HUMANITARIAN

2018 NEEDS OVERVIEW PEOPLE IN NEED 1.1M DEC 2017

LIBYA

Photo: UNSMIL/Abel Kavanagh This document is produced on behalf of the Humanitarian Country Team and partners. This document provides the Humanitarian Country Team’s shared understanding of the crisis, including the most pressing humanitarian needs and the estimated number of people who need assistance and protection. It represents a consolidated evidence base and helps inform joint strategic response planning. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

http://www.unocha.org/country/romena/country-profile/libya

www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/libya  :PART I

PART I: SUMMARY

Humanitarian needs & key figures

Impact of the crisis

Breakdown of people in need

Severity of needs

Most vulnerable groups 03 Assessments and information gaps  :PART I TOTAL POPULATION OF LIBYA PEOPLE AFFECTED PEOPLE IN NEED

(25% of (17% of 6.5M 1.6 M population) 1.1 M population)

ITALY GREECE

Mediterranean Sea CYPRUS TUNISIA Aljfara Al Jabal Tripoli Zwara Al Akhdar Azzawya Almargeb Almarj Derna Misrata Benghazi WEST 04 Al Jabal Sirt Nalut Al Gharbi Tobruk

Ejdabia Wadi Ashshati Aljufra

Sebha EGYPT Ghat Ubari SOUTH EAST

Murzuq Alkufra ALGERIA

NIGER

PEOPLE IN NEED BY MANTIKA * CHAD 150,000 260,000

50,000 100,000 SUDAN

< 25,000 Note: population gures are provided by bureau of statistics and census of Libya * administration level 2 PART I: humanitarian needs

HUMANITARIAN NEEDS ITALY GREECE Since mid-2014, fighting in populated areas continues across Libya, leading to civilian casualties, damage to civilian infrastructure and displacement. In the last 12 months, an estimated 1.62 million people¹ have been directly affected. According to the latest UN and partners’ needs analysis, 1.1 million people, of whom 378,000 are children and 307,000 are women of reproductive age (15-49), require life-saving humanitarian Mediterranean Sea assistance and protection.CYPRUS TUNISIA Aljfara Al Jabal Tripoli Zwara Al Akhdar Azzawya Almargeb In 2017, more than 80,000 people returned to their home leaving national and local institutions largely unable to communities. To date, there are still around 217,000 internally provide protection and basic services. The economic situation Almarj Derna Misrata displaced people in Libya, while some 278,000 people have continues to deteriorate, further eroding both the authorities’ Benghazi returned to their places of origin.2 ability to provide services and as well as the livelihoods of communities and families. Living conditions are worsening WEST Libya continues to be the main point of departure for people as cash, food, fuel, water, electricity, health care and public attempting to cross the Mediterranean. IOM reports that, as of Sirt services and supplies become increasingly scarce. Weak rule 05 Al Jabal 26 October, at least 2,824 people have died or gone missing in Nalut of law is leaving vulnerable civilians and marginalised groups Al Gharbi Tobruk the attempt to cross to Europe by sea in 2017. Arrivals report unprotected. Armed groups, including those affiliated to the exploitation, abuse, sexual violence, discrimination, unlawful State, continue to unlawfully detain thousands of Libyans and killings and torture in Libya by armed groups, including those foreign nationals in substandard conditions, where they are affiliated to State institutions. They have no, or limited, access Ejdabia vulnerable to torture and other abuses. Wadi Ashshati Aljufra to services and live in fear of capture and arbitrary detention. Libya is also a destination country for migrants on temporary Contamination by explosive remnants of war (ERW) and economic and circular migration routes from neighboring and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) as a result of the ongoing Sebha West African countries. Over 400,000 migrants, refugees and conflict are threatening the lives of civilians and hampering EGYPT asylum-seekers in Libya are particularly exposed to abuse and the ability of the humanitarian community to carry out Ghat Ubari SOUTH EAST human rights violations as proliferating, armed groups engage humanitarian activities. in smuggling, trafficking and exploitation. Recent developments have provided some momentum to a stalled political process, but with no clear solutions as the country remains divided between rival administrations, Murzuq Alkufra ALGERIA

NIGER

PEOPLE IN NEED BY MANTIKA * CHAD 150,000 260,000

1 Libya affected (directly or indirectly) population is an estimate of population living in one kilometer radius of conflict events (ACLED database) recorded 50,000 100,000 SUDAN between August 2016 to September 2017. 2 Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Libya round 12., August 2017. Although more recent data is available at the time of publication, round 12 DTM was < 25,000 Note: population gures are provided by the most updated information at the time of the HNO analysis. bureau of statistics and census of Libya * administration level 2 PART I: humanitarian key figures

HUMANITARIAN KEY FIGURES

TOTAL POPULATION 6.5M

NUMBER OF AFFECTED PEOPLE 1.6M

PEOPLE WHO NEED HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

06 1.1M

BY POPULATION GROUPS BY AGE & SEX

INTERNALLY REFUGEES/ MIGRANTS CHILDREN ADULT ELDERLY DISPLACED ASYLUM SEEKERS (<18 YEARS) (18-59 YEARS) (>59 YEARS) 170K 64K 337K 378K 707K 62K 15% 6% 29% 33% 62% 5%

RETURNEES NON DISPLACED 200K 376K TOTAL MALE TOTAL FEMALE 17% 33% 56% 44% 648K male female 499K PART I: Impact of the crisis

IMPACT OF THE CRISIS The humanitarian crisis in Libya is largely defined by 1) pockets of acute needs prompted by outbreaks of violence, shifts in territorial control and the local power of armed groups, 2) migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers suffering from grave abuses in official and non-official detention and exposed to extreme risks while in Libya; and 3) an environment of deepening vulnerability for the population at large, with a rapid deteriorating economy and public sector. These three dimensions are all rooted in a protection, basic services, economic and governance crisis that has engulfed the country since 2014.

Pockets of acute needs prompted by violence and groups is reported as the main reason for people to flee their 3 shifts in territorial control homes. Armed groups on all sides continue to take hostages, carry out unlawful killings, torture and enforced disappearances In the last 12 months, ongoing conflict has directly affected and unlawful deprivation of liberty, including of civilians. an estimated 1.62 million people across Libya. Some 217,000 Individuals are targeted on the basis of family or tribal identity, people continue to be displaced. Affected populations continue gender, affiliations and political opinions, as well as for ransom to face critical protection challenges, including risk of death or prisoner exchange.4 07 and injury due to indiscriminate use of weapons, freedom of movement restrictions and conflict-related psychological Attacks on health care facilities and medical personnel trauma. Violations of international human rights and continued across the country, including in Azzawya, Benghazi, humanitarian law, including violations of children and women’s Tripoli, Sebha and Derna, affecting the wellbeing of patients, the rights, are widespread, including but not limited to various provision of health services and the livelihoods particularly of forms of and gender-based violence (GBV), unlawful killings, women, who constitute 56 per cent of employees at hospitals 5 arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances and torture and across the three Libyan regions. The Service Availability and 6 other ill-treatment. Psychological distress and exploitation Readiness Assessment (SARA) carried out by WHO and the from criminal networks are also common. Ministry of Health for all public health facilities, found that 17.5 per cent of hospitals, 20 per cent of primary health care Civilians continue to be killed and maimed: according to the facilities and eight per cent of other health facilities were not Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) operational due to damage, lack of maintenance, inaccessibility 1 this year alone, 1,289 people were killed. From 1 January 2017 and occupation by people and entities. The availability of some to 30 September 2017, UNSMIL has documented at least 128 essential health services is also particularly limited. Mental deaths and 164 injuries among civilians. Given limitations on health and family planning services are completely absent in the access and information flow from conflict-affected areas, the south and available in only one per cent of all health facilities actual casualty figures are very likely to be significantly higher. across Libya.7 Most of the facilities lack a supply of post rape care The presence of explosive hazards, including landmines, kits and emergency contraceptives, while the health staff have improvised explosive devices, unexploded ordnance and other not received any specific training on the clinical management 2 ERW has been a persistent threat to everyone in Libya. The of rape (CMR), considered a life-saving intervention for sexual threat of violence and insecurity due to the presence of armed violence survivors.

1 ACLED conflict and protest data for African states from 25 August 2016 to 15 September 2017. The Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) is a publicly available conflict event dataset designed for disaggregated conflict analysis and crisis mapping. This dataset contains information on the dates and locations of all reported political violence events in over 50 developing countries, with a focus on Africa. The data are drawn from news reports, publications by civil society and human rights organisations, and security updates from international organisations. 2 UNMAS Libya September 2017 3 91 per cent of displaced (DTM Libya round 12) 4 Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya, 22 August 2017 5 Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya, 22 August 2017 6 Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) is a six-month survey completed in February 2017 7 SARA, Libya 2017 PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

The presence of the Islamic State (IS), of Al-Qaeda-affiliated advised by traffickers to use a contraceptive injection before terrorist groups, foreign fighters and mercenaries, the trafficking transiting through Libya, indicating how widespread and of arms and the cross-border black market economy are entrenched this violence is. It’s worth noting that the journeys challenges which extend across Libya’s borders and impact its may last longer than the effectiveness of such injections and neighbours and the wider international community.8 that these contraceptives do not prevent the risk of HIV transmission. Beyond the immediate risks the migrants face, Migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers at extreme the revenue smuggler networks are generating from irregular protection risk migration is developing into a direct threat to stability in parts of Libya. The movement of refugees and migrants across the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean Sea towards Europe continues An environment of deepening vulnerability for the to have a devastating toll on human lives. As of 26 October, at population at large least 2,824 people have died or gone missing in the attempt to cross to Europe by sea in 2017.9 Many others are thought to have The country remains divided between rival administrations, died on their way across the desert in the hands of smugglers leaving national and local institutions largely unable to provide and traffickers. Since the beginning of the conflict, there has protection and basic services. The economic situation continues been a lack of oversight and institutional capacity in managing to deteriorate: inflation, the devaluation of the Libyan dinar on migration, with no system of checking or regularising stays, the black market, an acute cash liquidity shortage in the banking including through the issuance of legal documentation. In order system have all led to reduced purchasing power of the Libyan to live, work, and have access to basic services, migrants must population - especially those already affected by the conflict, have necessary documentation. Whilst the majority of migrants further deepening vulnerabilities. Living conditions have and refugees enter Libya irregularly, some migrants enter Libya deteriorated as availability of food, fuel, water and sanitation, in possession of appropriate travel documents, but they are electricity and medical supplies decrease and the provision of unable to renew these documents when they expire. health care and public services declines. Libya’s health care system struggles to deal with casualties from the conflict, rising IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), has identified diseases and illnesses. Weak rule of law is leaving vulnerable approximately 400,000 migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers civilians and marginalised groups unprotected. Reporting throughout the country, including over 63,000 refugees and structures for survivors of GBV are weak, due to lack of social asylum-seekers.10 08 support, fear of reprisals and lack of trust and confidence in Migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers who are stuck in the justice system, a lack of confidentiality and specialised staff, Libya often suffer abuses, torture and other ill-treatment in and physical reporting outlets. The weak structures, combined detention.11 Often they cannot access services and live in fear with a social stigma surrounding reporting, have resulted in of exploitation, sexual violence, unlawful killings, capture and widespread underreporting of violence against women and arbitrary detention in official and unofficial detention centres, therefore impunity for perpetrators. in many cases run by local militia. People detained in these centres suffer from poor hygiene standards, diseases, lack of Operational challenges food and safe drinking water. Trafficking and smuggling rings operate freely and ‘slave market’ conditions have been reported The humanitarian response has been hindered by ongoing in Tripoli and Sebha. Alarming cases of rape and physical hostilities and, widespread insecurity. Since the evacuation of abuse of female and male migrants, including in the official UN international staff from Libya in 2014, the UN has operated and unofficial detention centres, have been well documented. primarily remotely out of Tunis, although most Almost 40 per cent of refugees and migrants interviewed in 2017 reported rape and sexual abuse, although unreported figures are likely to be far higher. Some women report being

8 Remarks of SRSG Ghassan Salamé to the United Nations Security Council, 28 August 2016 9 DTM Libya 10 DTM Libya round 12 11 Remarks of SRSG Ghassan Salamé to the United Nations Security Council 28 August 2016 CRISIS TIMELINE

Oct 2011 July 2012 Apr 2013 May 2014 June 2014 July 2014 Dec 2015 Sept 2016 Dec 2016 July 2017 Between 100,000 and Election and transfer of Petroleum Guard Force Field Marshal Haftar Second parliamentary HOR leaves Tripoli and UN facilitates the signing of LNA takes over control of Pro-GNA forces oust IS LNA forces oust IS and 150,000 people are power from NTC to stops fuel from leaving the launches Operation elections held to elect the re-establishes itself in the Libyan Political the oil crescent, oil from Sirt Benghazi Mujahideen Shura internally displaced by clashes. General National Congress (GNC) oil terminals in the Oil Crescent Dignity in Benghazi House of Representatives Tobruk; GNC re-establishes itself in Agreement in Skhirat, production increases Council from Benghazi The National Transitional Council Tripoli; UN pulls out; Operation Morocco (NTC) declares the liberation of Dawn launched ousting Zintan Libya forces from the city PART I: humanitarian key figures

09

CRISIS TIMELINE

Oct 2011 July 2012 Apr 2013 May 2014 June 2014 July 2014 Dec 2015 Sept 2016 Dec 2016 July 2017 Between 100,000 and Election and transfer of Petroleum Guard Force Field Marshal Haftar Second parliamentary HOR leaves Tripoli and UN facilitates the signing of LNA takes over control of Pro-GNA forces oust IS LNA forces oust IS and 150,000 people are power from NTC to stops fuel from leaving the launches Operation elections held to elect the re-establishes itself in the Libyan Political the oil crescent, oil from Sirt Benghazi Mujahideen Shura internally displaced by clashes. General National Congress (GNC) oil terminals in the Oil Crescent Dignity in Benghazi House of Representatives Photo:Tobruk; UNFPA/SassiGNC re-establishes Harib itself in Agreement in Skhirat, production increases Council from Benghazi The National Transitional Council Tripoli; UN pulls out; Operation Morocco (NTC) declares the liberation of Dawn launched ousting Zintan Libya forces from the city PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

humanitarian agencies have international and national staff, CAN RESIDENTS MOVE SAFELY? consultants or third-party contractors in-country. With the anticipated lifting of the evacuation status, UN humanitarian agencies are preparing to re-establish permanent presence in NO YES Tripoli in the first quarter of 2018. The return of humanitarian agencies to Tripoli will be a significant step, but humanitarian 0 50 100 presence is required beyond Tripoli, in the east and south of the country, to address acute needs as well as to counteract Aljufra perceptions of uneven assistance that may arise from the return to Tripoli. In addition, the unpredictable security environment, Sebha the multiplicity of interlocutors and armed actors, the unclear bureaucratic requirements in the country pose challenges for humanitarian actors looking to deliver conflict-sensitive Zwara assistance. OCHA continues to support the sectors and the broader humanitarian community in building acceptance and Wadi Ashshati trust with multiple interlocutors on the ground. Ubari 1. Protection issues, insecurity and scarcity of basic commodities and Almargeb services Sirt

Aljfara 1.1: Complex protection issues, violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Azzawya Laws 10 International human rights and humanitarian law violations Derna are widespread and committed by all parties to the conflict in Libya. Kidnappings, hostage-taking, arbitrary detention, Benghazi enforced disappearances, denial of access to health care, torture, rape and other sexual violence, unlawful killings, Murzuq including summary executions, restrictions on freedom of movement, attacks targeting civilians and civilian objects, Tripoli and indiscriminate attacks are among the many violations frequently committed. In addition, armed groups and criminal networks continue to draw on illegal sources of financing, Al Jabal Al Gharbi such as the smuggling of fuel, drugs and weapons, human trafficking, and forced prostitution of migrants. Some of Misrata these networks are identified along the western coastline and extend through the southern borders. 1 Prevalence of GBV Ghat is underreported as a result of weak reporting structures, cultural attributes and practices that link to shame, stigma, Ejdabia and fear of retaliation, a general lack of trust among service providers, and the lack of a multi-sectorial GBV referral system and coordination mechanism. At the same time, services for Nalut women and girls who have experienced violence have been found to be insufficient.2 Furthermore, the notion of domestic Almarj violence is regarded as a private matter, which explains family 3 and community non-intervention and a culture of impunity. Alkufra Female survivors predominantly use informal channels to access legal justice, out of fear of being exposed and publicly shamed or blamed if they choose to use the formal justice Al Jabal Al Akhdar system. It, however, remains unclear to what extent a woman’s Tobruk

1 Libya Panel of Expert Report June 2017 2 UNHCR IDP Protection Monitoring Assessment, February 2016 3 Women, Peace & Security: Comparative Study of the Baseline, UNDP 2015 PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

wishes and rights are respected in this informal justice system, Sixty-eight per cent of reported fatalities were between which are often comprised of family members. January to March 2017. May 2017 witnessed the most fatalities over the past 12 months: Detention conditions continue to be inhumane throughout 274 Libya, both in official and non-official detention centres. Arrests and detentions by armed groups do not respect due process. Politicians, activists, bank employees and journalists 203 208 are frequently targeted.4 Others are also targeted on the basis 184 of their tribal or family identity or political affiliations. In

Sirt, Benghazi and Brak al-Shatti, armed groups conducted 149 summary executions of captured fighters, in clear violation of the Geneva Conventions. Indiscriminate shelling in residential 93 areas led to the death and injury of many civilians, as well as 81 29 damages to civilian infrastructure. Protection concerns are 49 particularly heightened for civilians trapped between frontlines 7 9 5 and for those who are unable or feel unsafe to move. For NOV DEC J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P instance, in Aljfara and Sebha, almost 100 per cent of surveyed 2016 2017 respondents feel they cannot move safely. Respondents ITALY GREECE reported that insecurity, closure of roads and threat/presence of explosive hazards were the main reasons why they cou not PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL FATALITIES PER MANTIKA6 move safetly. Tripoli CYPRUS Thousands of Libyans have been detained arbitrarily across 14% Benghazi 41% the country since 2011 at official prisons as well as detention Zwara 3% Almargeb Derna facilities controlled by armed groups. They include persons 3% 3% Aljfara taken during and in the aftermath of the 2011 armed conflict, 1% Sirt who have been held for periods reaching up to six years without WEST 15% charge, trial or the opportunity to challenge the legality of their Wadi Ashshati detention. Armed groups, including those affiliated to the State, 12% Aljufra 11 hold detainees incommunicado for prolonged periods and Sebha 2% 4% systematically torture or otherwise ill-treat detainees, in some cases leading to death. Many are denied access to lawyers, while SOUTH EAST others have no financial means to secure legal representation. Detention conditions fall far short of international standards, Alkufra and detainees have little or no access to medical care. Women 1% are held in facilities without female guards, rendering them vulnerable to sexual abuse. Hundreds of released detainees have no access to specialised medical, psychological and rehabilitation services, let alone judicial redress.

