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Interim Report R&D Project 037 DEVELOPMENT OF Interim Report R&D Project 037 DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL STANDARDS Patterns of water usage, contact and risks in water _______ sports _ WRc pic April 1992 R&D 037/6/S ENVIRONMENT AGENCY DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL STANDARDS Patterns of water usage, contact and risks in water sports E B Pike and P Gale Environmental Agency Thames Region Library Catalogue Research Contractor: Class No.......... WRc pic Accession Codo KZFF Henley Road Medmenham PO Box 16 Marlow Buckinghamshire SL7 2HD National Rivers Authority Rivers House Waterside Drive Almondsbury Bristol Avon BS12 2UD NRA Interim Report 037/6/S National Rivers Authority Rivers House Waterside Drive Almondsbury Bristol Avon BS12 2UD Tel: 0454 624400 Fax: 0454 624409 © National Rivers Authority 1992 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the National Rivers Authority. This report is the result of work jointly funded by the National Rivers Authority and the Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research. Dissemination status Internal: Restricted External: Restricted Research contractor This document was produced under R&D Contract 037 by: WRc pic ' Tel: 0491 571531 Fax: 0491 579094 D Lowthion - Southern Region Additional copies Further copies of this document may be obtained from Regional R&D Co-ordinators or the R&D Section of NRA Head Office. CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES iii LIST OF FIGURES iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 KEY WORDS 1 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Project description 3 1.2 Review of the literature 5 1.3 Approaches’tolhe classifications of risk and water activity— ------------ -------- — 9— 2. SURVEY OF NATIONAL WATER SPORTS ORGANIZATIONS 11 2.1 The questionnaire 11 2.2 Results of the questionnaire 12 > 2.3 Information on recreational and leisure usage of canals 18 2.4 Discussion 20 2.5 Conclusions 23 3. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY OF INDIVIDUAL SPORTS CLUBS 25 3.1 Purpose and scope of the questionnaire 25 3.2 Numbers of clubs contacted and numbers of active participants , 25 3.3 Patterns of water usage by active participants at water sports clubs 27 3.4 Degree of body exposure to water by competent participants 37 3.5 Proportion of clubs perceiving waterborne morbidity and nature of morbidity 46 3.6 Relationship between degree of water contact to body, type of water used for particular sports and proportion of clubs reporting morbidity 50 3.7 Concerns expressed about cyanobacteria by clubs 51 3.8 Concern expressed about leptospirosis by clubs 52 3.9 Possible biases in data obtained by the questionnaire 53 3.10 Conclusions 53 4. BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES OF PARTICIPANTS 57 4.1 Activities and sites 57 4.2 Methods 59 4.3 Results of observations 60 4.4 Analysis and discussion 68 4.5 Conclusions 72 i CONTENTS (continued) Page 5. GENERAL DISCUSSION 75 5.1 The aims of this report 75 5.2 Participation and usage 75 5.3 Risks to health . 76 5.4 Drowning 79 6 . CONCLUSIONS 81 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 83 REFERENCES 85 APPENDICES A COPY OF QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO NATIONAL GOVERNING FOR AQUATIC SPORTS B ADVICE ISSUED BY THE ROYAL YACHTING ASSOCIATION UPON RISKS FROM CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOMS C v COPY OF QUESTIONNAIRE SENT TO INDIVIDUAL WATER SPORTS CLUBS D VERBATIM COMMENTS RECEIVED FROM SPORTS CLUBS IN RESPONSE TO QUESTIONNAIRE ii LIST OF TABLES Page 1.1 A classification of the types of illness associated with water recreation and the most suitable control measures and water quality standards 10 2.1 Participation in various water sports and their sex distribution reported by governing bodies 13 2.2 Estimated numbers of persons of 16 years or older who participated in various water sports at least four times in 1988 (Leisure Consultants 1989) 14 2.3 Age distributions for participation in water sports supplied by governing bodies 14 2.4 Regional distribution of participation in four water sports (numbers or percentage of total representation) 15 2.5 Nature and frequency of water contact experienced in water sports, fro m ___________ questionnaire sent_to.governing bodies----------------------- 16 2:6 “ “ Illnesses from which participants of water sports were reported to be at risk, from responses of governing bodies 17 2.7 Responses by governing bodies to questions concerning annual incidence of drowning and awareness of leptospirosis 17 2.8 Seasonal variation in participation of recreational water sports as judged by the governing bodies 18 2.9 Participation in various water activities pursued on inland waterways in 1986, from the Planning and Research Unit of British Waterways 19 2.10 Estimated participation (thousands) in sports, classified by degree ..of water contact 21 2.11 Hazards to health reported for the three classes of sports of Table 2.10 22 3.1 Targeting and response to questionnaire sent to sports clubs . 