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Planning Law in Wales Report Law Commission Consultation Paper No 228 PLANNING LAW IN WALES Scoping Paper ii THE LAW COMMISSION – HOW WE CONSULT About the Law Commission: The Law Commission was set up by section 1 of the Law Commissions Act 1965 for the purpose of promoting the reform of the law. The Law Commissioners are: The Rt Hon Lord Justice Bean, Chairman, Professor Nick Hopkins, Stephen Lewis, Professor David Ormerod QC and Nicholas Paines QC. The Chief Executive is Phil Golding. Topic of this consultation: Planning law in Wales. This scoping consultation paper does the following: . considers the case for simplifying and consolidating planning legislation in Wales, with the eventual aim of producing a Planning Code for Wales; . proposes technical adjustments to produce a satisfactory consolidated text – for example, correcting errors, removing ambiguities and obsolete material, modernising language and resolving a variety of minor inconsistencies; . proposes simplification of the law by streamlining and rationalising unnecessary process and procedure; and . considers the writing into statute of propositions of law developed in case law where they might contribute towards more accessible and coherent legislation. Geographical scope: This consultation paper applies to the law of Wales. Availability of materials: The consultation paper is available on our website at http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/planning-law-in-wales/. Comments may be sent: By email to [email protected] OR By post to David Connolly, Public Law Team, Law Commission of England & Wales, 1st Floor Tower, 52 Queen Anne’s Gate, London, SW1H 9AG. Tel: 020 3334 3968 If you send your comments by post, it would be helpful if, whenever possible, you could also send them electronically (for example, on CD or by email to the above address, in any commonly used format). Duration of the consultation: We invite responses from 30 June to 30 September 2016. After the consultation: In the light of the responses we receive, we will decide on our final recommendations and present them to the Welsh Government. Consultation Principles: The Law Commission follows the Consultation Principles set out by the Cabinet Office, which provide guidance on type and scale of consultation, duration, timing, accessibility and transparency. The Principles are available on the Cabinet Office website at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/consultation-principles-guidance. Information provided to the Law Commission: We may publish or disclose information you provide us in response to this consultation, including personal information. For example, we may publish an extract of your response in Law Commission publications, or publish the response in its entirety. We may also be required to disclose the information, such as in accordance with the Freedom of Information Act 2000. If you want information that you provide to be treated as confidential please contact us first, but we cannot give an assurance that confidentiality can be maintained in all circumstances. An automatic disclaimer generated by your IT system will not be regarded as binding on the Law Commission. The Law Commission will process your personal data in accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998. iii THE LAW COMMISSION PLANNING LAW IN WALES SCOPING PAPER CONTENTS Paragraph Page Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Background 1.1 1 Purpose of this paper 1.11 3 Project structure 1.15 4 Impact assessment 1.19 4 Outline of the scoping paper 1.27 5 Chapter 2: The Wider Context of the Project 7 Introduction 2.1 7 The development of Welsh planning law 2.3 7 Legislative context of the Welsh planning system 2.23 11 European law and policy 2.27 12 Chapter 3: The Case for a Planning Code 16 Introduction 3.1 16 Difficulties with the current legislative framework 3.12 18 Conclusions 3.53 29 Chapter 4: Scope of the First Part of a Planning Code 31 Introduction 4.1 31 Topics which might comprise an initial piece of codification 4.14 35 focussing on planning and development management iv Paragraph Page Topics we provisionally regard as within the scope of the first 4.20 36 piece of codification Topics which we provisionally regard as outside scope 4.74 46 Chapter 5: Technical Reform 51 Introduction 5.1 51 Classification 5.9 52 Lack of definitional clarity or inconsistency in wording 5.11 52 Amending discrepancies in process and streamlining 5.30 55 procedure Obsolete, duplicative and uncommenced provisions 5.48 58 Provisions not reflecting established practice 5.84 64 Conclusions 5.93 65 Chapter 6: Merging Consent Regimes 67 Introduction 6.1 67 The current system 6.7 68 Previous reviews 6.10 68 Further changes 6.25 71 Issues of scope 6.31 72 Reflections on scope 6.42 74 The case for unification 6.53 76 Conclusions 6.60 77 Chapter 7: Codification of Case Law 79 Introduction 