1.2: Insecurity, conflict situation and explosive SEVERITY - “EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR” hazards Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Libya has witnessed localised fighting, with 1,289 estimated 6 fatalities recordedLOW due to conflict in the0 pastNO 12 PROBLEM months. The majority of theseNo fatalities need for external were reported in Benghazi (41 per cent) followed byassistance Sirt (15 per cent), Tripoli1 (14MINOR per cent) and Wadi Ashshati (12 per cent). MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate 4 Libya Panel of Expertneed Report of humanitarian June 2017 5 CRITICAL 5 DTM Libya round 12 6 ACLED reported 1,289 fatalities in Libya from 6Aug 2016CATASTROPHIC – Sept 2017: ACLED does not have a fatality threshold for event inclusion; further, it reports fatalities only when a reputable source has relayed that information. It uses the most Severity is based on two indicators from conservative estimate available, and will revise and correct the totals- upward or REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of downward- when better information comes available. unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR HIGH SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents

Severity - “WASH service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on ve indicators from REACH, DTM and UNFPA and UNICEF-NCDC: (1) what is the most common water source accessed by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households depositing waste in non-designated areas Severity - “health service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness

Severity - “education service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika

Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from two indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households in need of NFI and type of assets needed; (2) what is the main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs;

Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data from 4 indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have access to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is the main source of electricity

Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) main source of food for IDPs in Baladiya by proportion of IDPs reporting; (2) what are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score

Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to withdraw in the last 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data.

Severity - “access to markets” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data.

Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL

PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

From January until September 2017, at least 128 civilians were SEVERITY — “CONFLICT-AFFECTED AREAS” killed in the violence, including 25 children, and 164 injured, including 30 children.Severity7 In Derna, - “Con ict-aected fighting continued areas”between opposing parties even after IS was expelled from the city in 2015. SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 In spite of the ongoing conflict in many parts of the country, over 278,000 people areLOW recorded as having returnedNO to PROBLEMtheir homes, mainly in Benghazi (53 per cent), Sirt, Murzuq (11 per cent No need for external 8 each) and Ubari (10assistance per cent) mantikas (regions).MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE The ongoing conflictNeed of humanitarianand increasingly difficult socio-economic situation, characterisedassistance by the collapse of theMAJOR rule of law well as many national institutions, contribute to protracted and ongoing displacementHIGH and increasing poverty. SEVEREThese conditions leave the conflict-affectedAcute and immediate population in particular without safe need of humanitarian CRITICAL and effective access to life-saving protection assistance. Migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers areCATASTROPHIC particularly affected by various forms of protection concerns, linked to Severity based on two indicators from the insecurity and conflict situation. In a recent assessment,9 ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location the biggest fear expressed by the assessed population was within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents abduction. More migrants and displaced populations feel they are under threat of violence and abduction (11 per cent),10 as compared to residents (seven per cent). According to a recent study on human trafficking and other exploitive practices on Severity - “WASH service” Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) was reported in nine out of 22 the central Mediterranean route,11 90 per cent of migrants, mantikas. Between 2011-2016SEVERITY 0 Libya1 has2 seen3 5,8914 5 deaths6 and refugees and asylum-seekers transiting through Libya have injuries from explosive violence; of these, 66 per cent (3,895) been held against their will during their journey. 12 LOW 0 NO PROBLEM were civilians.13 The presence Noof need explosive for external hazards, including landmines, unexploded or abandonedassistance ordnance, IEDs1 MINORand other ERW has been a persistent threat to the Libyan population.12 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE ESTIMATED AFFECTEDNeed of humanitarian POPULATION IN THOUSANDS (DUE TO THE EXPOSURE TO CONFLICT IN THE LAST 12 MONTHS) assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC 489 323 148 82 76 66 63 61 49 43 39 Severity based on ve indicators from Tripoli Benghazi Almargeb Ejdabia Misrata Zwara REACH, MurzuqDTM and UNFPA andDerna UNICEF-NCDC:Al Jabal Aljfara Azzawya (1) what is the most common water sourceAl accessed Akhdar by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households 32 31 29 28 15 15 depositing10 waste in non-designated6 areas 4 2 Sebha Ubari Nalut Tobruk Sirt Al Jabal Wadi Ghat Alkufra Aljufra Severity - “health service” Al Gharbi Ashshati SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

7 UN Support MissionLOW in Libya (UNSMIL) 0 NO PROBLEM 8 Administration regionNo need 2 for external 9 Libyan household assistancemulti-sectoral need assessment1 (MSNA)MINOR – UNFPA, May 2017 10 Based on 179 households interviewed in 14 mantikas,2 MODERATE MSNA UNFPA, 2017 11 Please see DTM ItalyMEDIUM report: http://migration.iom.int/docs/Analysis_Flow_Monitoring_and_Human_Trafficking_Surveys_in_the_Mediterranean_and_ Beyond_adults_children.pdfNeed of humanitarian 12 UNMAS Libya Septemberassistance 2017 3 MAJOR 13 Action on Armed Violence (AOAV). Data on explosive violence incidents is gathered from English-language media reports on the following factors: the date, time, and locationHIGH of the incident; the number4 andSEVERE circumstances of people killed and injured; the weapon type; the reported user and target; the detonation method andAcute whether and immediate displacement or damage to the location was reported. AOAV does not attempt to comprehensively capture all incidents of explosive violence around the world but to serve as a useful indicator of the scale and pattern of harm. need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness

Severity - “education service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika

Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from two indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households in need of NFI and type of assets needed; (2) what is the main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs;

Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data from 4 indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have access to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is the main source of electricity

Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) main source of food for IDPs in Baladiya by proportion of IDPs reporting; (2) what are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score

Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to withdraw in the last 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data.

Severity - “access to markets” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data.

Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

NUMBER OF TOTAL IDPs AND RETURNEES BY DTM ROUND due to overcrowded facilities, poorly trained medical staff or unavailability of female doctors.

18 294K Approximately over 278,000 returnees have gone back to 279K 267K their homes. Nearly all of these were reported to have returned 257K 249K RETURNEES to their previous homes. Other IDP communities are unable or unwilling to return home because their homes and livelihoods IDPs have been destroyed or due to fear of attacks. For instance, 240K some 40,000 members of the Tawergha community, displaced 228K 226K 217K since August 2011, remain scattered across the country, in IDP 197K camps or with host communities. Returnee respondents identified access to health services as the ROUND 8 ROUND 9 ROUND 10 ROUND 11 ROUND 12 most urgent need, followed by access to education and living in 19 an area with adequate security. 1.3: Conflict-affected population 1.5 Migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers In the past 12 months, an estimated 1.62 million people14 have been affected by conflict. 1.1 million people, of whom 378,000 The situation for refugees and migrants in Libya remains are children and 307,000 are women of reproductive age (15- desperate. With a significant reduction in number of sea 49), require urgent humanitarian assistance and protection. arrivals into Italy in the summer months of 2017, an increasing Ninety-one per cent of the displaced population15 indicated number of the most vulnerable migrants and refugees remain that the main driver of displacement is the threat of violence stranded inside Libya. These migrants and refugees face a high risk of arbitrary arrest or exploitation for the purpose of and the presence of armed groups in their areas. NUMBER OF RETURNEES BY MANTIKAS

1.4: Displacement and returns Benghazi 146,900 13 The number of IDPs identified across the country hasdecreased Murzuq 32,020 from 303,608 individuals recorded at the end of 2016, to 217,022 individuals (43,345 households) at the end of 2017; a Sirt 31,050 29 per cent reduction.16 The largest decreases in the number Ubari 27,650 of IDPs took place in the mantikas of Tripoli, Almargeb and Azzawya. While the IDPs are returning, new displacement is Al Jabal Al Akhdar 14,360 taking place due to sporadic fighting. In 2017 more than 20,000 people have been displaced inside Libya due to fighting. Some Al Jabal Al Gharbi 10,304 of these people have been displaced more than once. In the Tripoli 5,395 same period, the number of returnees has exceeded 80,000 people. Derna 2370 Identified IDPs were primarily residing in private Misrata 2150 accommodation, consisting of self-paid rented housing, or being hosted with relatives or non-relatives. Forty-seven per Aljfara 2120 cent of IDPs were displaced over the course of 2015, and 18 per Alkufra 1750 cent more recently, between the start of 2016 to the time of data collection in August 2017. Ghat 730 Across the country, the IDPs’ primary needs were reported to Ejdabia 500 be access to food, health services and shelter. Displaced Libyans not only have less cash to spend, but also less purchasing Zwara 350 power given the substantial increase in the cost of living.17 Nalut 290 Other problems cited for access to health included irregular supply of medicines and low quality of available health services Almargeb 220 14 The affected (directly or indirectly) population is an estimate of the population living in a one kilometre radius of conflict events (ACLED database) Wadi Ashshati 175 recorded between August 2016 to September 2017. 15 DTM Libya round 12. As of July 2017 DTM Libya interviewed 1,301 key Azzawya 115 informants across 100 baladiyas and 657 muhallas. 16 DTM Libya round 12 Tobruk 70 17 Libyan household MSNA - UNFPA May 2017 Sebha 40 18 DTM Libya round 12 19 DTM Libya round 12 PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

work and sexual violence.20 Migrants and refugees continue MIGRANTS to be detained in inhumane conditions over long periods of time without the basic resources needed to survive and where 500,000 serious human rights violations are reported. Studies also highlight that migrants and refugees face increasing challenges NUMBER OF MIGRANTS to cope with the impact of the crisis. This is mainly due to their 400K 394K exclusion from social protection or safety nets. For instance, 400,000 381K 390K migrants and refugees are often denied access to basic services 351K including emergency health care. Despite this, Libya continues to be a major destination and 300,000 transit country for refugees and migrants fleeing poverty and JAN-FEB 2017 MAR-APR APR-MAY MAY-JUN JUN-JUL conflict. However, the daily protection risks they face in Libya 8,000 NUMBER OF MIGRANTS IN DETENTION CENTRES and, in the case of migrants, the increasing difficulty to access 7.2K 7,000 reliable money transfer systems to send remittances in their 6.4K country of origin is a push factor towards the sea journey. While 5.8K release from detention and adequate reception conditions have 6,000 5.3K been raised as key priority areas, migrants and refugees continue 4.6K to be stranded in detention centres where humanitarian actors 5,000 face access challenges. Rescue/interception at sea requires continued engagement by humanitarian actors to provide 4,000 assistance to a growing number of vulnerable rescued people. JAN-FEB MAR-APR APR-MAY MAY-JUN JUN-JUL Migration patterns in and through Libya are interlinked with 2017 regional migrant activity, with the ‘flow’ of migrants stemming from areas within sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Middle According to the DTM, the highest number of migrants, with East, predominantly in pursuit of economic security. stays between two weeks and three months, were located in In 2016 Tripoli, Misrata and Sebha were the top three regions Alkufra, Ejdabia, Nalut and Wadi Ashshati. Tripoli, Zwara, 14 for migrants. In 2017, Sebha had been replaced by the Almargeb Derna, Almargeb, Aljfara, and Azzawya represent the region. Since January, Misrata, Tripoli and Almargeb continued mantikas with the highest number of migrants staying for to see the highest number of migrants (to July 2017) due to the over six months. This could be in line with the employment economic opportunities available and due to the presence of opportunities, schooling and medical facilities that are found smugglers who can expedite travel to Europe. Similar to 2016, at each of these mantikas. Egyptians, Nigeriens and Chadians were the most common nationalities identified in 2017. Most of the migrants assessed 2. Availability and access to everyday since January 2017 were male, with significantly fewer females commodities and basic services recorded. However, an increase in the number of women in the migrant flow coming from West Africa to Libya has been 21 recorded since the beginning of the year 2017. Ninety per 2.1: Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) cent were adults with an approximate fluctuation of five to 10 per cent for unaccompanied minors. Over 90 per cent of services migrants stated economic reasons as the primary driver for Before the crisis, the water supply coverage was estimated as their migration with an average of five per cent reporting that 100 per cent in urban communities and 95 per cent in rural they had left their countries due to war, conflict, insecurity or populations, while the sanitation coverage was 60 per cent in political reasons.22 urban areas and 40 per cent in rural areas.23 Six years after the 24 In 2017, a steady flow of migrants in detention centres was crisis erupted, assessments show that only 64 per cent of the observed. The highest number of migrants in detention centres affected population have access to adequate drinking water was recorded in January 2017 (7,197), whilst the second highest sources. The frequent electricity cuts (4-5 hours on most days, number of migrants in detention centers was registered in May with peaks to 14 hours in some areas such as Derna) continue and June 2017. to affect water and sanitation facilities, and lack of maintenance and spare parts are the main drivers for inadequate access to

20 Please see DTM Italy report: http://migration.iom.int/docs/Analysis_Flow_Monitoring_and_Human_Trafficking_Surveys_in_the_Mediterranean_and_ Beyond_adults_children.pdf. Out of the 4,826 respondents travelling on the Central Mediterranean Route to Italy in 2017, 36 per cent of adult and 32 per cent of child respondents reported to have observed someone travelling with them having been threatened with sexual violence during the journey. 93 per cent of the reported cases occurred in Libya. 21 4Mi DRC Hidden Figures Report 22 DTM Libya round 12 23 CEDARE and Arab Water Council, 2nd Arab State of the water report, (2012), page 146 24 DTM Libya report (June/July 2017) Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian LOW NO PROBLEM assistance 3 MAJOR No need for external assistance MINOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate MEDIUM MODERATE need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR 6 CATASTROPHIC PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS Severity is based onHIGH two indicators from SEVERE REACH and DTM: (1)Acute is there and a visible immediate presence of unexploded ordnanceneed in thisof humanitarian baladiya ; (2) number of CRITICAL people/households who have not been made aware of the risks CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from water and sanitation services. Currently water trucking is the ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people REGULARnot able to safely AVAILABILITY move from location OF to WASH location SERVICES Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” main source of drinking water for 43 per cent of the affected within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents population, whichSEVERITY raises concerns0 1 2related3 to4 poor5 quality6 of water, high price and lack of sustainability. Garbage 69% LOW NO PROBLEM The Libya Joint Market Monitoring Initiative (JMMI) report of disposal No need for external November 2017,Severity assessed the- “WASH availability service” of eight basic WASH assistance MINOR items in 250 shops across the country. The results showed no SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 25 Sewage MEDIUM MODERATE significant shortages observed throughout the country. 2% LOW 0 NO PROBLEM treatment Need of humanitarian Water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in most schools are assistance MAJOR No need for external a concern. Recentassistance water quality assessment1 MINOR results indicated 10 per cent of water samples taken from 140 schools in Libya Water supply 64% HIGH SEVERE 26 network were contaminatedMEDIUM with harmful bacteria2 (E-ColiMODERATE bacteria). Acute and immediate The water samples also contained a high concentration of need of humanitarian CRITICAL Need of humanitarian Out of 100 assessed baladiyas (admin 3) chemicals whichassistance can affect the health3 of children.MAJOR The average CATASTROPHIC number of students for each functional toilet is recorded at According to WHO’s SARA survey conducted in 2017, the 71 and reachesHIGH up to 375. According to4 the SEVERELibya Ministry of Severity based on two indicators from situation of general service readiness (including basic amenities, EducationACLED and DTM: standards (1)Acute main reasonand the immediate forratio people of students to a functional toilet basic equipment, standard precautions, diagnostics and shouldnot able be to safely 25. Somemoveneed from of95 humanitarianlocation per cent to location of schools 5 haveCRITICAL a hand washing within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents medicines) is concerning. The overall general service readiness facility; however, most of them do not 6have runningCATASTROPHIC water. for the public hospitals is at 68 per cent and for the public primary health care facilities it stands at 37 per cent. The survey Severity based on ve indicators from SEVERITY — “WASH SERVICE” alsoREACH, highlighted DTM and UNFPA a concerning and UNICEF-NCDC: lack of medicines at public health care(1) what facilities is the most with common 71 perwater cent source of accessed people by with chronic diseases Severity - “WASH service” people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of 27 SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 facingschools challenges with water samples in accessing positive for essentialE.Coli; (3) per medicines. centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households LOW 0 NO PROBLEM SEVERITYdepositing waste — “HEALTH in non-designated SERVICE” areas No need for external assistance 1 MINOR Severity - “health service” 15 SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian LOW 0 NO PROBLEM assistance 3 MAJOR No need for external assistance 1 MINOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate MEDIUM 2 MODERATE need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR 6 CATASTROPHIC Severity based on veHIGH indicators from 4 SEVERE REACH, DTM and UNFPAAcute and and UNICEF-NCDC: immediate (1) what is the mostneed common of humanitarian water source accessed by5 CRITICAL people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4)6 per centageCATASTROPHIC of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households Based on data from four indicators from WHO depositing waste in non-designated areas SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in Severity - “health service” primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2.2: Health services LOW 0 NO PROBLEM Libya’s health care system has deteriorated to the point of collapse No need for external and struggles to deal with conflict-related casualties. The WHO The readiness on diagnosis and management of chronic diseases assistance 1 MINOR Severity - “education service” Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) and was 40 per cent atSEVERITY primary0 health1 2care3 facilities4 5 for 6diabetes, the Libyan Ministry of Health reported that 17 (18 per cent) 2 MODERATE 24 per cent at primary health care facilities and 42 per cent at MEDIUM hospitals, 273 (20 per cent) primary health care (PHC) facilities Need of humanitarian 0 NO PROBLEM hospitals for cardiovascular diseases and 18 per cent at primary and 18 (8 per cent)LOW other health facilities were closed. The most assistance 3 MAJOR No need for external health care facilities and 42 per cent at hospitals for chronic affected regionsassistance were Benghazi and the1 CentralMINOR region. respiratory diseases. According to the “Market Systems in HIGH 4 SEVERE 25 Libya Joint Market Monitoring Initiative (JMMI) - November 2017. http://www.reachresourcecentre.info/system/files/resource-documents/reach_lby_ Acute and immediate MEDIUM 2 MODERATE situation_overview_joint_market_monitoring_initiative_jmmi_november_2017.pdf need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Need of humanitarian 26 UNICEF-NCDC WASH in schools Survey, 2017 assistance 3 MAJOR 6 CATASTROPHIC 27 Libyan household multi-sectoral needs assessment (MSNA) – UNFPA 2017. Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospitalHIGH functionality; (2) is there 4 SEVERE Regular Access to Medicine;Acute and(3) availability immediate of medicines in primary health centresneed (PHCs); of humanitarian(4) health general service readiness5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons Severity - “education service” for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian LOW 0 NO PROBLEM assistance 3 MAJOR No need for external assistance 1 MINOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate MEDIUM 2 MODERATE need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data fromHIGH four indicators from REACH 4 SEVERE MSNA and DTM: (1)Acute what areand the immediate most cited reasons for not regularly attendingneed of and/or humanitarian dropping out of 5 CRITICAL education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public6 schoolsCATASTROPHIC per mantika

