1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE 8283 initial advahtage had they chosen the course tures over the BBC, in which he pleaded the· of all mankind. Mortal man does not have of sneak attack? The Western nations, par­ sincerity of the Russians, the Russians were that power. It can be said for the Russians ticularly the United States, quickly disman­ engaged in delivering diplomatic notes to that they have been engaged fa( several cen­ tled their wartime Military Establishments. European members of NATO, the essence of turies in the rewriting of history to their So rapid and complete was the disarmament which were thinly veiled threats that if they liking and more lately have been engaged that we were caught flatfooted and ill pre­ strengthened their defense capabilities they in efforts to create a new type of man called pared when the Russian-inspired communist would be marked out for early treatment by Homo Sovieticus. We trust that Mr. Kennan war of aggression broke out in Korea. There atomic warfare launched from the Soviet will henceforth ·not engage in the same kind never has been any threat of aggression from Union by missiles. It is only fair to ask who of activity. the West so what motivated the Russians to is rattling the atomic bomb and who is These are the main trends of thought, as keep such a massive military striking force threatening atomic warfare unless a settle­ I see them, expressed in the Reith Lectures in being? ment of differences is entered into, on terms delivered by Mr. George Kennan. There is Mr. Kennan also advances the idea, con­ dictated by the Russians? Mr. Khrushchev's much marshmallow and honey interspersed trary to the reasonable estimates of respon­ recent demonstration of diplomacy by ulti­ between the lines, but this is the basic mes­ sible leaders in the Free World, that the matum can hardly be taken as proof of the sage he intended for his listeners. Russians are sincere in their claims for peaceful intentions of the Kremlin leaders. There undoubtedly is confusion in the · banning use of the atomic bomb, both as a Mr. Kennan's greatest weakness lies in his minds of a considerable number of people military weapon and a diplomatic aid. He inability or unwillingness to recognize that in Great Britain as to just who Mr. Kennan, had this to say on the matter: "Surely basic Communist doctrine calls for world former American career diplomat and now everyone, our adversary no less than our­ conquest by any and all means. The Rus­ assuming the role of historian, represents. selves, is tired of this blind and sterile com­ sian leaders reaffirmed this doctrine as late He does not carry any infiuence in the coun­ petition in the ability to wreak indiscrim­ as last October by a manifesto issued in cils of either the Democratic or the Republi­ inate destruction." All sane men wish this connection with the 40th anniversary of the can Party, the two major political parti-es. were true but the realities of fact do not Bolshevik revolution. This objective coin­ His "containment policy" was draped around support this sweeping statement. Not quite cides with the centuries-long dream of the the neck of the Democratic Party by theRe­ 4 years ago the Russians launched a propa­ Russians, a fact which Mr. Kennan also re­ publicans in the 1952 national elections, a ganda offensive in 'which they attempted to fuses to accept. In speaking of the prospects maneuver which cost the Democrats the sup­ convince free people that the only alterna­ for a political settlement in Europe he makes port of many millions of thinking Americans. tive to an atomic war was what they called this startling observation: "I do not think He has never stood for public office in the "peaceful coexistence." They used the same we know what the Russians do want." He United States, though it is said he did offer loose generalities peculiar to Mr. Kennan in would have been in much better grace and to do so if he could be assured of nomination explaining what they meant by "peaceful co­ surely more accurate had he said: "I do with no opposition. It appears that he is existence." The well informed on Commu­ not think I know what the Russians do rapidly losing what few public supporters nist doctrine knew that this was a tactic want." It is distinct disservice to thinking he had through his newly assumed role as developed by Lenin to lull the non-Com­ Americans to say that they do not know historian. A real disservice to Anglo-Ameri­ munist world to sleep, to cause free men to what the Russians are up to. can relations will result if the BBC listeners drop their defenses and thus to be easy prey The BBC lecture series by Mr. Kennan assume that the proposals advanced in the to internal subversion and armed attack. leaves no doubt as to what he personally Kennan lectures have any credibility on the More lately, Khrushchev announced that the wants at this stage of world affairs. He American public scene. first step necessary to "peaceful coexistence" wants a "clean slate." But he offers no prac­ In these circumstances, the British Broad­ was acceptance by the Free World of the tical formula for acquiring this much-desired casting Corp. might well give thought to status quo. By way of enforcing acceptance state of world affairs. It would be quite un­ sponsoring another series of lectures titled of this condition, Khrushchev threatened the fair to criticize him for not coming up with "The Kennan Fables." This would clear the people of Europe with the specter of atomic such a formula because it would require air and provide a basis of much good humor, warfare unless they agreed. Even as Mr. the instantaneous wiping out of the long because Mr. Kennan has forfeited the right Kennan was delivering the last of his lee- history of man and the immediate rebirth to be taken seriously on the Russian proJ:>lem.

SENATE THE JOURNAL ORDER· FOR ADJOURNMENT ·TO On request of Mr. JOHNSON of Texas, MONDAY THURSDAY, MAY 8, 1958 and by unanimous consent, the reading Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ of the Journal of the proceedings of dent. I ask unanimous consent that Dr. Lawrence D. Folkemer, minister, Wednesday, May 7, 1958, was dispensed when the Senate concludes its delibera­ Lutheran Church of the Reformation, with. tions today, it- stand in adjournment washington, D. C., offered the following until Monday next. prayer: MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE The PRESIDENT pro tempore. God of our forefathers, and our Father, Without objection, it is so ordered. who hast given us this good land for our A message from the House of Repre­ heritage, we humbly beseech Thee that sentatives, by Mr. Maurer, one of its we may always prove ourselves a people reading clerks, announced that the House ORDER FOR CONSIDERATION OF mindful of Thy favor and glad to do Thy had passed a bill the New York Times again must expand, if it is· to remain a viable tensions. In any event, such conferences expressed its own editorial support of and constructive instrument in the must be properly prepared and take place in the President on this issue. As the struggle of the Free World against com­ a favorable atmosphere. Times so clearly stated- munism. The communique from the "vi The administration is not insisting on the Council meeting expresses this signifi­ "The ministers regretted that during the precise language of its . original bill. It is cant development in political and eco­ last few weeks the Soviet Union has made trying to get, and we think with reason and nomic terms. I ask unanimous consent the preparations for a possible summit con­ justice, sufficient legislative backing to in­ that a copy of the communique, as ference more difficult 9Y posing unreason­ sure a more genuine unification than has printed in this m ::: rning's New York able conditions. The Soviet Union has re­ yet existed, a stronger and more direct line Times, be printed at this point in the cently aggravated international tension b'y of command, a centralization and clarifica­ RECORD. its veto in the Security Council of the tion of authority. These are some of the United States proposals to reduce the risks requisites to efficient military planning in There being no objection, the article of surprise attack over the Arctic. this atomic age. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: "VII I ask unanimous consent that the "Despite the disappointment and doubts NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL COMMUNIQUE text of the editorial entitled "Two Big to which the Soviet attitude gives rise the Guns," which appeared in the Times of COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, May 7.-Following NATO governments will not be discouraged ls the text of a communique issued today nor give up their attachment to the prin­ May 7, be printed in the body of the after a 3-day meeting of the foreign minis­ ciple of negotiations. RECORD, at this point in my remarks, together with an editorial on the same ters of the Atlantic Pact countries: "VIII "I subject, entitled "Advice From Men Who "Should a summit conference take place at Know," from the New York Herald "The North Atlantic Council held its this time it should consider certain impor­ tant problems, among others the German Tribune of May 7. spring ministerial meeting 1n Copenhagen There being no objection, the edi· from May ~ to 7, 1958. problem, which were identified by the heads of governments meeting at Geneva in 1955 torials were ordered to be printed in the "II and on which unfortunately little or no RECORD, as follows: "The foreign ministers of the 15 NATO progress toward a solution has been made. [From the New York Times of May 7, countries have deepened and strengthened Controlled disarmament, desired so ardently 1958] their mutual understanding and their unity by all peoples, should be one of the main of purpose. NATO, a defensive organization, questions on the agenda. The proposals Two BIG GUNS is now much more than merely a military made by Western powers on August 29, 1957, President Eisenhower's proposal for re­ alliance. and approved by a large majority in the organization of the Defense Department has "It is becoming a true community of free United Nations could afford a reasonable received powerful support from two of the nations. Within this community, to a de­ basis for this discussion. biggest guns in the American arsenal: Gen­ gree uneprecedented in history, countries are eral of the Army Omar N. Bradley and carrying out .a policy of close cooperation "IX Adm. Arthur W. Radford, both of them for­ in peacetime without abandoning their inde• "The Council expressed the hope that it mer Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. pendence. This development is one of the might yet prove possible, in spite of re­ From their experience at the top of the most significant and promising events of our peated Soviet refusals, to inaugurate expert miiltary hierarchy, General Bradley and Ad­ time. technical discussions, between represents.- miral Radford ought to know what they are 8290 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 8 talking about In endorsing the President's begin to develop sufficient mllitary strength One of the greatest issues to face the Amer­ effort to achieve "unified planning and direc­ to keep us out of war." The House gave him ican people during the next decade will be tion" by strengthening the authority of the a standing ovation. He deserved it. the division of powers and authorities be­ Secretary of Defense and of the Joint Chiefs. tween the Federal Government in Washing­ Admiral Radford's support is particularly ton and the 48 States. The encroachment impressive inasmuch as it is the Navy, with SENATOR KNOWLAND AND THE of the Federal Government upon the States strong support from the Marine Corps, that CALIFORNIA CAMPAIGN since 1933 has been beyond belief. The cur­ is the center of resistance to the Eisenhower rent_Supreme Court, presided over by Chief plan. Most outspoken opponent of the Mr. HOBLITZELL. Mr. President, I Justice Earl Warren, seems bent upon de­ President's proposal is that doughty old vet­ ask unanimous consent to have printed stroying the authority of the States alto­ eran of many a legislative war, "Admiral" in the RECORD an article by George E. gether. Utilizing its taxing power, the Fed- CARL VINSON, who is now chairman of the Sokolsky, which was published in the , eral Government talces so much of the earned Armed Services Committee of the House but Washington Post and Times Herald of income of the people out of each State as who in preunification days was for 15 years May 8 under the heading "BILL KNow­ to leave the States without adequate reve­ chairman of the Committee on Naval Af­ LAND and California Campaign." nue to perform their proper local functions. fairs. Under our Constitution and our system To Mr. VINSON's argument that, under There being no objectio:b, the article of Government, this course can only lead to existing ·law, the Secretary of Defense al­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, a chaos approaching anarchy. It is there­ ready has the power to resolve interservice as follows: fore necessary for each State to elect a disputes, Admiral Radford pointedly replied THESE DAYS strong governor, a man of uncompromising that "I assure you that in my 4 years as (By George E. Sokolsky) character, who will protect the dignity of Chairman [Of the Joint Chiefs] I found BILL KNOWLAND AND CALIFORNIA CAMPAIGN his State and the rights of his people. other people who could arg-q.e about it." Those who know him well and who have This, in fact, is one of the reasons for the Undoubtedly the most spectacular cam­ followed his record in the Senate believe bill: to remove all legal doubts about the paign this year wm be the nomination and that Senator KNOWLAND is such a man. present authority of the Secretary of Defense election of Senator WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND as over the respective services. Governor of California. ·senator KNoWLAND Many objections have been raised against is the leader of the Republican Party in the COTTON ACREAGE ALLOTMENTS the President's blll. One is that he acted. United States Senate. He could have been belatedly; another is that to some extent he renominated and reelected to the Senate. Mr. TALMADGE. Mr. President, the has reversed himself; another is that he al­ He deliberately declined the sure thing and Wall Street Journal of Wednesday; May. ready has many of the powers he seeks and chose to risk himself for the governorship of his State. 7, quotes Secretary of Agriculture Ezra T. in any case the language of the bill is too Benson as stating that cotton-acreage broad; and still another is that this measure Against him are already gathering mighty does not provide a complete answer to the forces, particularly the professional labor allotments will be cut to around 14 inn­ problems of the Pentagon. But though barons who earn their livings out of the work lion acres next year unless Congress these points may each have some validity, of other men. They object to KNOWLAND be­ amends the present farm law. they do not alter the fundamental fact that cause he has supported. the American right­ The Secretary had reference to the the President is now seeking, on the basis to-work doctrine which is as fundamental as fact that certain provisions of the Agri­ of long experience with the armed services, free speech, namely, that no man and no cultural Adjustment Act of 1938, as a reorganization of the Department that group of men may enter into a conspiracy to will refiect the military needs not just of prevent other human beings from earning a amended, applying to cotton, are due to today but of tomorrow as well. living. expire at the end of the present year. The administration is not insisting on the It has been suggested that Senator KNow­ Should t)ley be permitted to expire, the precise language of its original bill. It is LAND would have been a smarter politician Secretary would then have discretion to trying to get, . and we think wth reason had he not advocated the right-to-work doc­ reduce marketing quotas to the 10-mil­ and justice, sufficient legislative backing to trine until after he had been elected Gover­ lion-bale minimum, and the national cot­ insure a more genuine unification than has nor. Then the labor barons might not have ton-acreage allotment for 1959 could be yet existed, a stronger and more direct line poured millions of dollars into California to cut to as low as 13,500,000 acres. of command, a centralizattion and clarifica­ effectuate his defeat. He treats such poli­ tion of authority. These are some of the ticians• proposals with contempt, as Senator The statement attributed to Mr. Ben­ requisites to efficient military planning in Robert A. Taft did. son indicates he is thinking in terms of this atomic age. His opposition has already developed a 14 million acres-a figure which, if im­ normal ADA campaign which is to produce posed, would mean an acreage reduction no arguments against KNOWLAND's character of 22.3 percent. (From the New York Herald Tribune of or fitness, but to repeat endlessly the un­ May 7, 1958] provable statement that he can:J.ot be elected. It goes without saying that no cotton ADVICE FROM MEN WHO KNOW This, no one can know until after an election farmer, small or large, could stand such It is good news that two · such eminent actually has taken place, for the will of the an acreage cut. It would plow under military leaders as Omar Bradley and Arthur people is not expressed in polls or in esti­ the remainder of the Nation's small cot­ Radford have thrown their complete support mates but in the voting booth where secrecy ton farmers and spell doom for the entire behind the President's program to modernize and truth prevail. American cotton economy. defense. BILL KNOWLAND Is obstinate ln another regard. He is stlll a United States Senator There already is a shortage of good General Bradley's support carries with it and the Republican leader of the Senate and quality spinnable cotton, and the supply all the prestige of the man who commanded he takes his responsib111ties seriously. There­ will grow even shorter this year due to the largest Army group against Hitler and, the fact that more than 5 million acres like Radford, is a former Chairman of the­ fore, he refuses to neglect his duties in the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Even more, the sup­ Senate while he is running for omce in Cali­ of cotton have been placed in the Soil port of Admiral Radford, coming from a . fornia. Bank. Should only 14 million acres be However, his charming wife, Helen, is on planted next year, the United States will Navy veteran, helps to overcome the stiffest the circuit, campaigning· for her husband opposition to the pro~ram, wJ;lich originates not produce enough cotton to supply its with Navy. In an earlier reorganization which is always a graceful thing to do. I am told that Helen Knowland 1s a orilliant domestic and export needs. battle, years back, Bradley lashed out at the There presently is pending on the Sen.. · Navy admirals as "fancy Dans," but now a speaker and that Senator KNOWLAND's. top admiral joins him in supporting a more daughters also appear at meetings. Thus, a ate CalendarS. 3408, a bill which I have· family has been mobilized for civic duty and introduced on behalf of myself and six of far-reaching shift. In fact, Admiral Rad­ responsibllity. · ford goes so far as to say within 10 years my colleagues, which would bring for .. the President's changes may not be adequate The Republican Party needs the kind of ward and make permanent the expiring to meet the swiftly changing nature of mili­ leadership that Senator KNoWLAND has given provisions of the farm law as it applies to tary roles and missions. Let Congress heed it. It is responsible leadership which some men call conservative, but which, in fact, is cotton. the warnings. S. 3408 would do three things: Equally vigorous, equally forceful, equally· a revolt against opportunism, against the helpfUl is the support which came from a betrayal of the American tradition of per­ First, it would prevent the total acre­ powerful Democrat, CLARENCE CANNON, of sonal freedom and freedom of opportunity age allotted to cotton from being reduced . Missouri, chairman of the House Appropria­ by those who advocate ~tatism in any guise. Senator KNOWLAND was quite young when below the acreage allotted in 1957 • tions Committee. It is, he said, a "reason­ Senator Robert A. Taft selected KNOWLAND Second, it would make .Permanent the able, sensible, long-delayed, much-needed as his successor to the leadersl::\ip. As the provisions of law which have been ap­ revision. • • • It 1s high tiine we put an years passed, it was obvious that Taft's in­ plicable for 1957 and 1958 to provide for end to this insane bickering between the sight into the man's character was indeed minimum National, State, and farm .. services and eliminate billions of waste and precise. acreage allotments and for additional 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--.SENATE 8291 acreage required to help States and coun­ the Corregidor-Bataan Memorial Com­ merous, but this was not the point. As he ties in meeting those minimums. mission in establishing a permanent has said in his memoirs, "I felt certain that Third, it would keep surrendered acre­ shrine as a tribute to the joint service of if. South Korea was allowed to fall, Commu­ mst leaders would be emboldened to override age within the county if it could be used the Philippines and the United States nations closer to our own shores. If this there. . in the Pacific theater of World War II. were allowed to go unchallenged, it would I hope, Mr. President, that the cotton I desire to take a few minutes, Mr. mean a third world war." His celerity, wis­ industry will get behind and support my President, to comment upon the task to dom, and courage in this crisis make him bill, S. 3408, in order that the catastro­ be undertaken. The Corregidor-Bataan worthy, in my estimation, to be numbered phic circumstance forecast by Secretary Memorial Commission already has made among the greatest of American Presidents. Benson can be forestalled. commendable progress since its creation I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi­ in 1953. The Philippine Government al­ dent, that the statement of Mr. Benson ready has created a Shrines Commission FRANK R. KENT. as reported in the Wall Street Journal be and officially designated the bastion of Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, the name printed herewith as part of my remarks. Corregidor as a shrine. Frank R. Kent, for many, many years There being no objection, the state­ A long list of obsolete naval vessels is with the Baltimore Sun, is etched in the ment was ordered to 'be printed in the slated for scrap sale by the Navy. The newspaper hall of fame. As a reporter, RECORD, as follows: Navy has authority to dispose of these editor, and finally a nationally syndi­ Cotton planting allotments will be slashed vessels, which include many famous ones cated columnist, Frank Kent exempli­ to around 14 million acres in 1959 unless recorded in history as having contrib­ fied the finest traditions of the fourth Congress amends farm legislation now on uted immeasurably to our victorious war estate. His keen analyses of national the boolt:s. This prediction was made to effort in the Pacific. The scrapping of and international affairs; his fairness in newsmen by Agriculture Secretary Benson, these vessels, under the bill, would pro­ the presentation of news and views made who declared such a drop in acreage would him one of the most respected and be very bad for cotton. Allotments in recent vide money and a token amount of steel years have been held at 17.6 million acres available for constructing the Pacific widely read columnists in the Nation. by a law that expires after 1958. Mr. Benson war memorial. This would give mean­ Frank Kent's untimely death brought again advocated legislation permitting farm­ ingful and dedicated purpose to the Cor­ sorrow to all of us. The American peo­ ers to plant ~ore . cotton in exchange for regidor shrine. ple lost a great champion of our way lower price supports. The Corregidor memorial would be a of life, and the newspaper profession humble tribute to the millions of service­ lost one of its greatest members. This men who fought and to the thousands loss is reflected in the numerous tributes THE BANK HOLDING COMPANY who died in the great struggle. It would paid Mr. Kent by his colleagues in edi­ ACT OF 1956 serve as an inspiration to all those who torials appearing throughout America. Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, 2 desire peace and freedom throughout the Mr. President, I respectfully ask unani­ years ago, on May 9, 1956, the Bank world. The proposed legislation has high mous consent to have several of these Holding Company Act of 1956 was signed and noble objectives for which its spon­ editorials printed in the body of the into · law. This act represented the· sors are to be commended. As a veteran RECORD. culmination of 18 years of effort to ob­ of Navy service in the Pacific I am There being on objection, the editorials pleased to speak on behalf of the bill and· were ordered to be printed in the REcORD, tain enactment of effective legislation to· as follows: · regulate bank holding companies. to urge my colleagues to support its passage. [From tl}.e Baltimore News-Post of April 15, On two occasions during those years, . 1958] my distinguished predecessor, Carter Glass, attempted to have bank holding FRANK R . KENT ESTIMATE OF HARRY TRUMAN BY (By Ralph J. Sybert) company bills passed, but was unsuccess­ SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL ful. I took on the project when I became The writer of these lines and the staffs a member of the Senate Banking and Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, on of the News-Post and Sunday American this Senate floor Harry S. Truman was join in the general regret at the death of CUrrency Committee, and after 10 years Frank R. Kent, longtime political writer of we did succeed in getting the present law denounced bitterly and savagely many the Sun, whose column of critical analysis through the Congress. times while he was President of the. was widely syndicated. The law required the Federal Reserve United States. He was called everything Mr. Kent was my first newspaper boss in Board to report to the Congress within from a ham actor to peanut politician. his role of then managing editor of the Sun, 2 years the results of its administration He was ridiculed and abused without just after the armistice ending World War r. of the act. Today we received a 62-page mercy by some of his political oppo­ Others will tell of the clarity with which nents. he dug beneath the buncombe and exposed comprehensive report on the act from the ·running gears of politics and govern-' the Board. The report reviews the In fairness to Mr. Truman-but, more ment. They will tell, too, of the esteem in Board's experience in administering the important, in fairness to history-! be­ which he was held by Presidents and pre­ law and the difficulties encountered. A lieve the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD should cinct figures alike. major portion of the report is devoted to now contain the tribute which was All I can add is that Mr. Kent was a fine recommended changes in the law. A penned to Mr. Truman in the April 29, boss. He understood what was going on. number · of these amendments involve 1958, issue of Look magazine by one of He appreciated and rewarded good work. major policy decisions, and in view of the greatest figures of the 20th century, He was a firm friend to those who deserved the Right Honorable · Sir Winston friendship. I am truly sorry that his val­ the past history, it may well take another uable career has ended. 18 years to resolve these questions. Churchill. Because of the importance of this I should like to read to the Senate what this illustrious British statesman, a per­ [From the Baltimore Evening Sun of April document, the Banking and Currency 15, 1958] Committee will have it printed as a com­ sonage of legendary stature, wrote about mittee print. Thus, it will be available, Harry Truman- because I sincerely be­ FRANK R. KENT lieve that Sir Winston's estimate of our Frank R. Kent was one of the best known in limited quantities, for study by all 33d President will outlive every single figures in American newspapering. His interested persons. criticism of Mr. Truman, by many gen­ column, the Great Game of Politics, which erations and even by centuries: for a time appeared exclusively in the Sun and which has been widely syndicated for THE CORREGIDOR-BATAAN Here are the words of Winston Church­ more than 20 years, was one of the most ·MEMORIAL COMMISSION ill, in analyzing the Korean emergency: quoted commentaries on the Washington These bare facts encompass a momentous scene. When Mr: Kent began writing this Mr. MORTON. Mr. President, several and historic decision by President Truman. feature, the Washington column was a rarity. days ago the senior Senator of Wisconsin Within the briefest interval of the news of He was a pioneer in a field which has now [Mr. WILEY] introduced a bill the Baltimore Sun papers, during the First World War. Later he was a and sociable a person ever to look down on which he joined in 1900, Mr. Kent was gra· foreign correspondent for a time and he then any category of human beings, even poli· cious, gentle, charming, witty; a shrewd, returned to this country to start his work as ticians. He was indeed the friend and con­ conservative and competent commentator on a · columnist. Meanwhile, he had written a fidant of many important politicos, local and the "great game" he knew and loved so well. book describing the operation of a city ma­ national; but these valuable and instructive His place in American political reporting chine and called the Great Game of Politics. friendships never obliged him to . take the and comment cannot be filled. It was to give the name to his column. The politicos at their own valuation or to for­ volume achieved great success and was ex­ feit his own perspective and sense of de­ [From the Charles.ton (S. C.) · News and tensively used in classes in political science. tachment. He was in his way an acute psy­ Courier of April 16, 1958] Mr. Kent wrote a number of other books, in­ chologist and understood that in their pro­ cluding a history of the Democratic Party, fessional function of alarming and confusing FRANK R. KENT but none attained the popularity of the the voters the politicians not infrequently For more than 30 years the political re­ Great Game of Politics. managed to alarm and confuse themselves. porting of columnist Frank R. Kent, who Mr. Kent cherished throughout his life a Probably nobody in the United States has died in Baltimore Monday at the age of 80, warm admiration for Woodrow Wilson, and understood the mentality of politicians and was a feature of the Sunday editorial page his political philosophy derived in no small the day-to-day operations of political ma­ of the News and Courier. Our readers knew measure from the Democratic President who chines in a democratic society more clearly Frank Richardson Kent as a reporter with led the country during the First World War. than Frank Kent. This is the main reason a vast knowledge of things political and as It owed something, too, to Gov. Albert C. why his celebrated treatise on the great a man with a spirit of integrity that served Ritchie, who was one of Mr. Kent's close game of politics remains to this day re­ as a light to his profession. friends during his long period in public of­ quired reading in almost every university Mr. Kent was one of the first syndicated fice. It was because he believed that the New course in political science. political columnists in this country. He Deal under President Franklin D. Roosevelt Thus it was with some sadness that many helped set the pattern of objective national deviated from the Democratic philosophy as of his admirers observed the gradual sur­ political coverage that is the pride of the it hf,td been developed during the Wilson era, render of his old detachment and saw him American press. Though on close personal that Mr. Kent became such an outspoken become emotionally involved, besides intel­ terms with the leaders in political life, he critic of Democratic administrations between lectually inter-ested, in the sharp and bitter called his shots as he saw them. He re­ 1933 and 1953. polltica-1 cleavages that followed the Roose­ ported new.s developments regardless of the Not only a trenchant writer, Mr. Kent was velt New Deal of t:tre 1930's. He became, effect on personal friends. also a warm human personality who enjoyed. like his old friend and associate, H. L. · Tho:ugh completely objective in his re­ life in general and especially newspaper life_ Mencken, less and less the satirical ·analyst porting, Mr. Kent was a man of ideas. and and association with newspapermen; His­ and more and more the apologist· for a po­ conviction. He believed in the Constitution intimates knew him as a vivacious conversa­ litical point of view. Perhaps it was the and States rights. For years he spoke out tionalist, an excellent raconteur, a loyal' uncritical-and, as it may have seemed, al­ against the socialist state and the corrupt­ friend. His passing will be -mourned by 'his most unprofessional-enthusiasm of- many ing 1nfiuence _of vast Federal spending·. _ colleagues on the Sun papers, by newspaper-· of his younger colleagues for radical innova­ He was the author of a number- of books. men, and .by- men in -public life _throughout tion that impelled Mr. Kent into his ulti­ The most famous is The Great Game of· the Nation and by hundreds of lifelong as-. mate position as a champion and spokesman Politics, which provided ·the title for his sociates in Baltimore and thToughout Mary­ of the ultraconservative right. Yet even in syndicated column. His books · are still land. this role he preserved many admirable pro- . pertinent to present-day problems. Without fessional qualities; and one of these was a Grease, published in the mid-1930's, is per-· (From the Washington Eveni-ng Star of April manner of writing 'both remarkable and en­ haps the finest analysis of the New Deal­ 16, 1958] viable for its ~larity and vigor. and its evil effects on American political institutions. He made clear how the un· FRANK R. KENT precedented spending by Roosevelt's WPA He lived in an age of tremendous change. LFrom the Roanoke (Va.) Times of April 17, director, Harry Hopkins, was a cancer, eat­ Yet Frank