TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 4

CHANNEL STABILIZATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE IN CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES

i ¡01 101 LfU U-U lOi 00¡DE

November 1966

Committee on Channel Stabilization CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY REPORTS OF COMMITTEE ON CHANNEL STABILIZATION ¿i BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DENVER Lll 92035635 VT ■ieD3Sb3S

nsJjfe-» TECHNICAL REPORT 4 7 3 CHANNEL STABILIZATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE IN CORPS OF ENGINEERS OFFICES j

f November 1966 f

Committee on Channel Stabilization - i / y > CORPS OF ENGINEERS/ U. S. ARMY

ARM Y-MRC VICKSBURG. MISS. PRESENT MEMBERSHIP OF COMMITTEE ON CHANNEL STABILIZATION

J. H. Douma Office, Chief of Engineers Chairman

E. B. Lipscomb Lower Mississippi Valley Division Recorder

D. C. Bondurant Missouri River Division

R. H. Haas Lower Mississippi Valley Division

W. E. Isaacs Little Rock District

C. P. Lindner South Atlantic Division

E. B. Madden Southwestern Division

H. A. Smith North Pacific Division

J. B. Tiffany Waterways Experiment Station

G. B. Fenwick Consultant FOREWORD

Establishment of the Committee on Channel Stabilization in April 1962 was confirmed by

Engineer Regulation 15-2-1, dated 1 November 1962. As stated in ER 15-2-1, the objectives of the Committee with respect to channel stabilization are:

a. To review and evaluate pertinent information and disseminate the results thereof. b. To determine the need for and recommend a program of research; and to have advisory technical review responsibility for research assigned to the Committee. £. To determine basic principles and design criteria. d. To provide, at the request of field offices, advice on design and operational problems.

In accordance with the desire of the Committee to inventory available data, reports, papers, etc., pertaining to channel stabilization, arrangements were made for the Research

Center Library, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, to undertake compilation of the present volume. The bibliography consists of eight sections, as indicated by the table of contents which follows. An appendix containing a group of plans and specifications issued by the U. S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock, has been added to the main bibliography at the request of the Office, Chief of Engineers, as a sample of similar information which may be available in other offices concerned with channel stabilization projects. All items listed in this report are available in the Research Center Library except a few, and for these the

Library can supply the name and address of the holder.

Copies of this and other reports of the Committee on Channel Stabilization may be obtained from the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 631? Vicksburg, Miss. 39180.

111

CONTENTS

P a ge

F O R E W O R D ...... i i i

SECTION I . GECMORPHOLOGY ...... 3

SECTION I I . CHANNEL GEOMETRY...... 1 1

SECTION I I I . SEDIM ENTATION...... 33

SECTION IV. HYDRAULICS ...... 55

SECTION V. HYDRAULIC M ODELS ...... 7 1

SECTION VI. SOILS INVESTIGATIONS ...... 85

SECTION V I I . INSTRUMENTATION AND FIELD S U R V E Y S ...... 97

SECTION V I I I . CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT AND STABILIZATION M EA SU RES...... 101

APPENDIX A: EXAMPLES OF PERTINENT PLANS AND S P E C IF IC A T IO N S ...... A 1

v

SECTION I. GEOMORPHOLOGY

Section I. Geomorphology 3

Bagnold, R.A. Some Aspects of the Shape of model and prototype studies of river mean­ River Meanders. U.S. Geological Survey dering. Includes good diagrams showing Professional Paper No.282-E. Washington, river alignment features. GPO, i960.

Discusses mechanism controlling curvature Carey, W.C. The Mechanisms of Turns in Al­ for bends of rivers. From the nature of luvial Streams, by W.C. Carey, USAE Dis­ flow resistance in curved channels, a sim­ trict, New Orleans. Military Engineer, ple model is proposed to relate resistance vol.55 i no.363, p.1^-1 6 , January-February to a criterion of bend curvature that may 1963. be applied both to closed pipes and to open channels. A study of the mechanism of formation and hydraulics of true bends, abrupt bends, crossings, and long straight reaches. Bayley, Fred. Sediment Deposits on the Cone Area of Big Sand Creek, Mississippi, in the U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg, Carey, W.C., and Keller, M.D. Systematic Miss., by Fred Bayley, USAE District, Changes in the Beds of Alluvial Rivers, by Vicksburg. Paper presented at the Federal W.C. Carey and M.D. Keller, USAE District, Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, Jack- New Orleans. American Society of Civil son, Miss., 28 January - 1 February 1963. Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, vol.8 3 ? HY^-, Paper A discussion on the cone-shaped deposits 1331, p.l-24, August 1 9 5 7 - from hill streams as they enter the al­ luvial plain. A discussion of cyclical changes in chan­ nel beds.

Blench, Thomas. Regime Behaviour of Canals and Rivers. London, Butterworths Scien­ Chatley, H. Theory of Meandering. Engineer­ tific Publications, 19 57 * ing, vol.1^9 ? no.38855 p.628-629, June 2 8 , 19^0 . (Available in Research Center Li­ Aim of book is "to develop and apply, to brary on Microfilm.) any river capable of self-adjustment, the quantitative laws of self-formation of Theoretical mathematical study of meander­ channels formed as a consequence of their ing of river flowing in alluvial plane; flow moving boundary material." Problems considerations of stretch of river in very related to meandering, and to breadth, broad alluvial plain; relation between depth, and slope are included. actual length and air-line distance between ends, or "meander-straight" ratio; develop­ ment of sinuosity in initially straight Blench, Thomas. Regime Theory for Self- channel. formed Sediment-bearing Channels. American Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, voi.117, p^s-^ o s , 1952. Claxton, P. Meanderings of Alluvial Rivers Governed by a Fixed Law. Engineering News- A dynamical framework--that of regime Record, vol.9 9 * p-268 , August l8, 19 27 . theory--on which to base a study of the behavior of channels that have formed bound­ Brief article on similar characteristics of aries from their own transported material alluvial rivers the world over. Movements or material of like nature is given. The and changes in amount of silt in suspension most important system of natural channels are parallel. Writer is especially famil­ to which the theory can be applied is that iar with rivers in India. of rivers of alluvial plains. Data from ir­ rigation canal systems in northern India also given. Dent, E.J. The Mouths of the Mississippi River. In Paper N0.I5J5, "The River and Harbor Problems of the Lower Mississippi; A Carey, W.C. The Mechanisms by which Alluvial Symposium." American Society of Civil Streams Turn or Change Direction. New Engineers, Transactions, vol.87, p.997-1006 , Orleans, La., June 2 0 , 1962. 192U.