Based on data from two indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” in need of NFI and type of assets needed; (2) what is the SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs;

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian LOW 0 NO PROBLEM assistance 3 MAJOR No need for external assistance 1 MINOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate MEDIUM 2 MODERATE need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data fromHIGH two indicators from REACH 4 SEVERE / UNFPA MSNAs andAcute DTM: (1)and number immediate of households in need of NFI and typeneed of of assets humanitarian needed; (2) what is the5 CRITICAL main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs; 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data from 4 indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have access Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is the main source of electricity LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” assistance 1 MINOR SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian LOW 0 NO PROBLEM assistance 3 MAJOR No need for external assistance 1 MINOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate MEDIUM 2 MODERATE need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR 6 CATASTROPHIC HIGH 4 SEVERE Severity based on data from 4 indicators from REACH and UNFPA AcuteMSNA: (1)and do immediate you have access to fuel to cover yourneed energy of needshumanitarian (cooking fuel and 5 CRITICAL kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is the main source of electricity 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) main source of food for Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” IDPs in Baladiya by proportion of IDPs reporting; (2) what SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power” assistance 1 MINOR SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian LOW 0 NO PROBLEM assistance 3 MAJOR No need for external assistance 1 MINOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate MEDIUM 2 MODERATE need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from fourHIGH indicators from REACH / 4 SEVERE UNFPA MSNAs and DTM:Acute (1) and main immediate source of food for IDPs in Baladiya by proportionneed of humanitarian of IDPs reporting; (2) what5 CRITICAL are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power” withdraw in the last 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data.

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR Severity - “access to markets” MEDIUM 2 MODERATE SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external HIGH 4 SEVERE assistance 1 MINOR Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian 6 CATASTROPHIC assistance 3 MAJOR Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to 4 SEVERE withdraw in the last 30HIGH days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resourcesAcute and immediate in the last 30 days; (3) challenges accessing nancial serviceneed providers of humanitarian in the last 30 days; (4) per5 cent ofCRITICAL households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data. 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing Severity - “access to markets” market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data. LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market” assistance 1 MINOR SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian LOW 0 NO PROBLEM assistance 3 MAJOR No need for external assistance 1 MINOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate MEDIUM 2 MODERATE need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR 6 CATASTROPHIC HIGH 4 SEVERE Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1)Acute did you and face immediateany barriers to accessing market places; (2) per centneed of ofhouseholds humanitarian with access to markets;5 CRITICAL (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data. 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market” what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Need of humanitarian Almargeb assistance 3 MAJOR Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt HIGH 4 SEVERE Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk Acute and immediate HIGH 4 SEVERE need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah 6 CATASTROPHIC Sebha Ghat Ubari Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on Murzuq the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of Alkufrah returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and Inter-sectoral severity index REACH MSNAs Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR HIGH SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents

Severity - “WASH service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on ve indicators from REACH, DTM and UNFPA and UNICEF-NCDC: (1) what is the most common water source accessed by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households depositing waste in non-designated areas Severity - “health service” PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR Libya” 28 studyMEDIUM prices of insulin in private2 MODERATEmarkets have risen in 2017 as only two per cent of health facilities are providing 32 progressively. InNeed 2014, of humanitarian cost of 10 ml of insulin was around seven family planning services. LYD, and is currentlyassistance being sold at 335LYDMAJOR at pharmacies in Tripoli. In Sebha retail prices currently range from 35 to 50LYD. Availability of HIGHinsulin in the south of country4 SEVERE (especially Sebha) 2.3: Education services is a concern. AcuteAs a andcoping immediate strategy, people are buying insulin 33 from other neighbourhoodsneed of humanitarian where insulin5 stocksCRITICAL are sufficiently In July 2017 DTM reported that 96 per cent of children available or they resort to buying it from different cities (such as were attending school regularly across the country with the 6 CATASTROPHIC exception of four mantikas where respondents reported 100 Misrata). Based on data from four indicators from WHO perSARA: cent (1) public school hospital attendance. functionality; (2) is Inthere Aljfara, Derna, Sirt and Ubari Emergency services were provided by 67 hospitals (84 per cent), overcrowdedRegular Access to Medicine; schools, (3) availability safety ofissues, medicines damage in to school buildings primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness however 24 per cent of those only offer emergency services in the or schools being occupied by armed actors were reported as non-emergency outpatient service area. The overall readiness of reasons for lack of school attendance for children. the hospitals on emergency services was 47 per cent. Lack of training (18 per cent), guidelines (21 per cent) and diagnostics Years of conflict have affected the education system. Only SEVERITY — “EDUCATION SERVICE” (40 per cent) wereSeverity reported - “educationas main weaknesses. service” According to recent assessments in 2017, almost 20 per cent of SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pregnancies among women of reproductive age (15-49) ended 29 up with miscarriageLOW or stillbirth in the0 previousNO PROBLEM year. Only 6 STATUS OF HEALTHNo need FACILITIES for external assistance 1 MINOR 366 338 MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian 366 338 assistance 198 184 3 MAJOR 129 133 198 81 HIGH 4 SEVERE 184 65 Acute46 and immediate36 34 46 16 129 need of 1humanitarian33 5 CRITICAL 81 65 East Beng4h6azi Central South Tripo46li West 36 346 CATASTROPHIC Open public health facilities Closed public health facilities East Benghazi Central South Tripoli West Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons GENERAL SERVICEOpen public HEALTHhealth faciliti eREADINESSs Closed pub l(%ic 5h3e .a6PERlth fac iMANTIKA)lities for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of 47.3 education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to 41.8 42.1 42.5 43.1 children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend 40.6 39.2 36.4 53.6 37.9 School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika 32.6 29.5 47.3 41.8 42.1 42.5 43.1 40.6 39.2 36.4 37.9 32.6 29.5 Severity - “availability and access to NFIs”six mantikas out of 22 have 100 per cent of their schools operational. Derna,SEVERITY Misrata0 and1 Sirt2 have3 the4 lowest5 percentage6 of operational schools. East BengLOWhazi Central South0 NOTripo lPROBLEMi West General Service ReaNodin eneedss for hforosp externalitals General Service Readiness for PHC facilities East Bengassistancehazi Central South1 MINORTripoli West 2.4: Availability and access to non-food items General Service Readiness for hospitals General Service Readiness for PHC facilities (NFIs) MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian According to the DTM round 12, availability of household assistance 3 MAJOR items / non-food items (NFIs) is a concern in Ejdabia, Alkufra per cent of health facilities are providing specialised services and Azzawya, where 67 per cent and 50 per cent of the key (75 per cent areHIGH hospitals).30 This is due4 mainlySEVERE to the lack of a informants (KIs) respectively indicated insufficient availability skilled health Acuteworkforce and immediate and a shortage in essential drugs and of household items / NFIs. In all other mantikas, affordability equipment. need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL was indicated as the main issue, with KIs indicating unaffordable prices as the main reason why people cannot access household The contraception prevalence rate has6 decreasedCATASTROPHIC from 42 per items / NFIs. cent in 2007 to 28 per cent in 201431 and is expected to be lower Based on data from two indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households 28 Market Systems in Libya. Assessment of the Wheat Flour, Insulin, Tomato and Soapin need Supply of NFI Chainsand type http://bit.ly/2jjRTOE of assets needed; (2) what is the 29 Libyan household MSNA, 2017 UNFPA. main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs; 30 Service Availability and Readiness Assessment, WHO, 2017. 31 Libyan National Family Health Survey, PAPFAM report 2007 and 2014, BSC. 32 Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA), WHO, 2017. 33 DTM Libya round 12 – 2017 Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data from 4 indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have access to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is the main source of electricity

Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) main source of food for IDPs in Baladiya by proportion of IDPs reporting; (2) what are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score

Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to withdraw in the last 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data.

Severity - “access to markets” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data.

Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR HIGH SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents

Severity - “WASH service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on ve indicators from REACH, DTM and UNFPA and UNICEF-NCDC: (1) what is the most common water source accessed by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households depositing waste in non-designated areas Severity - “health service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness

Severity - “education service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika

SEVERITY — “AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS TO NFIs” % OF POPULATION GROUP REPORTING LEVEL OF DAMAGE OF Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” CURRENT SHELTER SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mantika Type of Damage* IDP Non-Displaced Returnees Misrata Medium to heavy 9% 0% 2% LOW 0 NO PROBLEM Heavy damage/destroyed 2% 0% 0% No need for external Derna Medium to heavy 1% 1% 5% assistance 1 MINOR Heavy damage/destroyed 0% 2% 1%

Medium to heavy 9% 2% 25% 2 MODERATE Al Jabal MEDIUM Al Gharbi Heavy damage/destroyed 1% 0% 4% Need of humanitarian Benghazi Medium to heavy 16% 2% 12% assistance 3 MAJOR Heavy damage/destroyed 22% 0% 6% HIGH 4 SEVERE Ghat Medium to heavy 6% 1% 9% Acute and immediate Mantika Type of Damage* IDP Non-Displaced Returnees Heavy damage/destroyed 1% 0% 3% need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Misrata Medium to heavy 9% 0% 2% Sebha Medium to heavy 4% 1% 0%

Heavy damage/destroyed 4% 1% 0% 6 CATASTROPHIC Heavy damage/destroyed 2% 0% 0% Derna Medium to heavy 1% 1% 5% Almargeb Medium to heavy 30% 6% 0% Heavy damage/destroyed 17% 1% 0% Based on dataH fromeavy twodamage/destroyed indicators from REACH 0% 2% 1% / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households *Medium to heavy damage: needs repair before being liveable. inAl need Jaba ofl NFIM andedi utypem t oof h assetseavy needed; (2) what is the9% 2% 25% Heavy damage/destroyed: needs reconstruction. main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs; Al Gharbi Heavy damage/destroyed 1% 0% 4% 34 � � mantikas, reveals an average five to seven hours per day without Benghazi Medium to heavy 16% 2% 12% electricity. 35 Heavy damage/destroyed 22% 0% 6% Assessment result indicate that in Tripoli only 15 per cent of Ghat Medium to heavy 6% 1% 9% Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) respondents have regular access to electricity from the main Heavy damage/destroyedSEVERITY 0 1 2 1%3 4 50% 6 3% 36,430 2.5: Housing and shelter electricity network, whilst 84 per cent of respondents have Sebha Medium to heavy 4% 1% 0% irregular access to electricity.36 In Sebha and in Derna, 100 per 23,360 LOW 0 NO PROBLEM Out of the totalHeavy damage/destroyed217,000 IDPs recorded4 %in DTM round1% 12, 760 %per cent and 87 per cent of respondents19,14 respectively0 are getting their 15,827 No need for external centAlm aofrg eIDPsb Me dareium livingto heavy in rented accommodation30% 6 %(self-pay) 0and% electricity through the main network, whilst 13 per cent14 ,in42 Derna5 17 assistance 1 MINOR collective centresHeavy damage/destroyed whilst for returnees,17% nearly six1% percent were0% rely on generators. hosted with relatives. Seventy-one per cent of migrants are also MEDIUM 2 MODERATE *Medium to heavy damage: needs repair before being liveable. Households use piped gas, cylinder gas and kerosene for living Heav yin damage/destroyed rented accommodation: needs reconstruction. (self-pay). A shortage of cash Need of humanitarian cooking.Be nIng htermsazi ofM icookingsrata fuel,Trip 96oli perA centl Jab ofal REACHAl Ejda bMSNAia was identified as one of the major issues for these population assistance 3 MAJOR � � respondents in Ghat reported irregular accessGharb toi cooking fuel, groups, as they spend a major portion of their cash on rent. while four per cent each respondents in Tripoli and Sebha HIGH 4 SEVERE NUMBER OF IDPs IN RENTED ACCOMMODATION AND reported no access to cooking fuel. Acute and immediate COLLECTIVE CENTRES need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL There have been several instances where local committees 36,430 provided security to gas cylinder deliveries or filling stations 6 CATASTROPHIC due to militia attacks and insecurity. Access to kerosene in many parts of the country is also problematic. In Benghazi, Ghat, Severity based on data from23 4,3 indicators60 from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have1 access9,14 0 Sebha, Misrata and Tripoli more than 75 per cent of respondents to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and 15,827 reported no access to kerosene. kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many 14,425 hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is the main source of electricity

Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” Benghazi Misrata Tripoli Al Jabal Al Ejdabia Gharbi SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2.6: Energy needs (fuel, electricity, gas) LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external Libya faces shortages in electricity affecting the day-to-day lives assistance 1 MINOR of Libyans and having direct impact on the economy. Currently, daily power cuts of five to seven hours are common, while parts MEDIUM 2 MODERATE of the south have been cut off for up to a week at a time. Need of humanitarian The electricity cuts have caused a high adverse impact on water assistance 3 MAJOR supply and sanitation services. The recent REACH multi-sector needs assessment (MSNA) conducted in eight 34 REACH Multi-Sector Needs Assessment (MSNA) was conducted in eight HIGH 4 SEVERE mantikas: Misrata, Derna, Al Jabal Al Gharbi , Benghazi, Ghat, Sebha, Tripoli, Acute and immediate Almargeb need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 35 Ibid 36 Ibid 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) main source of food for IDPs in Baladiya by proportion of IDPs reporting; (2) what are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score

Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to withdraw in the last 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data.

Severity - “access to markets” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data.

Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR HIGH SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents

Severity - “WASH service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on ve indicators from REACH, DTM and UNFPA and UNICEF-NCDC: (1) what is the most common water source accessed by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households depositing waste in non-designated areas Severity - “health service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness

Severity - “education service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika

Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR

MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Access to Cooking Fuel Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR 96.3% 90.5% 4 SEVERE 83.4% HIGH 77% 75.4% Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 60% 61.6% 54.9%

41% 6 CATASTROPHIC 39.4% 37.6%

22.7% 21% Based on data from two indicators from REACH 16.6% / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS 9.4% in need of NFI and type of assets needed; (2) what is the 4% 4.2% 0% 1.1% 0.3% 0.8% 2.2% 1.5% main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs; 0% Misrata Derna Al Jabal Benghazi Ghat Sebha Tripoli Almargeb Al Gharbi

No access Yes, but irregular access Yes, permanent/regular access Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) ACCESS TO KEROSENE SEVERITY - “ENERGYSEVERITY (FUEL,0 ELECTRICITY1 2 3 AND4 GAS)”5 6 Mantika Source A9l6l %population groups 93% Misrata Generator 82% 98% 0 NO PROBLEM 77% 76% LOW 73% No need for external Main network 1% assistance 1 MINOR 56% No electricity 1% 47% Derna Main network 41% 87% MEDIUM 2 MODERATE 36% Need of humanitarian Generator 13% 21% assistance 3 MAJOR 16% 18% No 1e4%lec1t4%ricity 12% 1% 7% 9% 5% 4% HIGH 4 SEVERE Al Jabal Main network2% 0% 0% 2% 92% Acute and immediate Al GMihsratrabiDeOrntahAle Jrabal Benghazi Ghat Sebha Tripoli Almargeb 5% need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Al Gharbi No access GeYnees,r bautto irregular access Yes, permanent/regular access 1% 6 CATASTROPHIC No electricity 1% Severity based on data from 4 indicators from Benghazi Main network 100% REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have access Access to Cooking Fuel to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and ACCESS TON oCOOKING electrici tFUELy 0% kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is Generator 0% the main source of electricity 96.3% 90.5% Ghat 83.4% Main network 99% 77% 75.4% Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” No electricity 0% 60% 61.6% SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Generator 54.9% 0%

41% Sebha Ma39.4%in networ3k7.6% 100% LOW 0 NO PROBLEM Tripoli Main network 80% 22.7% 21% No need for external MAIN SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY USED BY HOUSEHOLD 16.6% assistance Generator 9.4% 20% 1 MINOR 4% 4.2% 0% 1.1% 0.3% 0.8% 2.2% 1.5% 0% 18 Mantika Source All population groups Almargeb Main network 100% MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Misrata Generator 98% Misrata Derna Al Jabal Benghazi Ghat Sebha Tripoli Almargeb Al Gharbi Need of humanitarian Main network 1% assistance 3 MAJOR No electricity 1% No accessAveYraesg, beu nt iorre. goufla hr aocucersss wYietsh, poeurmta enelentc/rtergiculiatry access Derna Main network 87% HIGH 4 SEVERE Generator 13% No electricity 1% Acute and immediate 96% Al Jabal Main network 92% 93% need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Al Gharbi Other 5% AVERAGE NO. OF HOURS WITHOUT ELECTRICITY82% 77% 76% Generator 1% 73% 6 CATASTROPHIC No electricity 1% 6.7 Benghazi Main network 100% 56% Based on data from four indicators from REACH / 5.1 4.8 4.5 47% UNFPA MSNAs andNo eDTM:lect r i(1)cit mainy source of food for 0% Generator 0% 3.5 41% IDPs in Baladiya by proportion of IDPs reporting; (2) what 36% 2.6 2.4 are theGh amaint problemsMain n eaccessingtwork foods in markets; (3) per cent 99% 1.8 of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food 21% No electricity 0% 16% 18% consumption score 14% 14% 12% Generator 0% 9% 7% 5% Sebha Main network 100% 2% 4% 2% Tripoli Derna Ghat Misrata Sebh0a% Al Jab0a%l AlmargebBenghazi Tripoli Main network 80% Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power” Misrata Derna Al Jabal Benghazi Ghat AlS Gebhhaarbi Tripoli Almargeb Generator 20% Al Gharbi Almargeb Main neSEVERITYtwork 0 1 2 3 4 5 1600% No access Yes, but irregular access Yes, permanent/regular access Average no. of hours without electricity LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR 6.7 2 MODERATE 5.1 MEDIUM 4.8 4.5 Need of humanitarian 3.5 2.6 2.4 assistance 3 MAJOR 1.8

Tripoli Derna Ghat Misrata Sebha Al Jabal AlmargebBenghazi HIGH 4 SEVERE Al Gharbi Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to withdraw in the last 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data.

Severity - “access to markets” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data.

Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR HIGH SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents

Severity - “WASH service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on ve indicators from REACH, DTM and UNFPA and UNICEF-NCDC: (1) what is the most common water source accessed by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households depositing waste in non-designated areas Severity - “health service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness

Severity - “education service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika

Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 2.7: Food, agriculture and nutrition 2.8: Impact of IDPs, migrants and returnees 6 CATASTROPHIC The Rapid Food Security assessment for IDPs in September on public services 2016Based found on data fromthat two 24 indicators per cent from REACHof all IDP households are food / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households According to DTM Round 12, and based on the perceptions insecure.in need of NFIThe and type food of assets insecure needed; (2) what households is the have poor or of key informants’ interviews, 100 per cent of key informants borderlinemain problem food associated consumption with access to household and are items/NFIs; not able to meet their in Ghat indicated that the presence of IDPs, returnees and essential food needs without engaging in severe and possibly migrants has put a strain on already overstretched public irreversible negative coping strategies. In 2015, food insecurity services. In Aljufra, 100 per cent of key informants interviewed was not reported. In addition to those already food insecure, indicated that the presence of IDPs and migrants have stretched Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) 62 per cent of all the IDP households are at risk of slipping into the barely functional public services. Such tensions should be food insecurity. TheSEVERITY deterioration0 1 is2 due3 to the4 significant5 6 rise further assessed to ensure that provision of assistance and in food prices, depreciation of the Libyan dinar, as well as the services is ‘conflict-sensitive’. LOW 0 NO PROBLEM lack of liquidity in the Libyan banks induced by the prolonged No need for external conflict. assistance 3. Economic situation and livelihoods 1 MINOR The level of food insecurity is higher in the western parts of the MEDIUM 2 MODERATE country. Bani Walid (Misrata) is most concerning, with 58 per cent of IDPs considered food insecure. In general, locations Need of humanitarian 3.1: Inflation and liquidity crisis assistance 3 MAJOR close to conflict hotspots are hosting the most vulnerable households who have had to recently flee their home because Since 2014, the Libyan Dinar (LYD) has lost over 500 per cent HIGH 4 SEVERE of the ongoing fighting. Although the southern region holds of its value in the parallel market, trading at approximately LYD8.5 to the dollar (well above the LYD1.4 official rate) Acute and immediate only seven per cent of the IDP households, 21 per cent of the need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL households in Ubari are found to be food insecure. and sometimes as high as LYD10, due to increased demand for foreign currency. Security constraints, high inflation, cash 6 CATASTROPHIC Food insecure households are typically large families headed shortages, lack of remuneration on bank deposits, falling by an unemployed head of household. These IDP households confidence in the banking system and Libya’s political and oftenSeverity have based beenon data fromdisplaced 4 indicators for from less than six months, they live REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have access economic future all compound high demand for foreign farto from fuel to covertheir your place energy of needs origin (cooking and fuel they and did not establish social, currency.37 Increased demand for foreign currency, together familykerosene) or ethnic(2) per cent networks access to electricity in the (3) areas how many of displacement. Female- hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is with unpredictable hydrocarbon revenues, have led to a fall in 19 headedthe main households source of electricity are more likely to be food insecure, as they reserves to US$73.6 billion at end-2016 from US$123.5 billion are often unemployed and without income. at end-2012. At this pace, foreign reserves are estimated to be Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” completely depleted within 3-4 years. SEVERITY - “ACCESSIBILITYSEVERITY 0 AND1 AVAILABILITY2 3 4 5OF FOOD”6 Compared to pre-crisis levels, Libyans have less cash to spend, but also less purchasing power, since the cost of living LOW 0 NO PROBLEM has increased substantially. Over 80 per cent of food items No need for external are imported, and prices are directly affected by currency 38 assistance 1 MINOR depreciation. According to the Joint Market Monitoring Initiative (JMMI), food prices have increased by 16.9 per cent MEDIUM 2 MODERATE between June and December 2017.39 Food inflation40 averaged Need of humanitarian 9.93 per cent from 2005 until 2017, reaching an all-time high assistance 3 MAJOR of 38.9 per cent in the month of July 2016 and a record low of -12.12 per cent in the month of October 2012.More recently in HIGH 4 SEVERE September 2017, food inflation reached 33.4 per cent.41 42 Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) main source of food for IDPs in Baladiya by proportion of IDPs reporting; (2) what are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent 37 Libya: Macroeconomic, Financial and Public Finance Update – WB Libya of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score 38 Libya Cash & Markets Working Group & REACH (2017). Market Systems in Libya – Assessment of the Wheat Flour, Insulin, Tomato and Soap Supply Chains. Available from http://bit.ly/2jjRTOE

Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power” 39 Libya Cash & Markets Working Group & REACH (2017, Dec). Joint Market Monitoring Initiative (JMMI) December Factsheet. Available from SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 http://bit.ly/2Duz1p9 40 Definition: Food inflation refers to the condition whereby there exist increase in wholesale price index of essential food item (defined as food LOW 0 NO PROBLEM basket) relative to the general inflation or the consumer price index. No need for external 41 Trading Economics and Bureau of Statistics and Census Libya assistance 1 MINOR 42 Bureau of Statistics and Census in Libya MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to withdraw in the last 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data.

Severity - “access to markets” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data.

Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR HIGH SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents

Severity - “WASH service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on ve indicators from REACH, DTM and UNFPA and UNICEF-NCDC: (1) what is the most common water source accessed by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households depositing waste in non-designated areas Severity - “health service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness

Severity - “education service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika

Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from two indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households in need of NFI and type of assets needed; (2) what is the main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs;

Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR

4 SEVERE HIGH 43 Acute and immediate On the other hand, the monthly general inflation rate in retailers frequently rely on collecting cash from their customers need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Libya was 25.7 per cent in September 2017. Many importers’ to be able to pay their suppliers. lack of access to foreign currency/exchange through official In encircled Derna city, where some 100,000 people reside, amid 6 CATASTROPHIC channels, and their resulting reliance on the parallel market to restrictions on the freedom of movement of civilians and bans obtain currency at less advantageous rates, is the key driver of Severity based on data from 4 indicators from on the entry of goods, preliminary evidence in mid- August inflationREACH and in UNFPA the MSNA:Libyan (1) do economy. you have access to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and 2017 suggested a lack of available cash and overall liquidity, Duekerosene) to the (2) perlack cent of access hard to electricity currency, (3) how Libyan many commercial banks with banks being closed.44 As a result, coping mechanisms were hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is imposethe main increasingly source of electricity strict capital limits on withdrawals, which reported, including using alternate forms of payments such as at the time of writing was low as LYD200 per day. These certified cheques or bank transfers, selling gold, or borrowing withdrawal limits make it difficult for individual households money.45 Lack of cash is identified as one of the main needs Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” and small businesses to access sufficient liquidity to support amongst the IDPs, thus further exacerbating their vulnerability 1 3 themselves or coverSEVERITY costs.0 This, 2 paradoxically,4 5 6means that and triggering negative coping mechanisms. In urban areas most low-level market transactions must take place in cash, as in particular, IDPs have started selling belongings, especially LOW 0 NO PROBLEM gold and silver items. The market for precious metals is closely No need for external 46 % FOOD INFLATION % FOOD INFLATION linked to the parallel market for cash. assistance 1 MINOR 45

40 38.9 37.3 3.2: Official currency conversion rates MEDIUM 2 MODERATE 35.3 35 33.7 Need of humanitarian 33.4 The loss of confidence in the economic and political future in assistance 3 MAJOR 30 28.6 30.1 30.9 Libya eroded trust in the financial system, leading businesses 26.2 25 and people to withdraw their savings, which ultimately caused HIGH 4 SEVERE 20 22.6 the liquidity crisis. Due to the lack of hard cash, Libyan Acute and immediate commercial banks impose increasingly strict capital limits on need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 15 withdrawals which can be as low as LYD200 per day. In 2014, 10 6 CATASTROPHIC inflation was at 2.4 per cent; it rose to 9.8 per cent in 2015, to an 5 average of 26 per cent in 2016, and by September 2017 it was at Based on data from four indicators from REACH / 0 25.7 per cent. As the official rate of the dinar has not adjusted MUNFPAA R MSNAsM A Y andJ DTM:U L (1) SmainE P sourceN O V of foodJ A forN M A R M A Y JUL SEP 2016IDPs in Baladiya by proportion of IDPs reporting;2017 (2) what to inflation due to it being pegged to Special Drawing Rights 20 are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent (SDR) at around LYD1.4 to US$1, the parallel market value of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score has skyrocketed at times up to LYD10 to US$1. Given that 94 SEVERITY - “PRICE INCREASE OF BASIC COMMODITIES AND per cent of goods sold in the Libyan economy are imported, DECREASE OF PURCHASING POWER” Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power” this has resulted in an increase in the cost of goods for the consumer. According to the World Bank, prices of almost all SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 consumption categories increased significantly, with prices for food having increased to over 30 per cent. LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR 3.3: Overdependence on oil MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Ninety per cent of Libya’s revenue comes from oil revenues and Need of humanitarian any fluctuations in oil price or decrease in production have assistance 3 MAJOR a significant impact on its economy. Most of Libya’s oilfields are in conflict-prone areas. The Central Bank of Libya, in its HIGH 4 SEVERE statement on 29 August 2017,47 shared the closure of some oil Acute and immediate production lines and also attacks on some valves, which led to need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL the decrease of oil production by about 350 thousand barrels 6 CATASTROPHIC per day. In 2017, Sharara, the country’s largest oilfield which was reopened in December 2016, has experienced several brief Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to shutdowns caused by the presence of different armed groups. withdraw in the last 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges On 20 August, Libya’s National Oil Corporation declared a accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of households in need of nancial assistance. Grey colour denotes no data.

43 Definition: inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A chief measure of price Severity - “access to markets” inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 5 6 44 REACH Initiative (2017). Derna City, Libya – Rapid4 Situation Overview. Available from http://bit.ly/2insHqD 45 Ibid LOW 0 NO PROBLEM 46 Libya Shadow Economy April 2017 No need for external 47. Central Bank of Libya (https://goo.gl/opCZVi) assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data.

Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market”

SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

force majeure on crude oil deliveries from Sharara oil field, Challenges reported in eight mantikas51 highlight the hardships after a blockade on its pipeline by an armed group.48 people face in having a regular an income. Amongst other challenges, 41 per cent of households reported receiving Libya, which holds Africa’s largest crude reserves, pumped irregular salary payments, and 39 per cent struggled to access 1.02 million barrels a day in July 2017, compared to 1.6 million their incomes due to the dysfunctional banking system. barrels a day prior to the conflict.49 More than ever, the state institutions are urging for greater efforts to protect the only In terms of expenditure, assessments conducted in May 2017 also source of income for the Libyans. reported that households spend 44 per cent of their household expenditures on food. Overall the main expenditures are food, health and education. The average share of expenditures LIBYA CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION THOUSAND BARRELS PER Libya Crude Oil Production of residents and IDP households is very similar. However, DAY Thousand barrels per day: BBL/D/1K displaced households spend more on rent than non-displaced 1200 households.52 Both non-displaced and displaced populations face highly inflated food prices; however, high expenditures on 1,003 1000 housing by the IDP population represent an additional burden, thus increasing their vulnerability.

890 800

670 727

600 SHARE OF INCOME SSOURCEShare of Income Sources

550 42% State salary 400 36% 360 24% Wages 200 26%

8% Professional 0 7% Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug 2016 2017 7% Small business 8% 21

5% Social pension 3%

3.4: Source of income and expenditure 5% Intermittent / irregular work In 2004, Libya’s labour force occupation was 17 per cent 11% in agriculture, 23 per cent in industry and 59 per cent in the 2% Refused to answer service sector. Overall, the rate of unemployment was 30 per 1% cent. Humanitarian assessments conducted in 2016 and 2017 2% indicated that the main source of income for nearly half of the Borrowing 2% population are state salaries.50 This assessment is commensurate 2% with the fact that the Libyan public payroll has nearly doubled Saving since the revolution with an estimated 1.6 million – 1.8 million 2% people on the public payroll. Other sources of income cited Income (project, private 1% by households are salaried work, casual labour and support property or portfolio) 1% from relatives. Reportedly, the eruption of fighting negatively 1% impacted the income of around half of Libyan IDPs, with 29 per Relatives / friends gifts 2% cent of them reporting that their income had decreased by up to 1% 50 per cent compared to May 2014. Sale of agricultural products 0% According to the Central Bank of Libya (CBL) latest figures 0% Residents for the Libyan economy (January to end of October 2017), External assistance state sector salary costs were down by LYD 3.2 billion from a 1% IDPs projected LYD 16.2 billion to LYD 13 billion. Salary payment is directly linked to the country’s main source of earnings, notably oil. Any disruption to oil production has direct effect on state expenditure, inflation and fragile economy of the country. 48 Libya Shadow Economy April 2017 49 Ibid 50 Rapid Food Security Assessment September 2016.; REACH Initiative (2017), Multi-Sector Needs Assessment. 51 REACH MSNA September 2017 – based on 3057 respondents 52 Libyan Household MSNA - UNFPA May 2017 PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

% OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING CHALLENGES TO ACCESSING HOUSEHOLDS EXPENDITURE ITEMS IN % INCOME

32% Mantika Challenge IDP Resident 45% Misrata Irregular salary payment 42% 37% Food Low salary 27% 16% 51% No work opportunity 27% 7% Other 22% 11% 24% No challenges 1% 8% Housing 6% Don't want to answer 1% 4% 4% Derna Irregular salary payment 89% 71% Dysfunctional banking system 19% 52% 9% Low salary 56% 27% Water 10% No work opportunity 23% 12% 8.5% No challenges 1% 2% Other 1% 0% 8% Al Jabal Irregular salary payment 56% 68% Al Gharbi Low salary 38% 26% Health 10% No work opportunity 33% 8% 12% Dysfunctional banking system 30% 21% No challenges 4% 5% 5% Other challenges 0% 1% Education 4% Benghazi Irregular salary payment 38% 29% 3% Dysfunctional banking system 35% 50% No challenges 20% 22% 8% Low salary 16% 4% Energy 4.5% Other 8% 1% 5% No work opportunity 8% 4% Don't want to answer 4% 2% Ghat No work opportunity 53% 8% 3% 22 Irregular salary payment 22% 83% Debt 4% Don't want to answer 22% 2% 5% Low salary 14% 29% Dysfunctional banking system 5% 13% 2% No challenges 2% 2% NFIs 4% Other 0% 1% 5.4% IDPs Non-displaced Returnees Sebha Irregular salary payment 52% 77% Dysfunctional banking system 23% 48% Low salary 10% 21% No work opportunity 28% 3% 3.5: Coping Mechanisms No challenges 8% 2% The population in Libya employs different ways to cope. Other 0% 4%

Almargeb Dysfunctional banking system 33% 61% For example due to lack of food or money to buy food, the No work opportunity 52% 4% population relied on cheaper food, reduced number of meals Irregular salary payment 14% 18% per day, started to limit portion size, borrowed food, and adults No challenges 2% 14% restricted their food consumption in favour of children.53 Tripoli No work opportunity 5% 3% Almost 90 per cent of the displaced households and 72 per Dysfunctional banking system 31% 23% cent of the resident households adopted some form of coping Low salary 14% 10% strategy.54 Irregular salary payment 41% 43% Other 14% 9% Between male and female-headed households, it appears that No challenge 13% 18% male-headed households tend to rely more on less expensive Don’t want to answer 4% 8% food, limit portion size and restrict adult consumption, while female-headed households are more prone to reducing the number of meals eaten per day.

