahabist puritanical movement. Despite doctrinal differences between the Qadariya and Ahmadiyya brotherhoods (tariqa), the latter included the radical offshoot Salihiya, founded in Mecca by Muham- mad Salih which the Sayyid had joined. After 1887, Somali exis- tence was seriously threatened by intrusive Abyssinian soldiers who fanned out into Somali territories after they had conquered Harar and expanded into the Ogadeen destroying tariqa settlements. In 1895, the Sayyid returned to the northern Somali Coast and began preaching the Salihiya message of austerity and reform in defense of Islam. He abhorred imperialist impositions such as an “entry tax” and new rules about Somali mobility, and was appalled to hear about the death of a mu’addan (prayer caller) whose inspired voice apparently “disturbed” an irritable British functionary. Sometime between 1896-99, the Sayyid 1 Bildhaan Vol. 20 adopted the name ”Dervish” for his followers. The term refers to any Sufi religious order whose members have taken vows of poverty as a way of life. -
The Establishment of the State and the Civil War
Australian Journal of Islamic Studies The Islamic Centre for Research and Vol. 11, December 2020, p. 43-71 Development Inc. Sydney, Australia ______________________________________________________________________________ Somalia since the Cold War: The Establishment of the State and the Civil war Ibrahim Abdishakur Ali Abstract This dissertation examines the Somali state of affairs and events since the cold war. It will focus from the establishment of the Somali state to the ongoing battle on terror. Contrarily, we will emphasise the causes of the prolonged civil war in what is categorised as a failed state. My research will unveil the endeavours of Somali Governments to conquer terrorism, corruption, and other obstacles which oppose the forage to acquire good governance and inclusive politics. The commencement of this research starts from the independence movement by Mohamed Abdille Hassan and the S.Y.L movement. In this era, Somalia was colonised by Italy (in the South) and Britain (in the North). Shortly after Somalia gained independence in 1960, democratic elections were held. It is astonishing that Somalia is struggling to hold similar elections after 50 years. Subsequently, on the 21st of October 1969, General Mohamed Siad Barre overthrew the civilian government after the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Sharmake. We will be exploring the strategies and policies that this dictator applied to rule Somalia for two decades. In early January 1991, the military regime collapsed after rebellions besieged the capital city and large proportion of territories in the South. This is the beginning of a tarnished, fragile and law-less Somalia which was governed by bandits. The civil war lead to the birth of Islamic movements such as Al Itihaad, the Islamic Courts Union and Al Shabab. -
The Political Development of Somaliland and Its Conflict with Puntland
The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland 5 INTRODUCTION a total population of about three million people in 1997. Pastoralists make up some 55 per cent of the population, The Horn of Africa is the most militarised and conflict- whereas the rest is composed of urban and rural dwell- ridden region on the African continent, with armed ers. Territorially Somaliland is divided into six regions, conflicts raging frequently within and between states. namely Northwest, Awdal, Sahil, Togdheer, Sanaag and In 1991, Somaliland emerged as an autonomous entity Sool, which are subdivided into 30 districts. The largest in this turbulent region after unilaterally declaring its city and capital of Somaliland is Hargeisa to which independence from the rest of Somalia. Over the past Britain relocated its colonial administration in 1941, eighteen years Somaliland has managed to display an en- while Boroma, Berbera, Burao, Erigavo and Las-Canood viable measure of peace and stability. Through successive are Somaliland’s major cities. Somaliland’s principal port clan conferences, Somaliland established relatively viable is the strategic port of Berbera.6 institutions which paved the path for reconstruction of an There are three major clan families, namely the entity mainly employing local resources. Somaliland has Isaaq, the Darod/Harti (including the Warsangeli thus been depicted as ‘an oasis of stability in an otherwise and Dhulbahante) and the Dir (including the Iise and chaotic Somali regional environment’.1 The accomplish- Gadabursi), representing 66 per cent, 19 per cent and 15 ments of Somaliland, however, have been overshadowed per cent respectively of the total population.7 Pertaining by the lack of international recognition of its statehood to regional distribution, the west is inhabited by the Iise and also its territorial dispute with neighbouring and Gadabursi clans.8 The Isaaq live predominantly in Puntland. -
The Political Development of Somaliland and Its Conflict with Puntland
The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland 5 INTRODUCTION a total population of about three million people in 1997. Pastoralists make up some 55 per cent of the population, The Horn of Africa is the most militarised and conflict- whereas the rest is composed of urban and rural dwell- ridden region on the African continent, with armed ers. Territorially Somaliland is divided into six regions, conflicts raging frequently within and between states. namely Northwest, Awdal, Sahil, Togdheer, Sanaag and In 1991, Somaliland emerged as an autonomous entity Sool, which are subdivided into 30 districts. The largest in this turbulent region after unilaterally declaring its city and capital of Somaliland is Hargeisa to which independence from the rest of Somalia. Over the past Britain relocated its colonial administration in 1941, eighteen years Somaliland has managed to display an en- while Boroma, Berbera, Burao, Erigavo and Las-Canood viable measure of peace and stability. Through successive are Somaliland’s major cities. Somaliland’s principal port clan conferences, Somaliland established relatively viable is the strategic port of Berbera.6 institutions which paved the path for reconstruction of an There are three major clan families, namely the entity mainly employing local resources. Somaliland has Isaaq, the Darod/Harti (including the Warsangeli thus been depicted as ‘an oasis of stability in an otherwise and Dhulbahante) and the Dir (including the Iise and chaotic Somali regional environment’.1 The accomplish- Gadabursi), representing 66 per cent, 19 per cent and 15 ments of Somaliland, however, have been overshadowed per cent respectively of the total population.7 Pertaining by the lack of international recognition of its statehood to regional distribution, the west is inhabited by the Iise and also its territorial dispute with neighbouring and Gadabursi clans.8 The Isaaq live predominantly in Puntland.