7.1 79 Classification of case law 7.9 80 Definitions 7.11 80 v Paragraph Page Planning law principles 7.38 87 Gap-filling where the scope of statutory provisions are 7.62 92 unclear Conclusions 7.75 94 Chapter 8: Consultation Questions 95 Chapter 1 8.2 95 Chapter 2 8.4 95 Chapter 3 8.5 95 Chapter 4 8.7 95 Chapter 5 8.9 95 Chapter 6 8.11 95 Chapter 7 8.15 96 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND 1.1 The Law Commission agreed to conduct a project on planning law in Wales as part of our 12th Programme of Law Reform, its terms of reference being to review the law relating to town and country planning in Wales and make recommendations to simplify and modernise the law.1 1.2 To inform the project, the Law Commission undertook a critical examination of the way in which the development management process operates in law and practice. We looked closely at the primary legislation governing this area, and spoke with a range of groups and individuals with particular expertise or interests. This was not intended to be a comprehensive consultation exercise, but rather an attempt to ascertain the nature and range of concerns about the law and its practical application. Some of the groups or individuals had been involved in advising on, or contributing towards, the Planning (Wales) Act 2015 (“PWA 2015”), and some are involved with ongoing matters of planning law reform. 1.3 Whilst we considered there could be benefits from a range of possible changes to the operation of the system, we did not conclude that there was a need for further fundamental reform in this area. What became increasingly apparent during the course of our review was, however, the need for a broader simplification of the law. In particular, our review highlighted that in places it is difficult to find out what the law is, that some areas are unnecessarily complex and that the form of the law is becoming progressively less accessible. 1.4 In summary, planning law in Wales suffers, first of all, from the problem of fragmentation that it shares with the law in England. The planning law of England and Wales was last consolidated in 1990, in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and two other statutes dealing with listed buildings and conservation areas2 and with hazardous substances.3 The 1990 legislation has been described as a “remarkable achievement”,4 but the clarity of presentation achieved by it did not last long. Further legislation devoted in whole or in part to planning was passed in each year from 1991 to 1995. Since 2000 there have been a further six Acts of Parliament and four Acts of the Assembly. Much of the subsequent legislation, including the Planning (Wales) Act 2015, takes effect by amending the Town and Country Planning Act 1990, but in some cases it makes separate new provision – in particular in the Planning Act 2008, which introduced a national system of approval for “nationally significant infrastructure projects”. It is impossible to navigate the law without an updated text. It is often not clearly stated whether 1 Twelfth Programme of Reform (2014) Law Com No 354 2 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 3 Planning (Hazardous Substances) Act 1990 4 Hansard (HC), 14 May 1990, vol 172, col 714 (Mr John Fraser MP). 1 provisions in Acts of Parliament apply to Wales.5 1.5 As a consequence of our preliminary work, it was agreed with Welsh Government that the project provided an opportunity to address the need for consolidation and simplification of the existing law. An exercise of this kind is particularly appropriate following the reforms of planning law in Wales introduced by the PWA 2015, and the consequent increasing divergence between the laws in England and Wales. 1.6 This is an exciting opportunity to innovate by undertaking a task which has the core aim of clearer, simpler and more accessible law. If this can be achieved, it could be very significant for the effective operation, and democratic legitimacy, of the planning system in Wales. 1.7 This project coincides with our project on the Form and Accessibility of the Law Applicable in Wales, in which we are publishing a report (“Form and Accessibility Report”)6 contemporaneously with the present paper. In that report we recommend a new approach to legislation by the National Assembly, whose hallmarks are: (1) that the existing fragmented bodies of legislation applying in relation to Wales in respect of particular subject-matter be restated in one piece of Assembly legislation (a process often called “consolidation” of legislation); (2) that, in tandem with the process of consolidation, the opportunity is taken to introduce reforms with a view to improving the functioning of the legislation; and (3) that the resulting text should stand as a code, its integrity protected by a discipline that further legislation in its subject area should be incorporated into it.
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