53 Libyan household MSNA - UNFPA May 2017 54 Ibid Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR HIGH SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents

Severity - “WASH service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on ve indicators from REACH, DTM and UNFPA and UNICEF-NCDC: (1) what is the most common water source accessed by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households depositing waste in non-designated areas Severity - “health service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness

Severity - “education service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika

Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from two indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households in need of NFI and type of assets needed; (2) what is the main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs;

Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data from 4 indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have access to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many hours on average do you witness power cuts per day (4) what is the main source of electricity

Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR

MEDIUM 2 MODERATE PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL COPING THROUGH FOOD CONSUMPTION % OF HOUSEHOLDS LEAVING TOWN TO ACCESS MARKET 87% Adopted 6 CATASTROPHIC BY FREQUENCY AND AVERAGE TRAVEL TIME coping 72% 87% Adopted Based on data from four indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM:IDP (1) main source of foodNon-displaced for Returnees coping 72% 65% IDPs in Baladiya< 1 h byou proportionr 3 of6% IDPs reporting; (2) what 73% 12% Rely on less are the main problems accessing foods in markets; (3) per cent Misrata 1-2 hours 60% 27% 85% expensive food 50% of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food 65% consumption> 2 score hours 4% 0% 3% Rely on less < 1 hour 53% 58% 65% expensive food Derna Reduce 44% 50% 1-2 hours 38% 41% 35% number of mealsSeverity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power” > 2 hours 9% 1% 0% < 1 hour 35% 32% 95% eaten perR deadyuce 26% Al Jabal 44% SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 5 6 Al Gharbi 1-2 hours 65% 645% 4% number of meals > 2 hours 0% 3% 1% 26% eatenL pimeri tday 35% < 1 hour 51% 84% 79% LOW 0 NO PROBLEM Benghazi 1-2 hours 47% 15% 19% portion size 23% LimNoit need for external 35% > 2 hours 2% 1% 2% assistance 1 MINOR < 1 hour 44% 22% 20% portion size 23% Ghat 1-2 hours 6% 41% 0% Borrow 22% MEDIUM 2 MODERATE > 2 hours 50% 37% 80% food < 1 hour 95% 93% 0% 6% Sebha BorrNeedow of humanitarian22% 1-2 hours 5% 7% 0% assistance 3 MAJOR food < 1 hour 48% 46% 53% Restrict adult 8%6% Tripoli 1-2 hours 42% 39% 44% consumption so 4 SEVERE > 2 hours 6% 14% 3% HIGH6% that childreRne sctarnic te adtAcuteult and immediate8% IDPs Residents < 1 hour 97% 94% consumption needso of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Almargeb 1-2 hours 0% 6% that children can eat 6% IDPs Residents > 2 hours 3% 0% 6 CATASTROPHIC WhileSeverity basedphysical% on of data HH wonaccessit hfour no indicatorsac cetoss t o frommarketsmark REACHets is generally established, COPING THROUGH FOOD CONSUMPTION and UNFPA MSNA: (1) how much in LYD were you able to consumerswithdraw in the have last 30 days;been (2) reportedconfronted coping mechanism with limited used access to cash— RESIDENT VS DISPLACED due to23% lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges 22% IDP the primary payment 21%modality—which has created new accessing nancial service providers in the last 30N days;on-Dis p(4)lace perd cent of 17% 23 challengeshouseholds in needto market of nancial assistance.access. GreyIndeed, colourReturne edenotess the majorno data. barrier to not Rely on less 12% 49% accessing items in shops was the lack of cash, making many expensive food 8% 7% 5% 5% 5% 5% 6% 4% 3% items2% too expensive for many households. Rely on less 2% 2% 1% 1% Reduce number of 49% expensive food 26% SEVERITYMisrata Dern a- “ACCESSAl Jabal Benghazi TOGh aMARKETS”t Sebha Almargeb Tripoli meals eaten per day Severity - “access to markets” Al Gharbi IDP Non-DisplSEVERITYaced Returnees 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reduce number of 26% Lmimeaitl sp oearttieonn psiezre day 22% LOW 0 NO PROBLEM Limit portion sNoize need for external 22% Borrow food assistance 7% 1 MINOR

Restrict adult 2 MODERATE Borrow fooMEDIUMd 7% consumption so Need of humanitarian6% that children can eat Restrict aduassistancelt 3 MAJOR consumption so 6% that children can eHIGHat 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate 3.6: Access toneed markets of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL

55 According to assessments, physical6 accessCATASTROPHIC to markets remained largely constant throughout Libya with 94.7 per cent of households reporting they had consistent access to markets. Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNAs: (1) did you face any barriers to accessing Access to markets is sometimes temporarily disrupted due to market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency insecurity as conflict peaks. This was notably not the case for and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market 13.5 per cent of households in Benghazi and 17.2 per cent in items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data. Ghat.

Moreover, 56 perSeverity cent of- “eect respondents of IDPs, migrants living and in refugees Ghat on indicated the job market” that they had to leave their city and travel more than two hours SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 to buy goods, because the nearest market was at a great distance. LOW 0 NO PROBLEM 55 REACH MSNA SeptemberNo need for 2017 external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya.

Inter-sectoral severity index Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs Severity - “Explosive remnants of war” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity is based on two indicators from REACH and DTM: (1) is there a visible presence of unexploded ordnance in this baladiya ; (2) number of people/households who have not been made aware of the risks

Severity - “Con ict-aected areas” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance MINOR MEDIUM MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance MAJOR HIGH SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian CRITICAL CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on two indicators from ACLED and DTM: (1) main reason for people not able to safely move from location to location within this mantika; (2) number of con ict incidents

Severity - “WASH service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on ve indicators from REACH, DTM and UNFPA and UNICEF-NCDC: (1) what is the most common water source accessed by people in this baladiya in the last month; (2) per centage of schools with water samples positive for E.Coli; (3) per centage of households sharing a toilet with other household(s); (4) per centage of households suering from shortage of hygiene items; (5) per cent of households depositing waste in non-designated areas Severity - “health service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC Based on data from four indicators from WHO SARA: (1) public hospital functionality; (2) is there Regular Access to Medicine; (3) availability of medicines in primary health centres (PHCs); (4) health general service readiness

Severity - “education service” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from four indicators from REACH MSNA and DTM: (1) what are the most cited reasons for not regularly attending and/or dropping out of education services; (2) per cent of children enrolled (relative to children population in the region); (3) do majority of Children Attend School Regularly; (4) proportion of operational public schools per mantika

Severity - “availability and access to NFIs” SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Based on data from two indicators from REACH / UNFPA MSNAs and DTM: (1) number of households in need of NFI and type of assets needed; (2) what is the main problem associated with access to household items/NFIs;

Severity of energy - (fuel, electricity and gas) SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian assistance 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL 6 CATASTROPHIC

Severity based on data from 4 indicators from REACH and UNFPA MSNA: (1) do you have access to fuel to cover your energy needs (cooking fuel and kerosene) (2) per cent access to electricity (3) how many hours on average do you witness powerIDP cuts per day (4) what is Non-displaced Returnees the main source of< electricity1 hou r 36% 73% 12% Misrata 1-2 hours 60% 27% 85% Severity - “accessibility and availability of food” > 2 hours 4% 0% 3% SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 < 1 hour 53% 58% 65% Derna 1-2 hours 38% 41% 35% LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external > 2 hours 9% 1% 0% assistance 1 MINOR < 1 hour 35% 32% 95% Al Jabal MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Al Gharbi 1-2 hours 65% 65% 4% Need of humanitarian > 2 hours 0% 3% 1% assistance 3 MAJOR < 1 hour 51% 84% 79% HIGH 4 SEVERE Benghazi 1-2 hours 47% 15% 19% Acute and immediate > 2 hours 2% 1% 2% need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL < 1 hour 44% 22% 20% 6 CATASTROPHIC Ghat 1-2 hours 6% 41% 0%

Based on data from> four2 h indicatorsours from REACH 5/ 0% 37% 80% UNFPA MSNAs and< DTM: 1 h (1)o umainr source of food9 for5% 93% 0% IDPsS ine Baladiyabha by proportion of IDPs reporting; (2) what are the main problems1-2 accessinghours foods in markets;5 (3)% per cent 7% 0% of HH accessing subsidized food; (4) average households food consumption score< 1 hour 48% 46% 53% Tripoli 1-2 hours 42% 39% 44% Severity - “Price increase of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power” > 2 hours 6% 14% 3% < 1 hSEVERITYour 0 1 972% 3 4 5 6 94% Almargeb 1-2 hours 0% 6% LOW 0 NO PROBLEM PART I: IMPA> 2 ChoTu OrsF THE CRIS3I%S 0% No need for external assistance 1 MINOR MEDIUM 2 MODERATE Need of humanitarian % of HH with no access to markets assistance 3 MAJOR % HOUSEHOLDS WITH NO ACCESS TO MARKETS 4. Governance and institutions 4 SEVERE 23% HIGH 22% IDP 21% Acute and immediate Non-Displaced Numerous issues, created by a government that was ruled 17% need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Returnees over by Gaddafi for 43 years and the manner in which it was ousted in 2011, continue to impede the political transition and 6 CATASTROPHIC 12% 8% 7% limit the ability to meet people’s needs by successive Libyan Severity based on data on four5% indicators5% from REACH 5% 5% 6% governments. Among the most prominent of these are a weak and UNFPA MSNA: (1)4 how% much in LYD were you able to 3% 2% 2withdraw% in the last2% 30 days; (2) reported coping mechanism used 1% 1% central government that lacks effective democratic processes due to lack of income/cash/resources in the last 30 days; (3) challenges accessing nancial service providers in the last 30 days; (4) per cent of capable of accommodating competing interests, a fragmented householdsMisrata in needDer ofna nancialAl J aassistance.bal Ben Greyghaz colouri Gdenoteshat noS edata.bha Almargeb Tripoli security sector and an economy incapable of redistributing Al Gharbi resources. IDP Non-Displaced Returnees 3.7: Effects of IDPs, migrants and returnees UNDP’s Core Government Functions and Rule of Law on job market assessment indicates that the governance and institutional Severity - “access to markets” dimension in Libya remains complex and fragmented, notably: A recent assessmentSEVERITY found0 that1 refugees2 3 and4 migrants5 6 could be particularly affected by the deteriorating socio-economic •• national-level competition over political influence, control LOW 0 NO PROBLEM environment in Libya, and to the liquidity crisis in particular.56 of resources and the nature of the Libyan state (secular/ religious, unitary/federal, etc.); No need for external Almost all respondents reported receiving their salaries and assistance 1 MINOR realising all their economic transactions in cash. One quarter •• an array of political-military actors who mobilise support of respondents reported delays in receiving their salaries on a along local, tribal and ideological lines; MEDIUM 2 MODERATE regular basis, and another one quarter reported that the highly Need of humanitarian dysfunctional banking system represented a key barrier to •• the presence of armed groups, including UN-designated assistance 3 MAJOR accessing their economic resources. This could be explained on terrorist groups; 4 SEVERE the one hand by the weakening of the formal transfer system, •• local level intercommunal tensions, often linked to HIGH which is likely to affect employers’ ability to access cash to pay Acute and immediate historical grievances, including a sense of marginalisation need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL their employees. On the other hand, this could owe to refugees from power sharing; and 24 and migrants’ inability to enforce their right to receive their 6 CATASTROPHIC salary, due to their undocumented status. In a context of limited •• criminal interests fueled by a vibrant war economy, access to economic resources, refugees and migrants’ ability to including trafficking. Severity based on data on four indicators from REACH meetand UNFPA their MSNAs: most (1) didbasic you face needs any barriers could to accessing be severely affected. market places; (2) per cent of households with access to markets; (3) per cent of households leaving town to access market by frequency Key features and challenges: and average travel time; (4) per cent reporting barriers to accessing market items in last 30 days. Grey color denotes no data. SEVERITY - “EFFECT OF IDPS, MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES The Presidential Council (PC) and Government of National ON THE JOB MARKET” Accord (GNA) continue to struggle with a protracted political Severity - “eect of IDPs, migrants and refugees on the job market” and security crisis and face a series of challenges in restoring core government functions that can effectively extend state SEVERITY 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 authority, deliver services, and restore economic growth, while also building public trust. LOW 0 NO PROBLEM No need for external assistance 1 MINOR 1. Core government functions: MEDIUM 2 MODERATE •• Weak, fragmented state apparatus and outreach affecting Need of humanitarian all core government functions – public financial assistance 3 MAJOR management, civil service, security, rule of law and local governance- but also hampering the ability of the Libyan HIGH 4 SEVERE State to respond to the needs of its population; Acute and immediate need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL •• Inability to spend the national budget and convert it into tangible services throughout Libya, except for the payment 6 CATASTROPHIC of salaries to civil servants (albeit irregular); Severity based on three indicators from DTM: (1) •• No central agency or enforceable laws to manage what has the impact of IDPs been on the job market in the baladiya; (2) what has the impact of migrants been on government employment and public administration; and the job market in the baladiya; (3) what has the impact of returnees been on the job market in the baladiya. •• Weak management, coordination and oversight of international assistance, presenting potential risks in terms of conflict-sensitive assistance.

Inter-sectoral severity index 56 REACH (2017), Refugees and Migrants’ Access to Resources, Housing and Healthcare in Libya. Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms. Tripoli Aljfarah Zwara Al Bayda Almargeb Azzawya AlmarjDerna Misrata Benghazi MEDIUM 3 MAJOR Sirt Nalut Al Jabal al Gharbi Tobruk HIGH 4 SEVERE Acute and immediate Wadi Ashshati Ejdabia need of humanitarian 5 CRITICAL Aljufrah Sebha Ghat Ubari

Murzuq Alkufrah

* Mantikas covered by REACH MSNA ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs PART I: IMPACT OF THE CRISIS

2. Local governance: •• Weak law enforcement; •• Unclear effectiveness of the Libyan court system; non-state • Local-level actors, and particularly municipalities, • and traditional justice, dispute resolution and conflict are trying to fill in gaps left by the central public mitigation mechanisms operate almost independently administration, often through collaborative solutions with from the formal justice system, and civil society, the private sector and community leaders. However, their limited decision-making autonomy, weak •• Armed groups, including those affiliated with the State, technical capacities and low financial resources, greatly formed along, at time overlapping, geographical, tribal limit their responsiveness and ability to address needs in and ideological lines have assumed law enforcement and fast-changing conditions. Only a few municipalities have a State functions. baseline describing the developmental context and needs of their territory and populations,57 •• In some localities, local governance stakeholders have been able to mitigate local conflicts by establishing local peace infrastructures infused with traditional conflict resolution practices (e.g. Ubari, Misrata);58 and •• The legitimacy of municipalities is threatened by the on- going political, security and institutional crises, and it affects their capacities to mobilise local actors.

3. Tension over centralisation: •• In violation to the commitment of decentralisation in the transition period, national power-holders, whether civilian or military, all contributed to further centralising decision-making and access to scarce state resources.This push is also likely to result in further fragmentation of the 25 country.

4. Rule of law system: •• Little or no access to justice particularly for the most vulnerable groups; •• With different authorities and legislative bodies each producing different – and often conflicting – legislation and executive orders, which law to implement also becomes challenging; •• The formal justice structures and traditional networks were severely damaged by years of oppressive rule, deliberately corrupting policies, and the construction of parallel structures; •• The 2014 armed conflict further weakened judicial bodies. Courts were closed and judges, prosecutors and other judicial officials targeted for attack; •• Decisions taken after 2011 to bring revolutionary groups under State control by providing salaries and incorporating them into state security institutions, without vetting to remove those with abusive human rights records, did not achieve the intended effect, instead resulted in empowering new parallel structures within and outside the formal justice and security framework;

57 It is worth noting here the initiative of Sebha municipality to establish statistics committees in every muhalla under its jurisdiction. 58 Ibid, and Peaceful Change Initiative, 2014. PART I: breakdown of people in need

BREAKDOWN OF PEOPLE IN NEED Over the last year the total number of people in need in Libya has slightly decreased from 1.3 million people to 1.1 million. Within the overall 1.1 million in need there are ten population groups who are considered particularly vulnerable and are likely to face a convergence of needs and heightened protection risks. These groups are explained more in detail within the chapter on most vulnerable groups.

NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SECTOR

26 BY STATUS BY SEX & AGE* TOTAL

Migrants/ refugees/ Host Total IDPs Returnees % female % children, asylum- Communities adult, elderly* people seekers in need

Food security 60K 93K 141K 343K 41% 31 | 64 | 5% 0.63M

Water, sanitation 132K 139K 105K 294K 42% 32 | 63 | 5% 0.67M & hygiene

Protection 125K 188K 400K 334K 44% 33 | 61 | 6% 1.04M

Health 170K 200K 310K 375K 44% 33 | 61 | 6% 1.05M

Shelter & NFI 130K 200K 210K 41K 36% 26 | 70 | 4% 0.58M

Education 67K 79K 32K 121K 49% 100 | 0 | 0% 0.30M PART I: breakdown of people in need

BY STATUS BY SEX & AGE TOTAL

PEOPLE IN NEED Migrant/ Host % female % children, People refugees/ (NOV 2017) IDPs Returnees commu adults, in need asylum- -nities elderly* seekers

AL JABAL AL AKHDAR 4K 2K 0 5K 45% 35 | 59 | 5% 12K

AL JABAL AL GHARBI 12K 25K 8K 4K 42% 32 | 63 | 4% 49K

ALJFARA 7K 17K 1K 20K 48% 37 | 56 | 7% 46K

ALJUFRA 1K 12K 0 1K 42% 32 | 62 | 6% 15K

PARTAL KU I:F RBA REA 6K 12K 875 2K 47% 36 | 58 | 6% 21K

ALMARGEB 3K 41K 991 29K 36% 27 | 69 | 3% 73K

ALMARJ 3K 2K 0 5K 48% 37 | 56 | 7% 11K

AZZAWYA 5K 22K 71 8K 39% 29 | 66 | 4% 35K

BENGHAZI 37K 13K 115K 88K 47% 36 | 58 | 6% 254K

DERNA 2K 3K 1K 9K 48% 37 | 56 | 6% 16K

EJDABIA 17K 31K 294 22K 45% 35 | 59 | 5% 70K 27

GHAT 8K 5K 548 2K 46% 35 | 59 | 5% 16K

MISRATA 21K 74K 7K 15K 48% 37 | 57 | 5% 117K

MURZUQ 3K 18K 290 7K 49% 38 | 55 | 6% 28K

NALUT 3K 5K 961 12K 39% 29 | 66 | 5% 21K

SEBHA 4K 22K 0 13K 35% 26 | 70 | 4% 40K

SIRT 2K 6K 38K 11K 49% 38 | 56 | 5% 57K

TOBRUK 3K 3K 70 3K 40% 30 | 66 | 4% 9K

TRIPOLI 21K 65K 5K 102K 36% 26 | 70 | 3% 193K

UBARI 3K 7K 19K 4K 45% 34 | 60 | 5% 33K

WADI ASHSHATI 1K 1K 210 4K 42% 33 | 61 | 6% 7K

ZWARA 3K 12K 450 11K 47% 36 | 58 | 6% 27K

*Children (<18 years old), adult (18-59 years), elderly (>59 years) PART I: severity of needs

SEVERITY OF NEEDS Some parts of Libya are more acutely affected by the conflict than others. The most severe and critical needs across multiple sectors are concentrated in areas of ongoing conflict or areas where job markets and public services are limited. Influx of populations has further put a strain on these locations. Most people living in these areas face difficulties in meeting their needs in terms of food security, livelihoods, water, sanitation and health care. Hundreds of thousands are in acute humanitarian need.

The 2017 mantika level inter-sectoral severity analysis compared close to 100 different indicators across two vulnerability pillars. As a result, 16 mantikas are in “Severe problem and Critical problem” severity categories. More details appear in the methodology annex.

Tripoli* INTER-SECTORAL 28 Aljfarah Al Jabal SEVERITY INDEX Zwara Almargeb* Al Akhdar Azzawya AlmarjDerna* Misrata* Benghazi*

Nalut Al Jabal Sirt** al Gharbi* Tobruk Ejdabia

Wadi Ashshati Aljufrah Sebha* Ubari Ghat*

Murzuq Alkufrah

MEDIUM 3 MAJOR HIGH 4 SEVERE * mantikas covered by REACH MSNA 5 CRITICAL ** Sirt severity based on few indicators from WHO SARA and DTM. No data available from UNFPA and REACH MSNAs PART I: severity of needs

IDPs - TOP 5 LOCATIONS RETURNEES - TOP 5 LOCATIONS MIGRANTS & REFUGEES - Chart TitlCehart TitClehart Title TOP 5 LOCATIONS 146,900 146,900 146,900

74,225 74,225 74,225 62,677 62,677 62,677 42,495 42,495 42,495 42,817 42,817 42,817 32,280 32,020 31,050 32,280 322,278,8075 27,875 27,875 32,020 323,012,0050 312,075,6050 27,650 27,650 30,856 30,856 30,856 25,210 18,722 18,690 25,210 25,210 18,722 181,782,6290 18,690 14,360 14,360 14,360

Benghazi BenMguharzzuiBqenMghuaTrzriupqoliMurTzArulip qJoalbial ATlArilp JoaElbijdala bAliAal JaEbjadla Ablia EjdabBieanghazi BenMguharzzuiBqenMghuarzSiuiqrt MurzSuiqUrtbari SirUAtlb Jaarbi al AUlAbl aJaribal AlAl JabaMl Aislrata MisTrraiptaoli MisTrArailtpmaoalirgebTrAiplmoElaijrdgaebbiAalmaEArjgdl eaJbabiaal AEljAdla Jbaibaal AlAl Jabal Al Gharbi Gharbi Gharbi Akhdar Akhdar Akhdar Gharbi Gharbi Gharbi Locations and populations in the worsened. Twelve per cent of households are resorting to ‘Critical problem’ severity category selling their assets as a livelihood coping strategy. An inter-sectoral analysis of the severity of needs indicates In Benghazi, out of the total 15 public hospitals, two thirds that six mantikas – Sirt, Ghat, Derna, Benghazi, Aljfara are either non-functional or working at less than 25 per cent 6 7 and Zwara – are the most severely affected and fall under the of their original capacity . Fifty-six per cent of individuals severity category ‘Critical problem’ (5). suffering from chronic diseases have experienced a lack of or shortage of medicines in public pharmacies and health care In Sirt, access to health services is severely jeopardised. One centres. Twenty-five per cent of the population in Benghazi is out of the two public hospitals in Sirt is non-functional and the resorting to spending savings as a negative coping strategy. second is working at less than 25 per cent of its capacity.1 In Derna, two out of the three public hospitals are either non- In Aljfara, there are two public hospitals and both are functioning functional or operating at less than 25 per cent of their capacity. at less than 25 per cent capacity. Results from the UNFPA Seventy-one per cent of the individuals suffering from chronic 2 MSNA show that Aljfara has one of the highest proportions of diseases are experiencing lack or shortage of medicines in 29 households with poor (nine per cent) and borderline (six per public pharmacies and health care centres8. Results from the cent) food consumption scores. In terms of food diversity and UNFPA MSNA show that Derna has the highest proportion food prices, as compared to pre 2011, 83 per cent of households of households with poor borderline food consumption scores. consider prices to be too high compared to the period before 2011. Also, over half the households (55 per cent) believed that In Zwara, three public hospitals are non-functional and one is the quality and diversity of products has worsened. Due to a operating at less than 25 per cent capacity. Eighteen per cent lack of cash liquidity to fulfill their daily needs (e.g. buy food), of households are resorting to spending savings as a negative around 54 per cent of households are reportedly resorting to coping strategy. negative coping strategies, such as spending savings (41 per Population groups: Overall, 66 per cent of returnees, 32 per cent) and selling households assets (13 per cent). Forty-seven cent of IDPs and 14 per cent of migrants and refugees are per cent of the individuals suffering from chronic diseases in residing in these six mantikas.9 Benghazi has the highest Aljfara are experiencing lack or shortage of medicine in public number of IDPs population (42,495) and returnees (146,900). pharmacies and health care centres. Those who have access to Sirt has third highest number of returnees (31,050 or 11 per medicines cited their lack of ability to pay for medicines as the cent of overall), as per DTM round 12. main challenge.3 Derna, Benghazi and Zwara have all experienced heavy In Ghat, there is only one public hospital, which is functioning fighting in the recent months. at 25-49 per cent of its capacity.4 Fifty-six per cent5 of the individuals suffering from chronic diseases have experienced a lack or shortage of medicines in public pharmacies and health care centres. In terms of food diversity and food prices, 95 per cent of households consider food prices to be too high compared to pre-2011. Eighty-eight per cent of households believed that the diversity and quality of food products has

1 SARA WHO, 2017 2 UNFPA MSNA: data collection was carried out in December 2016 and January 2017 in 20 cities 3 Ibid: Percentage distribution of persons with chronic disease suffering from lack of medicine (table 4.5.5) 4 SARA WHO, 2017 5 UNFPA MSNA 6 SARA WHO, 2017 7 UNFPA MSNA 8 Ibid: Percentage distribution of persons with chronic disease suffering from lack of medicine (table 4.5.5) 9 DTM Libya round 12 PART I: severity of needs

Locations and population groups in the ‘Severe Locations and population groups in the ‘Major problem’ severity category problem’ severity category Ten mantikas – Alkufra, Wadi Ashshati, Ubari, Al Jabal Al Six mantikas - Aljufra, Tobruk, Murzuq, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Gharbi, Azzawya, Sebha, Ejdabia, Almargeb, Murzuq, and Almarj, Misrata and Nalut – fall into the severity category Tripoli – fall in to severity category ‘Severe problem’ (4). ‘Major problem’ (3). Seventy-five per cent of public hospitals in Almarj and Tobruk were found to be working below 25 In Ubari, the only public hospital is non-functional. In Ejdabia, per cent of their capacity and 50 per cent of public hospitals out of the three hospitals, two are operating between 25-49 per in Misrata (three out of six) were either non-functional or cent of their capacity and the third is operating between 50-74 operating at less than 25 per cent of their capacity. In the per cent of its capacity. In Tripoli, out of 15 public hospitals, 60 remaining three mantikas, the functionality of public hospitals per cent are functioning at 49 per cent or less of their original was better. According to results from the UNFPA MSNA, food capacity. prices as compared to pre-2011 were reported higher by 90 per In terms of food diversity and food prices as compared to cent of households, in all six mantikas. Similarly, more than pre-2011, more than 85 per cent of households, in all of the 90 per cent of households reported that food diversity has 10 mantikas in this severity category, reported prices of food declined considerably, as compared to situation before 2011. items to be too high compared to period before 2011. Likewise, Livelihood coping strategy: The rate of selling household in all 10 mantikas, households (ranging between 38 per cent to assets, as a livelihood coping strategy, was found greatest 85 per cent) believed that the quality and diversity of products in Nalut (18 per cent). Seventeen per cent of households in had worsened, compared to pre 2011. Aljufra and 12 per cent in Nalut are resorting to spending Livelihood coping strategy: The rate of selling household savings as a negative coping strategy. In addition, 88 per cent assets, as a livelihood coping strategy, was found greatest in of the individuals suffering from chronic diseases in Tobruk Ejdabia (24 per cent), followed by Wadi Ashshati (20 per cent) and 75 per cent in Aljufra reported either complete shortage and Sebha (18 per cent). Thirty-eight per cent of households in or non-availability of medicines.11 Ejdabia and 35 per cent in Al Jabal Al Gharbi are resorting to Population groups: Six per cent of returnees, 12 per cent of IDPs spending savings as a negative coping strategy. and 24 per cent of migrants and refugees are residing in these Population groups: In terms of presence of different population six mantikas. Overall in the country, Misrata has the highest 30 groups, these mantikas report the overall highest presence of number (74,225, 19 per cent of the total) of migrants, refugees IDPs (57 per cent) and migrants, refugees and asylum seekers and asylum-seekers population. Al Jabal Al Gharbi is the fifth (61 per cent).10 highest mantika in terms of returnee population (14,360).

10 DMT Libya round 12 11 Libya households MSNA - UNFPA 2017 PART I: most vulnerable groups

MOST VULNERABLE GROUPS The following population groups in Libya have been identified by humanitarian partners as most in need of life-saving and life-sustaining humanitarian assistance.

People living in Migrants, refugees Persons with chronic diseases, Returnees during rst three Over-burdened con ict-aected areas and asylum-seekers disabilities and mental health issues months of return host communities

IDPs in rented accommodation Pregnant women Female-headed Children Youth and collective centres housholds 31 a) People living in conflict-affected areas, or in areas Top 5 mantikas with UXO presence (per cent of people contaminated with explosive hazards, or in hard-to-reach reporting pres ence of UXO): areas where freedom of movement and access to services remain extremely limited and challenging. MANTIKA PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE Benghazi 40 per cent As of October 2017, priority conflict-affected areas were: Sebratha (Zwara), Benghazi and Derna (Derna) Derna 40 per cent Sirt 33 per cent Estimates indicate that between 2011-2016, there have been Ubari 33 per cent 5,891 recorded deaths and injuries from violence. Of these, Zwara 33 per cent 66 per cent (3,895 death and injuries) were civilians. Given limitations on access and information flow from conflict- affected areas, the actual casualty figures are likely to be higher. b) Migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, including those The presence of explosive hazards, including landmines, in detention centres: improvised explosive devices, unexploded ordnance and other Migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers in Libya face a explosive remnants of war has been a persistent threat to the heightened risk of arbitrary arrest and detention, unlawful 1 Libyan population. The presence of UXO in June-July 2017 killings, torture and other ill-treatment, sexual violence, 2 was reported in nine out of 22 mantikas. exploitation for the purpose of work and prostitution and being targeted by the trafficking network. Eleven per cent3 of migrants report fear of abduction and violence. Until 2014, migrants were in a relatively positive situation in Libya (including free access to education and health care) but this started to unravel soon after the conflict started. Migrants have been subjected to increasingly harsher treatment by Libyan authorities, militias and criminal gangs, including detention

1 UNMAS Libya 2 DTM Libya round 12 3 179 households interviewed in 14 mantikas – UNFPA MSNA 2016-17 PART I: most vulnerable groups

DETENTION CENTRES (LOCATIONS AND STATUS)

Mediterranean ea

Zwara Sabratha Al Guweia Shahhat " """" Alkhums TUNISIA """ """ " Toukra " " Zliten " Ghiryan al Hamra " " " Misrata " Tarhuna Tobruk Ghiryan Aburshada (Suk al Ahad) "

Sirt " Ejdabia " Daraj " " Ghadamis

Aljufra (hun) "

Brak Shati ALGERIA " Sebha "" Sebha airport Route LIBYA EGYPT

Ghat Al Gatroun " "

Alkufra, Jawf "

Area of detail

Mediterranean ea

Investigation Unit Tripoli Subsidiary Mitiga airport Tajoura (Sekah Route) " " 32 Al Fallah " Triq al Shook " " Janzour subsidiary Abusliem Ain Zara " " Airport route (Hamza Camp) CHAD " " Salah Adin NIGER " Al Khalla (Khalet al Furjan) " Qasr Bin Ghasheer Twicha " Inactive Active Source: DTM-IOM 2017 Sudan

for an indefinite period of time, and (often unpaid) forced Migrants and refugees are often denied access to basic services, manual labour.4 including emergency health care, and have to resort to negative coping mechanisms. In addition to official detention centres, there are several unofficial detention centres, often run by militias, without The host community acceptance of migrants and refugees is the adequate oversight. Whilst the humanitarian community also a major concern in some locations. In Aljufra, Alkufra and has raised the need for alternatives to detention as a key Ghat, it is perceived by all of the key informants interviewed priority area, migrants and refugees continue to be stranded in during Round 12 of DTM, that the influx of migrants has put centres. Migrants and refugees suffer from diseases, including strain on the availability of public services, which were already communicable ones, as a result of the dire and inhumane over-stretched. In Azzawya, 75 per cent of the key informants conditions in detention centres. Food is limited or not available had similar impressions, while in Murzuq, Sebha, Tripoli and in many of the detention centres. They also face extremely poor Zwara, half of the population had the same perception.5 In hygiene standards and access to safe water. Detained women Alkufra, Almargeb, Ghat and Wadi Ashshati6, the already and girls are particularly vulnerable to rape and other sexual difficult economic situation was reported to have worsened violence. While the inhumane conditions in detention centres with the influx of the additional migrant population. are a stark example of the dire situation for migrants in Libya, The daily protection risks migrants and refugees face in Libya the people detained in these centres represent only a small and the increasing difficulty to access reliable money transfer portion of this overall group. systems to send remittances to their country of origin constitute push factors towards the perilous sea journey.

