DOCSLIB.ORG

Predicting Riverbank Collapse Using Numerical Modelling Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 15/41

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Predicting Riverbank Collapse Using Numerical Modelling Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 15/41 Predicting Riverbank Collapse Using Numerical Modelling Mark Jaksa, Yien Lik Kuo, Chen Liang, Bertram Ostendorf, Tom Hubble and Elyssa De Carli Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 15/41 www.goyderinstitute.org Riverbank Collapse Task 5 Report Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series ISSN: 1839-2725 The Goyder Institute for Water Research is a partnership between the South Australian Government through the Department for Environment, Water and Natural Resources, CSIRO, Flinders University, the University of Adelaide, the University of South Australia and ICE WaRM (the International Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Management). The Institute will enhance the South Australian Government’s capacity to develop and deliver science-based policy solutions in water management. It brings together the best scientists and researchers across Australia to provide expert and independent scientific advice to inform good government water policy and identify future threats and opportunities to water security. The following organisation contributed to this report: Enquires should be addressed to: Goyder Institute for Water Research Level 4, 33 King William St, Adelaide SA 5000 tel: (08) 8236 5209 e-mail: [email protected] Citation Jaksa, MB, Kuo, YL, Liang, C, Ostendorf, B, Hubble, T, and de Carli, E. 2015, Predicting Riverbank Collapse Using Numerical Modelling, Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 15/41, Adelaide, South Australia Copyright © 2015 University of Adelaide. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of University of Adelaide. Disclaimer The Participants advise that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research and does not warrant or represent the completeness of any information or material in this publication. Page 2 of 77 Riverbank Collapse Task 5 Report Table of Contents Executive Summary............................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 10 2 GIS-based Analysis of Riverbank Collapses at Long Island Marina and Tailem Bend ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Background and Methodology .................................................................................. 14 2.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 18 2.4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 19 3 Back Analysis of Historical Riverbank Collapses ................................................. 20 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 22 3.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 29 3.4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 33 4 Effects of River Level Fluctuation and Climate on Riverbank Stability ................ 34 4.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 34 4.2 Study Area .................................................................................................................. 36 4.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 38 4.4 Results ........................................................................................................................ 47 4.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 55 5 Identifying the Areas Susceptible to Riverbank Instability ................................. 56 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 56 5.2 Methodology and Results .......................................................................................... 56 5.3 Summary .................................................................................................................... 65 6 Summary .......................................................................................................... 68 7 References ....................................................................................................... 69 Page 3 of 77 Riverbank Collapse Task 5 Report List of Figures FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA. .......................................................................................... 12 FIGURE 2: LONG ISLAND MARINA STUDY SITE: (A) LOCATIONS OF 5 SIGNIFICANT FAILURES; (B) LOCATION PLAN OF IN SITU TESTING AND RECORDED COLLAPSES; AND (C) DISTRIBUTION OF BANK CROSS-SECTIONS IN 3D PERSPECTIVE. ................................................................................. 13 FIGURE 3: EXAMPLES OF VISUAL INTERPRETATION OF 2008 AND 2010 AERIAL IMAGES USING ARCGIS AT: (A) MURRAY BRIDGE; AND (B) TAILEM BEND. ......................................................................... 13 FIGURE 4: RIVER MURRAY WATER LEVEL AT MURRAY BRIDGE 1/12/1986 TO 11/07/2011 (BASED ON DFW, 2010). .................................................................................................................................... 15 FIGURE 5: SCHEMATIC OF THE LOCATIONS AND THE SELF-WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURES ON THE RIVERBANK. .................................................................................................................................... 16 FIGURE 6: MINIMUM FOS AND POTENTIAL SLIP SURFACE OF A DEEP-SEATED ROTATIONAL FAILURE OBTAINED FROM SVSLOPE AT LOCATION NO. 21 WHEN THE WATER LEVEL WAS AT 0 M AHD. .. 16 FIGURE 7: BACK ANALYSES USING THREE GEOTECHNICAL MODELS. .................................................... 17 FIGURE 8: FACTORS OF SAFETY OF NEIGHBOURING CROSS SECTIONS (0 AND 0.5 M AHD). ................ 18 FIGURE 9: PREDICTIONS OF RIVERBANK SUSCEPTIBILITY WITH RIVER LEVELS AT (A) 0 M AHD AND (B) 0.5 M AHD. ..................................................................................................................................... 19 FIGURE 10: THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS OF THE FOUR STUDIED SITES AND MAJOR RIVERBANK COLLAPSES IN THE PAST, AS WELL AS THE PROXIMITIES OF THE BOREHOLE AND RIVER LEVEL OBSERVATION STATIONS. ............................................................................................................... 