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Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, <I>Quadraspidiotus Perniciosus</I

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Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, <I>Quadraspidiotus Perniciosus</I View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by RERO DOC Digital Library Airborne Dispersal of San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), Crawlers Infesting Applel DIANE L. MAGUE2 AND W. HARVEY REISSIG New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456 Environ. Entomo!. 12: 692-696 (1983) ABSTRACT The aerial dispersal of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), craw- lers within the apple tree canopy and between trees was positively correlated with the seasonal abundance of crawlers on the bark. Airborne crawlers were significantly more abundant within the upper portions of the canopy and in the northeast and southeast quadrants. These data supported observations on variations in crawler density by location on the host and suggested that wind direction may have affected the distribution of crawlers dispersing aerially within the trees. The magnitude of aerial dispersal between trees was related to the levels of airborne dispersal within the canopy and the distance to the infested source. The San Jose scale (SJS), Quadraspidiotus pernicio- pared with variations in population density distribution sus (Comstock), is currently a major economic pest at- on the infested hosts, Investigations of long-range aerial tacking fresh and processing apple varieties in New York dispersal (Brown 1958, Greathead 1972, McClure 1977) State. Although the literature on SJS is abundant, little have shown that crawler displacement is generally great- information is available on dispersal of this species. Both est in the direction downwind from an infested source. the active ambulatory dispersal and passive airborne dis- However, Timlin (1964) trapped comparable numbers persal of Ist-instar crawlers contribute to the spread of of Parlatoria pittmpori Maskell crawlers both windward SJS populations and infestation of the fruit (Gentile and and leeward of an infested shelter belt and suggested Summers 1958). Active dispersal of crawlers during the that daily variations in wind direction may be as im- brief mobile period before settling is limited to the area portant as the influence of prevailing wind in the spread surrounding the point of emergence from the female of scale infestations. (Gentile and Summers 1958) and, except in cases of A preliminary field study (Mague 1982) demonstrated direct contact between hosts, is restricted to the tree on that there was no significant reduction in the percentage which parturition occurs (Melis 1943). The importance of SJS-infested fruit at harvest when crawlers walking of passive aerial dispersal is less well known, but this over the bark had been mechanically excluded from ac- mode of transport is often implicated in the spread of cess to the fruit. This indicated that aerial dispersal of SJS infestations between hosts and orchards. SJS craw- crawlers was an important factor contributing to crop lers, as other diaspidids, are well adapted morpho- infestation by the SJS and may have functioned in pop- logically for aerial transport (Beardsley and Gonzalez ulation spread within and between hosts. 1975). Greenhouse studies have confirmed that SJS can The objective of this study was to monitor the sea- become windborne in air currents in excess of 1 m/sec sonal aerial dispersal of crawlers and to identify differ- (Mathys 1953), but airborne dispersal in the field has ences in aerial crawler densities at various locations within not been experimentally documented. the apple tree canopy and between trees. Studies of aerial dispersal in other species of the Coc- coidea have demonstrated the potential role of passive Materials and Methods airborne dispersal of crawlers in the short- and long- During 1981, crawler aerial dispersal studies were range spread of infestations (Beardsley and Gonzalez conducted in four untreated, 35-year-old 'Rhode Island 1975). Reports (Rabkin and Lejeune 1954, Brown 1958, Greening' apple trees located in a commercial orchard Hoelscher 1967, McClure 1977) have differed as to in Sodus, Wayne County, N.Y. The trees were planted whether the deposition of wind-dispersed crawlers was on seedling rootstock at a spacing of 7.6 by 7.6 m and greater over long distances (between 7.6 and 15 m) or were ca. 4.5 m high. All trees were heavily infested at short distances within and beneath infested trees. Ac- with SJS and had received routine insecticidal and fun- cording to Cornwall (1960) and Greathead (1972), craw- gicidal applications before the 1981 season. lers, once airborne, behaved as inert particles, since Plexiglas plates (10 by 5 by 0.2 em), oriented verti- movements aloft could not be self-directed. In short- cally, were used to trap airborne crawlers. A 1O-cm2 range aerial trapping experiments, these authors deter- area on each side of the plates was coated with petro- mined that the density of crawlers dispersing in the wind leum jelly, which captured small-bodied insects, such was often inversely related to height within the crop as scale crawlers, but was not sufficiently viscous to canopy. These trapping data, however, were not com- trap larger insects that might have obliterated the im- pacted craw lers. The nongreased top portion of the plate 'Approved by the Director, N.Y. State Agric. Exp. Stn., as Journal was inserted into a no. 4 Boston bulldog clip (Hunt Mfg. Paper No. 3427. Received for publication 6 April 1982; accepted 4 Co., Statesville, N.C.) that had been suspended from a January 1983. 