R. Kent, now dead at 80, was 1958) ing at the independence of the States. never a man to accommodate himself to the _ FRANK R. ~ENT, A GREAT JOURNALIST Mr.. Kent was long associated with the transient mood or the shifting scene. Frank R. Kent began his newspaper career Baltimore Sun and contributed to its growth For almost 60 years this newspaperman­ before the turn of the century and con­ and reputation as a great newspaper. He and surely he would have resented any other tinued in it for nearly 60 years. His death in will be missed by his associates on the Sun; descriptive term-identified himself with the_ Baltimore· Tuesday at the age of 80 removes the newspaper profession, and believers in Baltimore S1,1n papers. He ranged the field­ an outstanding figure from American jour­ the political traditions of this country. - reporter, editor, columnist. For 35 years the. nalism and one of the keenest observers of name of Frank Kent was synonymous with the political scene. the Great Game of Politics-the title of the Millions knew him through his column, THE POWER TOT~ AND DESTROY column which he originated and which was. The Great Game of Politics, written for the published for many years by 140 newspapers, · Baltimore Sun, the newspaper wltll ·which Mr. BUTLER. Mr. President, one fact including the Sunday Star. he spent most o~ his working years, and which is all too evident is that we are This was a column of pointed comment and. syndicated to more than 100 other papers. now confronted with a definite· business strong opinion. Whether one agreed or dis­ The column was a product of his observa· recession. In recent weeks the Congress a~eed, and many disagreed, every reader tion of practical poll tics. Few commentators knew where Frank Kent stood. on any issue has been deluged with proposals for have written with greater insight. Few have more Government spending, which in with which he chose to deal. For the most equaled him in intimate knowledge of the turn means more Government debt. un­ part, he stood with the political philosophy subject or expressed themselv~s with greater which passed out with the HooYer adminis­ vlgor and clarity. less we halt this trend soon, it may be tration. Mr; Kent- might well have served His column became the basis of a book by too late. as the model for Herbert Hoover's rugged the same title, perhaps the best known of a A free enterprise economy requires in­ individualism. For he was truly rugged­ number which he authored. A measure of centives. The present tax structure was rugged in his beliefs, in his friendships, and its merit is the fact that it continues t.o be in his loyalties. At the same time he was a designed not primarily to produce reve­ regarded in lnstltutlons of higher learning nue but to create the illusion that only kindly man, a ,warm and gracious colleague. as one of the most authoritative texts in its Arthur Krock put it well when, in 1947, he field. the wealthy assume the major burden of 8aid of Frank Kent: "He always-practiced He had strong convictions and wrote with taxation. The true fact that more than journalism as the trade of a gentleman." fearlessness and fairness. As an interpreter 50 percent of all personal Federal in­ of political events he was exceptional in un­ come taxes comes from persons earning (From the -washington Post and Times derstanding and grasp of his subject. The from $600 to $10,000 a year should startle Herald of April 17, 1958] name of Frank R. Kent will long be ven­ those who advocate more and more gov­ ~rated in th~ profession of journalism. FRANK R. KENT ernmental intervention and control over Frank Richardson Kent was born early our competitive enterprise system. . enough to have belonged to the school of [From the Pittsburgh (Pa.) Press of April · As we know, the present corporate in­ political journalism that included the late 17, 1958) come tax takes 52 percent of every profit Frank SimQnds and the late Samuel Blythe. FRANK R. K-ENT dollar. When the remaining profits after To both Simonds and Blythe has been at­ The newspaper business has lost a great taxes are distributed as dividends, they tributed the famous maxim-t~o often gentleman of the press~ are taxed again as personal income. The quoted in newspaper offtces of a generation The death of Frank R. Kent, at 80, w111 or two ago-to the effect that "there is only individual income tax . rates rise to the be mourned across the Nation by readers of fantastic .figure of 91 percent. such a 1958 ·cONGRESSIONAL: RECORD--SENATE l'ate structure does not preduce the max­ must discover how to generate employment and short-term investments in the last 10 imum revenue. It merely deters the ex­ within its own means or confess that it has years. pansion or our economy. It defers the become the helpless victim of war booms Thus new financing methods will be a shot and the slumps that follow boomtime infla­ in the arm for the railroads and will enable creation of m·ore. jobs in private enter­ tion. them to modernize and cut costs, but this is prise. This course of logic would be odious to the only one phase of the problem. Those individuals whose income falls creeping socializers who have been using the The fact that Government-guaranteed in the high tax brackets have long since taxing power of the United States to make loans are needed suggest that private lenders lost any interest in investing their re­ the country dependent on government. consider loans to railroads too risky a ven­ eources in risk enterprises. They can, They would scream that they and their fol­ ture. If this be true, we may assume that instead, finance governmental activities lowers were being betrayed. the Government will have to make good on They would be right. some of the loans-in short, a Government through the purchase of tax-exempt subsidy. It That is the issue on which tax reform bonds. is ironic that the Congress would be hammered out if it could be dis­ Railroads are a basic part of the country's could have created a tax structure which cussed on its merits, instead of in an atmos­ transportation system but before we let sub­ penalizes the investment of funds in the phere of ideological hysteria. The creeping sidy become a permanent part of the railroad creation of jobs in the private sector of socializers would like to maintain that at­ economy, the Government ought to take a our economy- while providing special re­ mosphere. They thrive in it. Why shouldn't ~ook at other phases of the problem sug­ wards to those who are willing and able they be betrayed. gested by hearings before a Senate Inter­ to :fmance the Government sector. · They want to make it appear that jobs can state and Foreign Commerce Subcommittee. It is obvious that under such condi­ be made only by politicians pulling strings There is serious question whether the and manipulating the economy. They do railroads are not more completely regulated tions our present income-tax rate struc­ not want it to be discovered, though the evi­ than competing forms of transportation. ture makes no sense. It cannot yield dence is plain to see, that jobs can be made There is question whether mergers of some of the maximum revenue necessary to op­ in this country only by capital investment the major roads or at least a higher degree erate the Federal Government without a that makes it possible to produce the wealth of cooperation could not be allowed without deficit. It is essential that this structure which gives the politicians the money they fostering monopoly. It must be remembered be reformed with only one end in view­ spend. that railroads are not in the dominant and United States Steel, which expects to pay hence potentially monopolistic position to provide t:tie maximum yield in ea.ch which brought about some of these regula­ tax bracket with the least deterrent on more than $400 million in taxes this year, has earned the right to be heard as sympatheti­ tions many years ago. either consumer spending or investment cally in Washington as the creeping social­ In other words, there is good reason to in productive facilities. This is a task izers who speak with the loudest voices. believe that the entire system of regulation, which the Congress must undertake. ratemaking, and control of the transporta­ There is a general awareness of the tion industry needs to be brought up to importance of this problem, as evidenced date. EFFORTS OF SURFACE TRANSPOR­ If the Government-guaranteed loans can by an excellent· editorial, The Power To TATION SUBCOMMITTEE TO be the first step in revitalization of the rail­ Tax and Destroy, which appeared in the roads, then it can be applauded. But this East Liverpool ·(Ohio) Review of March SOLVE PROBLEMS OF AMERICAN temporary shot in the arm should not lull us 20, 1958. I ask unanimous consent that RAILROADS to sleep and postpone indefinitely real re· this editorial may be printed in the Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, on forma that are needed. RECORD at this point. May 7 an effective statement was made There being no objection, the editorial by the distinguished junior Senator FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY OF WAR­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORI}, from Missouri [Mr. SYMINGTON] in praise SAW GHETTO UPRISING as follows: of the diligent and thorough job Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, during THE POWER To TAX AND DESTROY performed by our able colleague from the weeks between April 19 and May 16 It is not too much to hope that Members Florida [Mr. SMATHERS], with respect to we commemorate the 15th anniversary of Congress and the Federal Government who his hearings in quest of a solution to the of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, that ·are wrestling with the theory of tax reduc­ urgent and critical problems confronting -tion to rout a recession may read the annual event during the height of World War II the railroads of the United States. an almost unarmed and desperate Jew­ ·report of the United States Steel Corp., which I should like to associate myself with has been distributed widely. ish remnant herded into the ghetto at Now is the time, while the minds of these .what the Senator from Missouri [Mr. Warsaw rose against their Nazi cap­ people are receptive to the idea of using the SYMINGTON] has said about the Senator tors, choosing death through battle power to tax to stimulate buying power, to from Florida [Mr. SMATHERS]. No mod­ rather than to submit to the extermi­ ·give attention to using taxing power to ern nation can be strong, either in war nation which had been the fate of so stimulate job-making power. or in peace, without railroad systems many of their coreligionists. The War­ That is, after all, what they are trying to which are efficient and solvent. The do-make jobs. - saw Ghetto uprising, which itself began Senator from. Florida [Mr. SMATHERS] on an anniversary of freedom, Passover If they would give as much consideration ·and his colleagues on the Senate Sur­ to doing it directly as they are giving to eve, 1943, is an event marking indelibly doing it indirectly-that is, in a way calcu­ face Transportation Subcommittee have in history man's indomitable spirit lated to make votes--they could spark a mo­ made a definite contribution toward that and his eternal fight against tyranny mentous tax reform in the United States. goal. for human dignity and freedom. They might .even arrive by logic. at the con­ Inasmuch as we are discussing this · Today all that remains of Poland's clusion that the most politically popular vital question, which confronts all 48 prewar Jewish population of 3,300,000 thing they could do right now would be to States, I ask unanimous consent to have are 30,000, the climax to 1,000 years of stimulate job-making power directly. printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an Jewish life in Poland. Their logic would begin with this state­ informative editorial from the Oregon The tale of heroism which repre­ ment in the United States Steel report: Journal, of Portland, Oreg., for April 27, "It should ever be remembered that a new sented the uprising in the Warsaw self-sustaining productive job-of which we 1958, entitled "Railroads and Their . Ghetto has been told time and again. will need millions in years to come-can Problems." ·The Warsaw Ghetto uprising was the come into existence only when money is There being no objection, the editorial high, dramatic point of the resistance risked to purchase tools of production, thus was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, against the extermination by the Nazis creating the envirom.nen~ in which a man as follows: · of 6 million, an estimated one-third of ·may produce the marketable values to cover the Jews in the world. There were up­ · his continuing· wage and tlie investor's com­ RAILROADS AND THEIR PROBLEMS pensation." Proposal of the Eisenhower administration risings by the unar~ed few against the Logic then would open their . minds to a for Federal guarantee of loans to railroads up . armed many elsewhere but what hap­ basic understanding of the effect of existing to $700 million may help the financially, pened in Warsaw was so dramatic as to · tax laws that penalize efficient production by hard-pressed railroads but it is a long way symbolize the resistance effort. , t axing it at the highest rates; that penalize from a solution of the problems which beset In october 1940 the Nazi Germans the possessors of potential investment capi­ this important segment of our transporta- herded most of Warsaw's 3.30,000 Jews t al by p~nishi~ them for possessing it; that tion industry. . into a. ghetto separated by barbed wire p enalize industdalism by draining away from It is true that mortgages on equipment and high walls. Beginning in mid­ it the means of replacing its tools. have become just about tlie only means by summer, 1942, the Nazis began deport"­ The end of their iogical approach would be which the railroads can raise funds and that the realization that the United States either ·there has been a constant shrinkage of cash ing these unfortunates, plus other Jews 8294. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE May 8. from all over Europe who had been con­ tn a way which will make lt quite clear what weeks ago. Then 1 had the good fortune to fined in the Warsaw Ghetto, to the mass the retaliation is for. Our closest allies visit Stratford. must at least understand the degree of re­ This was when I was in Washington last extermination camps. The deportees sponsibility for such apathy in case of an month to attend the annual convention of and the community had been under the unparalleled crime committed by the Nazis the American Society of Newspaper Editors. impression that they were destined f?r against a whole nation of which the tragic Mrs. John A. Kennedy, wife of the publisher labor details until rumors began to Sift epilog is being enacted now. The heroic and editor in chief of the Argus-Leader, too, back as to the actual fate of those sent rising without precedent in history of the was there. She is the South Dakota member away. · doomed sons of the ghetto should at last of the board of directors in charge of Strat­ A minor revolt in January 1943 had awaken the world to deeds commensurate ford and she hoped that I would find time with the gravity of the hour. while in the East to drive down into Virginia been cruelly suppressed by the Nazis. On behalf of the central committee of the to see it. This I did, along with Mrs. Chris­ When, in the sl;>ring of that year, it was Jewish Labor Movement in Poland: topherson and Senator and Mrs. KARL MUNDT, realized that the Germans meant to ex­ BEREZOWSKI. All of us were delighted that we made the terminate the remaining 40,000 to 50,000 On behalf of the Jewish National Council: journey because Stratford is truly remark­ and the stories of deportation for labor BoROWSKI. able in its distinction, its atmosphere, and were mere fabrications to lull into a Mr. JAVITS. As there is a lesson the its quality-much more than just another false sense of security those left behind, world has observed from the Warsaw old home refurbished to lure tourists. the remnants decided to fight to the Ghetto uprising-that of man's indom­ BUILT IN 1725-30 death rather than submit to slaughter. itable spirit in his eternal struggle for Stratford Hall is the ancestral home of the Ill-armed, ill-prepared and with almost human dignity and freedom-so there is notably famous Lee family. It was built be­ no hope of survival against the soldiers a lesson which is significant in the com­ tween 1725 and 1730 by Thomas Lee, a grand­ of the Nazi army that had swept across son of Richard Lee who first arrived in the all Europe, they fought. memoration of this 15th anniversary. United States in 1641. Those who mark it and who mourn for Subsequently it was the birthplace of Rich­ The revolt· began in the middle of the the slain 6 million of their coreligionists, night of April 19, 1943, the first night ard Henry and Francis Lee-both signers of do so not in a spirit of hate and revenge the Declaration of Independence. Later of the Passover commemorating the bib­ but as a rededication to the dignity of came the birth at Stratford Hall of Robert lical story of the flight into freedom man and in pride and gratitude for the E. Lee, the leader of the Confederacy in what from Egyptian slavery of the ancient thousands who died in the Warsaw the South still describes as the War Between Israelites. The fight lasted for weeks Ghetto and the millions who died and the States. Robert was the son of Light until the entire ghetto, every building, Horse Harry Lee, one of George Washington's were wounded on other fronts to pre­ favorite generals. every bunker, every structure was de­ serve the liberty which they cherished stroyed, leveled to the ground and To recite all of the major roles occupied so dearly. An anniversary so observed by the Lees in America's early history would burned and every living creature killed; marks a struggle won rather than a require considerable space. Let it be suffi­ those who escaped immediate death battle lost. cient to say that they were men of vision were immediately deported to the ex­ and energy, who naturally moved into posi­ termination camps where they met their tions of responsibility and trust. Their end. Nazi General Stroop spoke the STRATFORD HAL~ RADIATES names are boldly written on the most color­ epitaph in his final report: SPIRIT OF HISTORY ful pages of American history-pages about There is no more any inhabited Jewish the early colonies, about the Revolutionary quarter in Warsaw. Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President, there­ War and about the Civil War. cent visit of President Eisenhower to the Best known of all, of course, Is Robert E. I ask unanimous consent to have historic shrine known as Stratford Hall, Lee who fought with skill and dexterity printed in the RECORD at this point as a the birthplace in Virginia of Robert E. against superior forces in the war between part of my remarks a statement issued the North and the South. He is still re­ Lee, has focused much well-deserved garded as one of the world's most brilliant at that time from within the ghetto, on public attention on this important site. military tacticians. To his great credit it the ninth day of the struggle, by two of South Dakota has a special interest in is to be said that he accepted defeat with the leaders of the movement, and signed Stratford Hall because one of our es­ grace-and immediately devoted his abun­ by them. This statement has found its teemed citizens-Bruce Kennedy, wife of dant talents to the task of leadership in way out into the world. It tells its own John A. Kennedy who is editor in chief erasing the scars left by the war. dramatjc story. and publisher of the Daily Argus-Leader ATMOSPHERE RETAINED There being no objection, the state­ of Sioux Falls-is a member of the Na­ So Is it that Stratford is a place steeped ment was ordered to be printed in the tional Board of Directors in charge of deeply in the history of our land. About REcORD, as follows: Stratford Hall. Consequently, at the it is the atmosphere of an earlier era and Today is the ninth day that the ghetto suggestion of Mrs. Kennedy, a few Sun­ history seems literally to come to life as fights back. SS and Wehrmacht formations days ago Mrs. Mundt and I in the com­ the visitor strolls through the substantial are laying siege to the ghetto. Artillery anc;l pany of two long-time friends of ours­ plantation mansion and about the grounds 'flame throwers are employed and airplanes that surround it . . One may readily visual­ shower high explosives and incendiary bombs Fred c. Christopherson, editor of the ize, as Senator MUNDT and I and our wives on 40,000 Jews who still remain in the Daily Argus-Leader, and Mrs. Chris­ did last month, the vivacious and colorful ghetto. The Germans mine and blast blocks topherson-motored from Washington life of more than 1 and 2 centuries ago in of houses where the residents put up re­ to Stratford and spent an afternoon these very same buildings and grounds-to sistance. The ghetto is burning and smoke browsing in that historic atmosphere sense as well the stirring moments and the covers the whole city of Warsaw. Men, wo­ and also visiting the nearby birthplace vigorous spirit that pervaded this area as men, and children who are not burnt alive of George Washington. It was a trip the Lees moved into action for what they are being murdered en masse. Mouths of believed to be just and right as independent worth while and an afternoon well spent. men of strong conviction. drain pipes are blocked by German guards. Upon his return to his editorial duties The Jews fight back furiously and have REALISTIC RESTORATION' killed about a thousand of the enemy. They in South Dakota, :Mr. Christopherson burn factories and stores of German war wrote a two-column editorial report on A major reason why Stratford is so im­ industry. The Polish population marvels at his impressions of Stratford and I ask pressive is that it has been faithfully re­ the spirit of the Jewish defense. The reac­ stored. The lily hasn't been gilded, so to that his editorial may appear at this speak. It is today as it was when the first tion of the . Germans is that of shame and point in the RECORD. rage. The Jewish Fighting Organization ad­ Lee designed it-and that's why it imparts dressed a proclamation to the people of War­ There being no objection, the editorial such a feeling of realism, an actual sensa­ saw, and the Polish Workers' Parties paid was ordered to be printed in the REcoRD, tion of stepping back into history and be­ tribute to the fighters of the ghetto. Only as follows: coming a part of it. the power of the united nations can offer STRATFORD HALL RADIATES SPIRIT OF VIVID The central building is Stratford Hall, a immediate and active help now. On behalf DAYS IN OUR HISTORY gentleman's home in the early Colonial tra­ of the millions of Jews burnt and murdered dition. Quite amazing, indeed, is the reali­ and buried alive, on behalf of those fighting President and Mrs. Eisenhower will par­ zation that such culture and comfort of ticipate in ceremonies today honoring Robert living were a part of American life more back and all of us condemned to die we call E. Lee, the noted Confederate leader, at his to the whole world: It is imperative that than two centuries ago. Surrounding the birthplace in Virginia-Stratford Hall. main hall are the various supplementary the powerful retaliation of the un~ted na• It is a place perhaps not well known to tions shall fall upon the bloodthirsty enemy buildings common to a large plantation, the many South Dakotans. My knowledge of it, beautifully landscaped grounds and an at­ immediately and not in some distant future too, was extremely limited, until just a few tractive wooded area. Through the windows 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8295· of the upper floor of the hall, there's ·a de­ been a partner for 35 years in the firm of Clearly no certai~ answer can be given to lightful glimpse of the lower reaches of the Sullivan & Cromwell in New York. In addi­ the qu,estion whether the ending of the wide Potomac River. tion to my professional activities, I have­ Communist regime by a peaceful change can been interested in education and interna­ be expected in the near future. It would HOW FOUNDATION IS DIRECTED tional relations, and am a trustee of Am­ seem, however, that it would be unjustified Mrs. Kennedy's interest in Stratford is herst College, the Institute of International· to rely with any confidence on this assump­ natural. She is a Lee--a collateral de­ Education, the American Foundation for tion as a basis for determining American scendant of Robert E. Lee. Her father was Overseas Blind, and am chairman of the policy. Arthur Lee of Richmond, Va., and she is a board of directors of the Foreign Policy A third argument is that a change in our great, great granddaughter of Patrick Henry. Association. policy would promote the growth of com­ With this background of ancestral history, I have made two visits to the Far East in munism in other Asian countries by shifting she welcomed an opportunity to serve as the recent years and have written a small vol­ the allegiance of the so-called overseas Chi­ South Dakota director of the Robert E. Lee ume entitled "'What the United States Can nese from the Nationalist to the Communist Memorial Foundation-the organization Do About India," published by the New York Chinese Government. that acquired and restored stratford. (Mr. University Press in 1956. Many qualified observers, however, believe and Mrs. Kennedy, incidentally, are among Finally, I may add that I am a Republican that the allegiance of most of the overseas those who have been invited to have lunch and a great admirer of the Secretary of Chinese has already shifted, and that co:pse­ with President and Mrs. Eisenhower at State. quently a change in our policy would have Stratford today). I accepted your chairman's invita tion to no substantial effect on the overseas Chinese. The directors-one from each State--su­ appear before you today to discuss our China Again, it is impossible to decide with cer­ pervise the affairs of Stratford. Twice policy with considerable misgiving. In the tainty which of these confiicting points of yearly they meet on the grounds to review first place, it is. equivalent to sticking one's view is correct when persons equally quau-· the affairs of the foundation and to plan neck into a buzz saw. Emotions run so high tied, differ. It would seem, however, that a for the future. These conferences involve a that anyone who suggests the possibility of change in our policy might have some effect considerable volume of business because the any change in our China policy is accused on the overseas Chinese, but that probably institution is much more than just a shrine. either of being a fellow traveler or at best the percentage of the Chinese population in It is also operated as a plantation with a a Communist dupe. any particular country so influenced would considerable acreage planted yearly to var­ Secondly, the questions presented are not not be great enough to have important po­ ious crops that thrive in the area and to like mathematical problems, where there is litical results. the production of cattle. . a right and a wrong answer, but they are A fourth reason for continuing o~r present While attending the semiannual confer­ issues the answers to which involve the use policy is that if Communist China were ad­ ences, directors reside in small cottages of of judgment. As to such matters a private mitted to the U. N., it would thereby give their own. Mrs. Kennedy has selected an citizen naturally hesitates to differ with the the Communist group an additional vote and attractive site for the South Dakota cot­ position taken by his government. veto. tage in a wooded area near the central meet­ Nevertheless I accepted your invitation be· However, tl!e objections to such a result ing place. This is to be built by the Ken­ cause I believe that it is time to take down from a realistic point of view are not serious. nedys in the near future. the keep-off sign which has for so long True, debate may be further drawn out and A PLACE TO SEE guarded the field of discussion of our China additional propaganda speeches may be I strongly urge South Dakotans who travel policy, and to have a full and wide-open made, but that can be faced. Moreover, the to the East-and I am sure that Senator debate on the subject. addition of one vote to the Communist and Mrs. MuNDT and Mrs. Christopherson There are three separate questions in­ group will not in itself be sufficient to affect join me in this suggestion-to visit Strat­ voJ.,ved in our China policy. the balance of power between the Com­ ford. Should we continue our embargo on trade munists and the West either in the large It is a little less than 100 miles south of with Communist China? Assembly or in the Council. Finally, two Washington, easily reached over good roads. Should w~ continue not to recognize Com• vetoes in the Security Council would create The drive from the Capital, by the way, is m\lnist China? and no greater obstacle to effective action than a delight in itself. Should we continue to oppose the admis­ the single veto which the U. S. S . R. now And Stratford ranks high on the ·ust of sion of Communist China to the United possesses ·and has used so frequently to places that should be seen by all who find Nations? accomplish its purposes. stimulation in the bright facets of the vivid While these three questions are closely Accordingly, this reason in support of con­ events that framed the character of this related, separate considerations affect each tinuing our present policy does not, on great country of ours. · of · them, and the answers to them are not analysis, appear to be persuasive. President and Mrs. Eisenhower, I know, necessarily the same. A fifth reason advanced in support of our will be delighted by what they see at Strat­ The third one is the most important and present policy is that we are in honor bound ford. And I know that all South Dakotans fs the one which I shall discuss today. to continue to back the Nationalist Govern­ who make the pilgrimage. to this historic I shall attempt to summarize and weigh ment, which was our ally in the war against site will be more than happy that they the major arguments which have been ad­ Japan. To cease supporting it now, it is did so. vanced pro and con, and then state my own contended, would constitute an ignoble be­ F. C. CHRISTOPHERSON. conclusion. trayal of a stanch partner in arms. Underlying my approach is the basic as­ sumption that it is a major objective of This moral argument has on first impact a strong appeal. To desert a friend in ad­ UNITED STATES RELATIONS WiTH United States foreign policy to seek to ~re­ versity runs counter to our American stand­ RED CHINA vent any further expansion of commumsm and that our China policy should be directed ards of honor. However, the situation re­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I to the attainment of that objective. quires a deeper analysis. What does our obligation to the Nationalist ask unanimous consent to has printed ARGUMENTS AGAINST ANY CHANGE IN OUR Government involve? Clearly it cioes not in­ in the RECORD a statement made by Mr. CHINA POLICY volve our joining in military action to help Eustace Seligman before the Senate one argument for continuing our present the Nationalist Government regain control Foreign Relations Committee on Mon- China policy is that there is a reasonable of the China mainland. day, May 5, 1958. . possibility that the Communist government From this it follows that our obligation to Mr. Seligman is an eminent lawyer of will be overthrown in the near future. the Nationalist Government cannot require New York, a member of the firm of If there were any reasonable possibility of us to close our eyes to the fact that the Com­ which our distinguished secretary of this occurring, it would thoroughly justify munist government in fact rules the main­ the continuance of our present policy. land. There is no moral obligation. upon us State was long a member. Mr. Seligma~ However, most responsible observer~ in Asia to continue to refuse to admit what has offers some new and persuasive views believe that there is no such possib1lity and happe:ped, namely, that a government friend­ about our relations with Red China and that it is wishful thinking, based upon an ly to us has been overthrown by a govern­ the problems confronting the West in unwillingness to recognize unpleasant facts. m .ent hostile to us. - its relations with the Far East. Obviously there is no way of proving There is however, a moral obligation upon I hope my colleagues will read this which·view is correct-but the latter appears us to do ~hat we can to prevent the indi­ thoughtful statement. to be more persuasive. . viduals who have been our allies-soldiers, There being no objection, the state­ A second argument is that while there is officers, government officials and civilians­ no chance of the Communist government from being handed over to a ruthless enemy ment was ordered to be printed in the being overthrown by force, there is a possi­ which would presumably not hesitate at RECORD, as follows: bility that it will be changed by peaceful in­ wholesale liquidation. This moral obliga­ STATEMENT OF MR. EuSTACE SELIGMAN BEFORE ternal processes, and that our present policy tion would be fully met 1! we were to adopt SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE, will help to eflect the change. what is sometimes called the two-China pro­ MoNDAY, MAY 5, 1958 Here again many students of China ques­ gram, which involves recognizing Taiwan as Mr. Chairman and members of the com• tion this view and believe that the available evidence indicates that it likewise is wishful an independent nation, separate from main­ mittee, I would like first, for the record, land China. to identify myself. I am a lawyer and have thinking. 