Shows significance of river bank geology in Shows by maps the changes in land areas determining river behavior. The two "turn­ that have taken place since first detailed ing mechanisms" of streams (the true bend survey in 1838. Discusses rate of settle­ and the abrupt angle) results from differ­ ment in the Passes. ing river bank geological formations; i.e., ranging from homogeneous, readily-erodible alluvial to erosion-resistant, non-alluvial Fisk, H.N. Fine-grained Alluvial Deposits "valley-wall" formations. Gives results of and Their Effects on Mississippi River k Section I. Geomorphology

Activity. Waterways Experiment Station, and gives some instances of breaks of the July 19^-7• 2 volumes. Yellow River in which new channels were formed. Silt deposits were enormous. Includes a part on the effect of fine­ grained alluvial deposits on channel migra­ tion, channel cross section, hank caving, Friedkin, J.F. A Laboratory Study of the and stream meandering. Meandering of Alluvial Rivers, by J.F. Friedkin, Mississippi River Commission. Vicksburg, Miss., Waterways Experiment Sta­ Fisk, H.N. G-eological Investigation of the tion, 1 May 19^-5 • Alluvial Valley of the Lower Mississippi River. Mississippi River Commission, lÿbk. Laboratory study was conducted at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Comprehensive geological study includes from 19^+2 to 19^ to determine basic prin­ section on the Mississippi River, the mean­ ciples (l) of meandering, and (2) as to dering channel, the load, and character­ changes brought about in channel of a mean­ istics of different reaches. dering river by stabilization of caving banks. The small-scale rivers used varied in size from one to five feet in width and Fisk, H.N. Mississippi River Valley Geology 50 to 150 feet in length, with depths of Relation to River Regime. American Society 0.05 to 0.30 feet. First part of this re­ of Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.117, port presents results of study of basic p.667-689, 1952. principles of meanders, second part pre­ sents principles involved as to effects of Includes some discussion of sloughing of stabilizing the caving banks of a meander­ river banks and long term stability of the ing river, and in the third part the river. general testing methods, materials used, and measuring devices are described.

Flaxman, E.M. Some Aspects of Fluvial Mor­ phology Influencing Investigations of Chan­ Friedkin, J.F. Results of Laboratory Study nel Stability. Federal Inter-Agency Sedi­ of the Meandering of Alluvial Rivers, by mentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, J.F. Friedkin, Mississippi River Commis­ 1963? Proceedings, p.136-1^3, Paper No.21. sion. January 19^-6. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellan­ eous Publication No.970, June 1965* Lecture to engineers of Mississippi River Commission, and Memphis, Vicksburg, and New Presents data available from channel and Orleans Districts as part of training pro­ damsite investigations in alluvial valleys gram presents results of laboratory study and on fans where the depositional environ­ of meandering of alluvial rivers conducted ment is believed to be identifiable. at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi­ Method was described for differentiating ment Station from 19^2 to I9M+. This work between channel, fan, or flood plain de­ is essentially a summary of the author’s posits. The procedure involves a deter­ MA Laboratory Study of the Meandering of mination of the rate of particle size Alluvi al Rivers.” increase and plotting this value in rela­ tion to the size of which 25 percent is finer. The 25 percent size proved to be Hearn, Gordon. Stabilization of Alluvial the best of the three levels of size dis­ Rivers in India. Engineering News-Record, tribution tested. The procedure is be­ vol.108, p.393-395, March 17, 1932. lieved to be most helpful in segregating environments when deposition could have English engineer who formerly worked with occurred either from transport as sus­ Indian State Railways makes observations on pended material or as bedload. Fluvial problems involved in checking meandering of morphology of three stream valleys was rivers in alluvial plains, relating those briefly discussed in order to demonstrate of Indian rivers to those of the Missis­ relation between environments of deposi­ sippi. Offers theory of "nodes," or "swing tion and stratigraphy of alluvial valleys. points,” which occur at consistent inter­ A balanced study of all the factors is im­ vals, at which points the river can be portant in the planning and design of chan­ held by stone guide-walls, or spurs. nel improvements.

India, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, Freeman, J.R. Flood Problems in China. New Delhi. Annual Review of Fundamental American Society of Civil Engineers, Trans­ and Basic Research Schemes, i960. New actions, voi.85, p .i 4o 5-i ^-6o , 1922. Delhi, 2 August i960.

Includes information on river training, Two chapters relate to channel stabiliza­ using dikes; shows maps of river migration; tion. Chapter IV on Design of Channels Section I. Geomorphology 1

includes studies on the collection and ratio of curvature radius to channel width, analysis of hydraulic data for stable chan­ in range of 2 to 3; meanders formed by melt­ nels (both alluvial and nonalluvial). water on surface of glaciers, and by main Chapter VI on Sedimentation Studies in current of Gulf Stream, have relation of Streams and Reservoirs has one part on the meander length to channel width similar to meandering, braiding and avulsions of rivers; because such meanders carry no sedi­ rivers. ment, shapes of curves in rivers are evi­ dently determined primarily by dynamics of flow rather than by relation to debris load. Huber, R.L. Channel Stabilization of the Velocity distributions along river curves Missouri River. Paper given before the provide generalized picture of flow char­ American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, acteristics. Evidence on flow resistance Colo., June 1 9 5 2 . in curved channels suggests that a basic aspect of meander mechanics may be related General resume of the characteristics of to distribution of energy loss provided by the Missouri, its meandering, its silting, a particular configuration or curve. the difficulty in developing hydraulic formulae in design of its channel. Latter part of paper discusses stabilization meth­ Matthes, G.H. Basic Aspects of Stream- ods, describing dikes in some detail. meanders. American Geophysical Union, Transactions, vol.2 2 , p.632-636, 1 9 ^-1 .

Kolb, C.R. Sediments Forming the Bed and Presents certain fundamentals relating to Banks of the Lower Mississippi River and the dynamics of meandering streams derived Their- Effect on River Migration. Sedimen- from extended observations on streams rang­ tology, vol.2, p.227-23t, 1963. ing in size from mere rivulets to as large as the Lower Mississippi River. Supple­ Physiographic features and depositional mented by other observations on distorted history of the sediments forming the bed and undistorted experimental models. and banks of the lower 200 miles of the Mississippi River are summarized. From mile 200 - l60 the river is scouring into Mississippi River Commission. The Improve­ coarse substratum sands, between miles 160 ment of the Lower Mississippi River for and 80 into Pleistocene clays, and between Flood Control and Navigation, by D.0 . mile 80 and 0 chiefly into prodelta and Elliott. May 1 , 1 9 3 2 . 3 volumes. interdistributary clays. Point-bar accre­ tion averages 500 acres per river mile in A discussion of the history, characteris­ the uppermost segment, 200 acres per river tics, hydraulics, sediment, surveys, dredg­ mile in the middle segment, and 30 acres ing, bank protection, and contraction works per river mile in the lower-most segment. of the Mississippi River. A comprehensive The occurrence of bends caused by faulting report; however, a great many improvements or formed during seaward growth of the have been made since 1932. delta, and the occasional existence of coarse materials in the path of the stream are significant factors in the initiation Mississippi River Commission. Investigation of meanders. The composition of the bed of Free Nigger Point Crevasse, Mississippi and banks, and the length of channel oc­ River. December 1 9 5 0 . cupation are important in the rate and ex­ tent of migration. Migration of the river Presents results of a comprehensive study between miles 0 and l60 has been and should of a Mississippi bank and levee failure continue to be very slow. which occurred at Free Nigger Point, Loui­ siana. Investigation comprised three phases: a review of the historical record Kutz, C.W. The Work of the Mississippi River of the area; a geological and soils in­ Commission. American Society of Civil vestigation of the bank of the Mississippi Engineers, Transactions, vol.9 3 * p.6 9 7 -7 1 5 ? River in the failure area; and an examina­ 1929. tion of the hydraulic features of the river in that vicinity. The historical record of Gives purpose of. Mississippi River Commis­ the area was prepared by the New Orleans sion, physical description of Mississippi District. The geological, soil mechanics, River Basin, and includes one section and hydraulic phases of the study were ac­ (though brief) on bank revetment. complished by the Waterways Experiment Station.

Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G. River Mean­ ders. Geological Society of America Bul­ Mississippi River Commission. Report on letin, V0I.7I5 no.6 , p.7 6 9 -79^5 Jnne i960. Channel Deterioration in the Mississippi River, Cairo to New Madrid, by G.H. Matthes. Most river curves have nearly same value of February 2 7 , 1 9 *4-0 ; Revised July 3 1 ? 1 9 *4-1 - 6 Section I. Geomorphology

The 60-mile reach of the Mississippi River Popov, I.V. A Sediment Balance of River under study has been undergoing deteriora­ Reaches and Its Use for the Characteristics tion for at least half a century and was of the Channel Process. Soviet Hydrology: particularly active between 1900 and 1925* Selected Papers, no.3, 1962, p.249-267. Description of deterioration, probable causes, possible remedies are discussed. In the paper, the author gives a morpholog­ ical interpretation of the equation of the sediment balance. The proposed equations Maher, T.F. Study of Effect of Regulation for the sediment balance (the total sus­ Works on Stream Flow, by T.F. Maher, USAE pended sediment, bed load, and sediment of District, St. Louis. Paper presented at the channel facies of alluvium) take into American Society of Civil Engineers Con­ account the basic forms of the sediment in­ ference, Cincinnati, Ohio, February 1964. flow and disposal, inherent to rivers of the plains. An attempt is made to explain Presents changes in regime of Mississippi the structure of the equations for the River and the variations in rating curves sediment balance for various types of the with respect to time and stage. Causes for channel processes. The possibilities of some of the stage-discharge relation the practical use of these equations are changes are also discussed. examined.

Neill, C.R. Alluvial Processes and River Schumm, S.A., and Lichty, R.W. Channel Channel Regime. Engineering Institute of Widening and Flood-plain Construction Along Canada, Transactions, vol.7, no.A-3, July Cimarron River in Southwestern Kansas. U.S 196^; Paper No.EIC-6^-CIV 3- Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 352-D. Washington, GPO, 1963. Purpose of this paper is to intoduce the nonspecialist to current ideas, to empha­ The channel of the Cimarron River in south­ size to hydraulic engineers and hydrolo­ western Kansas has changed significantly gists the importance of alluvial processes during historic times. During and after from a geological point of view, and to put major flood in 1914, river widened until forward some suggestions for systematizing average of 1200 feet was reached in 1942. research and data collection on river be­ During 1943-54, river narrowed. During havior. One section devoted to bed- 1954-60 both channel widening and narrow­ material transport, regime dimensions, and ing occurred. Channel changes along the bank erosion. Cimarron seem typical of sandy rivers in semiarid regions.

Popov, I.V. Application of Morphological Analysis to the Evaluation of the General Tiffany, J.B. Review of Research on Channel Channel Deformations of the River Ob’. Stabilization of the Mississippi River, Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.3? 1931-1962. April 1962. (Also issued as 1962, p.267-324. U.S. Corps of Engineers, Committee on Channel Stabilization, Technical Report Study is directed towards setting up a No.2, September 1963.) general hydromorphological scheme of de­ velopment of channel and flood-plain de­ Paper prepared for Mississippi River Com­ formations of a specific river (the Ob’ was mission Potamology Board and Corps of chosen). Sediment balance data was used in Engineers Committee on Channel Stabiliza­ evaluating these deformations. Consider­ tion reviews most important results in over able flow data of the Ob' are given. 90 publications since 1931* Includes ex­ tensive bibliography and five appendices.

Popov, I.V. Hydromorphological Principles of the Theory of Channel Processes and Their Tiffany, J.B. Studies of Meandering of Use in Hydrotechnical Planning. Soviet Model-streams. American Geophysical Union, Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.2, 1964, Transactions, vol.20, pt.4, p.644-649? 1939 p.188-195. The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Reviews theory of channel processes and Station conducted a series of tests in a methods of calculations of channel deforma­ flume 15 feet wide and 50 feet long to tions in Russia today. Main types of de­ study the problem of meandering tendencies formations considered are: dunes, sub­ of alluvial streams. The sinuous channel- merged side bars, meandering (limited, free, development in the flume in many respects or incomplete), and midstream bars. Table simulated the development of an alluvial is given of protective structures, with river. Pools, crossings, and later, ox-bow locations, for various types of channel lakes developed. However, this channel processes. developed under ideal conditions--constant Section I. Geomorphology 7

flow, uniform led, no tributaries discharg­ report includes (l) brief summary of model ing bed load. Tests provided general data operation from authorization in July 19^0 on the natural meander tendencies of an un­ to September 19^-1; (2) discussion of pre­ controlled fluvial channel. liminary adjustment phase and observed actions of model; (3 ) description of model tests of practical river problems, as point Turnbull, W.J., Krinitzsky, E.L., and Weaver, bar dredging, oblique type revetment, bank F.J. Bank Erosion in Cohesive Soils of realignment, acceleration of blanket-bar the Lower Mississippi Valley. American formation, and discontinuous type revetment. Society of Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engineering Conference, Mobile, Alabama, March 8-12, 196 5, Conference Preprint No. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ 178. tion, Corps of Engineers. Tests of Channel Realignment Near St. Joseph, Missouri. Bank erosion along the Lower Mississippi Waterways Experiment Station Mississippi River is dependent on local tendencies of Basin Model Report No.52-1, Vicksburg, the river to meander and on the location of Miss., October 195^* cohesive to partly cohesive to noncohesive soils in the bank. The mechanics of bank After the 1952 flood on the Missouri River failure are predictable in a general way near St. Joseph developed a cutoff channel where the soil types composing the banks across one- bend and started a cutoff across are known. another, the decision was made to develop the upstream cutoff and close the lower. Tests were run on the Mississippi Basin U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Model at Waterways Experiment Station to tion, Corps of Engineers. Distribution of obtain data relative to the effects of the Soils Bordering the Mississippi River From natural cutoff on flood profiles both up­ Donaldsonville to Head of Passes, by C.R. stream and downstream. The tests were made Kolb. Waterways Experiment Station Tech­ in two series - one with preflood channel nical Report N0 .3 -6OI5 Vicksburg, Miss., alignment, the second with the cutoff in­ June 1962. stalled as it was finally developed. Re­ sults are summarized. Report maps distribution of soils which border the Mississippi between river mile 189 and Head of Passes in southeast Loui­ Vinogradov, V.A. Some Laws of Formation of siana with special regard to their engi­ the Channel and of the Flood-plain of the neering significance. The subsurface dis­ Polomet’ River. Soviet Hydrology: Se­ position of depositional environments and lected Papers, no.U, 1962, p.kll-b25. their associated soil types are shown on 3^- subsurface profiles. The text describes On the basis of analysis of deformations of the physiographic and geologic development the channel and flood-plain of the Polomet’ of the area studied, summarizes physical River, a relationship was established be­ and engineering characteristics of the tween the distribution of sediment dis­ engineering soil types mapped, and dis­ charge along the river and its morphologi­ cusses some of the effects of geologic cal appearance in individual reaches. Data factors on river migration. of field observations on the silt deposits on the flood-plain are given.

