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Household Water Treatment Filters Product Guide Table of Contents

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Household Water Treatment Filters Product Guide Table of Contents Household Water Treatment Filters Product Guide Table of contents 1. Introduction ...............................................................1 2. Key parameters ............................................................2 3. Filter categories ............................................................4 4. Validation methods .........................................................22 5. Local procurement .........................................................24 First edition, April 2020 Disclaimer: The use of this product guide is strictly for the internal purposes of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and in no way warrants, represents or implies that it is a complete and thorough evaluation of any of the products mentioned. This guide does not constitute, and should not be considered as, a certification of any of the products. The models and products included in this guide are for information purposes only, the lists are not exhaustive, and they do not represent a catalogue of preferred products. This guide is not to be used for commercial purposes or in any manner that suggests, or could be perceived as, an endorsement, preference for, or promotion of, the supplier’s products by UNICEF or the United Nations. UNICEF bears no responsibility whatsoever for any claims, damages or consequences arising from, or in connection with, the product guide or use of any of the products by any third party. Cover photo: © UNICEF/UNI127727/Vishwanathan 1 Introduction The provision of safe drinking water for all, in an average family size of five persons per sufficient quantities, is a key priority for UNICEF household. Solar disinfection is discussed in this and other water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) guide, as the other main non-chemical method actors, be it at the onset of an emergency or in of water treatment (along with boiling). Water a protracted crisis. With regards to household- intake needs are based on the Sphere standards level water treatment, there exists a wide range of 2.5 to 3 L per person per day (survival needs), of options (chlorine tablets, water purifying which leads to the requirement of 5 m3 filtering sachets, solar disinfection devices and filters, capacity for a year of use (see Figure 1). among others), which have been applied already, across a range of settings. Figure 1. Scope of this product guide There is a need for a low-cost and durable household-level solution and, among other NO. OF Individual Household Community PERSONS products, UNICEF has targeted household 1 5 20+ water filters. However, there is a wide range of filter products in the global and local market, and it is often challenging to choose the appropriate product in a given context. The filters included in this product guide are Suppliers’ claims are sometimes difficult to all known of by the Supply Division of UNICEF properly evaluate as the products have not up to Q1 2020. This guide does not present an had their performance (effective removal of overview of all the products that are available bacteria, protozoa and viruses from the water) on the market, but looks at the categories tested in independent laboratories or have that represent the majority of available filters, not been field-trialled to test suitability and highlighting a few products in each category. acceptability in field conditions. As limited field The products highlighted are examples testing has been carried out for household only and may require further validation and water filters, further field trials could be testing in the field. conducted by UNICEF, as outlined in chapter 4. The purpose of this product guide is to raise Product guidance is required to help field awareness in regional, country and/or field colleagues identify the products that are the offices of the different products that are most appropriate in a given context in terms available on the market and their specificities, of performance, ease of use, robustness, in view of empowering local procurement of acceptability, affordability, durability, logistics and water filtration products wherever possible. risks. None of the existing filter technologies The first part of the guide (chapters 2 to 4) is is a perfect and universal solution, with each intended to help WASH colleagues evaluate having its pros and cons that must be evaluated, the different filter types on the market, while bearing in mind local considerations. the second part (chapter 5) is designed to The scope of this product guide is concerns provide supply colleagues with an overview of for household-level water filters, considering local procurement for such products. HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT FILTERS PRODUCT GUIDE 1 2 Key parameters Before looking at different filter types, it at other performance parameters, such as flow is important to understand the different rate and overall treatment capacity, what kind parameters to be considered when evaluating of raw water can be treated using a specific household water filter options. How to validate filter (turbidity and robustness to turbid waters), these parameters and take them into account or whether safe storage is included to avoid when doing local procurement is further recontamination of the treated water. These developed in the following chapters. parameters are usually checked in laboratories for validation, and are further explained below. These parameters were developed by the Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation • Protection: Devices should ensure 99.9% Technology1 in 2017 as part of the Humanitarian virus protection (3 log removal) and 99.99% Innovation Fund Emergency Household Water bacteria and protozoa protection (4 log Filter Challenge, setting a framework for removal). These are the ideal criteria; comparison of filters. These same parameters however, protection-level requirement have been adopted by the United Nations depends on setting, context and needs. Humanitarian Response Depot2 as part of its For example, in some geographical areas laboratory evaluation of filters, focusing on viral-related diseases are less prevalent ease of use and some performance aspects. than bacteria/cyst-related diseases, thus Understanding the different criteria behind targeted protection against those latter these parameters allows for a comprehensive two can be acceptable. In emergencies, evaluation of the available solutions. targeted protection (removal of some and not all categories of pathogens) might also The parameters are separated into the be acceptable, as some level of protection is following three groups: better than no protection at all. Performance For this criterion, independent testing results should be prioritized over This relates to the pure performance of manufacturer claims. For more information the filter, without taking into account any on log removal, pathogens and their specific environmental or human factors. It of course sizes, see Table 1 and Figure 2. includes protection, which is directly linked to the quality of the output water, in view of Table 1. Log removal and equivalency being in line with the Sustainable Development Goal 6 of universal access to safe and Log removal Equivalent affordable drinking water for all. But it also looks 1 log removal 90% removal 2 log removal 99% removal 1 Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, <www.cawst.org/>, accessed 9 July 2020. 3 log removal 99.9% removal 2 The United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot (UNHRD) 4 log removal 99.99% removal is a network of strategically located hubs for prepositioning relief items and humanitarian support equipment: The United 5 log removal 99.999% removal Nations Humanitarian Response Depot, <https://unhrd.org/>, accessed 9 July 2020. etc. etc. HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT FILTERS PRODUCT GUIDE 2 Figure 2. Different pathogens and size Ease of use parameters can be checked in laboratories and provide some indications on acceptability, however, only field trials in relevant settings can provide a clear picture of the acceptability of a given product. These parameters include the design of the filter, the simplicity of its installation, operation and maintenance, which should require the minimum amount of training possible (ideally self-sustained through clear • Flow rate: The flow rate of the filter product and visual instructions) and has a direct (or time to treat) should be at least 20 L in impact on its acceptability by end-users. The 12 hours (i.e., 1.7 L per hour), with an ideal device itself should be as light and portable performance of 0.5 L/min (i.e., 30 L per as possible, with no disassembly required for hour), which allows for water to be poured transportation; it should not rely on any external directly into a cup, rather than into a storage energy sources, and should include a fail-safe container where recontamination can occur. mechanism to avoid continued use when the filter stops performing (a visual indication, or • Treatment capacity (lifetime): The preferably a mechanism that prevents the treatment capacity of filters should be a water from flowing through the filter once it minimum of 4,500 L to 5,000 L, which has reached the end of its lifetime). corresponds to the basic survival needs (2.5 L to 3 L/day as per Sphere standards) of Sustainability a family of five over a period of one year. This part relates to ‘external’ considerations • Turbidity: The filter should be able of the filter, such as: the filters’ sustainability to treat water that has a turbidity of (they should be durable and have minimal over 50 nephelometric turbidity
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