8296 CONGRESSIONALi ·RECORD-· . SENATE May 8 However, this proposal has been objected While opinions differ as to the degree of and, to a lesser extent, by China; and the to by both the Nationalist and Communist this danger, the following facts should be low priority given to individual freedom in Chinese Governments. considered: countries where it has never existed and We ought to be able to persuade the Na• Two of our NATO allies, Norway and Den­ where poverty is so great that economic im­ tionalist Government to acquiesce, as without mark, have already voted against us on this provement is considered to be the primary our continued military and economic assist­ issue in the U.N. objectiv~ of government. ance, Formosa would succumb to the Com­ Two other NATO allies, England and the However, recognizing that all of these ob­ munists. Netherlands, and one of our SEATO allies, stacles must be ove1·come in order to attain Whether the Communist Chinese Govern­ Pakistan, have already recognized Commu­ our objective of preventing the further ex­ ment would in fact oppose the proposal is a nist China, which step it would seem will pansion of communism, it would · at the question upon which judgments differ. In ultimately lead to their voting in favor of its same time seem to be true that our present any event, no harm would come from our admission to the U. N. China policy is also an obstacle, but one making the proposal, and if the Communists Finally, our strongest military ally in the the removal of which is within our power. refuse to agree to it, it is believed that our Far East, namely Japan, is, in the opinion of There is thus a reasonable ground for be­ position in the non-Communist world would most qualified observers, moving rapidly in lieving that to take this action would help be materially strengthened. this direction. in our attempt to answer Communist prop­ A final argument against admitting Com­ Such being the attitude of our military aganda in the uncommitted countries of munist China to the United Nations is that allies, it would seem inevitable that sooner Asia and our efforts to keep them from join­ it defied the United Nations in Korea and is or later the majority vote in the U. N. will ing the Communist camp. favor admission. If that were to happen CONCLUSION still continuing to do so. over our objection, it would obviously be a This objection obviously has great weight. great diplomatic defeat for the United States In conclusion, it is obvious that, as stated It can, however, be met by proposing as a and a corresponding victory for Russia. at the outset, the decision as to whether condition of admission to the U. N. that A third argument for a change in our there should be any change in our China Communist China be required to agree to policy is that notwithstanding our failure policy depends upon the answers to numer­ the unification of Korea and to the free elec­ so far to obtain Russia's agreement to any ous questions involving judgment, and no tions proposed by the United Nations, pro­ reasonable armament limitation program, certain answers can be given. vided that a further provision be added for the trend of world opinion indicates that With a realization that an individual the permanent demilitarization of Korea in before long some kind of agreement, how­ judgment may well be erroneous, after order to remove the Chinese fear of control ever limited, will be entered into. weighing the conflicting arguments as ob­ of the peninsula by unfriendly military Obviously no agreement, however limited, jectively as I am capable of, I am led to forces. can be entered into if a government in con­ the conclusion that it is to the best inter­ Two objections have been advanced to this trol of the vast territory and population ests of the United States to now adopt a proposal. The first is that the demilitariza­ ruled by the Chinese Communist Govern­ new policy of supporting the admission of tion of a unified Korea would soon result ment, is not a party. To attempt to nego­ Communist China to the United Nations, on in Communist control of the entire country, tiate such an agreement with Communist condition of its agreeing to the independ­ since subversion by neighboring China could China as one of the parties, and at the same ence of Formosa and the unification of Ko­ not be effectively prevented. However, the time to keep Communist China out of the rea, as well as, of course, the release of all danger of subversion would appear to exist United Nations, would appear to be an im­ Americans wrongfully held in China. whether a unified Korea were demilitarized possible position. or not, and it is a mistake to assume that the The final argument in favor of the United existence of a military force. is the sole pre­ States withdrawing its opposition to the ad­ PAN -AMERICAN GAMES TO BE HELD ventive. Austria is an example of a demili­ mission of Communist China to the U." N., tarized country-living in the shadow of the is that a change in our policy would IN CHICAGO IN 1959 other Communist colossus-which has suc­ strengthen the forces opposing the expan­ Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, I ask cessfully resisted all Communist blandish­ sion of communism in Asia. ments by the effective leadership of its unanimous consent to have printed in While the admission of Communist China the body of the RECORD a letter dated democratic forces. would undoubtedly give it some intangible The most serious objection to the pro­ prestige, it is contended the overall results May 5, 1958, addressed to me by Mayor posal, however, is that Communist China would be to strengthen, rather than weaken, Richard J. Daley, of Chicago, and also would never agree to it. This view is widely our position versus that of the Communist a fact sheet, concerning the Pan-Amer­ held and may well be correct. Others, how­ countries in the Far East for the following ican Games which are to be held in ever, believe that as part of a package deal, reason: Chicago in 1959. Communist China would be interested in it. Vast numbers of people in Asia, primarily There being no objection, the letter Is there any reason for not finding out although not exclusively in the uncommitted what the facts are as to the Communist posi­ and fact sheet were ordered to be countries, look upon the United States as a printed in the RECORD, as follows: tion? Would anything be lost, as far as the threat to peace, and our China policy is Korean situation is concerned, if the United pointed to as confirmation of this view. CHICAGO, ILL., May 5, 1958. States were to make such a proposal even if They believe that there is a real danger of DEAR SENATOR DoUGLAS: That you may be it were turned down by Peiping? On the our taking military measures to end the informed regarding planning for the Pan­ contrary, would not a proposal by us for an Communist regime in China if it fails to American Games to be held in Chicago in inherently reasonable solution of the Korean collapse from other causes. At the same 1959, I am forwarding you the latest fact situation and its repudiation by Communist time, it is widely believed in Asia that Com­ sheet. China gain support for the United States in munist China has no desire to start a war ex­ The many references by distinguished the entire non-Communist world? cept for the purpose of taking over Taiwan leaders of our Government to the great im­ :MAJOR ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF A CHANGE IN and eliminating the Nationalist threat--a portance of furtherance of understanding OUR CHINA POLICY purpose considered by most Asians to be and friendship between the people of the The preceding is an analysts of the major justified. Americas serves to emphasl:z

. hold it r~§ponsible · f'Dr the: failure· of"the r of the Taiiff Commission to act, and that . 411,000. The value of the production 1n . House· of .Representatives to take action r recommendation includes what the ad· the year 19.55 was $113,291,751; in 1956, . on specific ·lead-zinc legislation in· the · ministration was reported to be willing . $126,234,615. The value of Nevada's min- previous session? , to accept last year and a recommenda· eral output, therefore, was some $43 million · • . less in 1957 than in 1956, which is a sad Mr. BIDLE. My answer. to .the Sena· t10~ to go beyond that proposal. and tragic situation-especially in view of tor from Id~ho on that point ls that Mr. ~mLE. The Senator from Okla· the fact that Nevada is the only state in the matter 1~ now squarely before the homa Is absolutely correct. I am at ·a the Union wherein mining was made the administration . and the President of · loss to understand, in view of the unani· paramount industry by con~titutional pro• the United States. The President has · mous recommendation made by the Tar· vision. · within his · power the authority to im· · i:ff ·commission, why the President does Employment in Nevada mines was about pose the tariffs recommended by the not act upon it very quicklY. · 2,300 less in December 1957 than in Dece_m- Tariff Commission. I sincerely hope and · Mr-. President I ask unanimous con· ber 1956. Many Nevada communit1es, ' . . ' . . formerly prosperous and content, are now trust t~at he acts upon those reco~- sent. that I ~ay proceed for. an 3:dd~t10nal ghost towns, or soon will be. This applies mendat10ns. He has the legal authority 5 mn?-utes, If the Senate IS still m the particularly to communities depending to do so. As the Sen~tor from Idaho mornmg hour. upon tungsten and lead-zinc mining for well knows, the Senate Committee on The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there their survival. Interior and Insular Affairs, in a unani· objection? The Chair hears none, and In the year 1956; Nevada mines paid a net mous resolution, requested that the the Senator from Nevada is recognized proceeds tax of $1,162,601.65; for the first President do so without delay. · So I for 5 minutes. half of 1957, $295,300.76. Figures for the think there is a strong sense of respon· Mr. BmLE. I may add to the state· last half of 1957 are, as yet, unavailable, sibility in that direction ment made by the Senators from Mon· but it is safe to assume that the net pro- . . . . . ceeds tax collected from Nevada mines in Mr. DWORSHAK.. Mr. President, Will tana that besides the field~ of l~ad, ZI!lC, the year 1957 will be only one-half, or less, the Senator further Yield? and copper, there should hkew1se be. In· of the amount received from that tax in Mr. BmLE. I yield. eluded in the long-range mining pro· 1956. Mr. DWORSHAK. I agree whole- gram some necessary help for the tung- In the years 1955 and 1956, Nevada was heartedly with what the Senator from sten, antimony, manganese, and mer· the leading tungsten producer. The value Nevada has said concerning the advis- - cury industries. All of them are in a · of the tungsten production in 1955 was ability of the President's accepting the · yery distressed condition. . $22,750,662; in 1956, $19,263,193; in 1957, recommendations made recently by the The current mining report from Ne· $1,802,300. Tariff Commission to relieve the desper- vada indicates that employment in the The value of the copper production in ate plight of the zinc and lead indus- . Nevada mines has decreased 36.2 percent 1955 was $58·878•050; in 1956• $70·450·550; in 19 0 tries. Nevertheless, a cl~ar responsibil- from February 1957 to Februa:y 1958. . ~e $~::1~~~ ~ price of these two metals lty rests on Congress,. and the Senate Mr. MANSJ:i'IELD. Mr. President, Wlll accounted, for the most part, for the low has in, the past recogmzed that ·respon· the Senator Yield? value of 1957 production; although, except sibility to some extent by its actions. Mr. BIBLE. I yield. · for a slight increase -in gold, the worth of However, certainly the executive de- Mr. MANSFIELD. I point out in that the output of all other metals was less fn partment cannot be held responsible in respect, so far as the Butte camp is con- 1957 than in the precediiig year. any way for any legislative actions or ' cerned, that over the same period of time Some productive N.'evada tungsten mines, for the failure of the House of Repre- employment has declined from a total of formerly in operation, but now closed, are, sentativesto act. approximately 5,500 to just under 2,000 by counties, as follows: Mr KERR Mr President will the at present. In other words the decrease Churchill County: Churc~m ~ngsten . · ld.; · ' · 1 t t ' d th Mining Co., Tungsten Mountain Mming Co. S enat or y1e · . ~s very c ose 0 70 percen • an e copper Elko County: star Tungsten Mine Phalen Mr. BIDLE. I Yield. ~ mdustry needs help. We do not want Mine • ~r. KERR. · I wish to ask the distin- charity, but we want security and jobs Hu~boldt county: John Etchart opera- guished Senator from Nevada two ques- for our people. tion· Getchell Mine, Inc.; Hosking and tions. First, is it not a fact that the Mr. BIDLE. I thank the Senator from Spit~er. President already has the authority uri.· Montana for his observation. The con· Lander County: Linka mine and mlll. der existing law to approve the recom- dition in Montana is even worse than it Lincoln County: Wah Chang Mining Corp. mendations which the Tariff Commission is in Nevada. I thoroughly agree with Mineral County: Don-Clare Mining co., has recently made? the Senator's observations. Industry Nevada Scheelite Mine, L. & G. Mining co., Mr. BIDLE. The Senator from Okla- witness after industry witness came be· Silver Dike Mine, Soda Mill corp.. homa is as he would say it himself . fore our subcommittee and stated very Nye County: El Capitan Mming Co., eminentiy correct. ' . clearly that all they wanted was the op- Gabbs Exploration Co., Twentieth Century Mr: KERR. Is it not ~ · fact that the · portunity. to continue in b~ness and to F';;~~~~~g county: Nevada-Massachusetts unanunous recommendatiOn by the Tar· . have a fair break and a fair share of the co. stormy Day Mine the Wolfram co. iff Commission for relief under existing American market. I certainly hope White Pine county; Only Change Mine, law goes much beyond the extent which Congress will be responsive to this badly Helmar Mining & Milling co., M. I. ·A. Mines the administration last year expressed depressed segment of our domestic econ· Co., Minerva Scheelite Mining co., o. B. as its willingness to offer in the form of omy and, without further delay, recog.· Mining Co., Rees Mine. additional legislation? nize the need for doing something real· The largest lead-zinc mining operation in Mr. BIDLE. I believe that is a cor· istic to assist it. Nevada, Combined Metals Reduction Co., in . . . Lincoln County; is closed. Operations of rect statement. Tune IS rullillD:g out. Whatever is done consolidated Eureka Mining co. and the Eu- ~r. KERR. Is it not a fact that tqe must be done quickly. . Most of the tung- reka corp., Ltd., in Eureka county, have President even now, under the -recom· sten mines are completely out of business. been greatly curtailed. These mines produce mendation made by the Tariff Commis· The copper mines are on the ropes. The a relatively high grade silver-lead ore and sion, has the full and complete legisla· other industries will soon be going down are able to continue production on a limited tive authority if he sees fit to act to do · the drain if some type of realistic tariff scale, through selective mining. as much as ~ould be accomplish~d un- and excise tax relief is not provided. . The value of Nevada's mercury production · · "d t k · was some $200,000 less in 1957 than in 1956. der the proposal which It wa~ ~eported Mr. Presi en_, I as unam~ou~ con· The curtailed GSA .purchase program and to Congress last year the admirustration · sent to have prmted at this pomt m the · excessive imports of mercury may result in was willing to sponsor and even much RECORD a newsletter of the Nevada Min- closing the only important mercury producer more? ing Association, showing the state of Ne- · in Nevada, Cordero Mining Co. Mr. BmLE. I believe that is a cor· vada mining in 1957. Nonmetallics fared somewhat better, al- rect statement. There being no objection, the letter though gypsum production will be abo-qt Mr KERR In other ·words if the ~ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD . $200,000 less than 1n 1956. Sand and grav~l . · · . ' • ' . output was somewhat grea..ter in 1957 than in Presi.dent. wanted to do anythmg about -as follows. . 1956. • as was that of stone. the SituatiOn, he already had the·authm;· NEVADA MINING IN 195T In the precious metals fteld, the value ity under the law all these months, in The United states Bureau of Mines estl- of silver production will be about $250,000 fact for a number of years, to do it. But mates that the total value of Nevada's min- less in 1957 than in 1956, and gold so~e he now has the specific recommendation -eral production in the year 1957 was $83,• . · $100,000 more-due to gold recovered as a CIV--523 8302 CONGRESSIONAL :RECORD- SE~ATE May 8 byproduct from the copper ores of Kenne• really be saddled with a burden, in the only before the Congress, but also be­ cott and Consolldated Coppermines 1n the payment of subsidies. I do not believe fore the President, is to take action un­ Ely area of White Pine County. that would be fair to our taxpayers· or der existing law, and for the Congress Nevada ranks relatively high in copper output, but practically all copper production to the people who work in the smelters, to strengthen the law, whereby we can is from three mines--Nevada Mines Division the mines, and the cam~s. maintain for American industries a rea­ of Kennecott Copper Corp. and Consolidated Mr. BIDLE. I thank the Senator from sonable share of the American marke't, Coppermines in the Ely District of White Montana for his observation. in order that they may continue to exist Pine County, and the Yerington Mine of the I believe that, in fairness, the commit­ and to grow under our American way Anaconda Co. at weed Heights in Lyon tee should have the benefit of a leg~­ of life. · County. lative framework for the Seaton plan. Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, I Many economies have been effected by We have been promised that it will be Kennecott and Con Copper through reduc­ ask unanimous consent that I may pro.: tion in the number of employees, increased brought before us any day now. I think ceed for 5 minutes, during the morning employee efficiency, and improved mining the plan poses real administrative prob­ hour. methods. This applies also to Anaconda's lems, in addition to the basic objections The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is operations at its Yerington Mine; but, by which have occurred to many of us. there objection? Without objection, it the end of the year 1957, the output of cop­ Mr. MANSFIELD. I did not mean to per by the Yerington Mine and leaching is so ordered. condemn the Secretary of the Interior, Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr, President, I do plant had been curtailed about 20 percent, whom I believe to be an outstanding as compared with 1956. not intend to enter into a controversy A further reduction in copper output at man and interested in the West. But with my colleagues with reference to the all divisions of Kennecott will become ef­ I believe the proposal..,..-which is not in legislative form, as the Senator from mining industry and its problems. fective the latter part of March, according to As one of the Senators from the State C. D. Michaelson, general manager of Kenne­ Nevada has said-is not the answer or cott's Western Mining Divisions. A cutback the solution to the problem. of Idaho, I have been fully alerted for 1n the workweek will take place at the We should wait to see what is in the many years to the essential need of safe­ company's divisions in Arizona, Utah, New legislative mill, and at the same time we guarding our domestic mining industry. Mexico, and Nevada. Current production should give credit to Secretary Seaton I am not endeavoring to place the will be reduced about 12% percent. Previ­ and to the administration for at least blame upon the Congress, but I insist ous reductions in output, plus the forth­ that the Congress has had a joint re­ coming one, will reduce Kennecott's domes­ taking a first step which indicates a rec­ tic production of copper by about 20 per­ ognition of the gravity of the situation sponsibility as the legislative branch of cent. today facing the metal-mining industry the Government. Although the execu­ About a year ago, Kennecott had some in the United States. tive branch obviously has not taken es­ 2,200 employees on its payroll in Nevada. Mr. BIDLE. Mr. President, I very sential steps to protect and safeguard our Due to employment curtailments, including much appreciate the observations the lead, zinc, and other domestic mining in­ the one recently announced, the number of Senator from Montana has made. dustries against unfair competition from employees will be reduced to about 1,200. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The low-cost production abroad, I contend Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will Chair understands that the colloquy that the Congress likewise has been the Senator yield? which has just occurred has, by unani­ ~erelict, in its failure to' solve this Mr.BIDLE. !yield. mous consent, occurred during the problem. . Mr. MANSFIELD. I express the hope morning hour. Mr. President, we ought to consider the . that the administration .. will seriously Mr. KERR. Mr. President, I wish to enactment 25 years ago of the iniquitous consider the Murray-Metcalf-Mansfield congratulate the Senator from Nevada trade-agreements program. Soon we bill, which provides for a continuation and the Senator from Montana for call­ · shall have an opportunity to debate the of the present copper legislation, which, ing this matter so pointedly to the. at­ merits or lack of merits. of that act, when I repeat, has been in existence since the tention of the Senate arid to the at­ the proposal to extend it come.s before time the Reciprocal Trade Act was first tention of the country. They have been us. ' ' originated. The only difference is that speaking of the welfare and prosperity The press reports that in the House of the peril-point price would be raised of American industries which seek the Representatives, where that program has from 24 cents to 30 cents. When one opportunity to operate on a basis which . received approval throughout the past 25 considers the increase in the cost· of will permit them to supply a portion of years, there is a rising tide of resentment living over that period, and the cost of the American market. against extending that act for another production in the Butte mines, I think Very briefly, Mr. President, I should 5 years. Mr. President, why has that it is a reasonable price. like to remind Senators of the fact that resentment been rising steadily in the Also, I should like to see something when an American industry-whether other body and, I presume, likewise in · done about stockpiles for copper, lead, in Oklahoma, in Idaho, in Nevada, in this body? . That resentment will be re­ zinc, manganese, tungsten, and other Montana, or in any of the other States vealed here when we have an oppor­ metals. I point out that the United where mineral production is available-­ tunity to debate this proposed legislation. States is rapidly becoming a have-not is operating in an American State; it is The resentment has developed because, Nation. In the field of copper alone, in employing American labor; it is de­ essentially, over the years the trade 25 years, there will be only one camp veloping an American community; it is agreements program has ignored the operating in the Nation, and that will conducting an operation on which it pays welfare of American industries, such as be Butte, which will be operating 7.5 taxes to the American Government and the domestic mining industry, and has years from now. to a State government and to a local given every· advantage to industries When the United States Government government; and it is helping to main­ abroad, where there are low standards purchases strategic metals and puts tain and to improve the American stand­ of living and low wage scales. them in the stockpile, and puts them in ard of living. Mr. President, safeguarding the do­ storage, it is doing so in the case of But when even an American corpora­ mestic mining industry is not a parti­ products which are not perishable, and tion produces the minerals in a foreign san issue. I recall that, during the it is creating an inventory. It is taking country, it is employing foreign labor; closing years of the Truman administra­ a surplus off the market, and is allowing it is developing the economy of a local tion, I had prepared by a Democratic the prices to reach a reasonable level. · area in the foreign country; and it is agency a compilation which indicated I hope that on the basis of these sug­ , paying taxes to ·the foreign country; that a total of approximately one-quar­ gestions, something will be done. . and, as it does, it obtains a tax credit ter of a billion dollars had been expended I point out that on the basis of the which eliminates the necessity for it to Seaton proposals, if the proposed legis­ pay taxes in the United States, either in a short period through various pro­ lation were to go into effect, its net effect -to a State or to a ,local government or grams, in building up and encouraging would be to break down the differential, to the National Government, with refer­ the· expansion of mineral production let us say, in the price of copper, as be­ ence to the profit it makes on the opera­ abroad. tween London, where it is 21 cents, and tion in the foreign country, to- the extent Mr. President, the record on that point New York, where it is 25 cents, and to that it is taxed there. is clear. We are facing these acute min- · bring it down to the London pri.ce. That Therefore,- Mr. President, I believe ing problems today because in years 'past would mean that the Government would that one of the mos_t urgent matters, not there has been a failure to give proper 1.958 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD--SENATE 83ff3 and due recogllit1on to \he -mineral in­ ;.. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is law has resulted ·tn serious damage. dustry in our own couritry• . -there objection? The Chair hears none, That example I draw from the evident I predict that, just as we are, plagued and it is so ordered. deterioration of our relations in the now with these problems which affect Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ Middle East, particularly with the Arab lead, zinc, copper," .and other minerals dent, I suggest the absence of a quorum. world. produced in our country, as there . is a The PRESIDENT pro tempore.. The In this area we have one great constant increase in the production of .clerk will call the roll. achievement to our credit. Our Presi­ these minerals abroad, in mines which The legislative clerk proceeded to call dent and Secretary Dulles were success­ were assisted financially by our own Gov­ the roll. ful in persuading the armed forces of ernment, we shall face even a greater Mr. FREAR. Mr. President, I ask Israel, Great Britain, and France to impact in the future. . unanimous consent that the order .for withdraw from their endeavor to take So, Mr. President, I appeal to my.col­ the quorum call be rescinded. . over the Suez Canal by force of arms. ,leagues from the mining States of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ We have this action to our credit. The West to submerge partisanship. out objection, it is so ordered. rest, unfo.rtunately, is mostly debit. I will join them in their expressions of Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President, in We have at times failed to understand keen disappointment over the failure of my talk yesterday on the subject of dis­ -the strong purposes of the peoples with ·the executive branch of the Government armament and the conditions of peace whom we dealt. We have reckoned that to formulate a long-range minerals pro­ and justice, I said that there were three our own enduring hostility to commu­ gram which will receive Congressional factors which had to be considered. The nism is a sentiment to which all men approval. Last year, this body was pre­ -first was persuading the American people everywhere subscribe. This unfortu­ cluded from approving the program that to accept the necessary kind and degree nately is not the case. Instead, the pre­ was submitted, because the House of of supranational government which will vailing political sentiment among the Representatives did not take any action be required if warfare is to be replaced by peoples of the world is the desire to on excise tax legislation which neces­ law in governing the relations between be politically free. This desire so far ·sarily must originate in that body. nations. The second factor is that of surpasses all other sentiments that the I believe we can work out a program gaining the cooperation of the whole specious support of· this desire by the which will provide at least some measure non-Communist world. The third faa­ Soviet Government is blocking our ef­ of relief to our domestic mining industry. tor is the persuading of the Soviet Gov­ forts to 'build up an anti-Communist But, Mr. President, we cannot achieve ernment. As I stated, these are not suc­ front on the basis of anticommunism that objective unless we are willing to _cessive steps in the problem of arriving alone. cooperate in every way with the execu­ ·at a peaceful world. They can and must The peoples of the world desire free­ tive, to recognize the responsibility de­ be carried on concurrently. dom not merely from colonial powers, volving upon the legislative branch, so The second factor which we consider but from any domineering leadership. that we shall not continue to deal with today is that of persuading the world of They want to be out of the control of the problem by use of stopgap measures the honesty of our purposes and the in­ leading strings even if held in the hands like stockpiling. Stockpiling served its telllgence of the means by which we seek of the western nations. Until we real­ purpose a few years ago, but it merely · to accomplish those purposes. Unless ize this and act upon it, it will be im­ provided a means to the Congress and to the world is so convinced, we cannot possible for us to build up our hoped-for the administration to do something work with it-in the task of achieving a anti-Communist front. We will indeed ·which would make it possible to have full peaceful world. To persuade the world · continue to weaken the possibility of employment in the mines of this country, and particularly the vast neutral world, such a front. and to produce strategic materials, which the effort must be by deeds rather than Here we are faced with the anomaly constitute a vital segment of our national by words. Words will not serve. Ef­ that there seems to be less opposition to defense. That is a vital problem, which fective deeds can only result from an in­ communism than to western leading has been overlooked so frequently, and telligent apprehension of the moral law. strings. The situation is simple. Our which should not be overlooked, because, What is the moral law? Put in briefest leading strings are obvious. Those of as we plan for the defense of our Nation, terms, it is the law of love. So to state it, the Communist empire builders are held · at a cost currently of about $40 billion however, runs into a host of semantic behind the back, as years ago I used to annually, it is indefensible to fail to rec­ obstacles. We at once think romanti­ hold the halter when I went into the ognize the vital contribution which must cally, emotionally, and narrowly reli­ open pasture to get the horse. be made by our domestic minerals in­ giously. The concept at which ·we must Our policy in the Middle E·ast has been dustry. arr,ive i~ that moral law is an inftexible based on the assumption that nations If we face up to that problem and rec­ requirement for constructive relation­ of that region wished to be protected ognize the joint responsibility which we ships between people. This is true from Soviet power, and would be willing have in the Congress, I am sure we can whether those_relationships are person to ask for armed ansistance if that were work out some meritorious long-range to person, person to society, societies to . necessary for protection. There were program. societies, or nations to nations. We have two things wrong with this assumption. to learn that in statesmanship on the One was that anticommunism was the PROSPECT FOR DISARMAMENT, worldwide basis,.we are.dealing with peo­ overriding existing sentiment. As I SECOND FACTOR: GAINING THE ple. The societies and nations into have just said, this was not the case. which they are organized are impossible The desire for freedom was the overrid­ SUPPORT OF THE NON-COMMU­ of constructive approach except as we ing sentiment. NIST WORLD are approaching people. The second mistake was to suppose The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there What is practically involved is that that the Soviet advances would be made further morning business? If not, morn­ we must have respect for people, by armed force. This is not the case. ing business _is closed; and the Chair whether on the American continent, · in Soviet advances are made by astute po­ recognizes the Senator from Vermont. Western Europe, in the Middle East, in litical moves in many ways on many Mr. FLANDERS. Mr. President­ the Far East, or anywhere on the face fronts. Show of force has very limited Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ of the earth. That respect for people is applications. dent, if the Senator will yield, does he the basic ingredient of the moral law, When the Syrian crisis was develop­ desire a quorum call? which is as much a law of nature as is ing, our Mediterranean fleet, armed pre­ Mr. FLANDERS. If I do not lose the the force- of gravity. Furthermore, in sumably with atomic weapons, stationed ftoor. our dealings with people there must be itself at the eastern end of the Mediter­ Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi­ not only respect for them, but a senti­ ranean Sea. There it remained idly, dent, I ask unanimous consent that there ment of humility on our part. To ex­ though with one beneficial result. It· may be a quorum call without the Sen­ plain just what is involved here I pro­ safeguarded the freedom of Lebanon, and ator from Vermont losing the floor. I pose, out of the many International strengthened the resistance of Jordan. should like Senators to know the Sen­ situations which have given us diffi.