21 FIGURE 11: ADOPTED VISUAL INTERPRETATION METHOD OF HIGH-RESOLUTION AERIAL IMAGES: (A), (C), (E) AND (G) ARE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ACQUIRED IN MARCH 2008 AT MN, WR, RFR AND WS, RESPECTIVELY; (B), (D), (F), AND (H) ARE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS ACQUIRED IN MAY 2010 AT MN, WR, RFR AND WS, RESPECTIVELY. .......................................................................................... 23 FIGURE 12: EXAMPLE OF ADOPTED ELEVATION COMPARISON METHOD ON DEMS AT WR (A) 1 M RESOLUTION DEM ACQUIRED IN 2008; (B) 0.2 M RESOLUTION DEM ACQUIRED IN 2010). .......... 24 FIGURE 13: RESULTS OF CPTU SOUNDING (A) PROFILE; AND (B) PORE PRESSURE DISSIPATION TEST RESULTS. ......................................................................................................................................... 27 FIGURE 14: DAILY RIVER LEVELS AND DAILY RAINFALL RECORDED AT (A) MANNUM (MN) SITE IN APRIL 2009; (B) WOODLANE RESERVE (WR) SITE IN FEBRUARY 2009; (C) RIVER FRONT ROAD, MURRAY BRIDGE (RFR) SITE IN FEBRUARY 2009; AND (D) WHITE SANDS (WS) SITE IN APRIL 2009. ........................................................................................................................................................ 28 FIGURE 15: RIVERBANK STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE MANNUM (MN) SITE ON 21 APRIL 2009. .......... 30 FIGURE 16: RIVERBANK STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE WOODLANE RESERVE (WR) SITE ON 26 FEBRUARY 2009. ............................................................................................................................. 30 FIGURE 17: RIVERBANK STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE RIVER FRONT ROAD, MURRAY BRIDGE (RFR) SITE ON 6 FEBRUARY 2009. .................................................................................................................... 30 Page 4 of 77 Riverbank Collapse Task 5 Report FIGURE 18: RIVERBANK STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE WHITE SANDS (WS) SITE ON 23 APRIL 2009. ..... 31 FIGURE 19: RIVERBANK COLLAPSE FACTOR OF SAFETY TIME SERIES FOR MANNUM (MN) IN APRIL 2009. ............................................................................................................................................... 31 FIGURE 20: RIVERBANK COLLAPSE FACTOR OF SAFETY TIME SERIES FOR WOODLANE RESERVE (WR) IN FEBRUARY 2009. ............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Channel Stabilization Publications Available in Corps of Engineers Offices
    TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 4 CHANNEL STABILIZATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE IN CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES i <SESS> ¡01 101 LfU U-U lOi 00¡DE November 1966 Committee on Channel Stabilization CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY REPORTS OF COMMITTEE ON CHANNEL STABILIZATION ¿i BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DENVER Lll 92035635 VT ■ieD3Sb3S nsJjfe-» TECHNICAL REPORT 4 7 3 CHANNEL STABILIZATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE IN CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES j f November 1966 f Committee on Channel Stabilization - i / y > CORPS OF ENGINEERS/ U. S. ARMY ARM Y-MRC VICKSBURG. MISS. PRESENT MEMBERSHIP OF COMMITTEE ON CHANNEL STABILIZATION J. H. Douma Office, Chief of Engineers Chairman E. B. Lipscomb Lower Mississippi Valley Division Recorder D. C. Bondurant Missouri River Division R. H. Haas Lower Mississippi Valley Division W. E. Isaacs Little Rock District C. P. Lindner South Atlantic Division E. B. Madden Southwestern Division H. A. Smith North Pacific Division J. B. Tiffany Waterways Experiment Station G. B. Fenwick Consultant FOREWORD Establishment of the Committee on Channel Stabilization in April 1962 was confirmed by Engineer Regulation 15-2-1, dated 1 November 1962. As stated in ER 15-2-1, the objectives of the Committee with respect to channel stabilization are: a. To review and evaluate pertinent information and disseminate the results thereof. b. To determine the need for and recommend a program of research; and to have advisory technical review responsibility for research assigned to the Committee. £. To determine basic principles and design criteria. d. To provide, at the request of field offices, advice on design and operational problems. In accordance with the desire of the Committee to inventory available data, reports, papers, etc., pertaining to channel stabilization, arrangements were made for the Research Center Library, U.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Mountain Loop Road Repair Environmental Assessment
    Figure 1-Vicinity Map, Location of Damage Forest-wide, 2003 Flood i Table of Content Chapter 1 –Need for Action ....................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Mountain Loop History, Desired Road Condition ............................................................................................. 1 October 2003 Flood Event ................................................................................................................................. 3 Need for Action .................................................................................................................................... 6 Proposed Action................................................................................................................................... 7 Proposed Repair at Milepost 33.1 (T30N, R11E, Section 29) ........................................................................... 7 Proposed Repair at Milepost 33.6 (T30N, R11E, Section 29) ......................................................................... 11 Proposed Repair at Milepost 34.8 (T30N, R11E, Section 28) ......................................................................... 16 Proposed Repair at Milepost 35.6 (T30N, R11E, Section 21) ......................................................................... 18 Project Scope.....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Erosion Control and Slope Stabilization of Embankments Using Vetiver System