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of Con­ Weller, H.E. Report on Bank Protection on ference on Potamology Investigations, 15 the Brahmaputra and Other Rivers in North March 19^-8. Waterways Experiment Station East India, by H.E. Weller, Mississippi Potamology Investigations Report No.11-1, River Commission. New Delhi, July 1955* Vicksburg, Miss., March 19^-8 . (Research Center Library has on microfilm.)

Transcription of talks and discussions at Report was prepared by Mr. Weller on a U.S. conference; included are remarks on "River Technical Cooperation Mission to India. Meander Study," by G.B. Fenwick, "Revetment Rivers under consideration in this report Investigation," by J.J. Franco, and are the Brahmaputra in Assam, the Tista "Instrumentation," by E.H. Woodman. (or Teesta) and Mahananda in the northern part of West Bengal, and the Kosi in Bihar--rivers fed by tributaries originat­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ ing in the Himalaya Mountains. Numerous tion, Corps of Engineers. Study of the landslides, steep slopes, and excessive Meandering of Model Streams (Preliminary rainfall overcharge the rivers with sedi­ Report of Progress to September 1, 19^-1). ment and debris. Upon entering the plains October l^f, 19^1 . they become braided streams. These are two general types of bank protection: contin­ Subject matter presented in this letter uous protection or revetment, and Section I. Geomorphology

intermittent as-dikes, spurs, and groins. detail through analysis of the experimental Characteristics of each individual river results. Turbulence intensity of flow was given, types of protection on each de­ also measured. Experimental results are scribed, and recommendations made. presented in generalized form.

West, R.L. Alluvial Rivers; Basic Character­ Znamenskaya, H.S. Calculations of Dimensions istics ^ind Theory of Meandering. Master’s and Speed of Shifting of Channel Formations. Thesis, Princeton University, 195^-• Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.2 , 1962, P .ni-116. Deals with the natural forces affecting the flow of alluvial rivers, and in particular This paper presents attempts to generalize with meandering of alluvial rivers, basic the available laboratory and field investi­ theory and effect on river regulation. gations (including those of author) to show Covers formation of river systems and al­ the genesis of "ribbon ridges" (those that luvial valleys, physical characteristics occupy almost the entire river channel), and natural phenomenon, theory of river bars and creeping shoals, and to offer meandering as developed through laboratory recommendations for the calculations of tests and observation of natural flow, and dimensions and of speed of movement of practical aspects of river meander in rela­ ridges under natural conditions. Experi­ tion to river regulation. 127-item bibli­ mental data of about 20 Soviet and other ography included. investigators were utilized.

Yen, B.C. Characteristics of Subcritical Znamenskaya, N.S. Changes in Forms of River­ Flow in a Meandering Channel. Iowa City, bed Sand Dunes with the Passage of a Flood. Institute of Hydraulic Research, University Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.5 , of Iowa, 1965* 1963, p.524-529.

Study of flow of a meandering channel, com­ Based on previous methods for studying laws plicated by curvilinear characteristics, of shifting sand dunes in steady currents, which cause spiral motion and supereleva­ this investigation considers variation in tion, with velocity and boundary-shear dis­ dune forms at flood stage. "Dunes" are tributions modified. Through an approxi­ defined as "riffles, sand drifts, barkhans mate theoretical solution and experiments (sand dunes), side bars, and midstream in a fixed-bed model of constant radius, bars." Calculations described relate to central angle, and.uniform cross section, an arbitrarily chosen channel, resembling the influence of the Froude number, and the the Volga River at Volgograd in size and width-depth ratio of subcritical flow with hydraulic characteristics. Relation of sufficiently high Reynolds number ,in a shifting rate of dunes to Froude number and relatively wide meandering channel were to degree of mobility of sediments is pre­ determined. Velocity and boundary-shear sented. Method used permitted estimation distributions, superelevation, and growth of both small and large "dunes." and decay of spiral motion were studied in SECTION II. CHANNEL GEOMETRY

Section II. Channel Geometry 11

Ackers, Peter. Experiments on Small Streams characteristics in a stable channel with in Alluvium. American Society of Civil uniform grain-size under constant dis­ Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the charge. Also experiments for stable chan­ Hydraulics Division, vol.90, HŸ4, Paper nels through constrictions are carried out. 3959, p-l-37, July 196^. Hydraulic characteristics in an abrupt ex­ pansion with a movable bed are made clear, Experimental study of small streams in and longitudinal profiles and cross- alluvium indicates correlations between sectional forms in the stable state are stream geometry and discharge. These are obtained. The longitudinal profiles show compared with established regime equations, good agreements with the theoretical ones. with some areas of disagreement. Results Cross-sectional forms are discussed with have been analyzed on the basis of sediment respect'to secondary flow. transport, channel roughness, and width- depth ratio. These three physical rela­ tionships can be used to predict the geo­ Blench, Thomas. Quantitative Interrelation metrical functions. of Erosion and River Regime by Regime Theory Methods. International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Publication No.5 9 , American Society of Civil Engineers, Water­ P.273-282, 1962. ways Division, Committee on Regulation and Stabilization of Rivers by Open Channel The three basic regime theory equations for Work. Bank Stabilization Manual. 1947- self-adjustment of controlled sediment­ 1948. (Available on loan from Mississippi bearing channels of small bed-load charge River Commission Library.) are stated. The dynamical significance of these and derived relations is discussed. Draft of manual contains six chapters: Practical extension to large bed-load Considerations Which Determine Whether Nav­ charge and to the unsteady meandering con­ igability is to be Attained by Open Channel ditions of rivers is outlined. Case his­ Methods or by Locks and Dams, by Malcolm tories illustrate that most problems of Elliott; Discharge and Sediment Relation­ erosion and deposition are soluble to a ship in a River, by L.G. Straub; Alignment useful degree of accuracy by calculation or as it Affects Open Channel Methods of Im­ by model. provement, by J.F. Friedkin; Soil Charac­ teristics of Bed and Banks as they Affect Open Channel Improvement, by Charles Blench, Thomas. Regime Behaviour of Canals Senour; Contraction Works and Bank Stabili­ and Rivers. London, Butterworths Sci­ zation, by R.L. Huber; Dredging, by L.B. entific Publications, 1957- Feagin. Aim of book is "to develop and apply, to any river capable of self-adjustment, the Anding, M.G. Potamology Studies - Hydraulic quantitative laws of self-formation of Analysis of Mississippi River Channels, by channels formed as a consequence of their M.G. Anding, USAE District, Vicksburg. flow moving boundary material." Problems Paper prepared for presentation at the related to meandering, and to breadth, Sixth Meeting, OCE Channel Stabilization depth, and slope are included. Committee, Vicksburg, Miss., 14-16 January 1964. Blench, Thomas. Regime Theory for Self- Personnel of Vicksburg District, CE, has formed Sediment-bearing Channels. American undertaken a complete and continuous anal­ Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, ysis and evaluation of varying numbers of vol.117, p.383-408, 1952. study ranges in 20 reaches of Mississippi River within the Vicksburg District. Both A dynamical framework--that of regime relatively stable and unstable reaches have theory--on which to base a study of the been scheduled for intensive study. A behavior of channels that have formed write-up of program developed for the CE boundaries from their own transported 225 Computer titled "Computations of Ex­ material or material of like nature is isting and Effective Hydraulic Elements and given. The most important system of nat­ Factors of River Cross Sections for Pôta- ural channels to which the theory can be mology Studies" is included. applied is that of rivers of alluvial plains. Data from irrigation canal systems in northern India also given. Ashida, Kazuo. On River Bed Variations and Stable Channels in Alluvial Streams. Kyoto, Japan, Kyoto University, 1964. Brooks, N.H. Mechanics of Streams with Mov­ able Beds of Fine Sand. American Society Deals with theoretical consideration on the of Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.123, river-bed variation and of the hydraulic p.526-549, 1958. 12 Section II. Channel Geometry