- -This was an important tactical success. ator from Vermont is ab'out to make a . culty, to pick out one example in which But in the grand strategy it was a con­ speech which is very important. our failure to comprehend the moral test not being waged with arms at all. 8304 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SENATE May 8 There was nothing that our Armed Mr. WILEY. No. This is my state­ We were then subject to blackmail in Forces could do to deter the growing in­ ment. However, it is a tact we have, in peace or war _under the threat of cutting :fiuence of Soviet political power result­ adequate supply only nine of the thirty­ us off from such materials. ing in the combining of Syria and Egypt. odd vital materials on this continent. I am willing to debate that statement our policy was devised to rescue nations Mr. MALONE. What are they? on the television, on the radio, or on the which wanted to be rescued. No one Mr. WILEY. I have not a list of them. :floor of the Senate. there asked for rescue or wanted it. The I have made this impromptu statement I am very tired of hearing the argu­ Soviet Government knew what people in connection with what was said by the ment advanced by the State Department did want, played upon their deep desires, distinguished Senator from Vermont. . over the years that no strategic mate­ and gained in strength. We were fight­ What I have stated is a fact, neverthe­ rials are available in the Western ing the wrong war at the wrong place less. If the Senator is interested, I will Hemisphere and that we must protect . with the wrong weapons. look up the list of materials and provide and support the Asiatic and European There was thus a fundamental miscon­ the Senator with a copy of it. countries to secure such materials. ception of the situation when we put Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, I am All that is necessary to put the Amer­ armed assistance as the foundation of extremely interes.ted. If the Senator ican workingmen and investors back in our policy in the Middle East. This mis­ from Wisconsin is interested in referring the business of producing many of such conception has persisted throughout our to Senate Report No. 1627, of the 83d materials is to allow the 1934 Trade contest with communism. We have had Congress, he will find that there is no Agreements Act-so-called Reciprocal the misfortune to present to the world strategic material which is not available Trade Act--expire on June 30 of this our anticommunism as being primarily in the Western Hemisphere; and avail­ year and return to the Constitution of by a resort to arms. That it is not pri- able in time of peace or war. the United States in the regulation of - marily so in the Middle East I have en­ Mr. WILEY. In sufticient quantity? foreign trade through the adjustment of deavored to show. That it is not so in Mr. MALONE. Yes. the duties or tariffs by the Tariff Com­ the rest of the world can be easily shown. Mr. WILEY. I challenge that state­ mission,. as agent of Congress. There is need for a thorough review of ment. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, I wish to the situations we face, the nature of the Mr. MALONE. I will be very happy to make my position clear. I stated that conflict in which we are engaged, and accept the challenge and furnish the dis­ the purpose of our foreign policy was to ·such changes of policy as will surely be tinguished Senator with the documented see to it that the Kremlin did not take required when we face the facts of pres- material. over the ·Middle East, where is found the ent-day history instead of being hypno- Mr. WILEY. Then there are two chal­ oil so badly needed to maintain the eco­ . tized by the notion that primarily we lenges, one from me and one from the nomic life of Europe. . face a conflict in arms. Senator from Nevada. I ask him to look I . stated, also, that a part of our pol­ In the next installment of these brief up the information on the sub.lect, and I icy was to see to it that the Kremlin talks, it is my intention to review our will do the same and we can then com­ did not obtain a land route to Africa, relations with Egypt to indicate the mis­ pare notes. where are to be found the vital raw ma- takes we have made there and the pos­ Mr. MALONE. I refer the senior Sen-· terials of which we have need. sibility of returning to more construc­ ator from Wisconsin to Senate Report · If we have had all such raw materials tive policies. 1627 of the 83d Congress. This is a care­ on this continent, why have we followed fully documented report and should con­ the policy of building up reserves clusively show that all of the so-called thereof fot years, in order that we might UNITED STATES POLICY WITH RE­ strategic minerals and materials are have a stockpile of such vital materials? GARDTO THE NEAR EAST, SOUTH available to this Nation from the Western If i am mistaken, I shall be glad to ASIA, AND AFRICA Hemisphere. say so on the :floor of the Senate. I . Mr. WILEY. Mr. :president, I have Mr. President, the mines are largely have made this statement in relation to been interested in the remarks of the shut down now and no exploration is vital materials based on statements of distinguished Senator from Vermont being conducted since American work- · reputable men, men who claim to know [Mr. FLANDERS]. Apropos of what he has ingmen and investors cannot compete what the facts are. As to our foreign said, this morning it was our privilege, with the $2 per day foreign labor. policy, primarily it is based upon main­ in the Committee on Foreign Relations, Mr. President, I wish to say for the tenance of peace-prevent a third World to hear a fine discussion by Hon. Wil­ record that this controversy has been War from starting or seeing to it that going on ever since 1934. Mr. Ickes was the Kremlin does not take over the liam H. Rountree, Assistant Secretary of earth. State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and Secretary of the Interior for about 15 years subsequent to that date. He died The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. African Affairs. BIBLE in the chair). Is there objection We know that the primary object of believing that we had no strategic or critical materials in the United States, to the request of the Senator from Wis­ the Kremlin policy is to obtaJn the oil -eonsin [Mr. WILEY] for the P.rinting in in the Near East. If it could do so, it and that there were none in the Western Hemisphere; and that it was necessary the RECORD the statement referred to by would almost choke Europe, as hap­ him? pened a couple of years ago when the to secure them from countries across Suez Canal was closed. It would also · major oceans, even to wage war to pro­ There being no objection, the state­ tect those areas for that reason. ment was ordere.d to be printed in the have a land route to Africa, where are RECORD, as follows: found the vital raw materials America In connection with the false theories needs. which have been sold to the people of STATEMENT BY THE HONORABLE WILLIAM M. this country since 1934; we engaged in ROUNTREE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE We have on this continent in adequate FOR NEAR EASTERN, SOUTH ASIAN AND supply only nine of the 30-odd raw ma­ two wars on the belief that we had to " AFRICAN AFFAffiS, BEFORE THE SENAT~ FOR• terials which we need for our own de­ secure these materials from Europe and EIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE, MAY 8, 1958 fenses and our industrial life. Asia; and that we had to go to war to Mr. Chairman and members of the com­ I ask unanimous consent that the protect nations across the oceans for that mittee, I welcome this opportunity to come statement by Mr. Rountree be printed reason. before you to review United States policy in the RECORD at this point. I say, emphatically and without equiv­ with regard to the Near East, Sout h Asia, ocation, that that is not true. However, and Africa. In. this introductory statement STRATEGIC MATERIALS many honest people were mi&led by the I propose, in accordance with your request, WESTERN HEMISPHERE to summarize the situation in the area the Harry Dexter White and Alger Hiss current state of our relations with soni.e of Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, will the propaganda. I came to the United States the major entities, and the main problems Senator yield? Senate to make the Senate Report No. in and prospects for these relations. Mr. WTI..EY . . I yield. 1627 of the 83d Congress. The objec­ The situation in such a large and diverse Mr. MALONE. Did the distinguished tive of the Hisses and Whites was to close · area does not lend itself easily to general­ Assistant Secretary of State enumerate oUr mines and make us dependent upon ization. Nevertheless, despite the diversity the strategic minerals which are said to of government forms, political development, foreign sources for minerals and mate­ langua~es, races; religions, and geography, it be not available in the Western Hemis­ rials without which we could not fight a is poss1ble to point out broad underlying phere? war or live in peace. factors that determine to a great extent the 1958 CONGRESSIONAt· RECORD- SENATE nature and' conduct of our foreign relations Our effortS to promote the ·collective se· of their national aspirations by truly demo• in the Near East, South· Asia, and Africa. curlty of the Middle East have continued. cratic and peaceful means. Throughout this region there are strong In January of this year the Ankara meeting In pursuing these objectives we have used forces of impatient and emotional national­ of the. Baghdad Pact allies was marked by a number of instrumentalities. For example, ~sm, often constructive and forward-looking the participation of Secretary Dulles. This the economlc and military assistance aspects but sometimes tending to extremism and po­ strategic alliance of nations continues to of the mutual-security program and the new litical instability. Particularly since World show determination to stand resolute against development loan fund have been of pri­ War II the awakened national consciousness the threats of international communism mary importance for the achievement of our of the area has been accompanied by a and to cooperate in the pursuit of regional economic and military objectives throughout steadily growing demand among the pea­ peace and progress. this area. The information and cultural pies, whose standard of living ranges from Our relations with the government of the activities of the United States Information low to extremely low, for improvement in United Arab Republic have posed special Agency have helped us to present a true pic­ their status. Their governments, which problems for us. We would like to see ture of the United States and its aims and vary in both strength and experience, are established a basis. from which more nor­ to counteract Soviet lies and distortions. striving frequently with inadequate institu­ mal relations could develop. A few days The efforts of private Americans in mission­ tions and insufficiently organized and trained ago agreement was reached by the United ary and philanthropic endeavors are also im· manpower to cope with demands for eco­ Arab Republic and the Suez Canal Co. to portant in reflecting the broad cultural and nomic improvement. Some of the countries settle the company's compensation claims. humanitarian outlook of the American peo­ have valuable natural resources and rela­ This by no means settles all of the prob­ ple. Hospitals, schools, and universities tively minor economic obstacles to overcome, lems arising from the Suez Canal nationali­ demonstrate the contribution which has but others, less well-endowed by nature, zation, but it is a promising development. been made and which is still being made in face extremely difficult economic problems ln line with our previous statements, we this way. I cite particularly the American that have existed for generations. They promptly released Egyptian assets that had University of Beirut as a great center of know also that a failure to show significant been frozen in the United States as a result learning. economic progress may lead to the overthrow of the canal controversy. To deal with specific situations, such as of existing institutions in favor of others In the past 2 years four African states, the threat of aggression in the Middle East promising quicker results, however spe­ Ghana, Morocco, the Sudan, and Tunisia by states under the control of international ciously and at whatever costs in freedom. have joined the older independent African communism, we have had such tools as the ' To camplicate this situation there are states, Ethiopia, Liberia, Libya and the so-called Middle East doctrine. This doc­ several critical intra-area disputes which not Union of South Africa. The .emergence of trine continues to be an important element only have caused dangerous tension among these independent states in Africa has been in United States policy in the Middle East. the parties concerned but also have cre­ largely marked by moderation and under­ The joint resolution embodying the doctrine ated opportunities for international com­ standing. It is to their great credit that forcefully expresses our poli.cy of assisting munism to exploit by offering arms and the leaders and peoples of the new Africa those states of the area desiring such assist­ economic assistance on a selective basis. are showing an objective awareness of the ance to maintain their independence and The Communists have so far failed to make mutual advantages involved in some form integrity against aggressors and to develop a satellite of any country of this area. Nev­ of continued collaboration with Europe. Ad­ their economies. It is thus intended to pro­ ertheless, through their deceptions they have mittedly · the continuation of the Algerian mote peace and stability. By proclaiming succeeded in exploiting the mistaken belief conflict and the feelings of the north Afri­ the intention of the United States to assist of some of these countries that they can can peoples about it present a great and Middle Eastern nations to maintain their in· deal closely with the Soviet Union without serious obstacle to the acchievement of such dependence against the threat of interna­ risking subversion and ultimate loss of in­ collaboration. The conference of African tional communism, we believe that the reso­ dependence. The Soviets have also at­ states at Accra last month was a good ex­ lution leaves no possibility of miscalcula· tempted to misuse the neutralist position ample of a healthy trend in Africa toward tion in the minds of potential Communist or of some of these countries to achieve their the establishment of cooperative regional Communist-controlled agg.ressors as to the own imperialist aims and to discredit the ties. Indigenously inspired and organized, · results of aggressive action oa their part. West. The cynical nature of these Soviet the Accra conference as a display of authori­ United States relations with the new na­ tactics was well exemplified by the Soviet tative and, on the whole, responsible Afri­ tions of Africa are uniformly warm and performance in connection with the artifi­ can nationalism contrasted sharply with the friendly. \Ve are proud that the nations of eial Syrian "crisis" last year, and in the Soviet and Communisi; Chinese attempts to Africa today look to us for support for their Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Conference in control the Cairo-held Afro-Asian Solidarity legitimate political, economic, and social Cairo last December. Conference for propaganda purposes. You aspirations. They are today for the most ·The Soviets have an initial advantage in will recall that virtually all African govern­ part governed by moderate regimes, dedi­ dealing with some countries because of sus­ ments refrained from official representation cated to the maintenance of their independ­ picions arising from past association with at the latter meeting. Their decision was ence, but those regimes must be able to the West, because some leaders feel their proved correct by the obvious and abortive demonstrate to their peoples, in concrete and critical national problems require that they efforts made by the Soviet and Communist understandable terms, the advantages of co­ accept help from any source, and because Chinese outsiders in the Cairo meeting to operation with the West and of middle-of­ of their unfamiliarity with the methods of foist a non-African initiative and non-Afri­ the-road approaches to the solution of their the Soviet Union and its international per­ can interests on African governments. current pressing problems. formance. Playing upon these factors the Mr. Chairman, I would like now to sum­ Without seeking to displace anyone in Soviets have hypocritically refrained from marize for you the state of our relations Africa, but recognizing the necessity for en­ joining in efforts to find constructive solu­ with the countries of this area. You are couraging the pro-Western orientation of tions to disputes and instead have attempted aware that the area contains major sources the peoples of that continent, we have de­ to play upon the fears and aspirations of of important materials, such as oil, which veloped important economic, technical, and one side or the other. are essential to us or to other nations of the military aid agreements with several African In a brief review it is impossible to pro­ free world. Portions of this area also include countries. In Libya, Liberia, and Ethiopia, vide details about the situation in each of strategic connections and historic crossroads for example, after some yeara of operation the countries of the Near East, South Asia, that are not only involved in trade and these programs are now showing solid and Africa. I would therefore like to under­ transportation with the rest of the world achievements in terms of better agricultural line some of the more significant recent but at the same time offer invasion paths methods, better health, better education, and events. for would-be aggressors. We and other free more opportunities for increased industrial· There have been major new moves toward nations have well-established -trade relations ization. A United States technical assist­ the realization of Arab unity as evidenced in based upon mutual advantage with many of ance program dealing with agricultural and the establishment early this year of the these countries. As the new nations of the community development has just been United Arab Republic of Egypt and Syria Near East, south Asia, and Africa succeed in started in the new state of Ghana. Pro­ and the pending formation of the Arab· developing their economies, the possibilities grams are getting underway also in Morocco Union composed of Jordan and Iraq. Sub­ of mutually beneficial trade will increase. and Tunisia. In this vital north African sequently the Yemen joined a loose federa­ We have long realized that because of our area, these programs are helping to build tion with the United Arab Republic under interdependence with the rest of the world stability, although the pall of the Algerian the designation of the United Arab States. it is very much in our interest to help . the problem increasingly overshadows future prospects and underHnes the importance of peoples of this area to achieve their aspi~a- The maintenance of the uneasy peace be­ a peaceful, democratic, and just solution. tions for security aJ!d well-being. ' tween the Arab States and Israel is assisted Our long-standing close and friendly rela• by the continued presence of the United In recognition of those interests we have tions with our NATO allies, Greece and Tur­ Nations Emergency Force in Gaza and Sinal, made it the principle objective of our for­ key, continue. Next month we are expecting and of United Nations observers elsewhere eign policy in this part of the world to help a visit from an old friend of the United in the area. A permanent solution to the the countries · to mah:itain th..eir political States, the Shah of Iran. With most of the lamentable problem of more than 900,000 independence and territorial integrity other Middle Eastern States we enjoy bas• unfortunate Palestine refugees has not yet against aggressors. We have sought also to ically good relations today even though there been found, despite our persistent efforts. help them achieve the progressive realization are some serious disagreements about specific 8306 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_, SENATE issues. -In the case of the United Arab collateral proble,ms and seriously aggravate MIDWEST. CHURCH .RESOLUTION Republic there has recently seemed to be the sense of insecurity among our friends ENDORSES u~ N. TECHNICAL AS· some improvement in atmosphere. With in the area. For the most part we are not Saudi Arabia we continue as in the past ourselves directly involved as a party to SISTANCE to maintain tlie special relations that began these disputes; but in the world of today Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, this morn­ to develop toward the close of the Second the United States as a leader of the free ing I was pleased to receive from Rev. World War. We have been happy to extend nations cannot escape playing a role in mat­ E. R. Klaudt, acting president of .the assistance to Lebanon where there has ters of this kind. It is our policy to deal been a highly successful endeavor of people with all of the states of the area on a basis Northern Synod, Evangelical anc­ through, among other measures, provision of and has given rise to much bitterness and casions on the reciprocal trade phase. military assistance. misunderstanding. British disagreements But, at the present time, I should like On November 29, 1956, we reaffirmed our with Saudi Arabia over the Buraimi Oasis support of the collective efforts of the Bagh­ and with Yemen over the Aden frontier have to back up what the church has re­ dad Pact nations to maintain their inde­ posed problems in our own relations. solved with particular respect to the pendence and stated that we would view The unresolved Kashmir question seri­ United Nations technical assistance pro­ with the utmost gravity a threat to their ously hampers the amelioration of relations gram. territorial integrity or political independ­ bf!tween our Pakistani and Indian friends. One can hardly calculate the tremen­ ence. Although several of the states of this The great rivers and waterways of this re­ dous benefits which have accrued to the region have chosen not to join actively with gion are also the focus of disputes. There people of the world under United Nations us in building up regional collective security, are several outstanding differences on the technical assistance.. The various spe­ we have noted encouraging signs of a grow­ Gulf of Aqaba as well as on the division ing realization of what constitutes true neu­ of the waters of the Nile, the Jordan, the cialized agencies of the U. N. have ac­ tralism and of what wholesale Soviet offers Indus and the Helmand rivers. These dis­ complished more with comparatively of assistance are really worth in the long run. putes are bad enough in themselves, but small sums of money than even some · The committee wm recall that, with re­ they also cause us harm because our friends of the warmest supporters of these pro­ spect to the participation of nations in the in ardently pursuing, understandably, their grams might have ·hoped for. area in collective security arrangements, individual interests sometimes fail to un.. And so, by way of depicting why I Greece and Turkey are members of NATO; derstand our impartiality. I have alre·ady agr.ee with the synod in its resolution, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan are mem­ described how the Communists use some of bers of the Baghdad Pact; and Pakistan is a these disputes to try to discredit us and I send to the desk now and ask unani­ member of SEATO. to achieve propaganda advantages for them.:. mous consent for the reprinting in the Israel has just celebrated the lOth anni­ selves at the expense of progress toward just body of the RECORD of the resolution, to versary of its independence. United States and peaceful solutions. be followed by a memorandum listing the assistance has played its role in fostering · We have no quick or easy solutions to the achievements under the technical as­ the economic and human development of many problems that face us. In the last sistance program, as supported by the that country. analysis the answers must come-but church and many other civic-minded Our friendly relations with India and I trust with our full cooperation and en­ groups throughout the land. Pakistan .and the other South Asian states couragement--from the area itself. In bet­ have been strengthened by an increased tering the prospects for our relations in There being no objection, the resolu­ mutual understanding of each other's objec­ this area, it is in our interest to keep in tion and memorandum were ordered to tives. With Nepal our relations have been mind four fundamental considerations: be printed in the REcoRD, as follows: consistently friendly. We maintain amica­ First, to support the development of NORTHERN SYNOD, ble relations with Afghanistan, and we are strong and independent nations able and EVANGELICAL AND REFORMED CHURCH, looking forward in June to the visit o:f Prime willing to resist the subversive efforts of Minneapolis, Minn., May 5, 1958. Minister Daud. Although Ceylon follows a international communism; The Honorable ALEXANDER WILEY, nonalinement policy in foreign affairs, Second, to contribute, if requested by the Senate Office Building, United States-Ceylonese relations have been nations of the area, to their security, rec­ Washington, D. a. cordial, a cordiality which was augmented ognizing that in a broad sense their se- MY DEAR SENATOR WILEY: At the annual by an American aid program_including expe­ curity is our security; ' conference of the Northern Synod held at ditious American relief assistance during a Third, to assist and encourage the coun­ New Salem, N.Dak., on AprillB-19, our com­ tlood disaster last January. tries of the area to resolve their disputes in mittee on Christian social action presented In summing up the state of our relations accordance with the principles of the the following resolution which was unani-. with this large area, I would offer you the Charter of the United Nations; mously adopted: analogy of a spectrum. At one .end are our Fourth, to contribute to the economic "Whereas we are a rich Nation in a poor very friendly relationships with those close progress and development of the nations of world, it is our moral obligation to cooperate ames associated with us in mutual security the Near East, South Asia, and Africa. with other nations in programs of world arrangements. At the .other end through In following these objectives our relations economic development: Therefore be it various gradations are those few countries will probably still have their ups and downs. "Resolved, That the synod urge the Con­ that still misconstrue our motives. It is, of But I believe that the fulfillment of the na­ gress of the United States to support ex­ course, not a full spectrum-for from it--for tional interests of the United States will panding programs of international aid and there are no Soviet satellites. Although to­ trade; specifically, to recommend increases I' flow naturally from the pursuit and realiza­ day there is probably considerably less danger tion of these objectives. Through them our in the United States contributions to the of the satellization of any of the Middle East­ foreign relations in the Near East, South United Nations technical assistance work ern states than there seemed to be several Asia, and Africa will be on a basis of under­ and the support of the 5-year extension of months ago, we realize that there is room standing and mutual respect. The re­ the reciprocal trade agreement legislation, for considerable improvement of our rela­ sources of this area will continue to be both of which are pending before the Con­ tions with some of those states. Important available to the other members of the free gress; and be it further also, there is considerable room for improve­ "Resolved, That a copy of this resolution ment in the relations among the, states world on conditions advantageous to both be sent to each Member of Congress of the themselves. the producing and consuming countries. States represented in Northern Synod." Much of what I would tell you about the Vital transportation and communications fa­ We feel sure that you are in substantial problems and prospects of our relations with cilities will col;ltinue to be available to us. agreement with the objectives of this resolu­ the Near East, South Asia, and Africa has Doors will be open to cultural exchanges, tQ tion and request that you do what you can been implied in :what I have already said in commercial intercourse, and to increased to secure favorable action on these issues. summarizing the situation in the area and diplomatic cooperation. Sinc~rely yours, the state of our relations. I have referred The pursuit of these objectives will thus E. R. KLAUDT, Acting President. to the fact that there are several major intra­ enhance the peace and stability of the whole (NoTE.-Northern Synod consists of all the area disputes. These disputes cause many world. Evangelical and Reformed Church congre- 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8307 gatlons tn Minnesota, plt,ts the denomina~ mltants--one maternal and child health of­ ing. The airline also employs two specialist~ tion's congregations in fringe areas of Wis· fleer and two public health nurses. in aircraft inspection who had advanced consin, Iowa, North Dakota;, and South This project initiates a new approach to training in the United States under ICAO Dakota.) the problems of maternal and child health in fellowship awards. The airline is now op· India by concentrating on services in rural erated almost entirely by Ethiopians, as a areas, and integrating maternal and child UNITED NATIONS ExPANDED PROGRAM OF TECH• result of technical assistance received under NICAL ASSISTANCE--A FEw ExAMPLES OF health services with the general public the expanded program. The ICAO mission health services. ACHIEVEMENTS IN 1957 will be reduced in 1959. The State of Bombay plans to establish Guatemala, air navigation WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) rural health units all over the state, each Iran, opium eradication serving a population of 15,000. In order to Three experts were assigned to Guatemala throughout 1957-a radio engineer, an aero· Late in 1955, the Iranian Government staff these units adequately and insure a sat~actory service, a training center has drome engineer, and a meteorologist. They banned the production of opium and forbade gave advice to the Government, practical opium smoking. Effective enforcement of been established at Sirur, some 40 miles from Poona, where medical officers in charge help with the improvement and development this law presented great problems and Iran of air-navigation services, on-the-job train· requested technical assistance to help solve of village dispensaries receive orientation courses in public health with special ref­ ing, and some classroom training for them. Three United Nations agencies have meteorological observers. A new high fre· cooperated in this project. United Nations erence to rural services. After training they return to their home stations, and the quency air-to-ground channel was opened. technical assistance funds provided an ad­ Point-to-point circuits were opened with viser on administration of the law and an dispensary is then converted into a primary health center and the staff increased by a Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, British Hon~ expert appointed by the World Health Organ· duras, and Honduras. Radio telephone-tele..: ization, on curing drug addiction. FAO, nurse-midwife, a midwife, and a sanitarian. Bombay State has also pioneered in an­ graph equipment was installed for reception using U.N. technical assistance funds, made of broadcasts from Miami and is reported a survey to find out what crops could be other development. To provide adequate nursing and midwifery services in the rural working at 95 percent efficiency. Pilot bal· substituted for the opium poppy and sug­ loon observations began in the middle of gested some alternatives; e. g., sugar beet areas, hospital-trained nurse-midwives now take an orientation course in public health the year. Advice on the improvement of the production, to the Government of Iran. The international airport at Guatemala City and adviser on administration has made a series at the Sirur training center. Some of the on several other· aerodromes was given. The of recommendations on changes in the law nurses being trained will return to hospital services after 2 years in rural units, with a United States Civil Aeronautics Adminis· and the administrative setup. ICA also sup­ trat ion and Pan American world Airways plied technical assistance for this program. better understanding of the home conditions of their patients. gave radio equipment of various kinds. The Iran has had phenomenal success with its work done on air-navigation services was in campaign. Cultivation of the opium poppy, This public health orientation of general accordance with the development of the once important in agriculture, has ended, nurse-midwives follows the decision of the Central American flight-information region, and opium smoking is rare. Many of the Government of India to train all-purpose the center for which was opened at Teguci· former smokers have been cured at govern­ nurses, for public health or hospital duties galpa, Honduras, in October 1957. During ment hospitals and clinics. as may be required. the year 12 graduates from the aviatio:r;J. EZ Salvador, health demonstration area Further improvements are being planned­ training center in Mexico . City returned to especially the use of the Medical College in Guatemala-two air traffic controllers, three Following a WHO survey in 1950-51 of the Poona for more solid training and teaching San Andres area in El Salvador, which con­ meteorological observers, two radio mechan· and of the Sirur training center for medical ics, and five aircraft mechanics. Of these, tains 75 percent of the sugar plantations and undergraduates under the direction of the 10 percent of the cotton plantations in the six entered Government service and six joined newly appointed professor of preventive other aviation activities. country, a health demonstration unit was medicine. · established which has resulted in a network In 2 years, 73 medical officers, 250 nurse­ Iran, training program of basic health services throughout the area. midwives, 119 midwives, and 271 sanitary Because the different regions of Iran are These services are carried out through the· inspectors completed the orientation course isolated by poor communications, an imme­ central office in Quezaltepeque and a system in Sirur. diate task has been the creation of air com­ of health units and rural health posts. The munications within the country and between services include medical care, maternal and INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION Iran and neighboring lands. To aid in this child health, and communicable disease con­ (ICAO) job, ICAO has had a large civil aviation train· trol. An extensive __program of environ· Ethiopia, Ethiopian Airlines ing program. In 1957, the Mission continued mental sanitation has been developed, in· In 1951, the Ethiopian Government asked . to assist the Director General of Civil Avia· eluding the piping of water from a mountain the International Civil Aviation Organiza- tion with coordination qf the work under· to Lorna de Ramas, Guazapa, 5 miles away. tion (ICAO) to provide technical assistance taken under the development program of Programs _for training public health per­ for Ethiopian Airlines. An international the 7 years' plan organization and under sonnel have been organized and now provide mission has been stationed in the country foreign-aid programs. Several new nondi· trained staff for other parts of the country as ever since. In 1957, one hundred students rectional beacons were installed throughout well as for the demonstration area-; The were in attendance at the training school Iran; a very high frequency direction finder training has consisted of four courses for operated by ICAO. The radio communica- installation repaired; a model tower console rural public health nurses, four for sanitary tions network now operates on a 24-hour for provincial airdromes designed; help with inspectors, fellowships for training abroad of basis, with connections at all points of the installation of equipment in the new termi· two physicians, two sanitary engineers, three airline's international route. The service is nal building given; and plans made for the sanitary inspectors, three public health staffed by Ethiopian operators under ICAO installation of an instrument landing sys.:. nurses, a statistician, and a health educator. guidance. In 1951, there were no locally tem at Mehrabad. . trained radio mechanics. Now a total of 30 In meteorology, on-the-job training was In 1951, the demonstration area of 386 square have been graduated, some of whom work given to aeronautical services and help with miles with 100,000 inhabitants were served · for the Government Civil Aviation Depart· the meteorological institute programs of by two doctors. In 1956 there were seven ment, while others work directly for the air- training for observers and forecasters. Sur· health centers, 12 rural stations, six doctors, lines. The ICAO mission has trained and face observation stati- ns throughout Iran three dentists, 10 graduate nurses, 20 aux­ graduated 20 air-traffic-control officers. In were inspected. A new communications iliary nurses, a sanitary engineer, 10 sanitary 1956, two other controllers were awarded center for meteorological traffic was estab­ inspectors, and a public health educator. fellowships by ICAO to study this specialty llshed. A fire and rescue expert from the at airports in the United Kingdom. Today, Middle East Flight Safety Project stayed in India, nursing and maternal and child one of them is overall_chief of the ATC op- Iran from August to November to advise on health in Bombay State eration in Addis Ababa, while the other is organization and equipment of a fire section The main objectives of this project (which a senior ATC officer at the aerodrome con- and to train the fire crew. Advice was given is assisted jointly by WHO and UNICEF) trol tower • Two more fellowships in this on the entry into service of a new type of are to improve and expand the existing ma­ field were awarded in 1957. airline aircraft, especially on its radio equip· ternal and child health services, with at­ A network of weather-observing stations ment. The major new problem in Iran was tention to the needs of the rural areas has been established since 1951, staffed how to deal with the new air traffic condi· (integrating the services wherever possible mostly with graduates of the ICAO courses. tiona brought about by the general increase with existing or planned health units of Because of the ll~ited facilities in Ethiopia in traffic of all kinds and the advent of tur· community development projects), and to for advanced meteorological training, ICAO bine-engined aircraft, both civil and mili· has arranged to send seven t~ainees abroad. tar id bl umbers of th~ latter hav- improve and expa~d the training facilities in Twenty more assistant forecasters are being y, cons era e n maternal and chlld health work for certain trained on the spot. Since 1951, 36 stu· lng begun to use Mehrabad airport. The groups of health personnel. dents have graduated from as-year aircraft Iranian Government provided the funds The project began in August 1955, and maintenance mechanic's course. The grad- needed for ICAO to employ three air traffic WHO, under the technical-assistance pro­ uates are employed by Ethiopian Airlines, controllers with experience in modern gram, }}as provided three international con- and two additional classes are now in train· methods of simultaneous control of military 8308 CONGRESSIONAt RECORD- SENATE May 8 and civil traffic. The ftrst arrived at mid· Far East regional pro{ect: Establishment and Ceylon, research ani! lndustriat devel6pment year, and the others by the year end. The improvement of telecommunication sys• In Ceylon, two expert!'!, provided jointly by air traffic control system was revised, pro• tems UNTAA and the International Bank for Re­ cedures satisfactory to all parties established, Funds have been allotted for two experts construction and Development under a and control was operating smoothly by the to make a general survey of telecommunica· 5-year agreement with the Government, are end of the year. At the end of 1956, there tions and equipment requirements in the assigned to the Institute of Scientific and were 86 students in the civil aviation school countries of the Far East region, in an effort Industrial Research, one as a director and at Mehrabad and 81 were taken on in 1957; to develop efficient internal telecommunica· the other as a technical adviser. The annual 121 graduated in 1957,leaving 46 under train· tion systems and integrate these systems into report of the institute recorded substantial ing at the end of the year. regional and worldwide networks. increases in the volume of research work, INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO) The study will be conducted mainly at the the number of paying clients, and in the Tunisia, railway warker training national level but it will be supplemented by income from this source. An industrial en­ an estimate of regional needs against global gineer completed, in May 1957, the lay­ In Tunisia, an International Labor Organi· requirements. The project will continue out of a dry-cell battery plant and has been zation official carried out an advisory mis· through 1958 and 1959. Ultimately, the ITU engaged since then in drawing up plans for sion on vocational training, and eight Tu­ will submit specific recommendations to the a powerloom matting factory, a textile fin­ nisians were sent to study railway repair various governments for action to be taken ishing factory, carpentry, and pottery train­ and maintenance in France. The ILO also to improve and develop the general telecom­ ing centers and other small-scale projects. recruited for the Tunisian Government, munications network in the region. A chemical engineer was recently appointed which was responsible for all costs, a general and will be joined in the near future by a vocational training adviser and instructors Iran, telecommunication network civil engineer; they will assist the Govern­ in turning, fitting, milling and diesel engi­ . An additional expert was assigned to Iran, ment in the implementation of several proj­ neering, who were charged with setting up to study the Iranian telecommunication net­ ects, in particular the installation of two a center for the training of skilled railway work (both radio (wireless) and line (wire) 20,000-ton sugar factories, an ilmenite plant, workers. This center is now turning out communications) and to advise on new con­ 2 cement factories, and a textile yarn plant. workers in sufficient numbers to maintain struction and improvements. He is working Experts from the ILO are also participating Tunisia's extensive railway system. It is in close collaboration with the line-construc­ actively in the industrial development pro­ an example of the kind of project which the tion expert who has been on mission since gram established by the Government of Cey­ expanded program is able to carry out to 1953, and who has now been able to imple­ lon. supvlement activities financed from the ment his plans with equipment just acquired program's own financial resources. by the Government. The latter expert has WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) Burma, social security also done a considerable amount of on-the­ Jordan, meteorological services spot training, as a result of which his pupils Since 1952, the ILO has been advising the · An expert was sent _to Jordan by WMO, 1n should now be able efficiently to organize order to help that country to set up a me­ Government of Burma on the preparation and supervise the construction, overhaul, and administration of an overall social-secu­ teorological service adequate to its needs. and maintenance of open lines in the Iran­ The first thing that needed to be done was rity scheme. The first part of the scheme ian network of line communications. went into effect in 1956, providing sickness, to cover the country with a sufficiently dense maternity, and accident benefits for indus­ UNITED NATIONS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE network of observing stations. This meant trial workers in the Rangoon area. Plans are ADMINISTRATION (UNTAA) buying suitable instruments, selecting sites now being worked out for extending coverage Southwest Asia (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, for the observing stations, training person- . to other areas. Thailand). multipurpose water develop­ nel who will make the observations and set­ ment ting up a central organization to maintain Libya, Technical and Clerical Training the standard of the observations, to collect Center The development of the water resources of them regularly, to analyze them and to pub­ The biggest single project in Libya is the the lower Mekong River Basin may well lish periodical abstracts and summaries. All Technical and Clerical Training Center in prove to be one of the most important proj­ the observations are not done by full-time Tripoli, staffed by.32 ILO instructors. When ects to which technical assistance has been meteorologists; they are done by people work­ the United Kingdom of Libya was established contributed by the expanded program. This ing at agricultural or irrigation stations, by in 1952, the country was without a sufficient is a regional project, which holds consider­ schools and, further east, by members of the supply of clerical workers, typists, stenog­ able promise for the 17 million people who camel mounted desert patrols. Observa­ raphers, officeworkers, and workers in fac­ live in the area: Inhabitants of Cambodia, tions from the desert in the southeast of tories and public workshops. About half of Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. The Mekong Jordan are most useful in times of threat the young men at the center are being trained is one of the major rivers of the world. Its of invasion by locusts, which use rising cur­ to be clerks and the other half artisans. length is 2,600 miles and the drainage area rents to talte them up and steady winds to Boys who had never seen any kind of a in which the United Nations has focused its carry them along. machine are now being trained as welders, attention, amounts to 235,000 square miles, Meteorological observations are not, o:r blacksmiths, metal turners, fitters and join­ equaling the combined size of California course, limited to observations at the sur­ ers in auto and electrical repairs and wood­ and Utah. Study on the project began as face. Information is obtained about the working shops. On the clerical side a 2-year early as 1951. A United Nations Technical upper air not only by sending up balloons, course for typists and a 3-year clerical and Assistance Administration (UNTAA) survey but also by flying up to take measurements. secretarial course are given, as well as senior mission, comprised of 6 experts headed by Meteorological flights are carried out every bookkeeping courses. Over 350 graduates and General Wheeler (USA, retired) and financed morning by Jordanian aircraft. by a special allocation by the executive pregraduation trainees have been placed in Forecasting is not the sum total of the chairman of the technical assistance board, employment. This project is planned so that activities of a meteorological eervice but it the Government will eventually be able to spent 6 weeks in the lower Mekong River must be attempted, with varying success and, operate it without ILO assistance (by 1960). Basin region starting in late 1957, and sub­ mitted its findings and recommendations to with steady improvement as experience INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION builds up. Long-range forecasting, such as (ITU) the UNTAA. The successful conclusion of an ability to predict how much rain will the overall project, which may take many Lebanon, broadcasting station fall during the next growing season, is still years, will make a major contribution to the Construction of the new Lebanese broad­ economies of the four countries involved. something which the meteorologist cannot I ~ casting station in Beirut was begun in Janu· do, but short-range forecasts based on accu­ ary 1958. It will be the first powerful station . Central America, economic and indu.strial rate and well spread-out information on that the country has ever had, and will bring integration past and present weather is possible. The it into radio contact with the four corners During 1957, the Central American Eco­ demand for short-range weather forecasts of the world. The International Telecommu­ nomic Cooperation Committee, which is comes mainly from aviation and is imme­ nication Union (ITU), through the expanded 1argely supported by UNTAA, FAO, and diate and imperative. The WMO expert was program, has provided technical assistance UNESCO, continued its efforts toward the attached to the Ministry of Civil Avia­ to the project since its inception. ETAP ex· integration of the economies of Costa Rica·, perts, working in the country, advised on tion, working in close cooperation with the suitable locations for both the broadcasting El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Director of Clvll Aviation of Jordan. It was studios and the transmission station, worked Nicaragua. A multilateral treaty for free the expert's duty to advise and help this on the actual blueprints for the buildings, trade and economic integration and an director in setting up a forecasting organiza­ assisted Lebanese engineers in drawing up agreement on industrial integration have tion to protect the relatively dense air traf­ specifications -ror equipment, and partie· been adopted by the committee and recom­ fic of this country. Because of its inland ipated in a technical analysis of the con· mended to the member governments. These position, Jordan relies a great deal on air struction bids. When the network begins measures represent a definite step toward traffic for its communication with the out­ fun~tionnig, Lebanon will enter a completely the creation of·a free-trade zone in Central side world. The number of pilgrims and new era of communications, bringing it closer America, and the encouragement of new in­ tourists who come by air to Jerusalem Air· not only to Lebanese communities outside dustries in a market common to the five port to visit the_holy places is increasing the oountry but to the world at large. countries. all the time, and the Department of Civil 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8309

Aviation an4 i~ meteorological section have . FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (I'AO) family living. Her assignment ended in 1957, to keep pace with this development. Thailand, controZ oj pouZtry diseases but FAO assistance is continuing through Ultimately the lasting success of the WMO Food production in Thailand has under­ the regular program and related ETAP ac• mission in Jordan will depend on finding and gone remarkable changes since 1948, particu­ tivities. training Jordanian technicians to carry on larly in poultry farming. The 1952 Conference on Home Economics with the work, which is the main objective Eight years ago, poultry disease was rife 1n and Education in Nutrition found that in the of this project. the country. Imported breeds had been 30 Caribbean islands, levels of nutrition were low, housing was often inadequate and fam· • • • • • • nearly wiped out by epidemics. Although UITITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, AND nearly every household still owned a few lly life tended to be unstable. The members CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) chickens, and the birds were hardy, they of the Conference asked Miss Haglund to stay on and work with the Caribbean Com­ Libya, adult education were small, and their egg yield was low. Today, poultry farms are flourishing in many mission on a 3-month training center to The United Nations Educational, Scientific, parts of Thailand. Egg yields have gone up, equip local workers to teach simple improve­ and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is con­ providing an important source of protein ments in home economics and management. tinuing an adult education project begun in foods. That training center was the first of many. Fezzan, Libya, in 1953. Although started on An important factor responsible for the Miss Haglund learned 'that a number of a modest scale, the progress made has been change was the expert advice provided by factors contributed to the low level of nu­ remarkable. Expansion had been so rapid the Food and Agriculture Organization trition: a general lack or' food, lack of the that by 1956 there were 22 adult education (FAO), which, in 1953, sent out an English right kinds of food, low purchasing power, centers, 1 mobile center for Tuareg nomads, poultry specialist, Dr. John Lancaster, to and, especially, the lack of knowledge of the 1 community center for women, 5 technical help work out some method of vaccinating value of different types of food. workshops, 7 demonstration garden plots, 1 poultry against Newcastle disease, which can The West Indian cherry, formerly almost tailoring center, 3 regional teacher-training and did wipe out whole flocks practically ignored, is now known to be a rich source of courses and, in addition, cultural recreational overnight. Dr. Lancaster succeeded in his vitamin C. As a result of efforts of home activities have sprung up over 500,000 square task. From England to a jungle laboratory economists and health workers, other fruits, miles of desert country. in Pak Chong he brought specimens of a such as the papaya, guava and mango, are Libya, audiovisual aids strain of virus responsible for the disease. being increasingly used. Skim-milk powder Utilization of audiovisual aids is of in­ Assisted by two Thai veterinarians, he con­ is gaining increasing acceptance as a cheap creasing importance in the educational pro­ ducted a number of intensive experiments source of protein, calcium and riboflavin. At gram of Libya, both as applled to teacher with it. Finally an effective vaccine was the same time, the use of expensive im­ training and students. The mobile cinema evolved, capable of being manufactured and ported food-often bought by poor people unit for schools provided by an audio­ stored locally. more for prestige value than nutritive con· visual center is directed by a UNESCO ex­ Dr. Lancaster and his Thai colleagues trav­ tent-is declining. pert and his Libyan counterpart, and often eled all over the kingdom, going from vil­ · The . problem of overcrowded homes was visits 35 schools per month, showing 120 lage to village inoculating not only what one with hygienic and social implications, films to a total audience of 5,000 pupils. was left of imported breeds of poultry but and the FAO expert carried on a program to Filmstrips and tape recordings are used also the local jungle fowl with the new vac­ improve living conditions, introducing simple for teacher training, and the director of the cine. More than 2 million birds were furniture which could be easily constructed center has collected 16 mm. films and still treated in this fashion. So successful were from local materials. pictures which can be assembled into a se­ the results that the demand for· vaccine soon Five years is too short a time in which to ries on Libyan geography. Film libraries began to exceed the supply. expect dramatic results from a social educa­ have been set up as an additional educa­ Dr. Lancaster then went to work on a tion program. But even now Miss Haglund method to step up the output of the vaccine can see the efforts of herself and her fellow t~ ')nal facility. tenfold. An effective production method workers beginning to yield results. She has Laos, educational survey mission was evolved recently. Thailand can now seen in the past year a heightened apprecia­ On February 1, 1957, a team of four manufacture more than enough for its own tion of local foods. More people are cult!• UNESCO experts, accompanied by the Direc­ needs. It can .also supply enough for Hong vating local fruits and vegetables and using tor General of UNESCO's Education Se·ction, Kong, and some for Laos and .Vietnam, too. them in preference to imported foods, and arrived in Vientiane at the invitation of the A successful vaccine was also developed the simple pieces of furniture have been ac­ Laos Government. The team's objective was in mid-1956 to control fowl pox, according to cepted so widely that Miss Haglund has a study of the educational problems in FAO and Thailand's Livestock Department. even discovered them in use in villages Laos with the purpose of recommending a This disease often affects chickens only a which she had never previously visited. reorganization of the educational syst-em. few weeks old, and, like Newcastle disease, • • • • This study continued over a 6-month pe­ can cause severe economic loss in the poultry Mexico fish consumption riod and, in July 1957, the UNESCO team industry. In many countries in which the Food and submitted a coordinated development plan The veterinary laboratory at Pak Chong Agriculture Organization has been asked which was approved by the Laos Govern­ was again the place where the experiments by the governments concerned to provide ment and the various agencies and missions were conducted. An effective vaccine was technical assistance, one of the big problems concerned with the country's educational finally evolved, capable of being used on to be tackled is that of finding practical program. This plan outlined available re­ day-old chicks. It can provide immunity ways and means of improving the quantity sources and the means whereby educational for up to at least 4 months. This is enough and quality of the food of the masses of the activities in Laos ·could be brought in line to carry the birds through the danger period, people. This is a consideration which re­ with its economic needs and potential. The for fowl pox does not as a rule affect adult sulted in the Government of Mexico's asking proposed program defined basic requirements poultry. FAO to provide a fish-marketing expert to for the establishment and implementation of Very often, when difficulties in the way of help promote the distribution and consump- a national education system, and set up a agricultural development have been over­ tion of fish and fish products. . plan for UNESCO assistance to Laos in 1958. come from the technical or administrative One of the expert's first actions on arriv· Pakistan, geological training at Punjab point of view. there is no immediate tangible ing in Mexico was to organize a series of University, Lahore result in terms of increased productivity local pilot surveys to find out how much the leading to more food becoming available at It Is estimated that Pakistan needs over people could afford to spend on food, how 1,200 trained geologists for its mineral de­ lower cost. But in the case of the poultry much fish they were eating, what kind of disease control program in Thailand, at the fish they preferred, and so on. These sur· velopment program. UNESCO assistance has time this particular expert's work was fin­ led to establishment in .1956 of science de­ veys provided some surprising answers. He partments of geology and mineralogy at the ished in 1957, not only were more eggs and knew that Mexico has one of the lowest fowls coming onto the market but, at a levels of fish consumption in Latin Ameri· University of the Punjab in Lahore. UNESCO time when prices in general were rising, experts have helped build up teaching and ca-an average rate of less than 2 kilos of these commodities were costing less. This fish per person per year. But he was not research from scratch to the opening in does not mean that the poultry disease 1956 of a fully recognized university depart­ prepared to find that even in some coastal problem is entirely solved in Thailand. But areas about 16 percent of the people never ment. Additional teaching and research fa· the very fact that two major diseases have c111ties were made available in 1957. burlng . ate fish. He also found that there were big been controlled means that there is a greatly .variations in the fish-eating habits of the that year u~sco also granted fellowships increased interest 1n large-scale commercial for geological training abroad, and the un1- poultry keeping. people and that where, in one district, dried fish was popular, in a neighboring area the versity's teaching shortage was further over­ Caribbean, home economics profect people were unaware of its existence. come through the combined efforts of ICA Miss Elsa Haglund, an FAO home econ­ Some of the diftlculties concerned with and UNESCO personnel. The first group of omist from Sweden, went to the Caribbean the consumption of tlsh were due to dis­ master of science . students was graduated in 1952 to organize a home economics and tribution and transport problems. Others from the lpliversity 1n 1957, and UNESCO nutrition conference. She has since spent were the results of prejudice, lack of knowl­ intends to provide two additional teachers 6 years there under the expanded program edge and low purchasing power. A select tor the academic year 1958. working on the improvement o! home and market existed for fresh fish, but the price 8310 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 8 was so high that on~y a small part of the research program including over 60 projects. effect of increasing ..the ·· bill by $3% population could ¥ expected to buy it. The Institute is now recognized as the out­ These facts showed the expert that an standing organization of its kind in South- million. educational campaign was required and, . east Asia. It has already begun the study The other increase · by the Senate aided by the various organizations he had of 3,000 species of Ph111ppine trees, and is committee is . to make the customary interested, a vigorous "eat more fish" drive maki~g useful contributions to the forestry payment to the widow of the late Sen­ was launched. The core of his program was and- -industrial progress of the Ph111ppines. ator Scott, of North Carolina. an educational program concentrating on the It has assisted the organized plywood in­ Mr. President, I ask that the commit­ school children. However, the various Gov- . dustry by giving seminar instruction and tee amendments be stated. ernment ministries and nongovernmental demonstrations in the manufacture of ve­ organizations gave full cooperation by em­ neer and plywood. It has assisted the Col­ The PRESIDING . OFFICER. The phasizing the nutritional value of fish in lege of Agriculture in the production of im­ clerk will state the amendments reported their programs to housewives, families, etc. proved shipping containers for lettuce and by the Committee on Appropriations. The campaign generally resulted in a no­ other agricultural products. It has made The first amendment of the Committee table increase in the consumption of dried excellent papers on an experimental basis on Appropriations. was, under the head­ fish. For example, in one section of Mexico from Ph111ppine woods and bamboos. It has ing "Chapter !-Independent Offices " on City containing about 300,000 inhabitants, accumulated from its various investigations page 2, after line 8, to insert: ' much basic data on strength, fiber dimen­ the sale of dried ·fish was increased 160 per­ NATIONAL ScmNCE FOUNDATION cent. These results were achieved without sions, specific gravity and other technical the aid of any kind of advertising appro­ characteristics of Philippine woods, and is SALARIES AND EXPENSES priation; all activities were integrated with conducting investigations on the utility and For an additional amount·for "Salaries and existing programs, and called for no ab­ proqessing of PhUippine woods and their expenses", $2,400,000, to remain available un- normal expenditure. Most important from protection from fungi and · insects. til el(pended. , · · the expert's point of view was the fact that Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President Na­ the various Gov.ernment ministries and non­ tional Science Foundation $2 - governmental organizations which had co­ URGENT DEFICIENCY APPROPRIA­ request~d operated in the pilot areas were so impressed 400,000 for salaries and expenses nece~­ by these results that they decided to incor­ TIONS, 1958 sary to cover the first-year cost of initia­ porate their parts of the campaign into their Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, I move ting a post-International Geophysical regular countrywide programs. that the Senate proceed to the consid­ Year research program in the Antarctic. The Philippines, forest-products research eration of House bill 12326, making ur­ The funds are needed at this time for the The Forest Products Research Institute of gent deficiency appropriations for the procurement of scientific equipment and the Ph111ppines is a semiautonomous Govern­ fiscal year ending June 30, 1958, and the recruitment and training of per­ ment research institution, attached for pol­ for other purposes. sonnel preparatory to movement to the icy purposes to the University of the Phil­ The motion was agreed to; and the Antarctic this fall. ippines. It was created out of a growing Senate resumed the consideration of the The House committee did not hold consciousness of the necessity for more effi­ hearings or consider this item and it was cient and more complete ut111zation of the bi.11 (H. R. 12326) making urgent defi­ products of the forests. This institute grew ciency appropriations for the fiscal year omitted from the bill. out of recommendations of the United States ending June 30, 1958, and for other Our committee held hearings on the ICA (then MSA) mission to the Ph111ppines purposes. request and we learned from Dr. Water­ which, in cooperation with the Philippine Mr. HAYDEN obtained the floor. man that plans had been developed for Government in 1951-52, undertook fi(;lld in­ Mr. HOBLITZELL. Mr. President, I an international research program to be vestigations which led to establishment of suggest the absence of a quorum. continued in the Antarctic and that the ·a forest-products laboratory. Construction The PRESIDING OFFICER. The National Science Foundation was co­ was completed in 1954·, with considerable sci­ Senator from Arizona has the :tloor. ordinating the work of the other Govern­ entific equipment furnished through ICA. ment agencies involved in the United Since 1954 the former Director of the United Does he yield for the purpose of sug-. States Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, gesting the absence of a quorum? States program for this purpose. Wis., has served as FAO adviser to. the in­ Mr. HAYDEN. I have no objection. They propose to have their personnel stitute and much of the progress of the in­ Mr. HOBLITZELL. I suggest the ab­ and equipment accompany the Interna­ stitute is due to his untiring efforts. sence of a quorum. tional Geophysical Year team, leaving in Th}s Institute is a good example of results The PRESIDING OFFICER. The the fall for the Antarctic for the comple­ which can be obt-ained when technical. and clerk will call the roll. tion of their field work, and also to take financial resources are well planned and over several of the stations in the Antarc­ coordinated, for the rapid growth of this The legislative clerk proceeded to call Institute has been the result of the coop­ the roll. · tic which would otherwise be closed ~ The erative and coordinated efforts of the Philip­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I deadline for the material to be available pine Government, ICS and FAO, with finan­ ask unanimous consent that the order is August 31. It will require from 90 to cial assistance also from Australia and the for the quorum call be rescinded. 