    EROSION CONTROL AND SLOPE STABILIZATION OF EMBANKMENTS USING VETIVER SYSTEM SHAMIMA NASRIN MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (GEOTECHNICAL) Department of Civil Engineering BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY September, 2013 EROSION CONTROL AND SLOPE STABILIZATION OF EMBANKMENTS USING VETIVER SYSTEM A Thesis Submitted by SHAMIMA NASRIN In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Department of Civil Engineering BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY September, 2013 DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS The thesis titled “Erosion Control and Slope Stabilization of Embankments using Vetiver System”, submitted by Shamima Nasrin, Roll No. 0409042245F, Session April 2009 has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering on 30th September, 2013. BOARD OF EXAMINERS Dr. Mohammad Shariful Islam Chairman Associate Professor (Supervisor) Department of Civil Engineering BUET, Dhaka-1000 Dr. A.M.M. Taufiqul Anwar Member Professor and Head (Ex-Officio) Department of Civil Engineering BUET, Dhaka-1000 Dr. Abdul Muqtadir Member Professor Department of Civil Engineering BUET, Dhaka-1000 Prof. Dr. Ainun Nishat Member Vice-Chancellor (External) BRAC University 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212 i DECLARATION It is thereby declared that except for the contents where specific reference have been made to the work of others, the study contained in this thesis are the result of investigation carried out by the author under the supervision of Dr. Mohammad Shariful Islam, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. No part of this thesis has been submitted to any other university or other educational establishment for a degree, diploma or other qualification (except for publication).
    [Show full text]
  • Bank Stability Resulting from Rapid Flood Recession Along the Licking River, Kentucky
    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ BANK INSTABILITY RESULTING FROM RAPID FLOOD RECESSION ALONG THE LICKING RIVER, KENTUCKY A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Geology Of the College of Arts and Sciences 2004 by Ana Cristina Londono G. B.S., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1995 Committee Chair: Dr. David B. Nash ABSTRACT River bank instability has been linked with changing land use, deforestation and channel meandering. Fluctuations in water level, either seasonal or more frequent, have also been related to instability. Increased pore water pressure has been correlated with flooding. When, the level of water decreases rapidly, the pore water pressure within the soil remains high, thereby decreasing the soil’s effective shear strength. This reduction in shear strength may result in bank failure. The banks of the Licking River near Wilder, Kentucky were selected as a study site because they exhibit instability features: tension cracks, circular and wedge failures, slumps and piping, some of which developed after a major flooding event in 1997. Tensiometers were installed at depth from 4 ft to 10 ft and a piezometer was installed at a depth of 12 ft. The bank material is clay with low plasticity (CL) with total cohesion and friction angle of 27 kPa and 13o respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • River Bank Erosion in the Minnesota River Valley A
    RIVER BANK EROSION IN THE MINNESOTA RIVER VALLEY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY ANDREW C KESSLER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIERMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DR. SATISH C GUPTA DECEMBER 2015 © ANDREW C. KESSLER, 2015 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully acknowledge the assistance that was provided over the years in completing this research by Blue Earth County Environmental Services Staff especially Scott Salisbury and Professor Susan Galatowitsch of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology for their insights about early survey data; Ryan Mattke and the staff at the University of Minnesota, John R. Borchert Map Library for their help with the historical aerial photographs; and Greg Spoden and Pete Boulay of the State Climatologist Office of the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources for sharing the long-term climatic data. In addition, I’d like to acknowledge help from Ashley Grundtner, Melinda Brown, David Thoma, and Kari Wolf with field work and manuscript reviews. The original 2009 Lidar scan was jointly funded by the Minnesota Corn and Soybean Research and Promotion Councils. Remaining research projects were partially supported with funds from the Minnesota Corn Research and Promotion Council. I’d also like to acknowledge the tireless work of my major adviser Dr. Satish Gupta whose guidance made this research possible. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my wife Andrea and our three daughters for supporting me through this endeavor. i ABSTRACT Sediments remain one of the major causes of water quality impairments in the United States. Although soil erosion from agricultural lands has been viewed as the major source of sediment to rivers and lakes, in many watersheds, river banks are also contributing a significant amount of sediments to surface waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Issues for Riverine Bank Stability Analysis in the 21St Century
    RESEARCH ISSUES FOR RIVERINE BANK STABILITY ANALYSIS IN THE 21ST CENTURY Submitted by: A.N. Papanicolaou, S. Dey, M. Rinaldi, and A. Mazumdar IIHR Technical Report No. 457 IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering College of Engineering The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 July 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature review .................................................................................................. 2 3. Sub-aerial processes ............................................................................................. 3 4. Fluvial entrainment and erosion ........................................................................... 4 4.1.Erodibility parameters .................................................................................. 5 4.1.1 Granular loose sediment .................................................................... 5 4.1.2 Granular partly packed or cemented sediment ................................... 9 4.1.3 Fine-grained cohesive sediment ......................................................... 9 4.1.4 Failed blocks of fine-grained cohesive sediment ............................... 11 4.2 Near-bank shear stress .................................................................................. 12 5. Mass failures ........................................................................................................ 13 6. Interaction between fluvial erosion and mass failure .........................................