A laboratory study was made to determine carry given unit discharge and sediment what factors govern the equilibrium rate of load is given in graphical form on basis of transportation of fine sand in suspension. bed load function developed by H.A. The transportation rate could not be ex­ Einstein; applications of curves to eval­ pressed as a unique function of the bed uate effects on river regimen by diversion shear stress, channel geometry, and sand of flows, construction of dams, contraction properties. A qualitative relation be­ of channels, elimination of river forks, tween slope and the independent variables, and cut-off of bends. mean velocity and depth, was obtained.

Doubt, P.D. Design of Stable Channels in Carey, W.C. The Mechanisms by which Alluvial Erodible Materials. Federal Inter-Agency Streams Turn or Change Direction. New Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Missis­ Orleans, La., June 20, 1962. sippi, 1963? Proceedings, p.373-376, Paper N0 .U3 . U.S. Department of Agriculture Shows significance of river bank geology Miscellaneous Publication No.970, June 1965* in determining river behavior. The two "turning mechanisms" of streams (the true Methods of permissible velocities, regime bend and the abrupt angle) results from theory, and tractive force theory have been differing river bank geological forma­ applied with various degrees of intensity tions; i.e., ranging from homogeneous, for the design and maintenance of stable readily-erodible alluvial to erosion- channels. The first two methods are em­ resistant, non-alluvial "valley-wall” for­ pirical while the tractive force theory is mations. Gives results of model and pro­ analytical. Some empiricism has been used totype studies of river meandering. In­ in the application of the tractive force cludes good diagrams showing river align­ theory that has led to the questioning of ment features. validity of this theory. This paper is given with the hope that it will clarify the logical application of these hydraulic Carey, W.C. The Mechanisms of Turns in Al­ principles and reduce the empiricism used luvial Streams, by W.C. Carey, USAE Dis­ in applying the tractive force theory, by trict, New Orleans. Military Engineer, the discussion of three premises: (l) trac­ vol.55, no.363, p.1^-16, January-February tive force theory is logically a dynamic 1963 theory, (2) water surface profile must be . computed to evaluate tractive forces, and A study of the mechanism of formation and (3) tractive force depends on the actual hydraulics of true bends, abrupt bends, depth of flow and on the roughness coef­ crossings, and long straight reaches. ficient of the earth materials in the wetted perimeter. Design of an earth chan­ nel consists of three facets: (l) capacity, Chabert, J., Remillieux, M., and Spitz, J. (2) stability, and (3 ) economical propor­ The Use of Deflecting Panels on a River Bed tions of channel and its associated (Correction des rivieres par panneaux de structures. fond). Bulletin du Centre de Recherches et d ’Essais de Chatou, no.l, p.^9-63? 19^2. Translated from the French by F.E. Du Boys, M.P. The Rhone and Rivers of Shift­ Escoffier, U.S. Army Engineer District, ing Bed; Study of the Regime of the Rhone Mobile. (Research Center Library also has and the Action Exercised by the Water on an French original.) Indefinitely Shifting Bed of Gravel. An- nales des Ponts et Chaussees, 1879« Trans­ Describes scale model tests conducted in lated from the French by H.G. Doke, U.S. order to find simple means of correcting Army Engineer District, Memphis, August rivers with shallow slope and sandy bed. 1932. It was found that it is possible to es­ tablish channel through various types of Theoretical study of flow problems on the bars such as those found in medium depth Rhone, particularly how a current builds and shallow rivers, and to cut off branch the bottom following the disposition of the outflow channels where whole flow is to be bank. The section'of Rhone examined here brought into single channel. Study was is a 71-mile stretch. Comments on the made for improvement of conditions on mathematical developments by G.C. Dodson Niger River. are included, as well as comments by J.W. Dixon and various correspondence concerning the Du Boys’ formula. Chien, Ning. Graphic Design of Alluvial Channels. American Society of Civil Engi­ neers, Proceedings Separate No.6ll, Feb­ Einstein, H.A., and Harder, J.A. Velocity ruary 1955. (Also in ASCE, Transactions, Distribution and the Boundary Layer at vol.121, p.1267-1280, 1956.) Channel Bends. American Geophysical Union, Transactions, vol.35? no.l, p.117-120, Determination of channel depth and slope to February 19^7. Section II. Channel Geometry i l