180 days to procure some of the equip­ United Kingdom through the Colombo plan, The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ ment, and the training of the 61 per­ the Rockefeller Foundation and many pri­ out objection, it is so ordered. sonnel will require from 4 to 6 months. vate Philippine groups and individuals. So as they are to leave in November not The objectives of the research and de­ Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, the Committee on Appropriations has re­ much time remains. velopment program of the Institute are: Unless they can arrange to be ready to To study and improve the chemical proc­ por.ted to the Senate the urgent de­ essing, seasoning, preservative treatment ficiency appropriation bill. It contains go with the International Geophysical and other manufacturing or improving appropriations amounting to $34,- Year team, a full year will be lost in the processes so that the wood may be con­ 684,302, which is an increase of $5,- program. verted into final products more efficiently 922,500 over the amount provided by the The complete international program is and more profitably and may serve the user House bill. estimated to cost $4% million. better. Details· of the plans for the program To develop new industries on wood resi­ Two million four hundred thousand of are included in the printed hearings. dues not now profitably used, and thus pro­ this increase is for the National Science vide additional employment opportunities Foundation, whose representatives were Mr. Harry Wexler, Director of Meteor­ and economic advantages. not J:leard by the House committee. ological Research of the Weather Bu­ To find profitable uses for species not now The funds are necessary if the National reau, testified: being used and for species found to have Science Foundation is to procure s'cien­ One of the most noticeable things.that you special properties of value. -tific equipment and recruit personnel observe when you come to the Antarctic is To undertake any other kind of research preparatory to the movement to the the ice. During the IGY we discovered more that will assist in the more efficient utiliza­ tee than ·ever imaginable before. If you took tion of the products· of the forest. Antarctic this.fall to-initiate a post-In­ it all and spread it uniformly o·ver the earth In 1954 the Forest Products Laboratory ternational Geophysical Year research it would give you a layer of 150 feet thick was 11 ttle more than a plan with a 11 ttle program. and if it all melted it would raise the ocean ,equipment still in packin.g cases, one old The House allowed 3¥2 million for by 200 feet or so. We do not know the exact building and 3 or 4 employees. In Jan­ the winter Olympic games in Califor­ amount because we haven't probed all the uary 1958, it is a Forest Products Research nia, the money to be derived by transfer regions of the Antarctic. . . Institute with a large main building, three from other Defense Department appro­ The Antarctic Continent, ·it was also subsidiary buildings, a large amount of priations. The committee has stricken stated, is larger than the combined area valuable ~quipment, 150 employees and a the transfer provision, which has the of the United States and Europe. CONGRESSIONA-L RECORD-· -SENATH 8311 . The PRESIDING · · OFFICER. ·The 7785) to provide for the appointment of This mattexo _ha,s received ·detailed .question is on agreeing to the first com.. an additional judge .for the juvenile . study by the Congress and various agen­ mittee amendment. court of the District of Columbia; asked cies in the executive branch. It has The amendment was agreed to. a conference with the Senate on the dis­ been the object of much oratory, and The next amendment was, under the agreeing· votes of the two Hotises ·very little action. The Senate has before heading "Chapter Til-Military Con.. thereon, and that Mr. ABERNETHY, Mr. it today, in S. 3683, an opportunity to struction-Department of nefense-In· DAVIS of Georgia, Mr. DOWDY, Mr. take the necessary action to develop a terservice Activities-Olympic Winter O'HARA of Minnesota, and Mr. ALLEN of sound and effective program to cure Games," on page 4, line 14, after the California were appointed managers on these long time ills by generating new word "expended", to strike ·out the the part of the House at the conference. employment opportunities for those so comma and "and to be derived by trans· long out of work. fer from any definite annual appropria· A report has _been prepared in con­ tions available to the Department of De· ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED nection with this bill, and it is on the fense for the fiscal year 1958." The message also announced that the desk of each Member of the Senate. It Mr. HAYDEN. This amendment re­ Speaker had affixed his signature to the is based upon extensive hearings con­ lates to the Olympic Games, and has following enrolled bills, and they were ducted by the Production and Stabiliza­ been explained. signed by the President pro tempore: tion Subcommittee. During the hear­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The H. R. 3604. An act to amend section 831 of ings before this committee, over 1,000 question is on agreeing to the amend­ title 5 of the Canal Zone Code to make it a pages of testimony were compiled. ment. felony to injure or destroy works, property, Twelve Senators, 8 Members of the The amendment was agreed to. or material of communication, power, light­ House of Representatives, representa­ The next amendment was, on page 5, ing, control or signal lines, stations, or sys­ tives of 5 departments of the Govern­ after line 11, to insert: tems, and for other purposes; ment, 3 governors, 11 union representa­ H. R. 7568. An act to amend the District of tives, many community spokesmen from CHAPTER V. LEGISLATIVE BRANCH, SENATE Columbia Police and Firemen's Salary Act of local chambers of commerce, interested For payment to Mary White Scott, widow 1953 to provide that service in the grade of of W. Kerr SCott, late a Senator from the inspector and the grade of private ln the individuals, and others testified on the State of North Carolina, $22,500. Fire Department of the District of Columbia proposed legislation. · shall be deemed to be service in the same I may say that a similar inquiry was Mr. HAYDEN. This is the usual pay­ grade for the purpose of longevity increases; conducted by the Senate Committee on ment made in the case of the death of and Education and Labor during the previ­ a Senator. H. R.12009. An act to amend Public Law ous session of Congress, and testimony The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 85-162 to increase the authorization for ap­ comprising almost 1,200 pages was question is on agreeing to the amend­ propriations to the Atomic Energy Commis­ sion in accordance with section 261 of the taken. The hearl.ngs were held in vari­ ment. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and ous places in the United States. The amendment was agreed to. for other purposes. Senate bill 3683 represents the best The PRESIDING OFFICER. The judgment of a bipartisan majority of the bill is open to further amendment. If committee on the measures that should there be no further amendments to be PROGRAM TO ALLEVIATE CONDI­ be adopted to solve the problem of proposed, the question is on: the engross­ TIONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND spotty economic depression. It is based ment of the amendments and third read· UNDEREMPLOYMENT upon the provisions of S. 964, which I ing of the bill. Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. President, I move introduced with 18 cosponsors, and S. The amendments were ordered to be that the Senate proceed to the consid­ 3447, introduced by the junior Senator engrossed for a third reading, and the eration of Calendar No. 1519, S. 3683, from Maine [Mr. PAYNE] for himself bill to be read a third time. the depressed areas bill. and 11 other Senators. We were greatly The bill

'l'HE PROBLEM 0~ LOW..;INCOME RURAL AREAS Committee last Friday, May 2. At that so varied that··they wlll yield only to eom­ The economic problems of low-income time,in speaking particularly of the rural prehenslve measures taken jointly by pri­ rural areas are of no less significance area redevelopment provisions of H. R. vate groups, State and local governments. than those of distressed industrial areas '6215, which closely parallel the provi· and the Federal Governmen~. with surplus manpower. Available data sions of S. 3683, he stated: In other words, once a community or indicate that these rural areas have not We take the position that this legislation area starts to slip and the tax base shared during recent decades in the is fundamental to lasting agricultural re­ diminishes, revenues also decrease; and growth of the country as a whole. There covery and development in the United States. to the degree that expenses for schools are many rural counties in the United F'rom the long-range standpoint, lt could be and for relief must be met from local the most important agricultural legislation States where the average per capita in­ of the 85th Congress. sources, the proportionate burden upon come is as little as one-fourth of the There are at least six basic reasons why we the taxable capacity which is left be­ average person in the United States. in the Grange regard this legislation as criti­ comes heavier, so that the ability of the Complex factors also account for the cal and why we so strongly urge its enact­ locality itself to carry out plans for in­ low-income levels of this substantial ment: dustrial redevelopment becomes more proportion of our fa.rm population. But 1. It would strengthen the general eco­ and more threatened and diminished. certainly one of those factors is the un­ nomic health of the Nation by positive action It is just such a comprehensive ap­ deremployment of rural families. In to bolster employment--and income--in areas of persistent unemployment and under­ proach, authorizing the cooperation of 1951 the staff study under the direction employment. private groups and Federal and local of the Senator from Alabama [Mr. 2. It would provide an effective program for governments, that is made possible un­ SPARKMAN] estimated the total number establishing new off-the-farm jobs in rural der S. 3683. of underemployed farm operator fam­ areas that have been hurt for many years SUMMAB.Y OF ASSISTANCE PROVISIONS OF S, ilies at $2 million and the total number by chronic underemployment of the avail­ of· underemployed rural nonfarm fam­ able manpower. 3683 ilies at 1,500,000. 3. It would enhance and stabilize the pur­ I would like now to review briefly for And the persistence of the problems chasing power of industrial workers and the information of Senators the main other urban residents, in the affected areas, provisions of S. 3683. ' of these rural areas in the States where and thereby improve the market for farm we have located them is d.emonstrated in First. Administration: It establishes products. an Area Redevelopment Administration surveys going back nearly 50 years. 4. It would broaden the productive utili­ The Secretary of Agriculture has rec­ zation of America's human resources and headed by an Area Redevelopment Com­ ognized the need for industrial develop­ raise the level of living standards where the missioner appointed by the President ment in these rural areas to increase the need is greatest. with the advice and consent of the Sen­ income of the people. In the absence of 5. It would relieve the problem of surplus ate. The Administration would be a new industry and additional jobs, the agricultural production to the extent that constituent agency of the Housing and only alternative left to the surplus rural currently underemployed farmers, now con­ Home Finance Agency. tributing to surplus production of some com­ In this connection, I may say that in population is migration to other areas modities, would be able to obtain full-time where job opportunities exist. This the bill which I originally introduced employment off the farm. thi::; was to be a separate agency outside again involves great human and social 6. By relieving the political pressure gen­ costs. Bringing new industry to the erated by large numbers of underemployed all the existing departments. The Sen­ rural areas makes it much easier for farm famllies of excessively low income, it ator from Maine [Mr. PAYNE] argued underemployed farm people to change would help create. the circumstances or at­ with me on this subject and convinced or expand their occupations. The new mosphere conducive to the enactment of me that I was mistaken, and that the industrial jobs also have p, multiplying truly constructive and effective farm pro­ agency should be placed in an existing effect and tend to generate additional grams. for the Nation. branch, subordinate to the President nonfarm jobs and new markets in the FLEXIBLE AND COMPREHENSIVE REDEVELOPMENT We decided that we would put it in th~ area. PROG.RAM NEEDED Housing and .Home .Finance Agency, the It is quite apparent, however, that the . A program to aid depressed areas, very agency to which the community poorer farm communities, where the ma­ tllerefore. should be flexible and adapt­ facilities provided for in the bill intro­ jority of the population live at a low able to the diverse needs of the many duced by the able junior Senator from subsistence level, do not have the neces­ communities, both industrial and rural Arkansas [Mr. FuLBRIGHT] are entrusted. sary resources to develop the elementary which suffer from chronic unemployment Mr. PAYNE. Mr. President, will the facilities which would make them attrac­ or underemployment. S. 3683 provides Sena tor yield? tive to industry. Technical help and such a program. Mr. DOUGLAS. I yield to the Sena· capital from outside also are essential A sound national program must make tor from Maine, who has been of tre­ to ~sist these communities to survey provision both for industrial areas which mendous help in the consideration of their resources, to determine the type of have been subject to chronic unemploy­ this subject. It has been a delight to industries which can flourish in these ment and for low-income rural commu­ work with him. He has been most coop­ areas, and to help provide the initial nities wh~se major economic ailments erative, constructive. and energetic in capital and training of human resources. are due tQ' underemployment. The re­ everything he has done. This is a responsibility which the Fed­ sponsibility of the Federal Government Mr. PAYNE. I was absent from the eral Government should share. In co­ to help improve economic conditions is Chamber when my colleague from Dli­ operation with State and local authori­ equally manifest in both cases. What nois was referring to the opportunity we ties, with private enterprises, and with we are really trying to do is primarily to had to work together on this bill. In his the residents of the areas needing assist­ utilize the greatest.wasted resource in the usual very amiable manner he, of course ance, the Government can dEWelop a United States; namely, idle time. was perfectly willing to arrive at an ar~ positive program which would help re­ rangement whereby this particular agen­ A realistic and comprehensive Federal cy, which is greatly needed would, in the duce the underemployment from which progr~~ ~ust also enc~mpass a variety the poor.er rural areas are suffering. of actiVIties to fit the diversity of needs interest of economy and efficiency, be Such action would constitute a step to­ of the different communities. Testimony placed under an existing governmental ward making it possible for the people at the hearings on S. 3683 has indicated organization rather than be established in the poorest areas to share in. some that communities on the downgrade fre­ as a brandnew agency. which would have greater measure in the opportunity to quently cannot afford to carry out a pro­ to get off the ground. make a self-respecting contribution to I should like to ask one question. l gram of economic reconstruction. no know that the Senator from Illinois society by work, and in the ever-rising matter how strong their will to do so. has a number of important points to standard of living, which should be the In the 1957 Economic Report of the cover. birthright of every American. President, the need of chronically de­ Mr. Herschel Newsom. the able master pressed communities for outside assist· . Is not the Senator from Illinois a h~tle amaz~d to read in the minority of the National Grange, gave strong sup.. ance was stated concisely: VIews. particularly in connection with port to this principle in his testimony be· In some cases the forces responsible for rural areas, a suggestion that we do not fore the House Banking and Currency persistent unemployment are so s~rong an~ go far enough in this bill, or, in other 1958 CONGRESSION-AL RECORD- SENATE 8315 words, that we are too conservative, and· _ Is it not true that the ·bill encompasses Mr. DOUGLAS. I thank the Senator do not take in enough areas throughout a provision which eliminates pirating, as from New York. He is a supporter of all the country? . Yet in the next breath such? good causes. I think the attitude he the minority criticizes the bill, claiming Mr. DOUGLAS. That is correct. takes is quite correct. I believe foreign that we go too far in the overall situa­ Mr. PAYNE. Some members of the aid is necessary, but I believe the same tion. minority who signed the milwrity views principie which causes us to help others Mr. DOUGLAS. I was not only sur­ stood on the floor of the Senate and ob­ should also cause us to help citizens in prised; I was astonished and amazed jected strenuously to the granting of eco­ areas within the United States who are at that statement. This is a harsh nomic aid and technical assistance and in dire need, as well. judgment to pass, but I can only con­ training to other nations on a selective Mr. JAVITS. I thank the Senator chide that the miriority wishes to hunt basis. from Illinois. with the hounds, and run with the hares. Mr. DOUGLAS. I do not wish to make Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, I wish Mr. PAYNE. In other words, there any personal references, but some mem­ now to review briefly for the information may be a question whether it is felt by bers of the minority have been great ad­ of Senators the main provisions of some that people who have been un­ vocates of point 4, technical aid, and S. 3683. I have already spoken about employed for a long period of time, and economic assistance to other countries. the administration of the proposed act who are not merely affected by the so-­ · Mr. PAYNE. We are not saying that being entrusted to the Housing and called recession situation, should not be that has not been proper. All we are Home Flnance Agency, which would es­ given special attention and be treated asking is the same measure of treatment, tablish a separate organization within its as a special problem, which affects the attention, and consideration be ac­ confines. entire country? corded to people at home who have met OTHER FEATURES OF THE BILL Mr. DOUGLAS. I quite agree with the test and who have been unemployed The existing ·urban renewal and com­ the Senator from Maine. The contra­ over a long period of time. We are ask­ munity facilities programs in that agen­ dictory attitude of the minority reminds ing that they be treated in a somewhat cy have given it some parallel experience me of what Disraeli once said about similar manner, even though on a scale which should prove helpful. Gladstone, namely, that he was· furi­ of less magnitude, under the provisions Second. Advisory boards: The Com­ ously in earnest on all sides of every of this bill. mission~r is provided with two advisory question. · Mr. DOUGLAS. We are saying that boards: (a) A cabinet level advisory Mr. PAYNE. If we were to adopt the an American citizen should not be board, designed to work out a coordina­ same attitude all the way through, we treated less favorably than Indians tion of the assistance, technical and would have to apply the same argu­ or Vietnamese or Arabs or Egyptians. otherwise, available in the various agen­ ment to areas hit by flood. · We wish the people of foreign countries cies of the Federal Government; and (b) Mr. DOUGLAS. Yes. well, and we want to help them; but we a National Public Advisory Board drawn Mr. PAYNE. We would have to say, do not believe that our depressed areas, from industry, labor, and national organ­ "It is too bad these areas were hit by both urban and rural, should be com­ izations concerned with the problem; flood." But strangely enough, we in the pletely overlooked or ignored. He is also authorized to convene special Congress, even though many of us come Mr. PAYNE. I am in complete accord conferences to consider the problems and from areas not hit by flood, have recog­ with the Senator's statement, and I wish needs of particular industries that are nized their plight and have dealt with it. to commend him for the contribution to hard hit, such as the textile industry or When it· comes to unemployment, with this subject he has made on the floor of the coal industry. Or he could call a people standing in line waiting to get the Senate today. · conference to deal with the question of jobs, some would say, "We do not think freight rates. the Federal Government ·should enter Mr. DOUGLAS. The Senator from Maine has made a tremendous contribu­ Third. Redevelopment areas: The in­ into that situation at all." · dustrial redevelopment areas are those Mr. DOUGLAS. We were very re­ tion in committee and in working up the bill. where the Commissioner determines that sponsive to the needs of such States as· "there has existed substantial and per­ Connecticut and others, which were hit Mr. HENNINGS. Mr. President, I shoUld like to associate myself with the sistent unemployment for an extended by the various floods and. cyclones of period of time." Areas must be so desig­ 1955 and 1956. But, as the Senator from remarks of the distinguished Senator from Maine [Mr. PAYNE] and the dis­ nated if they have suffered 12 percent Maine, a distinguished former governor unemployment during the year preceding and a great Senator, knows, legislation tinguished Senator from Illinois [Mr. DouGLAS] for the portion of colloquy and the application, or 9 percent unemploy­ can deal with immediate needs. It is not ment during 15 out of the preceding 18 necessary to deal with every evil under discussion that I have been privileged to hear this afternon. I wish to asso­ months, or 6 percent unemployment dur­ the sun in a single piece of legislation. ing 18 out of the preceding 24 months. If that were required, there would be· ciate myself with their views. Mr. DOUGLAS. I thank the Senator. In addition, an area which has suffered very little proposed legislation passed by 15 percent unemployment during the this body. Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I may say ~ :Preceding 6 months may be so designated Mr. PAYNE. Mr. President, will the to the Senator from Illinois that I heard if the c:ommissioner determines that the Senator be good enough to' yield once the colloquy between my two colleagues principal causes of the unemployment more-and then I shall stop? . who are so heavily responsible for the de­ are not temporary in nature. Mr. DOUGLAS. I hope the Senator pressed-areas bill as it concerns our own - The Commissioner is also empowered will not stop. His contribution is very country. to act in so-called one-industry towns, valuable. I am known to be very devoted to the where a plant which gives employment to Mr. PAYNE. In the next few days we foreign aid and technical assis~anc~ pro­ virtually all the people closes down, and shall have an opportunity to discuss this grams. In all fairness, I think it should it is perfectly apparent that the town measure in rather complete detail. Such be said that men like myself-and l -am will become a ghost town unless action discussion will be in addition to the not alone, by any means-feel _ very is taken speedily. rather complete job which the Senator strongly about the pending bill for pre­ Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, from Illinois is doing this afternoon. cisely the reason disclosed. We realize will the Senator yield? Let me read from the minority views. our tremendous resi>onsibility to the peo­ Mr. DOUGLAS. I am very glad to This statement, found on page 58, is ple of our own cpuntry, both for peace yield. amazing to me: and for well-being. We believe we serve Mr. NEUBERGER. I have been listen­ · One of the fundamental defects of this­ the cause-of peace by fighting for the ing with great interest and profit to proposal is requiring the Federal Govern­ plan for foreign aid and technical assist­ myself to the very able speech being de· ment to use its resources to encourage the ance; but we also believe that we must livered by the Senator from Illinois. As economic growth of a limited number of equally serve the cause of the well-being always, he is most informative and per­ communities. Thus, the . Federal Govern­ of our own people, and the Sena.tor from ment is placed in the highly undesir!tble po· suasive. I have a further particular in.. sition of helping ·certain communities to at-, Illinois and the Senator from Maine are terest because, on several occasions, the tract new industry in competition with other giving us that opportunity, for which I Senator-from Illinois has re:(erred to my communities that receive no Federal aid. am personally Vfiry gi'ateful. own State of Oregon. I realize it is a 8316 CONGRESSIONAL trntORD- ..:....:::SENATE May 8 state of which he also has personal for the aree. redevelopment bill, S. 3683, when bility immediately suggests itself, name­ knowledge, because he was once a resi­ 1t is considered by the Senate. ly, the possibility of developing a furni­ dent of Oregon and a teacher there. Really significant Federal action to bring ture industrY there to utilize the wood broader economic opportunity to chronically products of the area. Earlier in his address, the Senator depressed rural areas 1a long overdue . .s. from Illinois referred to the techn9logical 3683 provides the basis for the initiation for There is also a possibility in the field unemployment which had occurred in such action. The continuance of chronic of utilizing some of the byproducts of certain areas of the South and in New rural poverty in a large number of disadvan­ wood which are chemical in nature. England, as industrial processes have taged rural areas-chronic poverty which in­ Mr. NEUBERGER. The Senator from changed and as the use of resources has fects entire communities, counties, and Illinois is eminently correct in that re­ been transformed in certain States. To areas--not only holds our Nation back from spect. I have been informed for some some degree, in the Pacific Northwest we the full production and full prosperity of time by eminent authorities in this field, which it is capable, but also 1a a source of such as Dr. Richard E. McArdle, Chief have been confronted with that problem. weakness in world opinion. Continuation of For example, it is my recollection that in such conditions is an unfair disadvantage to of the United States Forest Service, that 1920 approximately 18,900 board-feet of children of those areas whose prospects in they think in Oregon too much of the lumber were used in the average family life are dimmed because of the chronic pov4 forest-products employment is concen­ dwelling unit. Today, only about 10,500 erty of their parents and the low standards trated in the production of raw timber board-feet of lumber are used in the of the institutions and facilities in the com­ for lumber, and not enough in pulp pro­ average dwelling unit. Therefore, lum­ munities in which they are born. We would duction. ber, which for many generations has been favor passage of the bill for its rural area Mr. DOUGLAS. And also not enough provisions alone, if for no other reason. the principal manufactured product of However, farmers, as well as Americans in the fabrication of wood. the Pacific Northwest, has to some de­ generally, wm also benefit from the redevel­ Mr. NEUBERGER. That is correct. gree come to represent a distressed in- opment program provided for chronically de­ In other words, the entire emphasis dustry. · presse~ urbaD{areas. We do not believe that should not be placed on the cutting of On top of that, the very high interest initiation of t:he program will react adverse­ logs for raw lumber, but some emphasis rates, unwisely imposed upon our econ­ ly upon economically sound industrial expan­ should be placed on the fabrication of omy by this administration and the Fed­ sion to currently underdeveloped areas but the lumber into fittings for homes, eral Reserve Board, have resulted in a on the contrary will promote sound progres­ buildings, schools, and so forth. sive expansion of economic opportunities in diminution of housing construction dur­ an currently chronically depressed areas. Let us assume that a study indicated ing recent years. As I recall, in 1955 Finally, it seems to us, really significant that in the State of Oregon there was­ about 1,300,000 housing units were con­ efforts to eliminate chronic pockets of un­ as I am certain there is-ample scrub structed in the United States. Last year, deremployment will act directly to reduce timber of alpine species, such as jack­ this kind of essential construction was unemployment and recession. Elimination pine, lodgepole pine, and alpine fir, which down to approximately 900,000 new progressively of chronically depressed rural could be processed into pulp and pulp homes. and urban areas will help pull the Nation out products. Under the provisions of this The very kind of situation to which the of the current recession, help prevent future bill, would it be possible for long-term Senator from Illinois has referred briefly recessions and depressions, and help the Na­ tion to resume a steady economic growth loans to be made to private industries in his address prevails in Oregon. Ore­ curve. engaged in pulp and paper manufacture, gon is the leading lumber-producing Sincerely, which then could go into the State of State. From 65 to 75 percent of all the JAMES G. PATTON, Oregon and could process this upland payroll dollars in our State are heavily President. timber? reliant upon forest products in one form Mr. DOUGLAS.. Yes; that would be or another. For example, I have just . Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, this is a prelude to my asking some quite possible. Of course, we would try received a telegram from Mr. James T. to obtain the cooperation of private lend­ Marr, the able executive secretary of the questions of the Senator from Dlinois. As he mentioned. Portland. which is the ers, too, and of the localities and of the Oregon State Labor Council. AFL-CIO, State. But the type of industry men­ which states: only major metropolitan area in Ore­ gon, and which is the community in tioned by the Senator would ·be very val­ Oregon labor strongly supports Douglas­ which he was once a college teacher, is uable. Payne area redevelopment bill technical Of course, I think it probably true that assistance, urban renewal aid, vocational re­ listed as one of the surplus labor areas training specially pertinent to Oregon. m th~ Nation. . . the loan funds which we shall provide­ Mr. DOUGLAS. That is true. As of amounting to $100 million-could not be Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ March 1, Portland had an unemploy­ used to establish pulp mills in every sent that Mr. Marr's telegram and also ment rate of between 6 and 9 percent. State of the Union, for I understand a letter I have received from Mr. James Mr. NEUBERGER. This particular that the investment required for the es­ G. Patton, president of the National situation, unfortunately, has prevailed tablishment of such a mill is very large; Farmers Union, which has a substantial in Oregon for approximately 4 years. but to the limit of the resources, that is number of locals in Oregon, and which The recession, which the Senator from one of the things which could be done. supports the Douglas-Payne redevelop­ Dlinois is trying so hard to bring to an Certainly furniture factories could be ment bill, be printed at this point in the end, and which has a:O:ected the :vest of established. RECORD. the country for 3 months, has existed Mr. NEUBERGER. Of course, the es· There being no objection, the telegram in Oregon for about 4 years-as housing tablishment of a furniture factory is far and.letter were ordered to be printed in starts- have come down from 1,300,000 less expensive than the establishment of the RECORD, as follows: new homes in the United States to ap­ a pulp mill. PORTLAND, OREG., April 29,1958. proximately 900,000. Mr. DOUGLAS . . That is correct. Senator RICHARD L. NEUBERGER~ This is what I wish to ask my friend, Mr. NEUBERGER. I understand that. Senate Office Building, the Senator from Illinois; How, par­ the funds will be spent in the parts of Washington, D. C.