4 Migration Trends across the Mediterranean: Connecting the Dots. Altai, 2015 5 DTM Libya round 12 6 Ibid PART I: most vulnerable groups

Mantikas hosting migrants Mantikas with the highest rate of persons with a disability9

MANTIKA MIGRANTS (ROUND PER CENT OUT OF THE MANTIKA PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS 12) TOTAL Azzawya 4.0 per cent Misrata 74,225 19 per cent Wadi Ashshati 4.0 per cent Tripoli 62,677 16 per cent Ejdabia 4.0 per cent Almargeb 42,817 10 per cent Nalut 3.7 per cent Ejdabia 30,856 8 per cent Benghazi 3.6 per cent Al Jabal Al Gharbi 25,210 6 per cent

10 Top eight mantikas with highest number of migrants, Mantikas with the highest rate of persons with mental illness refugees and asylum seekers in rented accommodation:7 MANTIKA PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS

MANTIKA MIGRANTS I N RENTED ACCOMMODATION (SELF Al Jabal Al Gharbi 6.0 per cent PAY) Sebha 5.5 per cent Aljufra 94 per cent Derna 4.5 per cent Tripoli 94 per cent Benghazi 3.0 per cent Al Jabal Al Gharbi 90 per cent Ghat 2.9 per cent Nalut 87per cent Tripoli 2.8 per cent Ejdabia 83 per cent Aljfara 82 per cent d) IDPs living in rented accommodation and collective Almarj 82 per cent centres: Al Jabal Al Akhdar 81 per cent IDPs fleeing active hostilities often face immediate and acute needs during their initial three months of displacement. Price c) Persons with chronic diseases / disabilities / mental increases of basic commodities and decrease of purchasing power health issues: affects IDPs. IDPs living in rented accommodation and collective 33 Prior to the crisis, state subsidies offered to people with centres are also affected; many are increasingly dependent on chronic disease (59 per cent are 64 years old and above) 8 to go assistance the longer their duration of displacement, as their out of the country for treatment. With this subsidy no longer resources dwindle over time. On average, non-displaced (host available to them, the vulnerability of this group of persons communities) spend 44 per cent of their overall expenditure has been heightened, prompting the need for humanitarian on food, and three per cent on accommodation, which shows assistance. that they mostly own their accommodation, whereas IDPs and migrants spend 38 per cent of their overall expenditure on food Percentage of persons with chronic disease suffering from and 16 per cent on habitation.11 lack of medicines (Top six mantikas) Top four mantikas with highest number of IDPs in rented 12 MANTIKA PERCENTAGE OF INDIVIDUALS accommodation and collective centres Derna 68 per cent MANTIKA IDPS IN RENTED IDPS IN COLLECTIVE TOTAL Aljufra 57 per cent ACCOMMODATION CENTRES Tobruk 51 per cent Benghazi 36,080 350 36,430 Aljfara 35 per cent Tripoli 15,040 4,100 19,140 Ghat 33 per cent Al Jabal Al 15,827 - 15,827 Tripoli 32 per cent Gharbi Ejdabia 13,040 1,385 14,425

e) Returnees (during first three months of return): In the first three to four months of return following displacement, families often require specific and dedicated assistance to avoid the trap of negative coping strategies and to enable them to prioritise their resources toward laying a foundation for re-establishing their lives.

7 DTM Libya round 12 8 UNFPA MSNA 2016-17 9 UNFPA MSNA 2016-17 10 REACH MSNA 2017 11 UNFPA MSNA 2016-17 12 DTM Libya round 12 PART I: most vulnerable groups

Top five mantikas with highest presence of returnees13 Percentage of women with pregnancies among all married women of reproductive age (15-49) - one year before the MANTIKA NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS survey 17 (Top five Mantikas and status of public hospitals18) Benghazi 146,900 Murzuq 32,020 MANTIKA PERCENTAGE OF PERCENTAGE OF PUBLIC HOSPITALS NON- PREGNANT WOMEN FUNCTIONAL OR OPERATING AT LESS THAN Sirt 31,050 25 PER CENT CAPACITY Ubari 27,650 Ubari 28.5 per cent 100 per cent Al Jabal Al Akhdar 14,360 Sebha 22 per cent 100 per cent Almarj 21.9 per cent 75 per cent f) Over-burdened host communities:14 Almargeb 16 per cent 67 per cent Aljfara 5.9 per cent 100 er cent The limited capacity of national institutions in terms of service provision and limited availability of services, competition for livelihood opportunities, and possible tensions over access, h) Female-headed households: all contribute to a scarcity of resources experienced by host communities as well as migrants, refugees and IDPs. These Among displaced populations, female-headed households are host communities may require community-based and/or often unemployed with no income, making them more likely to individualised assistance. be food insecure. With regards to consumption-based coping strategies, surveys indicate that male-headed households tend to The below table shows the percentage of IDPs, migrants and rely more on less expensive food, limit portion size and restrict returnees in relation to the total population of the mantika adult consumption so that children can eat. On the other hand, (region). female-headed households are reducing the number of meals eaten per day, adopting a more severe coping strategy.19 PER CENT OF IDPS, RETURNEES, SEVERITY MANTIKA 14 MIGRANTS AGAINST TOTAL CATEGORY Top five mantikas with highest per centage of female- POPULATION headed households20 Murzuq 92 per cent Catastrophic MANTIKA PERCENTAG OF FEMALE-HEADED Ghat 51 per cent Catastrophic 34 HOUSEHOLDS Ubari 44 per cent Critical Ghat 22.8 per cent Alkufra 39 per cent Severe Al Jabal Al Akhdar 21.1 per cent Benghazi 28 per cent Severe Al Jabal Gharbi 21.0 per cent Wadi Ashshati 19.3 per cent g) Pregnant women (in areas where two thirds or more of Almargeb 18.8 per cent public hospitals are either non-functional or working at less than 25 per cent capacity): i) Children Over 74 per cent15 of births in Libya take place in public •• unaccompanied and separated; hospitals and 16 per cent in private clinics. This can involve •• engaging in child labour or recruited for military purposes; having to travel long distances in insecure conditions and with and high transportation costs to access services in public hospitals. There are 52 public hospitals and 1,099 primary health centres •• living in crowded spaces (collective centres, with host (PHCs) currently functioning in Libya. According to WHO families) may be at greater risk of domestic violence. Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA), out of j) Youth these 1,151 health facilities, only 6916 (six per cent) are providing delivery services. In terms of overall readiness of these 69 •• adolescent girls at risk of early or forced marriage; and facilities for basic emergency obstetric care (BEmONC), only 20 •• male youth who need safe and appropriate livelihood per cent of the 1,099 PHCs were found to be meeting the criteria. opportunities. For the 52 public hospitals, only 54 per cent were found to be meeting the criteria.

13 DTM Libya round 12 14 For the purposes of this guidance, “over-burdened host communities” are communities where IDPs and/or returnees and/or migrants constitute more than 50 per cent of the total population for catastrophic areas; over 40 per cent for critical areas and over 28 per cent for severe areas. For the purposes of calculating the percentage, the IDP, migrant and returnee figures should be combined, if their total percentage is >xper cent then the community meets the threshold. For the purposes of the calculation, returnees are counted as those returning within last 12 months. 15 UNFPA MSNA 2016-17 16 52 are hospitals and 17 are Primary Health Centres (PHC’s) 17 UNFPA MSNA 2016-17 18 WHO SARA 2017 19 UNFPA MSNA 2016-17 20 Ibid PART I: ASSESSMENT & INFORMATION GAPS

ASSESSMENT & INFORMATION GAPS

The 2018 HNO is based on a comprehensive data collection ensured that IDPs, returnees and migrant numbers are updated exercise. Since the start of 2017, 16 humanitarian partners on a regular basis. For the 2018 HNO, DTM’s round 12 data have shared 30 assessment reports through the Information was used. Management and Assessment Working Group (IMAWG)1, Resulting from the efforts of operational partners, the scope nearly doubling the number reported last year.2 and depth of inter-sectoral data on humanitarian vulnerabilities The inter-sectoral assessment ensures a more effective response and needs is unique in the context of the Libya crisis, and by identifying areas where multi-sectoral needs converge. will provide a solid evidence base for a more effective and There were two household level multi-sector needs assessments accountable humanitarian response in 2018. (MSNA) carried out for this year’s HNO. Data collection for the first MSNA was carried out in December 2016 – January 2017 by UNFPA / Bureau of Census and Statistics (BCS) Libya MSNA and covered 20 cities. The second MSNA was carried NUMBER OF NUMBER OF out by REACH, at baladiya3 level, in eight mantikas and the data ASSESSMENTS PARTNERS collection was completed in September 2017. WHO / Ministry of Health also updated the results of Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) in 2017. IOM’s DTM for Libya 30 16 1. Assessment registry on HR.Info: humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/libya/assessments 2 17 assessments reported in 2017 HNO 3 Administrative region 3

Aljfara Tripoli 35 Al Jabal 35 TUNISIA Zwara Azzawya Almargeb Al Akhdar Almarj Derna Misrata Benghazi

Al Jabal Sirt Nalut Al Gharbi Tobruk

Ejdabia Wadi Ashshati Aljufra ALGERIA Sebha Ubari EGYPT Ghat

Murzuq

Alkufra

NIGER

NUMBER OF ASSESSMENTS SUDAN CHAD 9 12 15 18 20 PART I: ASSESSMENT & INFORMATION GAPS

MULTI-SECTOR EDUCATION FOOD SEC. AND AGRICULTURE

11 3 3 COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED ASSESSMENTS ASSESSMENTS ASSESSMENTS

SHELTER & NFIs WASH HEALTH

1 3 3 COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED ASSESSMENTS ASSESSMENTS ASSESSMENTS

GOVERNANCE & RULE OF LAW LIVELIHOODS PROTECTION

36 2 1 3 COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETED ASSESSMENTS ASSESSMENTS ASSESSMENTS

NUMBER OF ASSESSMENTS 1 5+ PLANNED NEEEDS ASSESSMENTS

PLANNED SECTOR LOCATION LEAD AGENCY TITLE COMPLETION DATE

Migration assessment, and IDPs and returnees Multi-sector Whole of Libya IOM Every six weeks assessment

Multi-sector Whole of Libya IOM Every four weeks Baladiyas profile , and detention centres Profile

Technical assessment of water supply systems WASH Whole of Libya UNICEF Jun 2018 in Libya

Protection Tripoli, Benghazi ACTED/DRC Mar 2018 Protection monitoring

UNHCR, Libya Cash Cash & Markets Urban areas across Libya & Markets Working 1 Jan to 31 Dec Joint Market Monitoring Initiative (JMMI) Group (CMWG)

Multi-Sector Whole of Libya REACH Aug 2018 Multi-Sector Needs Assessments (MSNA)

Rapid assessment of household food security Food security Locations will be identified later WFP Dec 2018 in libya

UNFPA and UN- Multi-Sector Whole of Libya Aug 2018 Rapid city profiling and monitoring system HABITAT PART I: ASSESSMENT & INFORMATION GAPS

NUMBER OF ASSESSMENTS BY LOCATIONS AND BY SECTOR

Multi-sec- Education Food Health Protection Emergency WASH Governance Livelihoods tor Security Shelter & Rule of TOTAL

AL JABAL AL AKHDAR 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 12

AL JABAL AL GHARBI 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 12

ALKUFRA 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 11

ALMARJ 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 10

ALJFARA 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 11

ALJUFRA 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 11

ALMARGEB 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 11

AZZAWYA 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 12

BENGHAZI 7 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 25

DERNA 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 11 37 EJDABIA 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 11

GHAT 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 11

MISRATA 6 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 21

MURZUQ 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 9

NALUT 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 11

SEBHA 6 2 2 2 1 1 2 17

SIRT 6 1 1 1 2 2 2 15

TOBRUK 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 10

TRIPOLI 7 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 25

UBARI 5 2 2 1 1 1 2 14

WADI ASHSHATI 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 10

ZWARA 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 11

TOTAL 11 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 1 30

*Total gure is not the total of each column as the same assessment may be conducted in multiple mantikas PART I: most vulnerable groups

PART II: NEEDS OVERVIEW BY SECTOR

INFORMATION BY SECTOR

Protection

Education

Food security

Health

Shelter and NFI

Water, sanitation & hygiene PART II: protection

PROTECTION

OVERVIEW NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SEX BY AGE Affected populations across Libya continue to face critical protection challenges, including risk 56% 44% male female 33% 61% 6% of death and injury due to indiscriminate use M children adult elderly 1.04 (<18 yrs) (59-18) (>59) of weapons, freedom of movement restrictions and conflict-related psychological trauma. Violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, , are SEVERITY MAP - + widespread, including but not limited to various forms of and gender-based violence (GBV), unlawful killings, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances and torture and other ill-treatment . Groups in situations of vulnerability including foreign nationals, women, unaccompanied children and IDPs are exploited by criminal networks. In addition, civilians continue to be killed and maimed, exposed to explosive hazards, such as landmines, unexploded/abandoned ordnance and other explosive remnants of war, and improvised explosive devices, that affect lives, physical security and access to much needed services. The ongoing conflict and the increasingly difficult socio- economic situation, characterised by the collapse of the rule of law and fragmentation of national institutions, contribute to protracted and ongoing displacement and increasing poverty. This often leaves the conflict affected population in particular without safe and effective access to life saving protection 39 assistance. AFFECTED POPULATION In addition, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers are More than one million people need protection assistance particularly suffering from various protection concerns, due to across Libya and 70 per cent of this population is hosted in five the irregular situation such as exclusion from social protection mantikas: Tripoli, Benghazi, Misrata, Sirt and Ejdabia. mechanisms, breakdown of the rule of law, militia control in a climate of impunity, proliferation of weapons, rampant Populations vulnerable to the aforementioned protection risks racism as well as the Government’s inability and unwillingness include migrants, refugees/asylum-seekers, IDPs/returnees, to issue and validate legal documents recognising their status host communities, and minorities. Women, children, detainees, inside Libya. According to a recent study on human trafficking the elderly, people with mental and physical disabilities are and other exploitive practices on the central Mediterranean particularly vulnerable to violations of international human route, 90 per cent of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, rights and humanitarian law. transiting through Libya have been held against their will The total migrant, refugee and asylum-seeker population during the journey. Most reported events fell into the category is considered severely in need due to their irregular status, of kidnapping for ransom or being detained by armed which further exposes them to exploitation and human rights individuals. Thousands are detained in horrid conditions in violations and abuses. State facilities and directly by armed groups, where they are vulnerable to ill-treatment, torture and sexual abuse. Migrants and refugees in Libya suffer from widespread physical abuse HUMANITARIAN NEEDS and sexual and gender-based violence, including rape. •• Strengthened protection environment (impacted by the The international community should advocate for alternatives absence of effective institutional capacities, breakdown of to detention for migrants in an irregular situation, legal and the rule of law and insecurity throughout Libya) through institutional reform, improvement of detention conditions, the monitoring and reporting of violations of international protection of detainees from torture and other ill-treatment, human rights and humanitarian law, and advocacy efforts and improved access to assistance and services. with Libyan authorities at national and local levels for the respect, protection and promotion of human rights. PART II: protection

HUMANITARIAN NEEDS CONTINUED torture, GBV and other violations of human rights and international humanitarian law, and community •• Safe, voluntary and dignified returns though, advocacy, reintegration for children affected by armed conflicts. ERW survey and clearance and assisting returnee families where return areas are secure. •• Support provided for children affected by armed conflicts for reintegration into the community. •• Information awareness on access to civil registration and available functional services. •• Women and girls, disaggregated by age and gender, are protected from any form of violence, abuse or neglect. •• Safe access to basic services and protection assistance, including mental health and psycho-social support. •• Contribute to the social cohesion and mitigate conflicts between IDPs and host communities through •• Provision of specialised assistance (as relevant implementation of quick impact projects. psychosocial services and/or legal aid and/or medical care) for those unlawfully detained, and survivors of torture, GBV and other violations of human rights Safe access to basic services and protection assistance, including mental health and psychosocial services. •• Provision of specialised assistance (as relevant psychosocial services and/or legal aid and/or medical care) for those unlawfully detained, and survivors of

40

Photo: UNFPA/Sassi Harib PART II: education

EDUCATION

OVERVIEW NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SEX BY AGE The protracted crisis affected 489 schools; of those, 40 have been fully damaged and 26 are 51% 49% male female 100% accommodating Internally Displaced Persons M children (IDPs), thus affecting 244,500 Libyan students 0.3 (<18 yrs) (considering that the average number of children per school is 500), in addition to 160,178 refugee and migrants SEVERITY MAP - + (considering 40 per cent of the total refugee and migrants are children below 18). The start date for schools during the 2017/2018 academic year has been delayed three times for different reasons. The latest announcement from the Ministry of Education is that schools will open on 15 October 2017. Even in the best-case scenario, not all schools will operate and not all children will attend classes in conflict affected areas. Each year, school is delayed for a multitude of reasons, including security issues, shortage of teachers, delays in receiving text books and the need for schools’ rehabilitation. This is a fundamental problem on the education system as children are out of school for these months and it has an implication on catching up the required competencies due to irregularity of school attendance/calendar which ultimately is a challenge in relation to retention by the sector as well as by the students to acquire the minimum learning competencies.