Analysis of the accelerating forces within procedure involes a determination of the a wide shallow channel bend shows that the rate of particle size increase and plotting existence of higher velocities near the out­ this value in relation to the size of which side bank requires in addition to a helical 25 percent is finer. The 25 percent size flow pattern, that the outward flowing upper proved to be the best of the three levels layers be unaffected by bed shear. Experi­ of size distribution tested. The procedure mental measurements confirm this. is believed to be most helpful in segre­ gating environments when deposition could have occurred either from transport as sus­ Emmett, W.W., and Leopold, L.B. Downstream pended material or as bedload. Fluvial Pattern of Riverbed Scour and Fill. Fed­ morphology of three stream valleys was eral Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, briefly discussed in order to demonstrate Jackson, Mississippi, 1963? Proceedings, relation between environments of deposition P «399-^09, Paper N0 .C6. U.S. Department of and stratigraphy of alluvial valleys. A Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No.970. balanced study of all the factors is im­ June 1965. portant in the planning and design of chan­ nel improvements. Presents recent observations of channel scour and fill over relatively long reaches of three streams in the western United Friedkin, J.F. A Laboratory Study of the States. Separate sections were devoted to Meandering of Alluvial Rivers, by J.F. those observations on an emphemeral channel Friedkin, Mississippi River Commission. and those on perennial streams. Extent of Vicksburg, Mississippi, Waterways Ex­ scouring action appears to encompass entire periment Station, 1 May 19^5* reach, without regard to any of the physical dimensions of the stream, and applies to Laboratory study was conducted at the U.S. pool as well as riffle and to curved as well Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station as straight reach. There is an apparent from 19^2 to 19^ to determine basic princi­ disparity between this author’s and Lane and ples (l) of meandering, and (2) as to Borland’s observations of magnitude of scour changes brought about in channel of a mean­ and rates of accumulation of sediment in dering river by stabilization of caving reservoirs. banks. The small-scale rivers used varied in size from one to five feet in width and 50 to 150 feet in length, with depths of Fisk, H.N. Fine-grained Alluvial Deposits and 0.05 to 0.30 feet. First part of this re­ Their Effects on Mississippi River Activity. port presents results of study of basic Waterways Experiment Station, July I9V 7 . 2 principles of meanders, second part pre­ volumes. sents principles involved as to effects of stabilizing the caving banks of a meander­ Includes a part on the effect of fine­ ing river, and in the third part the gen­ grained alluvial deposits on channel migra­ eral testing methods, materials used, and tion, channel cross section, bank caving, measuring devices are described. and stream meandering.

Friedkin, J.F. Results of Laboratory Study Fisk, H.N. Mississippi River Valley Geology of the Meandering of Alluvial Rivers, by Relation to River Regime. American Society J.F. Friedkin, Mississippi River Commission. of Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.117, January 19^-6 . p.667-689, 1952. Lecture to engineers of Mississippi River Includes some discussion of sloughing of Commission, and Memphis, Vicksburg, and New river banks and long-term stability of the Orleans Districts as part of training pro­ river. gram presents results of laboratory study of meandering of alluvial rivers conducted at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Ex­ Flaxman, E.M. Some Aspects of Fluvial Mor­ periment Station from 19^2 to l^kb. This phology Influencing Investigations of Chan­ work is essentially a summary of the au­ nel Stability. Federal Inter-Agency Sedi­ thor’s "A Laboratory Study of the Meander­ mentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, ing of Alluvial Rivers." 1963, Proceedings, p.136-1^3? Paper No.21. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No.970, June 1965. Hall, C.L., and Darling, H.V. Paper on the Development of Waterway Transport on Shal­ Presents data available from channel and low Rivers... Proceedings of the 20th damsite investigations in alluvial valleys International Navigation Congress, Balti­ and on fans where the depositional environ­ more, 1961, Section 1, Subject 5, p.195-220 ment is believed to be identifiable. Method Published by Permanent International Asso­ was described for differentiating between ciation of Navigation Congresses. channel, fan, or flood plain deposits. The Ik Section II. Channel Geometry

Report is general in nature but contains channels. In addition to these theoretical one section on bank protection, one on con­ considerations, results of the theoretical traction works, .and. one on channel realign­ analysis are applied to the field data of ment and regularization. the existing irrigation canals in the United States of America and India.

Haynie, R.M. Design of Steele Channels in Al­ luvial Materials. Dissertation, Colorado Kalkanis, George. Model Study of North Wal­ State University, May 196^. nut Creek Channel. University of Cali­ fornia, Berkeley, Institute of Engineering Presents method of design for stable chan­ Research, Series No.l6 7 5 Issue 1 . nels of unlined canals, with analysis of an extensive amount of river, canal and Model studies were made of structures to laboratory data. Sediment transport capac­ distribute evenly the flow through a com­ ity was included in this study. Includes pound bend with strong curvatures. Satis­ 79-item bibliography. factory performance was achieved by ob­ serving the eroding effect of the flow and providing the unstable sections with riprap Huber, R.L. Channel Stabilization of the protection. Missouri River. Paper given before the American Society of Civil Engineers, Den­ ver, Colo., June 1952. Karabatsos, G.J. Channel Stabilization in Gering Valley, Nebraska, by G.J. Karabatsos, General resume of the characteristics of USAE District, Omaha. Paper presented at the Missouri, its meandering, its silting, American Society of Civil Engineers Con­ the difficulty in developing hydraulic ference, Omaha, Nebr., May 1962. formulae in design of its channel. Latter part of paper discusses stabilization meth­ Discusses plan of improvement to control ods describing dikes in some detail. erosion in the Gering Valley watershed and to provide for stabilizing artifical stream channels. Major considerations leading to India. Central Board of Irrigation and Power, formulation of plan of improvement are New Delhi. Annual Review of Fundamental enumerated and discussed, together with a and Basic Research Schemes, i960. New description of the basic problems, causa­ Delhi, 2 August i960. tive forces, and solutions considered. Re­ sults of model tests are also included. Two chapters relate to channel stabiliza­ tion. Chapter IV on Design of Channels includes studies on the collection and Karasev, I.F. The Regimes of Eroding Chan­ analysis of hydraulic data for stable chan­ nels in Cohesive Material. Soviet Hy­ nels (both alluvial and non-alluvial). drology: Selected Papers, no.6, 196^-. Chapter VI on Sedimentation Studies in Streams and Reservoirs has one part on the Physical properties of cohesive materials meandering, braiding and avulsions of and their interaction with streamflow were rivers. discussed, along with ideas on the role of molecular adhesion of film water and of dif- fussion leaching in the erosion of clays. Iwagaki, Yuichi, and Tsuchiya, Yoshito. An Outline given of problems of deep and Analysis of the Stable Cross Section of a lateral erosion with diverted flow, using Stream Channel. Kyoto, Japan, Disaster as example the regulated Bol’shoy Egorlyk Prevention Research Institute, Bulletin River (Northern Caucasus). Some regulari­ No.2 9 , March 1 9 5 9 * ties are established for hydraulic resis­ tances and for the forming of the longi­ Paper presents an analytical approach to tudinal profile and of the horizontal out­ the stable cross section of a stream chan­ line of an eroding stream composed of nel with sand gravels based on the idea of cohesive material. critical tractive force. In this analysis, the. two-dimensional flow is assumed to ob­ tain the distribution of shear velocity on King, N.J. An Example of Channel Aggradation the bottom along the cross section of a Induced by Flood Control. U.S. Geological channel and to apply the turbulence theory Survey Professional Paper No.U2i+-B, p.2 9 -3 2 . to this approach. The theoretical shear Washington, GPO, 1961. distributions computed under such an as­ sumption are verified by the experiment on A flood-control and water-use project on the velocity-profile measurements by which Logan Draw in the southeastern part of the the shear velocity can be indirectly ob­ Wind River basin, Wyoming, is affording an tained. Some fundamental data are pre­ opportunity to test and measure rates of sented, which will contribute to design of aggradation and to determine time necessary the stable cross sections of stream to complete a cycle of channel adjustment. Section II. Channel Geometry 11