~ Oregon labor strongly supports Douglas­ ticularly, would the passage of the bill the Nation where the greatest unemploy• Payne are~t. redevelopment bill technical have a favorable impact on the economy ment and economic distress are found to assistance, urban renewal aid, vocational re· and employment in an area such as exist; is that correct? training especially pertinent to Oregon. Oregon, in general, and the Portland Mr. DOUGLAS. That is correct. J.T.MARR, metropolitan community in particular? Mr. NEUBERGER. Mr. President, I Executive Secretary, Oregon State Mr. DOUGLAS. The bill aims to en­ thank the Senator from Dlinois; and I Labor Council,, AFL-CIO. courage the development of new indus­ wish to assure him of my admiration for try by making loans and to encourage his efforts and those of his assciciate, the NATIONAL FARMERS UNION private enterprise to utilize raw ma­ distinguished Senator from Maine [Mr. LEGISLATIVE SERVICES,· terials and labOr skills which exist there PAYNE]~ and of my support of the pro­ Wa.sh.ington, D. 0., May 6, 1958. and which may be developed. posed legislation. - Senator RicHARD L. NEUBERG~ Senate Olflce Building. · I think. it would be necessary to make Mr. DOUGLAS. I appreciate the Was1'1.ington, D. 0. a thorough survey to determine wliat al­ Senator's statement. DEAR SENA '!'OR NEtYBERGER: This letter !s ternative industries should be developed Let me say that, in addition to the :r-espectfully to urge ·your Sllpport and vote in Portland or in Oregon;· but one possl- clas·sification of Portland, Oreg., as an 1958 · CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD- SENATE 8317 area of unemployment, the area around assistance may not be extended, how­ Fourth. The Federal financial assist­ Roseburg, in Douglas County, has also· ever, for working capital. In other ance must be repayable after other loans been classified as an area of substantial words, it is to provide plant equipment made in connection with the project have labor surplus. I believe that is farther and machinery, but not working capi1dl. been repaid in full. down the Willamette Valley, near the The loan funds are set up as revolv­ -Fifth. Assistance for new and expand­ center of the industry itself. Is that ing funds separately: (a) $100 million ing plants: The intention of the bill to true? for loans in industrial redevelopment authorize Government assistance only . Mr. NEUBERGER. Again the Senator areas; and (b) $100 million for loans in for new or expanded plants, and not to from Illinois is correct. Roseburg, Oreg., rural redevelopment areas. give such assistance to any runaway in­ might be said to be the citadel of the · Now let us notice the restrictions on dustry or to the pirating of industry, is lumber industry in the United States. these loans, which are as follows: made clear in sections 2, 6, and 14. It is It is one of the largest cities of the (a) The assistance may be extended there stated as the purpose of the legis­ Fourth Oregon Congressional District, only to applicants which have been lation to assist redevelopment areas to which produces more lumber than any of approved for the purpose by an agency alleviate their unemployment and under­ the 431 Congressional Districts in the of the State or its political subdivision employment by providing new employ­ United States. concerned with problems 9f economic ment opportunities and by expanding As the construction of housing has development in the State or subdivision, existing facilities, and not to assist es­ dropped and as the production of lumber or by local committees in areas with no tablishments relocating from one area to has been adversely affected, Roseburg official bodies. another and substantially increasing un­ has had one of the highest unemploy­ (b) The assistance may be extended employment in the original area. ment rates of any community in the only if such financial assistance is not Mr. President, let me make it clear that Nation. Of course that is why I have otherwise available from private lenders the bill does not interfere with industrial asked the Senator from Illinois the ques­ or other Federal agencies on reasonable migration; it is simply not set up to cause tions I have had in mind-as to exactly terms. and finance such migration, which would how the Douglas-Payne bill might assist (c) An immediate participation is to merely have the net effect of moving un­ some of the lumber-producing areas of be preferred to a loan. employment from one area to another. our State like Roseburg, which have In other words, Federal assistance can been hit so hard by the decrease in the . The language of the bill on this point be justified to level up the communities construction of housing .and by the break may seem a little ambiguous; but I in­ with long-continued, high-level unem­ in the lumber market. terpret that language to mean that, if ployment. It cannot be justified to level Mr. DOUGLAS. I thank the Senator possible, we shall try to get the entire down other communities. from Oregon. amount of money from private parties; but if that is not possible, we shall en­ Sixth. Public facilities loans: The RURAL REDEVELOPMENT AREAS courage private parties to handle as large Commissioner is authorized to make Mr. President, the bill also authorizes a share of the loan as possible. So every loans to assist in the purchase or de­ the Commissioner, to designate as rural effort will be made either to get private velopment of land for public facility development areas those rural areas parties to assume the entire burden of usage, and for the construction, rehabili­ where there exist the largest number and the loan or to take as large a share of tation, alteration, expansion, or improve­ percentage of low-income families and the loan as we possibly can get them to ment of public facilities in redevelop­ a condition of substantial and persistent take. Then the revolving fund, created ment areas. He may do this, however, unemployment or underemployment. by the Federal Government. will come only if he finds that such assistance will Definitions and standards for the desig­ into use only for the remainder. provide more than a temporary allevia­ nation of such areas have been spelled (d) There must be reasonable assur­ tion of their employment problems and out for the guidance of the Commissioner ance of -repayment. will tend to improve the opportunities . on the basis of available and relevant for the successful establishment or ex­ · The length of the loan may not pansion of industrial or commercial economic data. exceed 40 years, plus an additional 10 Fourth. State and local agencies: Any plants or facilities in such an area. He years in the course of liquidating the must also find that funds are not other­ agency authorized by the State or its in­ loan. strumentality to deal with problems of wise available on reasonable terms, and (f) Now we come to the question of the that the amount of available funds plus economic development may submit a interest rate. It is to be the average plan for the economic redevelopment of the loan are adequate to insure its com­ rate of interest which the Government pletion. Limitation of the loan and its the area to the Commissioner and-and has to pay on issues of comparable dura­ this should be particularly noted-must maturity, the requirements for local par­ tion, plus one-fourth of 1 percent. If ticipation~ and the rate of interest are approve any loan application in their the Government has to pay 3 Y4 percent area. the same as provided for industrial and In other words, it is not possible for for capital or for loans of approximately rural loans. The revolving fund from the Commissioner to bypass a State in this duration. then the interest rate which such public facility loans may be charged will be 3 Y4 percent plus one­ made is $100 million. which there is such a State authority. fourth of 1 percent,· or a total of 3¥2 per­ The approval of the State for the grant­ I may say, Mr. President, the two most ing of such a loan must be obtained. ~ent. common uses for which the loans are This section of the bill we also owe . (g) The loan-and this is very impor­ to be made are, undoubtedly, first, the to the Senator from Maine [Mr. PAYNE]. tant, Mr. President-must not exceed 65 provision of industrial water through For States which do not have such percent of the total cost to the applicant construction of dams and reservoirs, so agencies, the Commissioner may ap­ of the land and facilities, excluding other that a community will not only have POint interested local committees, Federal aid, and the following conditions adequate drinking water for its inhab­ broadly representative of the interests must be observed: itants, but adequate water for new in­ of the area, who may devise a plan for First. Enough funds must be available dustry which may be established there. economic redevelopment, and whose ap­ to complete the project. Water is coming more and more to be proval of any loan application is re­ ·Second. At least 10 percent of the cost an absolute necessity for drawing new quired. · The overall programs for the must be supplied by the State or an in­ industry into a community, for there economic development of areas must strumentality thereof, or by a co~unity must be sufficient water to enable an in­ also be approved by the Commissioner or area organization, as equity ·capital, dustry to carry on its processes. It is al­ before lie can approve loans. or as a loan. most impossible for communities to get Fifth. Industrial redevelopment loans: Third. In the case of· a. project in an new industry unless they have adequate The Commissioner is authorized to industrial redevelopment area, not less supplies of water. . Many communities make loans, including participations, to than. 5 percent of the cost must be sup­ do not have an adequate supply of water. assist in the purchase or development of plied by nongovernme_ntal sources. Of Many of the loans. about which I shall land and facilities, including machin· course, we hope tl)at much more than 5 speak in a moment, are futended to pro- ery and equipment, for· industrial use, percent will be supplied in this fashion; vide for this need. or for the construction, rehabilitation, but. at leas~ 5 percent. must be supplied Another purpose for which community or alteration of industrial plants. This ·in each and every case.· facilities loans are to be established is CIV-524 8318 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE May 8 . the provision of so-called industrial tion, market research, and other forms The alternative. .to this program is parks, namely, a series of modem build.. of information obtainable from Govern.. doing nothing. But a decision to do ings, with access roads, and with water, ment agencies. He is also directed to nothing-or at least nothing new-is sewer, and electrical connections aJ .. . furnish to procurement divisions of the . virtually an announcement to our fel­ ready provided, which can be divided various departments and agencies of the low citizens in these areas that they may into a series of small plants for small­ Government the names and addresses of as well abandon their communities and scale manufacturing and processing. In redevelopment area firms desirous of farms and all the community institutions this way, the communities would have obtaining Government contracts. they have developed through the years. such facilities available, and they could Eleventh. Technical assistance: The Our country and its people would be be used, on reasonable terms, by the Commissioner is likewise authorized to weakened by such abandonment. new industries coming into the com­ provide technical assistance to such I believe that the adoption of the pend­ munities, without the new industrjes areas, including studies of their needs ing measure by Congress and its wise and being required themselves to meet the and potentials, and including also the careful administration will bring a new expense of the construction of facilities help of staff members or the employment day of hope and opportunity to many to which I have referred. of private firms or institutions under areas, and to literally millions of our Seventh. In addition to public facili­ contract for such purpose. Appropria­ people who want nothing more than a ties loans, there would be public facilities tions for such technical assistance are chance to work and to live in self-respect grants: The Commissioner is also au­ authorized in an amount not to exceed and decency. thorized to make grants for land acqui­ $4,500,000 annually. The bill proposes no easy handout. It sition or development for public facility Twelfth. Vocational training, and now holds out for the prospect of work, of usage, and for the construction, rehabil­ we come to something that is very new jobs, of increased production, of ex­ itation, and so forth, of public facilities important: The Secretary of Labor is panding business and commerce, of in redevelopment areas. He may do authorized to determine the vocational more healthy community, life and, above this, however, only if he finds, as before, training needs in redevelopment areas, all, of a fuller utilization and develop­ that such public facility project will and he and the Secretary of Health, ment of the Nation's most precious re­ provide more than a temporary allevia­ Education, and Welfare, within their re­ sources, its human resources. tion of the unemployment or underem­ spective. jurisdictions, in cooperation It is a domestic point four program, ployment problems, and will tend to with State and local agencies, are di­ which we badly need. improve the opportunities for the suc­ rected to make available in such areas Mr. President, I should now like to add cessful establishment or expansion of the training assistance authorized under a few words which deal with criticisms industrial or commercial plants or fa­ existing programs. · which have been advanced against the cilities there. He must also find that This is extremely important. Let us bill both by the Secretary of Commerce . the entity requesting the grant proposes take the coal-mining industries, in which and by the minority of the Senate Com­ to contribute to its cost in proportion men have been trained to work in coal mittee on Banking and CUrrency. to its ability, that the project will fulfill mines, but the new industries which are THE CRITICISMS OF SECRETARY WEEKS a pressing need in the area, and that to be developed require factory-trained CONSIDERED there is little probability that it can be employees, in which the coal miners are The main theme of the criticism of the undertaken without such assistance. not skilled. This section directs the Sec­ Secretary of Commerce addressed to S. In other words, some communities are retary of Labor and the Secretary of 3447 introduced by the Senator from so prostrate that they cannot carry loans Health, Education, and Welfare to pro­ Maine is that our area redevelopment in full. The bill makes it possible for a vide training facilities in the areas con­ bill goes too far, covers more areas than part of the cost, though not all, to be cerned so its citizens can be retrained necessary, sets too liberal loan terms and met by grants. The bill authorizes $75 for new jobs as the new industries come amounts, includes retraining subsistence million a year for such grants, but they into the areas. payments, and so forth. - would be subject, of course, to control Thirteenth. Retraining subsistence It is not easy to set the precise dollar by the appropriations committees. payments: The Secretary of Labor is di­ amounts-or loan terms-that will be Eighth. Urban renewal: Section 14 rected to enter into agreements with needed to deal with this problem across provides financial assistance, under ex­ States in which redevelopment areas are the country, for no one can predict the isting urban renewal laws, to local public located to enable the States to make exact nature of the enterprises which agencies in any municipality where the weekly retraining payments for not more will be developed or the varying amounts Area Redelopment Commissioner certi­ than 13 weeks in the amount of the aver.. of private and local funds that will share fies to the Administrator-HHFA-that age weekly payments of unemployment in this venture of rebuilding. the municipality is situated in an area compensation to those who are certified designated as an industrial redevelop­ But if all of the $100 million authorized to be undergoing training for a new job. for industrial area loans were evenly di­ ment area, and there is a probability Such payments could not be made, how.. that such assistance contribute to vided over an initial period of say 5 years, will ever, to those who are entitled to un.. and then evenly spread over the 70 more than temporary- improvement in employment compensation payments. economic development. This section larger areas now identified and 50 waives the "predominantly residential" Fourteenth. Miscellaneous: The bill smaller areas that may well be surveyed requirement of section 110 (c) of title I includes necessary administrative provi .. and found eligible, the resulting avail.. of the Housing Act of 1949, and makes sions and powers, provides ·ror termina .. able loan funds for each will be found available the Federal capital grants for tion of eligibility, requires the Commis­ to be relatively modest-less than $167, .. land acquisition and development, for a sioner to make a comprehensive and 000-on an average for the 120 areas project of a commercial or industrial detailed report to Congress, and author­ over -a 5-year period. The results of _ character in a depressed industrial izes to be appropriated such sums as may computations for the 300 rural area area. This new provision, however, is be necessary to carry out the provisions counties, and for public facilities loans lumped together with the existing "skid of ·the act. would be similar. The grant funds, tech.. row" exception, and together they are From this summary it should be clear nical assistance, retraining payments, made subject to the limitation in the that S. 3683. will provide a wide and use .. and so forth, are, of course, subject to the present law of 10 percent of all capital ful variety of aids to the rebuilding of continuing limitation and· check of an­ grants authorized. these pockets of economic distress in our nual appropriations. Ninth. Urban planning grants: Plan.. country. The heavy preponderance of Measured against the needs shown in ning grants under section 701 of the these aids is in the form of loans, which our hearings, the authorizations do not Housing Act of 1954 are also made avail.. will be· repaid. The emphasis is on en.. look large. But we hope they will be able to communities having populations abling these areas, in cooperation with sufficient to demonstrate the feasibility of 25,000 or more, if designated by the private enterprises, to do things for and effectiveness of the program in wide .. Commissioner as industrial redevelop.. themselves. The patterns of aid are ones spread areas. On the basis of that ex.. ment areas. which have been used in other circum.. perience, Congress can decide if the Tenth. Information: The Commls.. stances, and call for the greatest meas.. program should be enlarged or cut back. sioner is directed to aid redevelopment ure of cooperation of Federal, State, and It is clear that the "too little and_too areas by furnishing technical informa.. local governments. late" approach of the past, however, is 1958 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8319 inadequate. These economiC! ills need subject he is discussing. The Senator recession measure, and does not deserve ,a strong injection of new capital r~ from Dlinois has had experience, par­ priority of consideration. sources and imaginative ideas for indus­ ticularly in the area of southern Illinois, But the bill's supporters have not urged trial expansion. -No ·half-hearted, hesi­ which is similar to the experience I have its approval as an antirecession measure tant program will hold out the necessar1 had in Massachusetts. We have one­ or asked any special priority for it. aid or hope. If the program is worth industry towns, and because of a change Legislation along these general lines establishing, it is worth having the re­ in technology the people have been left has now been before the Congress for sources and the variety of ·aids to enable high and dry on the beach. They have over 3 years, with extensive hearings. it to succeed. come to Washington to ask us to get for Surely after such a period it is not act­ I am glad that Secretary Weeks en­ them some sort of assistance. We have ing in undue haste to suggest that the dorses the principle of the bill, but I not been able to give any assistance to time is approriate for Congressional de­ believe his judgment is in error in think­ them because we cannot guide the de­ cision now. The existence of the reces­ ing that it goes too far. fense contracts to the areas, and have sion, which is confronting many parts of I should now like to deal with the not been able to assist them in any other the country with- temporary conditions minority views of the committee. way. Passage of the bill under consid­ like those which have hit the distressed A CONTRADICTION IN THE VIEWS OF THE eration is overdue. areas permanently, merely adds to the MINORITY I am certainly delighted the Senator awareness of the urgent needs we have too long ignored and neglected. The minority views opposing S. 3683 in is addressing himself to the subject, and our committee report seem to take a I congratulate the Senator for the lead­ THE MINORITY ARE FATALISTS position directly contradictory to that of ership he has given to this matter in the Probably the most fundamental ob­ the Secretary of Commerce. They con­ Committee on Labor and Public Welfare jection to S. 3683 stated in the minority tend that the bill is too narrow, that it and in the Committee on Banking and views is that deterioration should not be would cover only one out of every eight Currency. I repeat, passage of the bill the basis for a decision to develop a com­ persons unemployed, that it discrimi­ is overdue. munity; that after an industry decides to nates against other areas-and then they Mr. DOUGLAS. The Senator from discontinue uneconomic operations in a turn around and argue against the prin­ Massachusetts conducted the hearings in community, we should not substitute the ciple of the bill. Massachusetts, and, I believe, also in judgment of the Federal Government for Surely we are past the time when a Rhode Island, on the subject we are dis­ the judgment of our free-enterprise sys­ remedial measure is to be condemned cussing, to demonstrate the troubles tem. and defeated because it does not deal which such towns as Fall River, New When the heavy costs of such eco­ with all the other problems that re­ Bedford, Lawrence, Woonsocket, and nomic fatalism are fully measured, how­ sourceful Senators can recall. Pawtucket, are having. ever, I believe we must reject it as any Congress did not refuse to legislate for Mr. KENNEDY. I received a telegram kind of guide to national policy. small business simply because parallel today from the head of the IUE at As the automobile industry demon­ programs were not authorized in the Adams, where the Berkshire-Hathaway strates today, and as others remind us same bill for big business which did not plant has closed down, which adds an ad­ by their occasional misjudgments and need them. ditional 1,000 people to the 17 percent . errors, there is nothing sacred about Federal aids have not been denied in unemployed in that area. Those people every judgment of a private company. the field of housing simply becau._se sim­ are asking for defense contracts. The judgment may benefit-or injure-­ ilar aids are not extended in the same As the Senator from Illinois is aware, the company's own economic interest. measures to general commercial or in­ we have not been successful in having It may be-an advantage of the company, dustrial construction. defense contracts awarded to distressed but a great loss to the community. Farm price supports w~re not refused areas. Unless the bill under considera­ While the company has the freedom, or simply because farm machinery did not tion is passed there will be literally noth­ legal right, to make such a decision, this receive similar assistance. ing we can do for a particular area which _does not bind the Government to ignore And so on through a host of essential­ is sutiering from chronic unemployment, the harmful, human and community legislative measures now on the statute except what can be done with relation to consequences of that decision, or the books, Cengress did not try to cover unemployment compensation, or some social and human capital which will be every problem in one bill. program like that. made idle by it. The basic justice for singling out these I congratulate the Senator for his To enthrone as masters over public industrial and rural areas for assistance leadership in this as well as in other mat­ policy the judgments of private concerns lies in the fact that their needs have ters. as to their own advantage, or to ignore been so great for such a long time. And Mr. DOUGLAS. The Senator from the distress resulting from dynamic, im:­ the recovery of the Nation from the cur­ personal economic forces, is to abdicate rent recession-for which we are con­ Massachusetts has been a leader in this sidering and enacting a wide variety of matter himself, and he does not need to the powers and responsibilities which I other measures-will as in past reces:. congratulate me. ' thought all 20th century citizens agreed sions leave the unemployment and un­ Mr. KENNEDY. I thank the Senator. that this Government has, to-serve its deremployment in the distressed rural Mr. DOUGLAS. I thank the Senator people. Surely this carries us back to and industrial areas largely untouched. very much for his comments. the days and ways of the distant past THIS PROGRAM PROVIDES WORK, NOT RELIEF when laissez-faire was hallowed doc­ If concern for the human needs in the trine. redevelopment areas does ·riot move us, To label this "a new Federal relief pro­ then the self-interest of the rest of the The alternative is not, as the mi­ gram," as the minority views do, is to nority state it, to have the Federal Gov­ Nation should impel us to end the drag raise all sorts of implications which have of these areas-which the areas them­ ernment decide the question of redevel­ no relation to the proposals of S. 3683. oping such cornrnunities. selves regret more deeply than any oth­ 3683 is basically a bill to enable the ers-on the rest of the economy. The s. The program in S. 3683. is for the distressed areas to help themselves. It Federal Government to make available discrimination which singles out a aims by loans on favorable terms to chan­ clearly identified problem and applies its aid in loans, technical assistance nel a very small part of the new invest­ and some grants. But this aid can only reasonable remedies that serve both ment of our country into areas where it widespread and local interests and the be extended upon the request of State national interest, is in our best legisla­ will produce greatly needed new jobs. or local groups. And in most cases, it Jobs are what they seek, not relief in the will also require the willingness of some tive tradition. sense in which that word is generally un­ Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, will private enterprise, which glimpses some the Senator yield? derstood. And jobs are what S. 3683 is possible ·advantage to itself, to launch designed to help private enterprises and a new· venture with the aid of such a Mr. DOUGLAS. I am glad to yield local redevelopment groups to create in to the Senator from Massachusetts, who those areas. - - loan. has been most helpful in the entire mat­ It is this enlistment of a combination ter. THIS BILL IS NOT A HASTY MEASURE of resources, national and local, govern­ Mr. KENNEDY. I am delighted the The minority object to passage of S~ mental and private, that would be the Senator from Illinois is speaking on the 3683 on the ground that it is not an anti- real contribution of S. 3683. The tough 8320 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 8 problems of these pockets of unemploy­ redevelopment. It seemed to us far bet... Member of this body has an understand­ ment and underemployment require ter from an administrative point of view ing of the merits of this type of legisla­ such a marshaling of our economic as­ that the authority over such public tion. sets. The Government should not be facility loans be lodged in the same o:tnce Is it not true that about 4 years ago handcuffed by discredited ancient doc­ as the authority for the closely related the administration itself proposed to the trines in the face of such obvious op­ industrial loans and the public facilities Congress legislation basically similar to portunities to cooperate in meeting the grants. This would also avoid trying to that which we are now considering? needs of distressed areas. break into the established pattern of the Mr. DOUGLAS. The Senator is cor­ FEDERAL AS WELL AS STATE AND LOCAL ACTION existing Community Facilities Adminis­ rect. IS BO'I!H NECESSARY AND DESIRABLE tration, which has largely concentrated Mr. PAYNE. So the problem was rec­ The minority views in their conclusion on small towns and in fact has mainly ognized by the Department of Com­ seem to accept the principle of some limited its operations to sewer facilities merce; it was recognized by the Presi­ assistance .to distressed areas, despite and general water systems. dent of the United States; it was recog­ "the judgment of our free enterprise While the ultimate passage by the nized by the Treasury Department· and system" to a.-bandon them. But they House of S. 3497 is still speculative, its it ~as recognized by .the Departme'nt of laud only State and local efforts to as­ Senate sponsors originally claimed there Labor. Is that correct? sist these areas and assert that the Fed­ were needs for $2 billion of new lending Mr. DOUGLAS. The Senator is com­ eral program will discourage them. authority. This was cut back to $1 bil­ pletely correct. I hope he will not ob­ This contention, however, is contrary lion in the Senate. It is diftlcult there­ ject to my saying that the various ad­ to the great preponderance of the evi­ fore to understand how the authorization ministrative agencies recognized the dence from these areas themselves, of $100 million of specialized public problem some months after the Senator­ based on their long and frustrating ex­ facility loans, limited to a smaller maxi­ from Illinois introduced his initial bill. perience. The inadequacy of the re­ mum of Federal participation-65 per­ Nevertheless, they all recognized it at sources of these State and local groups, cent of the cost of the project-and about the same time. despite manful efforts and many real administered in close conjunction with Mr. PAYNE. The Senator from achievements, is_the major factor lead­ other area redevelopment aids, can be Maine does not object in the slightest ing to the urgent appeals for adding considered duplicative or unnecessary, to the statement of the Senator from Federal help and resources to the local On the contrary, this authority in S. Illinois, because it is true. efforts. 3683 seems essential to any well-rounded What I ·wish to point out is the fact This committee and the one which well-coordinated redevelopment pro­ that in the report there is a comparison preceded it took testimony virtually all gram. of the several bills dealing with this over the country, and in almost every This concludes my formal address. I problem. I was obliged· to be absent locality the local authorities and local wish to thank the various groups and from the Chamber for a few minutes. I business groups said that while they had individuals who have cooperated in ad­ am sure the Senator from Illinois has been doing their best, they needed the vancing this bill to its present status. called particular attention to the com­ assistance o! the Federal Government Private citizens have given of their time parison. to make a go of it. Similar testimony very lavi~hly and unselfishly. I cannot Mr. DOUGLAS. I have done so. . was offered in our hearings in Washing~ thank the Senator from Maine enough, Mr. PAYNE. The closing sentence in ton. So this is not a question of forcing nor the Senator from Alabama [Mr. the minority views is: assistance upon the localities. It is in­ SPARKMAN], the Senator from Pennsyl­ Instead of attempting to find a real solu­ stead a question of providing aid to the vania £Mr. CLARK] (whose injury we all tion to the problems of chronic unemploy­ localities, to help them when they are deplore) , the Senator from Oklahoma ment, the sponsors of this bill- not fully able to take care of their own [Mr. MoNRONEYl, the Senator from Meaning the Senator from Illinois the problems. Maryland [Mr. BEALL], and the Senator junior Senator from Maine, and 38 other It is the proven ineffectiveness of past from New Jersey [Mr. CASE], Senators- sloganeering about industrialization in I also wish to express my appreciation have followed the easy but not always wise low-income farm areas that now results to the members of the staffs of various policy of finding a new channel in which to in the push for meaningful Government committees, notably Mr. Matthew Hale, pour Federal funds. aids. of the Senate Banking and Currency Far from discouraging State and local Committee, and Mr. James Sundquist, Is it not true that the proposed legis­ groups, S. 3683 will hold out a new, help­ of Senator CLARK's staff. lation sent to Congress by the adminis­ ing hand to them, which we believe will I wish especially to call attention to tration and by the departments which at long last permit this rebuilding job to the services of two members of my own have just been mentioned proposed bas­ be done. staff, namely, Mr. Harold Brown, who ically the same fundamental objectives has devoted himself to this problem for which we have proposed in the particu­ PUBLIC FACILITIES ARE ALSO NECESSARY lar bill under consideration? The public facilities loan and grant several years with deep devotion and ability, and to my administrative assist­ Mr. DOUGLAS. The Senator is cor­ provisions of S. 3683 are also attacked rect. That is shown in the so-called ad­ as duplicative and unnecessary. ant, Mr. Frank McCulloch, one of the most devoted, able, and untiring men in ministration bill, S. 1433. The compar­ The grants for public facilities author­ our whole Government, and who is one ative columns are shown on pages 49, 50, ized in this bill, may be the only means of the real but unsung heroes. and 51 of the report. It provided only by which many communities will be en­ I cannot adequately express my debt to $50 million. abled to secure the industrial water sys­ these gentlemen; and I only hope that Mr. PAYNE. Four years later the sit­ tems, access roads, or industrial parks the successful enactment of this program uation has grown worse. necessary to induce new industries to may justify their efforts. Mr. DOUGLAS. The Senator is cor­ come in. These are the communities Mr. PAYNE. Mr. President, will the rect. They recognized the problem but which have exhausted their borrowing Senator yield? did not ·provide adequate resources 'with power and for which neither the existing which to meet it. law nor the provisions of S. 3497-name­ Mr. DOUGLAS. I yield to the Sena­ tor from Maine. Mr. PAYNE. That concludes what I ly, the community facilities bill-there­ have to say, for the moment, at least, fore promise any aid whatsoever. Mr. PAYNE. Before the Senator re­ but we shall certainly discuss the sub­ At the same time, the majority rec­ linquishes the floor, I should like to com­ ject again on Monday, shortly after the ognized that loans are to be preferred to mend him for a very fine presentation of conclusion of the morning hour. the outline of the bill and what it seeks Mr. DOUGLAS. Yes; and I hope that grants where the locality can make to accomplish. I should like to ask him them, and we therefore set up a parallel one or two questions. the Senators who are not present this afternoon Will read the CONGRESSIONAL lending authority in the Commissioner The Senator from Illinois understands for Area Redevelopment to cover these RECORD, as most of them do, and will rec­ this problem. He _has worked on it for ognize the essential good sense of the specialized public facilities that would several years. Certainly, if he does not have a clear connection with industrial bill. I thank the Senator from Maine understand it, I am sure that no other and I yield the floor. ' 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 8321

