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Riverbank Collapse Along the Lower River Murray

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Riverbank Collapse Along the Lower River Murray Riverbank Collapse Along the Lower River Murray - Literature Review Jaksa, M.B., Hubble, T.C.T, Kuo, Y.L., Liang, C. and De Carli, E.V. Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 13/15 www.goyderinstitute.org Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series ISSN: 1839-2725 The Goyder Institute for Water Research is a partnership between the South Australian Government through the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, CSIRO, Flinders University, the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia. The Institute will enhance the South Australian Government’s capacity to develop and deliver science-based policy solutions in water management. It brings together the best scientists and researchers across Australia to provide expert and independent scientific advice to inform good government water policy and identify future threats and opportunities to water security. Enquires should be addressed to: Goyder Institute for Water Research Level 1, Torrens Building 220 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA, 5000 tel: 08-8303 8952 e-mail: [email protected] Citation Author, 2013, Riverbank Collapse Along the Lower River Murray - Literature Review, Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 13/15, Adelaide, South Australia Copyright ©2013 The University of Adelaide. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of The University of Adelaide. Disclaimer The Participants advise that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research and does not warrant or represent the completeness of any information or material in this publication. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ i List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. v 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 1 2 Background ........................................................................................................................ 3 3 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 4 4 Projects ............................................................................................................................... 5 5 Literature Review and Knowledge Gap Analysis .............................................................. 6 6 Project Introduction ........................................................................................................... 8 7 Literature Review............................................................................................................. 13 7.1 Methods of approaches to slope susceptibility assessment................................. 13 7.2 Methods for calculating the factor of safety ....................................................... 13 7.2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 13 7.2.2 Conventional calculation ................................................................... 15 7.2.3 Infinite slope stability calculation ...................................................... 17 7.2.4 Finite slope stability calculation ........................................................ 19 7.2.5 Slope Stability Classification ............................................................. 21 7.3 Groundwater and subsurface flow ...................................................................... 23 7.4 Failure processes ................................................................................................. 25 7.4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 25 7.4.2 Erosion processes .............................................................................. 25 7.4.3 Failure mechanisms ........................................................................... 26 7.4.4 Weakening factors ............................................................................. 29 7.5 Effects of vegetation root reinforcement ............................................................ 30 7.5.1 Background ........................................................................................ 30 7.5.2 Hydrological effects........................................................................... 31 Page i 7.5.3 Mechanical effects ............................................................................. 32 7.5.4 Reinforcement calculation ................................................................. 34 7.6 GIS approach on landslide hazard mapping ....................................................... 37 8 Knowledge Gap and Research Aims................................................................................ 40 8.1 Knowledge gaps .................................................................................................. 40 8.2 Research aims ..................................................................................................... 40 9 References (Part 1) ........................................................................................................... 42 10 Introduction – Geological and Geomorpthic ................................................................... 56 11 Summary of Geotechnical Investigations ........................................................................ 58 12 Geological and Geomorphic Context............................................................................... 63 12.1 Latest Quaternary and Holocene events ............................................................. 65 13 Summary of Bathymetric Investigations ......................................................................... 75 14 Key Questions and Knowledge Gaps .............................................................................. 82 14.1 The regional prevalence of failure ...................................................................... 83 14.2 Common geological and morphologic characteristics of failure occurrence ...... 83 14.3 Geological and geomorphic issues...................................................................... 84 14.4 Geotechnical data and modelling ........................................................................ 85 15 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................................ 86 16 References (Part 2) ........................................................................................................... 87 Appendix A Relevant Literature ............................................................................................. 94 Appendix B Geological Setting (Deep Time) ......................................................................... 99 Page ii List of Figures Part 1: Geotechnical Figure 1.1 Overview of the River Murray and the study area .................................................. 8 Figure 1.2 Overview of Lower River Murray ......................................................................... 10 Figure 1.3 Slope failure on riverbanks (a) rotational slip on over-steepened riverbanks, (b) slab failure on over-heightened riverbanks) ............................................................... 11 Figure 2.1 Proposed classification of slope failure susceptibility assessment methods ......... 14 Figure 2.2 Method of slices: (a) division of slip mass; (b) forces on a slice .......................... 16 Figure 2.3 Infinite slope failure in c- soil with parallel seepage .......................................... 18 Figure 2.4 Definitions of terms used for finite element method (FEM) ................................. 20 Figure 2.5 Limitation of FS compared with probability of failure .......................................... 22 Figure 2.6 Bank failure modes ................................................................................................ 28 Figure 2.7 Effect of root reinforcement on shear strength of soil ........................................... 30 Figure 2.8 Reduction in soil moisture content near a Poplar tree growing in boulder clay.... 30 Figure 2.9 Illustration of the root matrix system of vegetation on riverbank ......................... 33 Figure 2.10 Influence of vegetation on riverbank ................................................................... 33 Figure 2.11 Angle of angle of shear distortion in the shear zone. ............................................ 35 Figure 2.12 Average shear stress versus displacement plots for the four tree species and the soil-only tests. .................................................................................................................. 36 Part 2: Geological and Geomorphic Figure 2.1 Lower Murray River Pool Levels (AHD) at Murray Bridge (grey), Mannum (light blue) and Blanchetown Lock 1 (dark blue) between December 2007 and December 2011 in relation to reported riverbank collapse incidents (red triangle) in the DEWNR Incident Register ......................................................................................................................
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