A relationship between runoff and amount of Hydrometeorological Service of the Council sediment deposited is shown. of Ministers of the USSR, published by Gidrometeorologicheskoe izdatel'stvo, Leningrad, 1959* Translation published for Knapp, F.H. and Libby, J.A. Erosion of National Science Foundation, Washington, Stream Banks, Its Prevention and Correction. D.C., and the Department of the Interior by U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, Soil Conserva­ Israel Program for Scientific Translations, tion Service, Region 8, Albuquerque, N. Mex., Jerusalem, 1962. Regional Bulletin No.78; Engineering Series No.6; Forestry Series No.lU, April 1, 19^2. Three chapters from Russian work include material on theory of sediment movement, It is estimated that there are more than stream kinematics around curves and forma­ 1000 miles of stream banks in Soil Conser­ tion of bends, and characteristics of low­ vation Service Region 8 ( in the Southwest) land river channels, including a method for where stabilization is needed. Some evaluating river channel stability. streams are perennial, some intermittent, some are dry except for short periods of the year. The following problems are con­ Lacey, G. Stable Channels in Alluvium. In­ sidered in this report: consideration of stitution of Civil Engineers, Minutes Pro­ hydraulic and mechanical principles of ceedings, vol.229, p.259-38^, 1929-1930. stream flow, erosion, sedimentation; adop­ tion of satisfactory channel capacity; Author collates reliable data of stable adoption of satisfactory channel alignment; channels at India and Egypt and deduces new protection of vegetative plantings; de­ general formulas for extended range of hy­ termination of channel bed variations; draulic observations; Lindley theorem is availability of native materials for use in true; all stable channels of same discharge structures; channel bottom stabilization. have same wetted perimeter, and silt factor Appendix includes three additional papers: determines shape; rugosity coefficient in Flood Protection in Narrow Valleys, by W.B. Manning's formula is simple function of Wroth; Erosion of Stream Banks, by L.B. silt factor; at velocity between 1.0 and Smith; Theory and Practice in the Design of 0.6 ft per second, transportation of silt Permeable Jetties, by C.R. Van Orman. other than colloids is impossible.

Kolb, C.R. Sediments Forming the Bed and Lane, E.W. Design of Stable Channels. Ameri­ Banks of the Lower Mississippi River and can Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, Their Effect on River Migration. Sedi- vol.120, p.123^-1260, 1955. mentology, vol.2, p. 227-23^-, 1963. Paper reports results of preliminary studies Physiographic features and depositional by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to improve history of the sediments forming the bed design of irrigation canals constructed in and banks of the lower 200 miles of the earth. Distribution of tractive force dis­ Mississippi River are summarized. From cussed. Also reviewed is effect of bends, mile 200 - 160 the river is scouring into side slope, and transported material on de­ coarse substratum sands, between miles sign. Future investigations are outlined. 160 and 80 into Pleistocene clays, and be­ tween mile.80 and 0 chiefly into prodelta and interdistributary clays. Point-bar Lane, E.W. The Effect of Cutting Off Bends accretion averages 500 acres per river mile in Rivers. State University of Iowa, Iowa in the uppermost segment, 200 acres per Institute of Hydraulic Research, Pro­ river mile in the middle segment, and 30 ceedings of the Third Hydraulics Conference, acres per river mile in the lower-most seg­ June 10-12, 19^6, p .230-2^0. Studies in ment. The occurrence of bends caused by Engineering Bulletin No.31, 19^-7* faulting or formed during seaward growth of the delta, and the occasional existence of Discusses effects of cutoffs with steady coarse materials in the path of the stream, flow and non-erodible channel, with vari­ are significant factors in the initiation able flow and non-erodible channel, and of meanders. The composition of the bed with erodible channels. In the later case, and banks, and the length of channel oc­ excessive sediment deposited downstream is cupation are important in the rate and ex­ one of the effects. Examples of effects of tent of migration. Migration of the river cutoffs were given, one being that of the between miles 0 and 160 has been and should Tisza River in Hungary, where the river was continue to be very slow. shortened 32$ of its original length nearly a century ago.

Kondrat'ev, N.E., and others. River Flow and River Channel Formation. Translation from Lane, E.W. Progress Report on Studies on the selected chapters of "Ruslovoi protsess." Design of Stable Channels by the Bureau of issued by Main Administration of the Reclamation. American Society of Civil 16 Section II. Channel Geometry

Engineers, Proceedings Separate No.280, scaling relationships between different September 1953. channels is advocated.

Results of investigations by Bureau of Re­ clamation on design of unlined canals with Leopold, L.B., and others. Flow Resistance emphasis on problems of sediment movement; in Sinuous or Irregular Channels. U.S. principal progress has been along three Geological Survey Professional Paper general lines: clarification of principles Ho.282-D. Washington, GPU, i960. of stable channel design, working out of tentative method of designing unlined earth Presents results of preliminary laboratory canals, and development of analysis of chan­ tests on resistance effects that are re­ nel shape involving minimum excavation. Re­ lated to regular or repetitive sinuosity port, in slightly expanded form, issued as of a channel of uniform cross section. A U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Hydraulic Lab. mathematical model appears to explain many Report Hyd-352. of the observed features. Concludes with a discussion of some possible implications of the theory in natural channels. Lane, E.W. Some Factors Affecting the Stabi­ lity of Canals Constructed in Coarse Gran­ ular Materials. Minnesota Internation Hy­ Leopold, L.B., and Maddock, Thomas. The Hy­ draulics Convention, Proceedings, September draulic Geometry of Stream Channels and 1-1*, 1953, p.37-1*8. Some Physiographic Implications. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper Ho.252. Studies were, made by U.S. Bureau of Re­ Washington, GPO, 1953. clamation to perfect methods for designing canals in coarse, noncohesive materials. Quantitative measurement of some of the hy­ Test sections' were in San Luis Valley draulic factors that help to determine the canals. Use of limiting tractive force in shape of natural stream channels: depth, designing canals in coarse, noncohesive width, velocity, and suspended load, and material results in advantage of more eco­ how they vary with discharge as simple nomic design. Analytical solution of re­ power functions. Their interrelations are sistance to scour of side slopes was described by the term ’’hydraulic geometry.” developed. These stream characteristics are important determinants of shape of cross section and progressive changes in channel slope Lane, E.W. Stable Channels in Erodible Mate­ downstream. rial. American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, vol.6l, no.9, p.1307-1326, November 1935« Also ASCE, Transactions, Madden, E.B. Channel Design for Modified Sed­ vol.102, p.123-19^, 1937? which includes iment Regime Conditions on the Arkansas discussions. River. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, 1963, Factors controlling stable channel shapes Proceedings, p.335-352, Paper No.39« U.S. of All-American Canal, which will divert Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous 15,000 cu ft per sec from Colorado River; Publication Ho.970, June 1965. critical velocity formulas for non-silting, non-scouring velocities; comparison of Development of Arkansas River will result formulas for width-depth relation; condi­ in entrapment of sediment in upstream stor­ tions required for stable channels for age reservoirs and in larger navigation clear water, for channels carrying solids pools which will reduce the present 100- in suspension, and channels carrying bed million-ton-per-year sediment load on lower load; colloids; stable channel shapes. river by about 90 percent and will induce Includes bibliography. extensive degradation of the streambed downstream. Project plan provides for tak­ ing advantage of the degradation by spacing Laursen, E.M. The Application of' Sediment- out and reducing the number of low-lift transport Mechanics to Stable-channel De­ navigation locks and dams from that which sign. American Society of Civil Engineers, would be required to match the natural Proceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics river profile. Navigation channel in the Division, vol.82, HY4, Paper 103^, p.1-11, upstream ends of the pools, to be developed August 1956. (Also (with discussions) in initially by dredging and contraction work ASCE Transactions, vol.123, p.195-206, 1958«) in advance of natural degradation, was de­ signed to conform to the modified regime The three requisites for a stable alluvial conditions by application of relations cor­ channel are explicitly stated and the role relating the channel geometry and slope, of sediment transport in each assessed. streambed composition, water discharge, The similarity of the many sediment trans­ sediment load capacity of channel, and port formulas is demonstrated and the gen­ sediment supply. eral method of application to design illus­ trated. The use of these formulas as Section II. Channel Geometry 17