FAMILY LIFE A SOURCE OF' (2) A family without a common interest: Lion Sa~ N. Burts introduced the Every member of the family has a different speaker. SPIRITUAL STRENGTH group of associations. Everyone hl1s some­ President Jim Adams presented a 10-year Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. thing different to do with different people. perfect-attendance emblem to T. K. Fletch­ Mr. President, will the Senator from Hardly ever are all members of the family er, Jr., and awarded 5-year perfect-attend­ Illinois yield? · at home at the same time. There 1s no ance emblems to Ross Holmes and Harry Ume for family time. , Crow. A special emblem was presented to Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, I ·ask (3) A family without a challenge: . No Dick Hardy, editor of the Lions Den, club unanimous consent that I may yield to family planning and work to achieve a goal. bulletin. the Senator from South Carolina with Every day 1s taken as it comes. If the family Secretary George Ladd's April report the understanding that the Senator's gets together it's accidental. showed that during the month Lions bought remarks will be · printed after the con­ ( 4) A reunion family: A Sunday dinner glasses for 25 needy children and adults, clusion of my remarks on the bill, and is set aside for attendance by all members sent five. busloads of South Carolina School that I shall not lose my right to the of the family. It's a matter of getting to­ for Deaf and Blind children to movies, gether just for the sake of getting together. bought 10 season tickets from Spartanburg fioor. . When duty is _done, everyone goes his way Music Foundation and gave them to chil­ . The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there with little gained. dren at the Cedar Spring School, con­ objeetion to the request of the Senator You can name some other kinds of fam­ tributed $2,000 for the school's Braille li­ from Dlinois? The Chair · hears none, ilies yourself. brary and gave $200 to the Little League and it is so ordered. Have we come to the point where we baseball fund for city young,sters. Mr. JOHNSTON of South Carolina. should admit that the family circle of yester­ Mr. President, thoughtful people are year is relegated to the pages of history? No. agreed that the great source of American THE CONSTITUTION progress and achievement from its ear. America has lost something dear in the de-emphasis of warm family life. It can Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, the liest history is the spiritual strength and be regained without giving up the wonder­ binding ties growing out of our individ- . ful things of modern life which have pulled foundation of our Government is the ual home life. The individual family people away from the family circle. Constitution of the United States. I life, its customs, training and close knit It's a matter of making family life not cannot overemphasize the importance of ties have constituted our strength as a a duty and not a task, but a joy beyond every citizens' knowing that plain fact. Nation. Many of us remember a fine a trip to the movies or a night with the boys. . I ask unanimous consent that an edi­ Marion B. Folsom, Secretary of Health, torial discussing this point which ap­ and revered custom which prevailed not Education and . Welfare, has said of the so many years ago in the homes peared in the Allendale County Citizen family: of Allendale, S. C., on April 25, entitled throughout our land. At the close of "The well-:being of our Nation basically the day and in the evening before retir­ springs from the quality of family life. . "Constitution Is Worth Fighting For" iiig, the head of the family would gather "More than any other force or factor in be printed in the RECORD at this point. the members of his household about him our society, the family group is the fountain­ There being no objection, the editorial in the parlor for family prayer. Thanks head of individual personality, character, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD~ would be returned to the Father of us and citizenship. The sense of being one and as follows: together, developed in the family circle, CONSTITUTION Is WORTH FIGHTING FOR all for the blessings of the-day. His con­ . brings each of us into a widening circle of tinued grace, love and guidance would concern not only for our fellowmen ih the We commented here a few weeks ago about be sought for the days ahead. The con­ community and the Nation, but for people ·senator STROM THURMOND'S warning Of the cept of .the family traditions have grad .. everywhere." dangers which atnict our Constitution. How far the comment went or what.people ually become out-moded. The erosion ot may have been moved by it we do not know. the family ties saddens many Of us. A· PARENTAL NEGLECT. SAID GREAT TRAGEDY But'we do know that there is a g;reat urgency timely editorial was ·published re·cently Underprivileged children are - not always in this Nation for alertness and awareness in my home town newspaper-the Spar­ youngsters in poor homes or from the other on the part of the people. - · tanburg Herald-on this subject. I com­ side of the tracks, a minister declared here Does it concern you at all that Senator mend its reading to the country. It is Monday. THURMOND, and · other men in position to thought provoking. In the same issue In a substantial number of instances know, are alarmed at the constancy and in­ of the paper was published a news ac­ they're the sons and daughters of economic­ sistency of attacks on our Nation's Constitu­ secure fathers, the Reverend E. Gil Clary, tion? If it does concern you, what action count entitled "Parental Neglect Said Jr., pastor of Covenant Presbyterian Church, ·are you taking to preserve the mel).sures on Great Tragedy," in which are included told Lions at their luncheon meeting in which our forefathers established a nation? excerpts from a Lions Cll.lb luncheon ad­ Cleveland Hotel. Do not think that if reform is needed, dress delivered by Rev. E. Gil Clary, Jr. The blame for this must be placed at the someone will come forward to accomplish I ask unanimous consent that the edi­ door of parental neglect, he said. the job. For the preservation and protec­ torial from the Spartanburg Herald of "Not always," he contended, "is the un­ tion of the Constitution concerns no one, if May 6, 1958, and the news item from derprivileged child from a poor home or a it does not concern you. It is your docu­ the same issue of that paper be printed victim of economic need. In many cases, ment, your guarantee of freedom. Your one he has good clothes to wear and good food safeguard against a regimented life in which at this point in the RECORD. to eat, but is emotionally starved." someone else shall have control of your com­ There being no objection, the eQ.itorial Well-meaning fathers who busy them­ ings and goings, your action and your and article were ordered to be printed selves too much with business, professional, thought. 1n the RECORD, as follows: social, and even civic affairs to keep i n close The prison indifference builds holds more CONCEPT OF FAMU.Y BECOMING OUTMODED? touch with their children are "losers in one than you alone. It holds your children and of our greatest tragedies," he said. your children's children for generations to It may be that the concept of family is come. A freedom lost is seldom regained going the way of everything else from the "To be a failure as a father is to be one of the greatest of all failures," the min­ without hard struggle or bloodshed. good old days. All of us should be alert to prevent the Is the close circle of love, guidance and "ister said. "A father is much more than · a male loss of any freedom because the areas in warmth at the family hearth being outmoded which men are truly free, tn which the Indi­ in this modern day? Are we being so efficient ancestor or a biological necessity in the bringing of children into the world and vidual really counts, are growing smaller in education and entertainment that the daily. steadying hand of mother and father is no their rearing," he cautioned. "Fatherhood brings grave responsibilities. Providing the We can lift our voices to let officials of longer needed? our Government know that we hold precious Think to yourself a moment. How many material things is not enough. There must be understanding and a close bond between the principles and tenets of Government laid families do you know which have the per­ down by this Nation's forefathers. A people sonal closeness and parental supervision you a father and his child." Characterizing neglectful fathers as "dan­ indifferent to its fate is a people already associate with good family life? enslaved. But in your list of friends you will find gerous .dads," he urged that they give their these: children counsel, guidance, and attention Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, I ( 1) A family without a home: The resi­ during their formative years. · suggest the absence of a quorum. "Give your child yourself," he urged. dence for this family is just operating head­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ••children are our mo~t lmp.ortant crop," quarters. There one can get food, sleep, clerk will call the roll. television, perhaps a little studying or read­ he adde~. "They are more important than ing. Almost everything else is somewhere our peach crop, our textile industry, and all The legislative clerk proceeded to call else. our business. They are our future." · the roll. 8322 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE May 8 ' Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. .President; I ask munities; by approving this meaningless The Pres1dent has lon·g urged 1mprov.- unanimous consent that the order for blll that offers only the pretense of con- 1ng permanent State st~ndards f<;>r bene­ the quorum call 'be rescinded. ' cern and actual help. ·. fit levels--a minimum of one-half the The PRESIDING OFFICER. With· Let us look briefly at the provisions of worker's wage, up to a maximum of two­ out objection, it is so ordered. H. R. 12065, and ask ourselves why it is thirds the average State wage-benefit co~idered to be the administration's periods and eligibilitY requirements. bill. This bill ignores those problems and dis­ UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION The President in his message asked courages action on them by the States. Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, one Congress for a bill extending benefits in In short, the so-called Eisenhower pro­ of the most important issues before the each State for a flat 50 percent of the ex­ gram is neither Mr. Eisenhower's pro­ Senate is the subject of unemployment isting benefit period. Where 26 weeks is gram nor a program. Unlike S. 3244, it compensation. Whether we a,re in a re­ the existing standard, it would during would do absolutely nothing for the cession, an economic plateau, or a de­ the emergency become 39 weeks. Where workers who are unemployed today. pression the plain fact is that 7 ¥2 per­ 6 weeks is the standard, it would become They would receive no benefits due to cent of our working force is today unem­ 9 weeks. But under H. R. 12065, this coverage and no benefits due to unrea­ ployed, and every day bring~ additional minimum has become a maximum, the 'sonable disqualification, but would re­ hardships. In some areas of Massachu­ standard is gone. A pa~ticipating State ceive a benefit so small that their fam­ setts almost one out of every five workers may extend the benefit period for any ilies could not subsist on it; and there are unemployed through no fault of their length it desires--1 day or 1 week, 5 per­ would be practically nothing for those own, and this figure is §till growing. cent or 20 percent--so long as it doe.s not who have exhausted their benefit rights. For instance, tbe closing of the Berk­ extend it more than 50 percent. This is For, even if their States participate, .shire Hathaway plants in Adams, which a complete distortion of the President's which is doubtful, the increase in their was recently announced, add to the 17 proposal. I fail to understand how he benefit period is not only uncertain, but percent unemployment in tha~t area an can take such satisfaction in the House strictly limited. Workers now eligible additional 1,000 persons. action. for only a 6-week period could, at most, This calls for direct and immediate ac­ The President in his message asked receive another 3 weeks. Workers now tion. One partial solution would be to Congress for a supplemental program in eligible for 26 weeks could receive an­ channel defense contracts into this area. which each State would automatically other 13 weeks. But, in the State's dis­ There is already in existence a proce­ participate. Unemployed workers in cretion, they could receive any lesser dure to do this, and I have repeatedly even these States reluctant or constitu­ amount down to 1 day. called attention to it and urged that it tionally unable to enter into agreements That is why, Mr. President, I consider be used. So far, however. all I· have would receive Federal supplementary the bill a sham, misleading to Congress, gotten is reports showing a busine~s-as­ benefits for the emergency. But under and, I think, misleading to the President. usual philosophy in a situation which H. R. 12065, · only those States so re­ That is why I intend to give the Senate demands prompt and immediate action. questing can participate. Some may an opportunity to vote on some effective Although the Department of Defense has have no wish to accept this plan, with alternatives. shown some concern with the problem, I its harsh repayment provisions, even Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the have, quite frankly, been disappointed . though their workers are in desperate Sena tor yield? with the results. For instance, Adams, need. Others may be prohibited by Mr. KENNEDY. I yield to the Sen­ which was officially listed as an area of their constitutions from participating. ator from New York, who I know 1s substa.ntiallabor surplus has had a total But even in those States willing and greatly interested in this problem. of $49,000 in contracts awarded between able to receive Federal benefits and re­ Mr-. JAVITS. First, I think we are July 1957 and the end of March 1958. pay them later, will the Governor or Em­ all pleased that, at least, we shall have ' At least as much would probably have ployment Security Administration take a chance to act on this matter. I con­ been awarded even if it had not been such a step--obligating the revenues of cur in the views of the distinguished designated an "area of substantial labor the State or of the employers, to repay Senator from Massachusetts about the surplus." funds accepted for benefits not now very serious inadequacies of the bill A second, at least partial solution to granted by State law::-without prior leg­ which has come from the other body, the economic problems faced by the un­ islative approval? How many legisla­ which Ldearly love, having served there, employed would be the enactment of a tures are now meeting to consider such but which, nevertheless, we must be fair satisfactory unemployment compensa­ a request? How many, if they are meet­ in appraising, in the national interest, tion law. The Senate Finance Commit­ ing, or can be summoned, will approve it, in terms of this measure. tee opens hearings upon this next Tues­ considering how little it offers on such With typical fairness, the Senator day. harsh teri:ns? And if the legislatures from Massachusetts has pointed out that One approach is contained in S. 3244, must meet and act, what time are we the bill does not represent the Presi­ which I have introduced with 17 cospon­ saving by rushing this through instead dent's program either. We will have a sors, Messrs. CLARK, McNAMARA, MANS­ of permanent standards--why cannot chance to act on it, and I am confident FIELD, MURRAY, PROXMIRE, DOUGLAS, most legislatures just as easily extend that Senators having similar objectives GREEN, NEUBERGER, HUMPHREY, MORSE, their own time period and use the funds will find a ground of common agreement. JACKSON, CARROLL, CHAVEZ, PAYNE, PAS­ now frozen in the State unemployment I should like to see if we cannot spell TORE, KEFAUVER, and MAGNUSON. reserves? If that reserve is too low, the out for our colleagues as much of a The other approach is contained in Reed loan fund enacted in 1954 is al­ measure of agreement as possible in this H. R. 12065, passed by the other body ready available for exactly this kind of particular field of legislation. and popularly known as the administra­ loan. I notice, first, with great respect for tion's bill. I cannot understand this In short, what have we in the Con­ the Senator's bill, which has a very large label; I cannot understand why the gress accomplished by passing a bill that number of sponsors, that he, too, so far White House embraces this emasculated permits each State legislature, if it so as the fundamental proposition of his measure as its own. I cannot under­ wishes, to use its own money or credit own bill is concerned, would extend the stand why the minority leader considers to extend the benefit period by anywhere law for the benefit of those who have this bill, as passed by the House, as rep­ exhausted their benefits under State law, resenting the administration's program. from 1 to 50 percent--all of which it can but who are eligible under State law. The original administration bill of.. do now anyway? This is hardly the Is that correct? fered a weak, ineffective solution to the or!gfnal Eisenhower proposal. . . Mr. KENNEDY. Yes. present shortcomings of unemployment The President has long urged Con­ Mr. JAVITS. We have to take it insurance. H. R. 12065 offers no solu­ gress to extend coverage to shops of thatfar. · tion whatsoever. Any resemblance be­ one or more employees,.instead of four or Mr. KENNEDY. I may say, in pass­ tween the two is one of form, not sub­ more under the present law. This bill ing, that three-fourths of the Members stance. does nothing about tbat request. of the Senate who are now in the Cham­ The Senate cannot fulftll its responsl'!" Tl}e President has in the past favored ber are sponsors of the bill. bility to the more than 5 million unem·­ the concept of a uniform duration pe­ Mr. JAVITS. The next point fs that ployed, their families, and their com- riod. This bill abandons that concept. the Senator's bill provides enough addi- 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 8323

tional weeks for .a total s~ap.dard dura­ an appropriation of almost a billion dol­ ment. But if we are going to give a tion of 39 weeks. lars to people :who desperately need it billiop. dollars to the people in the I remind the Senate that the bill spon­ at a time when all the States combined States, we should insist that the State sored by al).other Senator who Is present, have reserves of more than $8 billion. governments provide minimum stand­ the Senator from Maine [Mr. PAYNE], New York and Massachusetts have ards. and myself, together with six others of substantial trust funds and are in a po­ Mr. JAVITS. I hope that between our colleagues on this side of the aisle, sition to assist people who are in trouble. now and the time when we pass a bill, S. 3446, proposes to continue benefits They are already in a position to seek we may agree on some better technique throughout 1958 on an emergency basis, loans. than we have up until now. But so far and therefore without regard to the 39- First, I hope we shall be able to do the best any of us have thought of ha~ week period. Perhaps in some cases it something to improve the bill which came been limited grants. would be more than 39 weeks. from the House, but that we will not pass I thank the Senator from Massa­ Does the Senator from Massachusetts a bill which provides for a $1 billion ex­ chusetts. have any opinion as to whether it would penditure by the Federal Government at Mr. PAYNE. Mr. President, will the be better to adopt his view, or whether a time when the States have great re­ Senator yield? we should approach the matter on a sort sources, without at the same time insur­ Mr. KENNEDY. I yield. ·of emergency basis and take it through ing over the long run proper State par­ -the end of the year, regardless of what ticipation in the program. I do not think Mr. PAYNE. This is an interesting might be the standard in a State, or even we should simply provide for the giving discussion, of course; and it could be a State standard of 39 weeks? a way of a billion dollars, even though it carried on for a long time. As the Sen­ Mr. KENNEDY. Under any bill which is needed, without putting on it a price ator from Massachusetts knows, I have may be passed by the Senate providing tag which will require the States to do been very much interested in this mat­ for permanent minimum standards the something which, unfortunately, was not ter as, of course, has the Senator from time for the standards to go into effect written into the law in the 1930's. If we New York. will be the same. So I think the bill do not do this, I think we will miss a The bill which I joined the Senator we originally introduced made some al­ golden opportunity to bring about a from New Jersey [Mr. CASE] in spon­ lowance for the time up to 1959. I agree needed reform. soring-the Senator from New Jersey that what the Senator has suggested If we simply provide a billion dollars was the one who introduced the bill should be a part of any bill which is in grants, from then on the States will and it was sponsored also by the Sen~ passed. be reluctant to do anything. From then ator from New York [Mr. JAVITS] and Mr. JAVITS. My last question relates on they will look to the Federal Govern­ other Senators-has to do with the im­ to loans and grants. ment to take the lead in matters of this mediate problem of taking care of those Our bill, the bill which was offered by kind. I think we should not do some­ who have exhausted their benefits and the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. CASE], thing to defeat the whole program. We who are waiting and hoping and pray­ in which a number of Senators have ought to tie some standards to the billion ing that something can be worked out, joined, is also based upon grants, as is dollars, because I think otherwise we will so that those who want to work and are the bill offered by the Senator from have got the worst of the bargain, we able to work, and who at this time can­ Massachusetts. - I state this so that our will have given away a billion dollars not find jobs, may be assured that some colleagues will be looking into it. It is · without requiring the States to meet arrangement has been made to take something which ought to be called to their own responsibilities. them over this "brink" at the present their attention. Mr. JAVITS. In objective, we thor­ time. I think we are on the soundest pos­ oughly agree. That is why I like· the The bill which has been introduced sible ground on the grant level, because approach which has been taken in the by the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. there is a very trying legal question as bill to which I have referred, because it KENNEDY] of course embraces far more to the authority of the States to commit limits everything to the end of the ·year than that; no~ only does it embrace this themselves on a loan basis, except as and treats it strictly on a disaster basis. temporary proposition, but it also em­ such State action is permitted by the Mr. KENNEDY. I know of the Sen­ braces the establishment of criteria on State constitution; and this would rep­ ator's concern that the whole program a long-range basis, so as to require the resent a negation of the reason why we may bog down; particularly if we are States to adopt certain basic minimums. are providing a Federal extension of un­ to provide the money on the basis of The President has, of course, for some employment compensation. a grant, I think we in the Senate should period of time requested that; and the Theoretically, at least, every State do our utmost to make certain that the Senator from Massachusetts mentioned could borrow money to take care of its States are required to adopt minimum it-namely, in order to see that some unemployment. It could amend its con­ standards, as they are required to do in maximum-minimum standards are es­ stitution. Many States have large re­ the case of minimum wages and other tablished as regards the percentage of serves. That is true of New York. Very Federal programs. earnings which can be paid in the form few States do not have reserves. So to Mr. JAVITS. I may say to the Senator of benefits, and so forth. have the Federal Government step in from Massachusetts, to show how uncer­ It may be necessary-and I am work­ .would be on .a disaster basis. We are tain things are, that this was exactly the ing on this matter-to give considera­ stepping in for reasons of disaster. The force of the argument he made about the tion to the problem which may concern Federal Government has made disaster pension and welfare fund bill, when he some of the States; namely, that per­ loans in other cases. The path for get­ was pleading for the point that we should haps a moratorium period should bear­ ting help to the people who need it as let the bill pass without amendment, and ranged for, so that any grants or loans promptly as possible is through grants. then to take up the amendments in the made available should be provided in So I ask the Senator from Massachu­ committee. such a way that unless the States met a setts, who has given the question great Mr. KENNEDY. I like to keep agree­ certain standard within a certain period study-and I know he is just as much ing with the Senator, and I have up to of time, they would be required to repay concerned about finance as is anyone this point. But I was then talking about to the Federal Treasury the moneys else-if he feels that any legal way has amendments which were not germal).e to which had been advanced in order to been developed in his State for instance, the issue. In this instance, I am talking help their unemployed. I think that is which could enable us, somehow, to about an issue which is tremendously only fair; and I agree with the Sen­ provide a basis for loans without having germane. In the ·case of the pension and ator from Massachusetts that some ac­ a roadblock thrown in the way by State· welfare bill, we would have passed a bill tion must be taken if we are to en­ laws or State constitutions, which would which would have eliminated the level­ courage the States to raise their prevent us from realizing our objective. of-benefit plans. But I would not.attach standards. Mr. KENNEDY. I must say that I a minimum-wage bill to this ·bill. Of course the argument of States really do not feel the loan program of­ The Senator from New York and the rights will be advanced. But if those fers any hope of a solution to the prob­ Senator from Maine [Mr. PAYNE] are who make that argument examine the lem for people who have exhausted their cosponsors of both bills. I am hopeful statute books, they will find that the benefits. What I am concerned about that·we who are interested in the prob­ Social Security Act, which established is having tl}e Federal Government make lem will come to some common agree;. the unemployment ·compensation law, 8324 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE May 8 and enabled the States to go into this The motion was agreed to; and the Senate requested: compensation, but also aid to the blind, adjourned, the adjournment being, B. 3051. An act to amend the act ter­ aid to dependent children, aid to the under the order previously entered, minating Federal supervision over the aged, and aid of 1 or 2 other categories. until Monday, May 12, 1958, at 12 o'clock Klamath Indian Tribe by providing in the Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, the meridian. alternative for private or Federal acquisition Senator from Maine should not discuss of the part of the tribal forest that must •• ..... •• be sold, and for other purposes; and states rights at the same time he is s. J. Res. 167. Joint resolution directing discussing the appropriation of $1 bil­ the Commissioners of the District of Co­ lion of Federal Government funds for HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lumbia to cause a study to be made of all this purpose, because the State programs factors involved in the construction of a have been inadequate. That is the THURSDAY, MAY 8, 1958 heliport within the District of Columbia. problem. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. This program is set up under the di­ The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Braskamp, BIRTHDAY CONGRATULATIONS TO rection of the Federal Government. D. D., offered the following prayer: The Federal Government is the one FORMER PRESIDENT TRUMAN which allows the States to apply their Hebrews 13: 1: Let brotherly love con­ Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I tax credits against the Federal tax in tinue. ask unanimous consent to address the this area. So I believe the Federal Almighty God, humbly and penitently House for 1 minute. Government has a perfect right to insist we are uniting our hearts in the fellow­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to that the States meet minimum stand­ ship of prayer, seeking together those the request of the gentleman from ards. After all, the program is a blessings which none can ever find or Massachusetts? nationwide one. The 7% percent ap­ enjoy alone. There was no objection. plies almost nationwide; this problem Thou knowest how greatly we need Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, the does not stop at State borders. Thee, Thy presence to purify, Thy light history of the past 25 years, as well as So I believe the idea that this is a to lead, and Thy love to transfigure us, the foreseeable years ahead, will con­ problem of the States, not of the Fed­ for we so frequently walk the ways of stitute one of the most interesting peri­ eral Government, was negated by the doubt, of denial, and disillusionment. ods in the known history of man. Employment Act of 1946 and by all other We earnestly beseech Thee to take Many figures, constructive and destruc: acts of Congress in that field since a way from us all selfishness, all pride, tive, will appear upon those pages . of then. It is recognized that unemploy­ all indifference, and everything that history. ment is a national problem. prevents us from entering into an inti­ One of the outstanding persons on the The fact that the unemployment mate communion with Thy spirit. constructive side will be former Presi­ problem is being discussed today in Grant that we may be eager to en­ dent Harry S. Truman. He will go down Congress, in connection with a proposal throne Thy love in our minds and in history as one of our great Presidents. to have the Federal Government pro­ hearts and labor to have Thy will .done In every public office he held, from vide $1 billion for the relief of those on earth as it is done in Heaven. precinct worker to President, he per­ who are unemployed, shows how nation­ To Thy name we ascribe all the praise. formed his duty with ability, devotion, wide it is. Amen. and courage. Every night in the White In our consideration of the problem House or the Blair House he would do of providing for the 5 million Americans The Journal of the proceedings of his homework, studying, analyzing, dig­ who at the present time are unemployed, yesterday was read and approved. ging in, so to speak, to make the serious not only are we considering the ques­ and important decisions he made. The tion of providing sufficient unemploy­ Free World admired him as a man of ment relief for those who are eligible to MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE courage; the Communists throughout receive such benefits, but we are also A message from the Senate by Mr. the world feared him. The world knew considering the question which is pre­ McGown, one of its clerks, announced that he made his own decisions and sented by the 1% million unemployed that the Senate had passed without that he meant them. who at this time are not covered by un­ amendment bills of the House of the Today, on his 74th birthday anniver­ employment compensation because they following titles: sary I extend to former President Tru­ do not meet the eligibility requirements. H. R. 3604. An act to amend section 831 man my congratulations and best wishes We must also do something about the of title 5 of the Canal Zone Code to make that he may enjoy many future anni­ 4,500,000 who also are out of work, but it a felony to injure or destroy works, prop­ versaries, and that God will bestow upon are not receiving adequate benefits or erty, or material of communication, power, him and Mrs. Truman His choicest are suffering from other shortcomings ,lighting, control, or signal lines, stations, blessings for countless years to come. of the present program. or systems, and for other purposes; Mr. PAYNE. Let me say that I join H. R. 7568. An act to amend the District my colleagues in expressing the hope of Columbia Police and Firemen's Salary HON. HARRY S TRUMAN that the Senate Finance Committee will Act of 1953 to provide that service in the go into this matter thoroughly, and will grade of inspector and the grade of private Mr. CHRISTOPHER. Mr. Speaker, I in the Fire Department of the District of ask unanimous consent to address the arrive at an answer to the present prob­ Columbia shall be deemed to be service in House for 1 minute. lem, and also will arrive at a means of the same grade for the purpose of longevity getting the States into line, so that uni­ The SPEAKER. 'Is there objection to · mcr~ases; and the request of the gentleman from form standards will at least be estab­ H. R. 12009. An act to amend Public Law lished. I also join my colleagues in ex­ 85-162 to increase the authorization for ap­ Missouri? pressing the hope that the States will propriations to the Atomic Energy Commis­ There was no objection. comply with the standards within a · sion in accordance with section 261 of the Mr. CHRISTOPHER. Mr. Speaker, I reasonable period of time. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and sought this time to remind the Members Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, the for other purposes. of the House of Representatives that this Senator from Maine has stated the The message also announced that the is the 74th birthday of that great and problem exactly, and I thank him very Senate had passed, with amendments in courageous former President of the much. which the concurrence of the House is United States, Harry S Truman. requested, a bill of the House of the fol- No matter how much your views might lowing title: di1Ier with those of President Truman, ADJOURNMENT TO MONDAY when you asked hil:n. a question you re­ H. R. '7800. An act to amend section 15 Mr. PAYNE. Mr. President, if no ceived a concise and definite answer that of the Dlatrlct of Columbia Alcoholic Bev.. In Member of the Senate desires to ad­ erage Control Act. was open to but one interpretation. dress the Senate at this time, then, in other words, he said what he meant and accordance with the order previously The message also announced that the be meant what be said. entered, I move that the Senate adjourn Senate had. passed a bill al\d a Joint When Harry Truman turned the di­ untn Monday next at 12 o'clock noon. !esolution of the following titles, in rection of the executive br?!nch of the