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Monitoring of Breathing Activity Using Smartphone-Acquired Signals Bersain A University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 12-16-2015 Monitoring of Breathing Activity using Smartphone-acquired Signals Bersain A. Reyes University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Reyes, Bersain A., "Monitoring of Breathing Activity using Smartphone-acquired Signals" (2015). Doctoral Dissertations. 994. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/994 Monitoring of Breathing Activity using Smartphone-acquired Signals Bersain Alexander Reyes, PhD University of Connecticut, 2015 Respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (VT) are two parameters that a breathing monitor should provide. Several techniques have been developed for monitoring these parameters in clinical and research settings. However, as being designed for such settings, they employ specialized devices that are not translated easily to everyday use due to their high costs, need for skilled operators, or limited mobility. Hence, there is still a lack of portable monitoring devices that can noninvasively estimate RR and VT on a daily basis for the general population. Among VT and RR monitoring methods, respiratory acoustical and noncontact optical approaches have provided promising results. Nowadays it is recognized that more information beyond those parameters can be extracted from respiratory sounds via their digital analysis, which in turns involves the classification of their breath phases. Such classification is trivial when using an external reference like airflow/volume from spirometry, but generally this availability cannot be taken for granted outside clinical and research settings. In this dissertation, we explored the feasibility of developing a portable, accurate, and ease-of-use breathing monitoring device based on a smartphone. Smartphones are an enticing option for developing health applications due to their ubiquity, and software and hardware capabilities. First, we tested the reliability of acquiring real tracheal sounds using smartphones. Then, we performed the tracking of RR at each time instant (IRR) and the estimation of VT from the smartphone- acquired tracheal sounds. Next, we estimated these parameters directly on the smartphone via a noncontact optical monitoring approach able to track the temporal variations of the volumetric changes produced while breathing. Finally, we explored the automatic breath-phase classification of smartphone- acquired respiratory sounds directly on a smartphone. The results obtained in this research regarding the acquisition of tracheal sounds via smartphones, the estimation of IRR and VT via acoustical and optical approaches, and the automatic classification of respiratory breath phases directly on the smartphone, would help to provide the basis for developing a portable, easy-to-use, and reliable breathing monitoring system that would expand the monitoring options available on a daily-basis to the general population. Monitoring of Breathing Activity using Smartphone-acquired Signals Bersain Alexander Reyes B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, 2006 M.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México, 2010 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut 2015 ii Copyright by Bersain Alexander Reyes 2015 iii APPROVAL PAGE Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Monitoring of Breathing Activity using Smartphone-acquired Signals Presented by Bersain Alexander Reyes, B.S., M.S. Major Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Ki H. Chon Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Kazunori Hoshino Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Sabato Santaniello Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Sonia Charleston-Villalobos University of Connecticut 2015 iv Acknowledgements I would like to start thanking Dr. Ki Chon, for his constant guidance and support throughout the whole duration of my formation under his advice. I have learned from him not only technical or professional skills but also many positive attitudes towards the research process that would be very helpful in my upcoming career. I appreciate and recognize the efforts made by my committee members Dr. Kazunori Hoshino, Dr. Sabato Santaniello, and Dr. Sonia Charleston-Villalobos for their feedback provided to improve this research, and for their support during my academic formation. Thanks to the US Army Medical Research and Material Command (US-AMRMC) for partially supporting this research under grant No. W81XWH-12-1-0541. I would like to thank the National Council of Science and Technology (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, CONACyT) of Mexico for the scholarship granted to me for pursing the Doctoral degree in the United States of America. Thanks to the research group headed by Dr. Tomas Aljama-Corrales and Dr. Ramon Gonzalez-Camarena in Mexico City for being collaborative over the past years, in particular for sharing their sensors and signals, as well as for looking after me from the distance. Thanks also to Dr. Yunyoung Nam and Dr. Sangho Ha for their collaboration in this research. I am very grateful to each postdoctoral, graduate and undergraduate researcher at the laboratory of Dr. Chon with whom I had the opportunity to share and learn experiences and thoughts in both professional and personal life aspects. Every day, I feel blessed for having such a good friends I can rely on. Thanks to the many students at Worcester Polytechnic Institute and University of Connecticut with whom I shared courses, projects, and multiple activities throughout my stay at those institutions. I would like to thank my parents and siblings for giving me support and stimulate me to pursue my goals. Finally, I want to especially acknowledge my wife, Beatriz, and my son, David, for their infinite love and comprehension that made easier this enriching period of my life. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Figures.......................................................................................................................................... ix Table of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Summary of Objectives ................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Dissertation Organization ............................................................................................................. 7 1.5 References ................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Background ............................................................................................................................ 13 2.1 Relevant physiology .................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Chest wall movements ............................................................................................................. 15 2.1.2 Tracheal sounds ...................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Breathing monitoring .................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Acoustical approach ............................................................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Noncontact optical approach .................................................................................................. 25 2.3 Breathing monitoring using smartphones ................................................................................... 27 2.4 References ................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter 3: Tracheal Sounds Acquisition using Smartphones .............................................................. 37 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 37 3.2 Material and Methods ................................................................................................................. 39 3.2.1 Subjects ..................................................................................................................................
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