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The Spatial Distributions of Mississippian Mound Centers in Tampa Bay

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The Spatial Distributions of Mississippian Mound Centers in Tampa Bay University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School March 2021 Politics vs. The Environment: The Spatial Distributions of Mississippian Mound Centers in Tampa Bay Adam J. Sax University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Geographic Information Sciences Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Sax, Adam J., "Politics vs. The Environment: The Spatial Distributions of Mississippian Mound Centers in Tampa Bay" (2021). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8860 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Politics vs. The Environment: The Spatial Distributions of Mississippian Mound Centers in Tampa Bay by Adam J. Sax A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Thomas Pluckhahn, Ph.D. Robert H. Tykot, Ph.D. Dianne Wallman, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 15, 2021 Keywords: Southeastern archaeology, GIS, settlement patterns, cluster analysis, least cost analysis, mounds Copyright © 2021, Adam J. Sax Acknowledgments I want to thank and dedicate this thesis to my family for supporting me in all my life and giving me the biggest reason I continue to push forward no matter the odds. Thanks to Thomas Pluckhahn and Nancy White of the University of South Florida for their kindness and gift for encouraging self-discovery and intellectual discussions. Thanks to David Hally of the University of Georgia for the inspiration for this thesis and his lasting legacy in Mississippian archaeology. Thanks to the Etowah Indian Mounds State Park for sparking my interest in monumentality in the Americas. Thanks to Danny Gregory of New South Associates and Bryan Hansen of the Bureau of Land Management, Arizona Division for giving me priceless opportunities that have contributed to my career. Finally, I want to thank my pets, Rosie, Summer, and Sasha, for the immense comfort they have given me during this transient, unusual portion of my life. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................v Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Background on Research .....................................................................................................1 Overview ..............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: Background to Research Area ......................................................................................10 Geology and Environment .................................................................................................10 Cultural History .................................................................................................................13 Chapter 3: Previous Research ........................................................................................................34 Theories Over Mound Functions and Symbolism .............................................................34 Mound Studies in Florida...................................................................................................37 Mound Sites in Settlement Pattern and Chiefdom Studies ................................................43 GIS in Settlement and Monument Studies .........................................................................47 Chapter 4: Mound Complexes of Tampa Bay ................................................................................52 Sampling Methodology ......................................................................................................52 Mound Site Descriptions....................................................................................................58 Anclote Complex: Anclote Mound (8PA10), Burnt Mill (8PI43), Murphy’s Mounds (8PI44), and Myers Mound (8PI12) ........................................................58 Bayshore Homes Complex: Abercrombie Park (8PI58), Bayshore Homes (8PI41), and Kuttler Mound (8PI10650) ...............................................................58 Bayview/Seven Oaks (8PI7) ..................................................................................59 Bullfrog Mound (8HI12)........................................................................................60 Cockroach Key (8HI2) ...........................................................................................60 Dunedin Mound (8PI17) ........................................................................................61 Fort Brooke Mound (8HI2120) ..............................................................................61 Harbor Key Complex: Harbor Key 1-3 (8MA13-15) ............................................61 Maximo Point (Sheraton Midden) (8PI19) ............................................................62 Mill Point Complex: Mill Point Midden (8HI16), Mill Point 2-5 (8HI17-20) .............................................................................................................62 Narvaez Complex: Narvaez Midden (8PI54) and Pelham Road Mound (8PI1242) ...............................................................................................................63 Oelsner Mound (8PA2) ..........................................................................................63 i Pinellas Point Complex: Hirrihigua Mound (8PI108), Pinellas Point 1 (8PI13), Pinellas Point 2 (8PI14), and Tenth Street/Pinellas Point Midden (8PI61) ...................................................................................................................64 Pipkin Mound (8PI1343) .......................................................................................65 Safety Harbor (8PI2) ..............................................................................................65 Shaw’s Point Complex: Pillsbury Mound (8MA31), Tallant Mound (8MA310), and Shaw’s Point Archaeological District (8MA1233: 8MA7a-n) ...............................................................................................................65 Snead Island Complex: Job Box (8MA1114), Portavant Mound (8MA919), Snead Island I (8MA18), Snead Island II (8MA19), Snead Island III (8MA20), Snead Island IV (8MA84), and Snead Island Burial Mound (8MA85) ................................................................................................................66 Terra Ceia Complex: Able Shell Midden (8MA83a), Kennedy Mound (8MA79), Madeira Bickel Mound (8MA83b), and Prine Mound (8MA83c) .......67 Thomas Complex: Thomas/Hoey Farm Hill Mound (8HI1), Mound Near Thomas Mound (8HI23), Selner Mound (8HI30), and Ruskin Shell Mound (8HI94) ...................................................................................................................68 Weeden Island (8PI1) .............................................................................................69 Timespan of Sites ...............................................................................................................69 Chapter 5: Methodology ................................................................................................................74 Distance Matrix, Density and Cluster Analyses ................................................................74 Building the GIS Model and Cost Surfaces .......................................................................75 Concerns ............................................................................................................................84 Chapter 6: Results ..........................................................................................................................88 Descriptive Statistics of the Distance Matrices .................................................................88 Density and Cluster Analyses ............................................................................................98 Least Cost Analysis ..........................................................................................................107 Anclote Complex (8PA10, 8PI43, 8PI44, and 8PI12) ......................................... 115 Bayshore Homes Complex (8PI41, 8PI58, and 8PI10650) ................................. 115 Bayview/Seven Oaks (8PI7) ................................................................................ 116 Bullfrog Mound (8HI12)...................................................................................... 116 Cockroach Key (8HI2) ......................................................................................... 116 Dunedin Mound (8PI17) ...................................................................................... 118 Fort Brooke
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