    [Show full text]
  • River Bank Erosion Risk Potential with Regards to Soil Erodibility
    River Basin Management VII 289 River bank erosion risk potential with regards to soil erodibility Z. A. Roslan1, Y. Naimah1 & Z. A. Roseli2 1Infrastructure University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Humid Tropics Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract River bank failures are a common scenario in Malaysia especially during heavy rainy seasons. One of the significant factors causing river bank erosion is the textural composition along the river banks which can be presented by the degree or level of soil erodibility. Sieve analysis and hydrometer tests were conducted for all soil samples collected along the river bank and the “ROM” scale (after the name of the researchers ROslan and Mazidah) is used to determine the degree of soil erodibility namely low, moderate, high, very high and critical along the river bank based on the percentage composition of sand, silt and clay. By determining the soil erodibility level, the risk of river bank failure at any location along the river bank can be made known. Thus, this valuable information would certainly enable the concerned government and private authorities to plan, design and construct the most suitable preventive measures in arresting river bank erosion. Keywords: river bank, textural composition, soil erodibility, “ROM” scale. 1 Introduction Riverbank erosion is one of the major and unpredictable problems worldwide [1] which occurs both naturally and through human impact. The erosion involves the wearing away of soil found along the river bed and banks that will lead to the accumulation of sediment which in turn will increase the river pollution problem. The amount of soil erosion loss depends on the combination of the strength of the rain to cause erosion and the ability of the soil to withstand the rain.
    [Show full text]
  • Riverbank Collapse Along the Lower River Murray
    Riverbank Collapse Along the Lower River Murray - Literature Review Jaksa, M.B., Hubble, T.C.T, Kuo, Y.L., Liang, C. and De Carli, E.V. Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 13/15 www.goyderinstitute.org Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series ISSN: 1839-2725 The Goyder Institute for Water Research is a partnership between the South Australian Government through the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, CSIRO, Flinders University, the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia. The Institute will enhance the South Australian Government’s capacity to develop and deliver science-based policy solutions in water management. It brings together the best scientists and researchers across Australia to provide expert and independent scientific advice to inform good government water policy and identify future threats and opportunities to water security. Enquires should be addressed to: Goyder Institute for Water Research Level 1, Torrens Building 220 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA, 5000 tel: 08-8303 8952 e-mail: [email protected] Citation Author, 2013, Riverbank Collapse Along the Lower River Murray - Literature Review, Goyder Institute for Water Research Technical Report Series No. 13/15, Adelaide, South Australia Copyright ©2013 The University of Adelaide. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of The University of Adelaide. Disclaimer The Participants advise that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research and does not warrant or represent the completeness of any information or material in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper River Delta
    United States Department of Agriculture Classification of Community Forest Service Pacific Northwest Types, Successional Research Station General Technical Sequences, and Report PNW-GTR-469 March 2000 Landscapes of the Copper River Delta, Alaska Keith Boggs Author Keith Boggs is the staff vegetation ecologist, Alaska Natural Heritage Program, Environment and Natural Resources Institute, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 707 A Street, Anchorage, AK 99501. This publication is the result of a cooperative study between the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Chugach National Forest and the Alaska Natural Heritage Program. Abstract Boggs, Keith. 2000 Classification of community types, successional sequences, and landscapes of the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-469. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 244 p. A classification of community types, successional sequences, and landscapes is pre- sented for the piedmont of the Copper River Delta. The classification was based on a sampling of 471 sites. A total of 75 community types, 42 successional sequences, and 6 landscapes are described. The classification of community types reflects the existing vegetation communities on the landscape. The distribution, vegetation composition and structure, soils, and successional status of each community are discussed. The community types were placed within successional sequences reflecting their succes- sional trends. Geomorphic and soil development were closely aligned with vegetation succession on the study area and, consequently, are described in detail. Each succes- sional sequence was named after the oldest community type identified in the sequence and the landscape on which it occurs.