2Present address: E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Biochemicals tree branch with vinyl rope. Clip and rope surfaces were Dept., E335-17, Experimental Station, Wilmington. DE 19898. similarly coated with petroleum jelly so that only air- 692 June 1983 MAGUEANDREISSIG:AIRBORNEDISPERSALOF SAN JOSESCALECRAWLERS 693 Trap Height e3.5mm o 1.5m FIG. 1. Placement of aerial plate traps within the tree canopy. bornecrawlers were captured on the plate. As a further analyzed by analysis of variance for differences among precaution, all plant parts that might have accidentally trees, dates, quadrants, and heights for within-tree traps, comein contact with the trap during movements in the and for locations, dates, and heights for between-tree windwere removed. traps. When variance ratios were significant (P = 0.05), To evaluate crawler aerial dispersal within the tree trcatment means wcre scparated with multiple t tests. canopy, each of the four trees was divided visually along Relative densities of SJS crawlers on the bark of the theprimary compass coordinates into NE, NW, SE, and study trees were assessed during the season by using the SW quadrants (Fig. 1). Two traps were suspended in direct-count sampling method (Mague and Reissig, in each of the four quadrants: one plate at a 1.5-m hcight press). Crawlers on 100-cm2 of bark on the main tree andthe second at 3.5 m. Traps were hung ca. I m inside limbs (>5 em in diamctcr) in cach of the four quadrants thecanopy surface. and at cach of the two heights corrcsponding to acrial To study aerial dispersal between the four infested plate trap placcment with thc trees were counted. Counts trees,vinyl ropes were suspended between adjacent pairs were taken weekly from 16 June through 30 Septembcr. of trees at 1.5- and 3.5-m heights. Three plates were Direct-count data were analyzed as previously described attached with clips to each of the eight ropes, with onc for aerial trap catches. Mean crawler abundance, mea- trap suspendcd halfway betwecn the drip lines of thc sured by direct counts and aerial traps within and be- adjacent trees. The other two traps were hung 0.5 m tween trecs, was plotted vs. cumulative degree-days away from opposite sides of the center trap (Fig. 2). (Baskerville and Emin 1969) abovc 10°C from 1 March The aerial plate traps remained in the field from first for the 1981 season. crawler emergence on IS June through 30 September. The percentage of SJS-infested fruit and the mean Each week, the plates were removed and taken to the number of SJS per fruit were determined in a random laboratory, where the crawlers werc counted under a sample of 10 fruit from cach quadrant in both the upper magnifying lamp. The traps were then cleaned, re- and lower canopies on 10 September. Significant (P = greased, and placed in the field the following morning. 0.05) differences between treatment means for trees and Crawler counts on each of the IS observation dates rep- quadrants were determined by Waller and Duncan's resented totals captured in 6 days. Trap catches were multiple range test (Waller and Duncan 1969). 694 ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12, no. 3 Trap Height e3.5m o 1.5m s N FIG. 2. Placement of aerial plate traps between trees in the study plot. Results and Discussion and Summers 1958). In the field, SJS crawlers were Peak periods of aerial dispersal coincided with in- most active before 1200 h on sunny days (Mague 1982). creased crawler densities on the bark during late June Therefore a light- or temperature-related response, which and late August (Fig. 3). Within-tree trap catches were has been documented in other diaspidids (Beardsley and highly correlated with direct-count samples (r = 0.88). Gonzalez 1975), may at least partially explain the higher Airborne dispersal between infested trees, although less crawler densities in the SE quadrant and at the 3.5-rn closely related to crawler activity inside the canopy, was height. also highly correlated with direct counts (r = 0.81) and The mean numbers of crawlers trapped on aerial plates within-tree aerial trap catch (r = 0.76). Throughout the within the trees differed significantly among tree quad- season, mean aerial dispersal within the canopy varied rants and were generally related to corresponding craw- from 1.6 to 20 times greater than that between trees.
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