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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI' ASPECTS OF PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SHIMAKONDE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marcelino M. Liphola, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Professor David Odden, Adviser Approved by Professor Elizabeth Hume Professor Keith Johnson Adviser Linguistics Graduate Program UMI Number 3022526 UMI* UMI Microform 3022526 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the phonology and morphology of the Bantu language Shimakonde. This study provides the first extensive description of the language and explores contemporary issues in the phonological and linguistic theory. Along with a descriptive account of the aspects of phonology and morphology of the language, this dissertation also investigates in depth the core phonological processes of segmental phonology, syllable prosody, nominal and verbal tone, and nominal phrase phonology and raises a number of problems which have some theoretical interest. Specifically, this dissertation documents a large range of types of phonological processes, such as V-V sequences and shows that there are many patterns of V-V resolution including Glide Formation, coalescence, fusion, deletion of the first vowel of the sequence and homorganic glide deletion. An examination of the patterns of hiatus resolution reveals that although V-V resolution in Bantu languages has been investigated before, predictions made by a theory of phonological timing do not reflect a universal account of V-V sequences. Namely, a prevocalic mid vowel undergoes Glide Formation just like a prevocalic high vowel does, and Glide Formation is obligatory in the penult, and optional before the penult. The position-induced optional Glide Formation introduces a new pattern of V-V resolution which has not been documented yet. The bases for optional Glide Formation are not clear, so this fact requires further investigation. Second, this dissertation deals with unfamiliar process of stress-induced phonological vowel reduction in a typically Bantu tone language. In Shimakonde, both short mid vowels /e, 0/ and long mid vowels [ee, 00] derived from /a+e/ and /a+o/, respectively, reduce to [a] in unstressed syllables. Reduction interacts with V-V resolution and also with harmony, and reduction should apply after V-V resolution creates long vowels. Harmony feeds into reduction, and reduction makes harmony to be opaque, because reduction removes all relevant vocalic features which are crucial for proper application of harmony. Furthermore, there is a restriction in the pattern of reduction when this process involves a sequence of contiguous reducible vowels. This restriction requires that vowel reduction applies to a vowel beginning at one point from the left edge of the stem to the right, and once the rule stops applying, it cannot restart applying again. Acoustic measurements and perceptual test show that the surface [a] derived from reduction of mid vowels is indistinguishable phonetically from the surface stressed vowel [a]. Finally, this dissertation examines phonological rules that apply at the phrase level. This investigation provides data which are counterexamples to all current theories of syntax-phonology interaction. Although syntax-phonology interaction has been investigated before, this study is the first to examine structures involving a noun before multiple modifiers. Ill AU current theories of syntax-phonology interaction predict correctly, that a noun and a modiUer phrase together phonologically, if the two words are within the same maximal projection, i.e. the syntactic constituent XP. Shimakonde shows that the combination of a noun before multiple modifiers triggers the same phonological changes which apply to a noun before a single modifier. Surprisingly these phonological changes also apply to a modifier before another modifier. Phrasal phonological rules apply to two elements even if they are in separate clauses. These facts cannot be explained by the major theories of syntax-phonology interaction. I propose an account which claims that a phonological rule applies between two words if the trigger and the target words are bounded within the same NP, and any relevant phrasal phonological rule applies to elements which are contained in different XP constituents. IV Dedicated to My Father Liphola (Akanaiombe) Ndhinuûngu My Father-in-Law Mzee (Luis Abraâo) Mmuule ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee David Odden, Beth Hume and Keith Johnson. I specially thank Professor David Odden who was helpful with his comments throughout the process of writing this dissertation. I owe a debt of gratitude to him for the time that he has devoted to discuss the details of the language and for encouraging me to work on Shimakonde phonology, even before I was admitted to the Ohio State University. I am grateful to my professors at OSU for the time that they have spent teaching me and for their deep insight. I extend my gratitude to my fellow graduate students. In particular, I wish to thank mwalimu Nasiombe Mutonyi, Wanjougu, Jen Muller, Amanda Miller-Ockhuizen for their support and friendship. I wish to thank my colleagues and Professors at the Eduardo Mondlane University. My special thanks to my friends and relatives, André Liphola, Rachel, Martinha, Nicolau, Vetito, Marcela, Melita and José. My thanks also go to mana Angelina Mavota who has been a wonderful class mate in Magwigwane. Thanks for sharing a Grande Circulaçâo, Napalm, mângânoôla,farrelo and also painful trips to Shindaano and Kuna Kantiike. In Pemba, I am grateful to Amélia David and Reimgio Mandumbwe. hi Mocimboa da Praia, my special thanks go to my mother Marta Ndoômbi for her unconditional love, hi Muidumbe I wish to thank my mother-in-law Teresa Fôcas for being the most incredibly wonderful mother-in-law in the World. VI In Maputo, I specially thank Bemabé Ngalau, Cristaiino Nandhenga and sivale Mithas who took care of my affairs while my wife and I were away. I wish to thank Daniel Malinda for his faithfulness in our friendship. I also wish to thank Miguel Mbula who was a crucial link between me in Columbus Ohio and my fnends and relatives. Special thanks go to tio Fôcas, tia Berta, Mbinho, Nelinha e Fefé for their friendship. In Columbus, Ohio, I am grateful to Anabela Mabota who provided me with a fantastic time for friendship and love, even after very long and disgusting hours of "puppy". My thanks also go to Amimo for sharing pain, fun and friendship at Buckeye State. My special thanks also go to Dorothy and John Whitcomb - The Americans Popo's grand Mom and grand Pa - for their unconditional love, support and friendship. 1 specially wish to thank all os miûdos da geraçâo sobrevivente de mângânoôla. I also thank the Department of Linguistics at OSU for securing a teaching assistantship which allowed me to continue doing research for the last crucial year. Finally, 1 wish to thank two very special people: my wonderful wife Anselmina and lovely son Prôspero Tuwapo who provided a special support, encouragement and love. Without them and their kindness, this dissertation would not have come to completion. Financial assistance for the research involved in this dissertation was in part provided by Fulbright through IIE-I5951052 Program # 31335. vu VTTA 1985 ...................................................... B. A. Education, Eduardo Mondlane Universty, Maputo 1985-1988 ............................................... Teaching Assistant, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo 1988-1990 .............................................The Ford Foundation Fellowship 1991........................................................M. A. Linguistics, lEL - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Sâo Paulo, Brasil. 1991-1995............................................... Lecturer,