    [Show full text]
  • Channel Change on the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona, 1936-86
    Channel Change on the Santa Cruz River, Pima County, Arizona, 1936-86 United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2429 Prepared in cooperation with the Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District Ico I AVAILABILITY OF BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Instructions on ordering publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with prices of the last offerings, are given in the current- year issues of the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey." Prices of available U.S. Geological Survey publications released prior to the current year are listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List." Publications that are listed in various U.S. Geological Survey catalogs (see back inside cover) but not listed in the most recent annual "Price and Availability List" are no longer available. Reports released through the NTIS may be obtained by writing to the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA 22161; please include NTIS report number with inquiry. Order U.S. Geological Survey publications by mail or over the counter from the offices given below. BY MAIL OVER THE COUNTER Books Books and Maps Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water-Supply Papers, Tech­ Books and maps of the U.S. Geological Survey are available niques of Water-Resources Investigations, Circulars, publications over the counter at the following U.S. Geological Survey offices, of general interest (such as leaflets, pamphlets, booklets), single all of which are authorized agents of the Superintendent of Docu­ copies of Earthquakes & Volcanoes, Preliminary Determination of ments.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling the Bank Erosion of Selected Reach of Jamuna River
    MODELING THE BANK EROSION OF SELECTED REACH OF JAMUNA RIVER MAHMOOD KHAN Student No: 0412162047P Department of Water Resources Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh May 2015 MODELING THE BANK EROSION OF SELECTED REACH OF JAMUNA RIVER A thesis Submitted to The Department of Water Resources Engineering of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING by Mahmood Khan Student No: 0412162047P Department of Water Resources Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh May 2015 ii iii iv v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, the author would like to express his gratefulness to the Almighty ALLAH (SWT), the Creator of universe for His sheer blessings. The author acknowledges his deepest gratitude to his supervisor Dr. Mohammad Mostafa Ali, Associate Professor, Department of Water Resources Engineering, BUET for providing an interesting idea for the thesis and encouraging to work with it. His cordial supervision, valuable suggestions and in-depth expertise contributed greatly to this thesis. The author is also grateful to Dr. Md. Sabbir Mostafa Khan, Professor and Head, Department of Water Resources Engineering, BUET, Dr. Umme Kulsum Navera, Professor, Department of Water Resources Engineering, BUET and Mr. Mir Mostafa Kamal, P.Eng, Director, River Engineering Division, IWM, who are the members of the board of Examiners. The author would like to thank his parents for their encouragement and inspiration. The author is grateful for their guidance and blessings. The author would like to express his sincere gratitude and appreciation to all of his colleagues and friends for their help, support and inspiration.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper River Delta
    United States Department of Agriculture Classification of Community Forest Service Pacific Northwest Types, Successional Research Station General Technical Sequences, and Report PNW-GTR-469 March 2000 Landscapes of the Copper River Delta, Alaska Keith Boggs Author Keith Boggs is the staff vegetation ecologist, Alaska Natural Heritage Program, Environment and Natural Resources Institute, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 707 A Street, Anchorage, AK 99501. This publication is the result of a cooperative study between the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Chugach National Forest and the Alaska Natural Heritage Program. Abstract Boggs, Keith. 2000 Classification of community types, successional sequences, and landscapes of the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-469. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 244 p. A classification of community types, successional sequences, and landscapes is pre- sented for the piedmont of the Copper River Delta. The classification was based on a sampling of 471 sites. A total of 75 community types, 42 successional sequences, and 6 landscapes are described. The classification of community types reflects the existing vegetation communities on the landscape. The distribution, vegetation composition and structure, soils, and successional status of each community are discussed. The community types were placed within successional sequences reflecting their succes- sional trends. Geomorphic and soil development were closely aligned with vegetation succession on the study area and, consequently, are described in detail. Each succes- sional sequence was named after the oldest community type identified in the sequence and the landscape on which it occurs.
    [Show full text]