There is also a need for psychosocial support with regard to children are safe and protected from risks and violence establishment of in-school psychosocial support systems for and involvement into armed groups, child labour and early 41 vulnerable children and children and adolescents with special marriage. needs, including children severely distressed as a result of the conflict. This is to support the major needs of the children to have access to the psychosocial support that is essential for AFFECTED POPULATION those that have been through six years of violence, conflict, displacement and insecurity. In order to reach the required It is estimated that a total of 300,000 children are in need of scale of support, this has to be done through the education education in emergency support. The most affected population system. are: According to REACH 2017, unaffordability of educational •• 67,000 IDPs, services is the highest among the top three barriers to education •• 79,000 returnees and 45 per cent of IDPs cannot afford educational services in the assessed mantikas. •• 121,000 non-displaced children Capacity building of teachers is needed on education in •• 32,000 refugees and migrants emergency to be able to deal with the children who have been subjected to stress, conflict, violence (in school and at the family setting) and displacement. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS •• Access to a conducive learning environment for children Similar to the NFI sector, the cash liquidity issues in Libya has and youth either through establishment of additional caused increased prices of basic household items, including classrooms or mobile classes or rehabilitation of existing educational supplies, particularly for the displaced children. schools. Although schools are meant to provide a structured setting for •• Access to formal or informal education to the vulnerable children and youth, it is alarming that in Libya the education children. system is hampered by insecurity, overcrowded classrooms, schools damaged, destroyed or occupied. •• Access to psychosocial support to children including mainstreaming in to the formal education system of Libya. In addition, according to the preliminary data of the out-of- school children study, a significant number of pre-primary •• Teachers training in conflict affected areas on different school aged children are out of school. topics related to education in emergencies. Schools provide stability, structure and protective environment •• Education in emergency supplies. for children by establishing normal routines needed to cope with loss, fear, stress and violence. Being in school means PART II: food security

FOOD SECURITY

OVERVIEW NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SEX BY AGE Food insecurity remains a challenge as the 59% 41% humanitarian situation deteriorates, with 637,000 male female 31% 64% 5% people in Libya in need of food assistance and 0.63M childrenadultelderly (<18 yrs) (18-59) (>59) essential agricultural livelihoods assistance. Ongoing conflict and political and economic instability have negatively affected families’ livelihoods and their ability to meet SEVERITY MAP - + basic needs. The August 2017 FAO Agriculture and Livelihoods Assessment shows that farming, livestock and fisheries have suffered with production declining due to insecurity, high costs, and limited access to or lack of agricultural inputs (seed, livestock vaccines & drugs, fertilizers, farm tools, animal feed, machinery rents, and fuel for irrigation pumps). According to the FAO assessment report, livestock health has degenerated considerably due to lack of vaccines, drugs and veterinary services as a whole (including surveillance) which could lead to outbreak and spread of zoonotic diseases. The fisheries sub-sector is also facing a major challenge due to the suspension by the government in 2011 to support fisher folk. This coupled with high cost of fishing equipment has greatly affected the only income source and livelihoods of small scale fishers. Many IDPs, returnees and refugees often struggle to meet their food consumption needs as access to essential household commodities, including food, has been significantly AFFECTED POPULATIONS 42 reduced as the conflict has disrupted own production and market functionality, creating financial instability and lack of The most vulnerable populations in the Food security sector cash as well as skyrocketing food prices; as a result, the majority are IDP households that have recently been displaced, of households (75 per cent) who are market-dependent have households that have been displaced more than once during low purchasing power and have resorted to negative coping the year, families headed by females without regular or stable mechanisms such as cutting meals, reducing number of meals income, the youth, migrants, refugees, the host community, per day, among others. Furthermore, due to the lack of hard and returnees who also continue to suffer due to the loss of currency, Libyan commercial banks impose increasingly strict their livelihood sources despite their return home. The most capital limits on withdrawals. These limits make it difficult for vulnerable people are 60,000 IDPs, 93,000 returnees, 343,000 individual households and small businesses to access sufficient non-displaced, 141,000 migrants, refugees and asylum- liquidity to support themselves or cover costs, further causing seekers. Altogether, 637,000 people will require food security the various population groups from being unable to meet their interventions. food consumption needs. The changing landscape of the conflict has generated further HUMANITARIAN NEEDS displacement (IDPs) and an increased number of returnees, • The inability to provide for the minimum food who continue to face challenges as they attempt to return home. • requirements to reach or maintain a satisfactory nutritional In the west, 24 per cent of people are severely food insecure, status for 175,000 people. with 62 per cent of the IDP population at risk of slipping into food insecurity. Areas in southern and eastern regions are also •• Agricultural production has suffered immensely from the seeing a rise in food insecurity and are increasingly relying on conflict, leaving people without agricultural inputs (seeds, coping strategies. livestock vaccines & drugs, fertilizer, farm tools, animal feed, machinery rents, and fuel for irrigation pumps) – WFP is currently undertaking a Rapid Food Security 10,000 households. Assessment (RFSA), whose preliminary findings are expected by mid-November, in order to provide updated information •• Migrants and refugees especially in detention centres, on food needs, which will allow the Food security sector to often lack access to quality and high-nutritious food, in continue to focus on the areas where help is most urgently particularly needed for pregnant women, children, elderly needed. The sector is also exploring the possibility of cash and/ and sick persons due to the difficulty in meeting basic or voucher assistance to bolster its response. needs or accessing livelihood opportunities. Furthermore, food is limited or not affordable by migrants. PART II: health

HEALTH

OVERVIEW NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SEX BY AGE •• An estimated 1.6 million Libyan individuals are affected by the current conflict. 56% 44% male female 33% 61% 6% M children adult elderly •• More than one million of the Libyan 1.05 (<18 yrs) (18-59) (>59) population are in need (PIN) of health assistance. •• The overall general service readiness for the public primary SEVERITY MAP - + health care facilities is 36. 8 per cent, which is significantly lower than the target in all regions. The ongoing conflict in Libya has caused significant reduction in access to life-saving medical health care services and essential medicines. The majority of all the public health facilities across Libya are partially functional. This is a result of an acute shortage of live-saving medicines and medical supplies and lack of specialised health professionals. More than 71 per cent of people living with chronic diseases are facing shortage in drugs and one out of five Libyan households are reporting that medicines are their priority non-food needs. Health partners work together to reduce morbidity and mortality of the targeted population by providing them with necessary life- saving and urgently needed medicines and health-care services. •• Increase access to essential medicines, medical and surgical materials. The current health structure’s response 43 AFFECTED POPULATION capacity can be strengthened by the provision of medical supplies. This includes improving efficiency of the medical Internally displaced people, refugees and migrants are supply chain management. identified as having the most severe needs. Returnees and non- displaced Libyans in the worst affected areas are also in need of •• Improve access to life-saving and basic primary health humanitarian assistance. services (including reproductive health services). Specific activities to maximise the outreach of health services via Groups severely in need of health assistance are: mobile health teams should be implemented through the •• New and former IDPs returning to their habitual place existing public health network. of residence are considered among the most vulnerable •• Support reproductive and mental health care. groups due to limited coping capacity. •• Improve ambulance services especially in hard to reach •• The non-displaced affected population are also in severe areas. need of both health services and essential medicines; cumulating around 556,029 PIN of health assistance (~50 •• Support comprehensive emergency preparedness plan and per cent of the total PIN) response. •• Without legal documents validating their status migrants •• Improve access to rehabilitation services, and provision of and refugees are often excluded from social security equipment and comprehensive training for practitioners. mechanisms and denied access to basic services. Migrants •• Minor repairs to health care infrastructure and and refugees in Libya suffer from very limited access to maintenance of medical equipment. primary medical care, mental health care and emergency medical intervention, including clinical management of •• Strengthening Health Information Management System Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) survivors. (HIMS) and early warning alert and response systems. •• Enhancement of skills of health care staff and fast track specialisation of doctors and nurses. HUMANITARIAN NEEDS • Support specialised hospitals such as eye hospitals. There is a huge deficit in the supply of essential lifesaving • medicines that includes non-communicable disease medicines. •• Improve coordination mechanisms of the fragmented health system. Health needs, per priority, could be defined as follow: PART II: shelter & NFI

SHELTER & NFI

OVERVIEW NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SEX BY AGE An estimated 584,500 people in Libya are currently in need of shelter assistance in the form of in-kind 64% 36% male female 26% 70% 4% or cash-based assistance. M children adult elderly 0.58 (<18 yrs) (18-59) (>59) Several waves of conflict since 2011 have induced massive displacement and caused severe damage to housing SEVERITY MAP and infrastructure across Libya, especially on the coastal areas. - + This has in affect had serious consequences in terms of living conditions of the affected population as well as their access to essential goods and services. Loss of adequate housing solution, in addition to insecurity and conflict, is one of the factors leading to widespread displacement. Thousands of people without adequate shelter are living in damaged and/or unfinished buildings and houses, or in collective centres. These living conditions make people more vulnerable and in need of a multi-sectoral approach and solution especially in return areas such as northern Benghazi, Ganfouda, Sabratha, Sirt, Tawargha. Loss of livelihoods in addition to the economic crisis affects the displaced population as well as the returnee and host community ones. Current conditions have affected populations who struggle to afford proper shelter solutions enabling them returnees, migrants and refugees and asylum-seekers. Since the to live in safety and with dignity, this includes affording rental non-displaced communities are hosting the most vulnerable 44 and reparation costs as well as that of basic relief items. Rising population, it strains their capacity to cope with the economic rents are placing many families at risk of eviction from their crisis. Subsequently they are also in need of assistance, current accommodation. especially needs related to shelter. In addition, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers are Among the 15 mantikas, considered as in acute and immediate particularly suffering from various forms of protection need of humanitarian assistance (Benghazi, Sirt, Ubari, concerns, due to the irregular situation and absence of Misrata, Al Jabal Al Gharbi, Tripoli, Derna, Murzuq, Aljfara, legal documents recognising their status inside Libya. As Alkufra, Ghat, Ejdabia, Zwara, Nalut, Almargeb, Wadi, a consequence, access to shelter is rendered more difficult Ashshati, Azzawya, Tobruk, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Sebha), three and challenging for migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers. are concentrating the highest number of most vulnerable According to a recent study on human trafficking and other people (Benghazi, Tripoli and Misrata). exploitive practices on the central Mediterranean route,1 90 per cent of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, transiting through Libya have been held against their will during the HUMANITARIAN NEEDS journey. Without means for social protection or safety nets, •• Access to emergency assistance for newly displaced people migrants and refugees often reside in unfinished, insecure or as well as refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants upon collective shelters. Reduced livelihood opportunities prevent disembarkation, in detention and urban settings. migrant and refugees from securing core relief items leaving •• Adequate emergency shelter solutions for protracted them in undignified situations. Those rescued or intercepted at displaced population and returnees of whom dwelling of sea have often lost or sold all their belongings before departure origin has been damaged. and therefore require urgent provision of clothing and core relief items upon disembarkation. Those in detention centres •• Cross-sectoral solutions for return populations, including are also deprived from their personal belongings and have no access to basic services, shelter materials and livelihoods. means to access them if not through humanitarian assistance. Support to affected communities to increase resilience and restore basic services. AFFECTED POPULATION Across all areas assessed, the most severe needs for shelter assistance (in the form of in-kind or cash-based ones) are concentrated in areas hosting the higher number of IDPs,

1 DTM Italy report: http://migration.iom.int/docs/Analysis_Flow_Monitoring_and_Human_Trafficking_Surveys_in_the_Mediterranean_and_Beyond_adults_ children.pdf PART II: water, sanitation & hygiene

WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE

OVERVIEW NO. OF PEOPLE IN NEED BY SEX BY AGE The protracted crisis in Libya has resulted in continued deterioration of access to safe water and 58% 42% male female 32% 63% 5% sanitation services and essential hygiene items M children adult elderly 0.67 (<18 yrs) (18-59) (>59) for the affected population. The main sources of domestic water in Libya is from three main sources, namely the Man-Made River Project (over 60 per cent), the municipal SEVERITY MAP - + wellfields (30 per cent), and desalination plants (10 per cent). Due to the declining economic situation, the Libyan water and sanitation sector lacks adequate resources and capacities to ensure continuous provision of sustainable and safe water supply particularly in the remote and conflict affected areas. Unless immediate operational maintenance of the system is provided, it is expected that the water system may fully or partially collapse, leading to additional humanitarian consequences of about 4.5 million people. Before the crisis, the water supply coverage is estimated as 100 per cent in urban communities and 95 per cent in rural populations as of 2011, and while the sanitation coverage is 60 per cent in urban areas and 40 per cent in rural areas.1 Six years after the crisis, assessments show that only 64 per cent of the affected population have access to adequate drinking water sources. The frequent electricity cut (four to five hours on most days), damages on water and sanitation facilities, and 45 lack of maintenance and spare parts are the main drivers for The cash liquidity issue in Libya has caused increased prices inadequate access to water and sanitation services. Currently of basic household items compromising the ability of the water trucking is the main source of drinking water for 43 per most vulnerable population, such as IDPs and returnees, to cent of the population,2 which comes with concerns related to have adequate access to essential hygiene items. According to poor quality of water and high price and lack of sustainability DTM report 12, 89 per cent of the problems related to access to NFIs is non-affordability due to high price. Due to poor The water, sanitation and hygiene condition in most of the living conditions, the most vulnerable migrants and refugees schools is a concern. Recent water quality assessment results living in urban settings face extremely poor hygiene standards indicated that 10 per cent of water samples taken from 140 and access to clean water. Those held in detention centres, schools in Libya were contaminated with harmful bacteria. especially pregnant and lactating women and sick persons, are The water samples are also found with high concentration of also in dire need of WASH facilities. chemicals which can affect the health of children. Thirty-three per cent of the schools do not have access to an improved water source. The average number of students to a functional toilet AFFECTED POPULATION is 71, reaching up to 375, while according to Libya Ministry of It is estimated that 670,000 populations are in need of Education standard, the ratio of students to a functional toilet humanitarian WASH assistance in Libya. The most affected ratio should be 25. Ninety-five per cent of the schools have groups are: a hand washing facility; however, most of them do not have running water.3 •• 132,000 IDPs. The general sanitation conditions in some cities and IDP •• 139,000 returnees. camps is precarious. Garbage disposal on streets and public •• 295,000 non-displaced population. areas is common in all the cities. Most of the wastewater are disposed directly into fresh bodies without prior treatment, •• 104,000 migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers. which will have adverse effect on the public health and •• Out of the total population in need of WASH assistance, environment. Sewage treatment is reported only in 16 per cent 275,000 are children with limited access to safe water of the municipalities.4 sanitation and hygiene facilities in schools.

1 CEDARE and Arab Water Council, 2nd Arab State of the water report, (2012), page 146 2 DTM Libya round 12 (July 2017) 3 UNICEF-NCDC water quality monitoring report (Apr 2017) 4 CEDARE and Arab Water Council, 2nd Arab State of the water report, (2012) PART II: water, sanitation & hygiene

HUMANITARIAN NEEDS •• Access to safe and adequate water, sanitation services and essential hygiene items to the most vulnerable people affected by conflict •• Access to safe and adequate water and sanitation facilities in collective centres, detention centres, affected schools, health facilities, and areas of return •• Essential hygiene kits for the most vulnerable population •• Safe collection and disposal of solid waste services in collective centres •• Improved water quality monitoring and control practices across the country •• Technical assistance to water and sanitation service providers to strengthen their capacity to undertake essential operation and maintenance of water and sanitation services and respond to humanitarian WASH needs of conflict-affected population.

46

MUNICIPALITIES WITH FUNCTIONING WATER SAMPLES FROM SCHOOLS AFFECTED POPULATION W/O ADEQUATE SEWAGE TREATMENT WITH E-COLI BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER 16% 10% 36% out of 100 muncipalities out of 140 schools out of 6.5M total population Annex: Methodology PART II: Annex: Methodology

ANNEX: METHODOLOGY

Joint inter-sectoral analysis for 2018 Libya WHO/MoH SARA (Service Availability and Readiness Assessment), thresholds for non-displaced population in need HNO in each of the 22 mantika were defined: A vulnerability analysis framework based on three vulnerability 1. Poor food consumption score pillars, with inputs from IMAWG1 and ISCG,2 was developed as a first step. In the second step, the Joint Inter-Sectoral Analysis 2. Food product prices compared to pre-2011 Group (JIAG) was activated at Geneva and field level (Tunis). 3. Food product diversity compared to pre 2011 A half-day data workshop, facilitated by OCHA’s Coordinated Assessment Support Section (CASS), was organised with 4. Livelihood coping strategies (sold household asset) partners at Geneva and field level,3 in which sub-pillars for 5. Livelihood coping strategies (spent savings) each of the three vulnerability pillars and indicators (using primarily four4 major assessments) for each sub-pillar were 6. Working status of hospitals, primary health care centres discussed and finalised. As a next step, each indicator was (PHCs) and other health facilities divided into thresholds, from a scale of 0 (no problem) to 6 7. Non-availability of medicine for people suffering from (catastrophic),5 Each contributing partner provided data chronic disease for the indicators. All of the indicators (based on the agreed thresholds) and data were added in the Humanitarian Needs Based on the above indicators, 556,0007 non-displaced people Comparison Tool (NCT), which helped generate sub-pillar (within the entire country) were calculated to be in need. level severity maps. This figure was provided to sectors for calculating their sector specific PiN for non-displaced population group. Based on the indicators data and sub-pillars severity maps, a detailed inter-sectoral analysis narrative was produced, which For the overall people in need for IDPs, returnees and migrants, was linked to the Impact of the crisis, people in need and refugees and asylum-seekers population groups, a bottom up severity of needs chapters of the HNO. approach was adopted. Highest sectoral estimates, at mantika 47 level, were taken and aggregated for each population group. DTM Libya round 128 figures for IDPs, returnees and migrants Methodology for calculating overall were used as baseline for the calculation of PiN. UNHCR population affected and in need provided the figures on refugees and asylum-seekers. 1. Affected population: number of (geo-referenced) incidents Sector PiNs: sector specific PiNs were calculated based on reported in ACLED from August 2016 to September 2017, the indicators collected and used for the joint inter-sectoral inside Libya were used to calculate the total affected population analysis exercise (as explained above). Using these indicators numbers.6 A buffer analysis (of 1 km radius) approach was used and sub-pillars severity maps, sectors determined people in for incidents where one or more than one fatality was reported. need for IDPs, returnees, migrants, refugees and asylum- A new Libya WorldPop dataset using the population estimates seekers and non-displaced population groups. for 2017 from Bureau of Census and Statistics (BCS) Libya, was used for this analysis. 2. Overall people in need (PiN): The overall PiN for Libya 2018 HNO is a mix of top down and bottom up approach. For the calculation of overall non-displaced (host communities) in need, top down approach was adopted. Using the following seven indicators, from UNFPA / BCS Libya MSNA and

1 Information management and assessment working group 2 Inter-sector coordination group 3 REACH, IOM DTM, IMAWG, ISCG 4 UNFPA /BCS Libya MSNA, REACH MSNA, DTM Libya, WHO SARA 5 See this file for more information on sub-pillars, indicators and thresholds:https://www.dropbox.com/s/n2anzyv9kladifa/Vulnerability_Pillars_Indicators_ List.docx?dl=0 6 1.6 Million for 2018 HNO 7 This figure was calculated out of the 1.6 Million people identified to be overall affected by the crisis. 8 http://www.globaldtm.info/libya/