26 3.2 • Total number of active participants in the clubs which responded . 27 3.3 Numbers and ratios of active male to female participants in each sport 28 3.4 Statistics for age distributions of active male participants in water sports clubs 28 3.5 Total number of active club members (male and female) participating each season 30 3.6 Seasonal participation in water sport clubs. Proportions of club members participating in each season were calculated for each club, summed and expressed as a percentage of the total number of clubs 31 3.7 Frequency of participation by club members expressed as the percentage of total active participants for each water sport 32 3.8 Summary of patterns of usage for active participants of water sports clubs 37 3.9 Percentage of clubs reporting that active immersion or complete wetting of the body including the head is a normal (rather than accidental) feature of each water sport 38 3.10 Degree of body exposure to water for sports in which whole-body contact is ranked highest (positive responses from clubs shown) 44 3.11 Degree of body exposure to water for sports in which whole-body contact is not ranked highest (positive responses from clubs shown) 45 in LIST OF TABLES (continued) 3.12 Number of clubs reporting cases amongst their members of illnesses believed to be contracted from exposure to water during participation in particular water sports 3.13 Proportion of clubs expressing concern over cyanobacteria 3.14 Proportion of clubs either mentioning cases of leptospirosis or offering advice to members to prevent it being contracted 4.1 A description of sites used for observing behaviour of participants in various water activities 4.2 Participation in various water and waterside activities (user-hours) at Leisure Park 1, Lakes D and E on Sunday 6 May 1990 between 9 am and 7 pm 4.3 Man-hours devoted to the various recreational activities on the lakes at Leisure Parks 1 and 2 on 27 May 1990, the Spring Bank Holiday Sunday 4.4 Visual observations of the times spent by 21 canoeists in various activities on the canoe slalom course at Holme Pierrepont on 27 April 1991 4.5 Usage of the canoe slalom course at Holme Pierrepont for various activities on 27 April 1991 4.6 Time spent immersed by canoeists carrying out Eskimo rolls, from video record 4.7 Analysis of transit times and stunts performed by canoeists at point C, Afon Tryweryn Slalom course, 1155 - 1410 on 11 May 1991 4.8 * Average water contact experienced by competitors in the European water ski championships at Kirton’s Farm Lake, Theale on 26 May 1991 4.9 Average water contact observed in water skiers at Lepe Foreshore Country Park on 25 August 1991 4.10 Activities displayed by windsurfers in the sea at Lepe Foreshore Country Park on 25 August 1991 4.11 Measurements of the degree of water contact in white-water canoeing and rafting, from visual observations 4.12 Measurement of water contact, estimated from video recording, for four sports, compared with swimming in the sea 5.1 Ranking of responses from sports clubs and behavioural studies on water contact and perceived risks to health 5.2 Responses from clubs and national governing bodies about illnesses and symptoms LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Age distributions of active male participants in water sports clubs 4.1 Canoe slalom course, Holme Pierrepont. National Grid km references shown 4.2 White-water canoeing course, Afon Tryweryn. National Grid km references shown EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the fourth Interim Report produced under this Contract. It describes four inter-related tasks, which have been carried out to meet the objective of developing a scheme of classifying the various recreational uses of tidal and non-tidal waters according to degree of contact, by using a scientific assessment of the risks. Firstly, published information was used to identify three classes of illness, related to recreational use of water: (a) waterborne, spread by ingesting or inhaling faecally polluted water; (b) water contact, not directly related to pollution (e.g. cyanobacterial toxins, leptospirosis); and (c) water-washed, caused by opportunist skin organisms washed in by water. Secondly, surveys of national governing bodies for various water sports and of 209 responding clubs and limited observations of sports activities have been used to classify sports according to degree of water contact and, hence, risk. The classes derived are: (a) whole-body contact, with immersion, facial wetting and risk of swallowing (e.g. long-distance swimming, surfing, sub aqua, water skiing, white-water canoeing, windsurfing, sea bathing, children’s wading and dabbling); (b) incidental contact, with wetting of limbs only (rowing,-canoe touring, sailing) and non-contact (angling, boating, walking). Perception of risks from gastrointestinal, ear, eye, nose and throat symptoms was greatest among clubs for .whole-body contact and certain sports were aware of leptospirosis and cyanobacterial toxins.
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