Madden, E.B. Stabilization Plan for the Ar­ Matthes, G.H. Mississippi River Cutoffs. kansas River. Paper for presentation at American Society of Civil Engineers, Trans­ American Society of Civil Engineers Conven­ actions, vol.113 , p.1-39? 19^8* tion, New Orleans, Louisiana, 7-11 March i960. (Also in U.S. Corps of Engineers, Natural and artificial cutoffs on the Lower Committee on Channel Stabilization, Tech­ Mississippi River in the 50-mile stretch north nical Report No.l, vol.l, p.21-U6.) of Vicksburg, Miss., are described with re­ spect to their effect on river shortening Resume of bank stabilization and channel and flood-stage lowering. In connection rectification plan (one element of multiple- with other forms of channel rectification purpose plan of development). Procedure and dredging operations, these cutoffs have used involves shaping stream into one chan­ shortened the Lower Mississippi about 25 nel along an alignment consisting of series of easy bends and permanently fixing chan­ nel on that alignment. Includes details of Matthes, G.H. River Engineering. In Ameri­ various type structures for controlling can Civil Engineering Practice, edited by river. R.W. Abbett. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1956. Vol.II, p.15-01 through 15-181. Malhotra, S.L., and Ahuja, P.R. A Review of the Progress on Theory and Design of Stable Includes material of general nature on Channels in Alluvium. (See United Nations channel types and their characteristics Economic Commission for Asia and the Far and solids load in streams. East. Bureau of Flood Control. Proceed­ ings of the Regional Technical Conference on Flood Control in Asia and the Far East.) Mississippi River Commission. Bank Protec­ tion on Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, by T.H. Jackson. 1 June 1935* Prepared Mamak, Wiktor. River Regulation (Regulacj under direction of the Chief of Engineers, rzek i potokow). Warsaw, Arkady, I96U. U.S. Army. Published for the Department of the In­ terior and the National Science Foundation. A discussion of the caving bank problem, (Sales copies available from Office of the theory of erosion and the various types Technical Services, U.S. Department of of bank protection works. Commerce, Washington, D. C.)

Book originally published in Warsaw in Mississippi River Commission. The Improve­ 1958 includes material on properties of ment of the Lower Mississippi River for rivers (discharge, sediment transport, Flood Control and Navigation, by D.O. shapes); fundamentals of design of river Elliott. May 1, 1932. 3 volumes. regulation structures, including bank pro­ tection measures; peculiar cases of river A discussion of the history, character­ regulation (estuaries, mountain torrents) istics, hydraulics, sediment, surveys, and flood control. dredging, bank protection, and contraction works of the Mississippi River. A com­ prehensive report; however, a great many Mao, Shieh-Wen, and Rice, Leonard. Sediment- improvements have been made since 1932. transport Capability in Erodible Channels. American Society of Civil Engineers, Pro­ ceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics Divi­ Mississippi River Commission. Report on Chan­ sion, vol.89, HYt-, Paper 3569? p.69-95, nel Deterioration in the Mississippi River, July 1963. Cairo to New Madrid, by G.H. Matthes. Feb­ ruary 27, 19^-0; Revised July 31? 19^1* Paper presents a procedure that was de­ veloped to provide a means of evaluating The 60-mile reach of the Mississippi River the need for sediment control for the link under study has been undergoing deteriora­ canals being constructed in West Pakistan tion for at least half a century and was par­ as part of the Indus Basin Project. Pro­ ticularly active between 1900 and 1925* De­ cedure utilizes basic concepts of the scription of deterioration, probable causes, Einstein bed-load function to evaluate and possible remedies are discussed. the sediment-transport capability of an erodible channel having variable sediment concentrations and size distributions Mississippi River Commission. Report on Re­ entering the head reach. Data for existing examination of Mississippi River Channel canals in West Pakistan are used to illus­ Alignment for Stabilization. April 1962. trate the application of the procedure, and the need for further research on this as­ Reach under study was from Cairo, Illinois, pect of the sediment-transport problem is to the Head of Passes, to determine advis­ recognized. ability of additional cut-offs. Report 18 Section II. Channel Geometry

discusses advantages and disadvantages of effects, agricultural encroachments, and an shortening the river, the results of six­ unexpected clogging of the channel by woody teen cut-offs, the remaining major meander growth. A summary of the sediment and hy­ loops, and presents views as to what addi­ drologic factors is presented. Among the tional shortening of river should be conclusions, it was noted that installation effected. of light bank protection will be required to control caving banks.

Mockmore, C.A. Flow Around Bends in Stable Channels. American Society of Civil En­ Parsons, D.A. Effects of Flood on Channel gineers, Transactions, vol.109, P*593-628, Boundaries. American Society of Civil En­ 19kh. gineers, Proceedings, Journal of the Hy­ draulics Division, vol.86, HY^-, Paper 2^3, Purpose of the project discussed herein was p.21-31!, April i960. to make careful flow measurements under laboratory conditions, to record, and to Some general and particular things of in­ study the phenomenon of flow around a terest, learned in studies of stream bank stable curved channel. An open channel, stabilization methods in Western and Cen­ 18 in. wide and 10 in. deep, was built of tral New York State by the Agricultural transparent pyralin sections so they could Research Service, are given. The studies, be fitted together in combinations of tan­ for the most part, consist of attempts to gents and curves. Motion pictures were relate observed effects of floods as evi­ taken of the flow phenomena as indicated by denced by damages to stream bank revetment, objects floated on the water surface, to the channel geometry and the qualities dragged or rolled on the stream bed, or of the flood flows. held in suspension. The water velocities were measured at various cross sections from which velocity contours were prepared. Petersen, M.S. Hydraulic Aspects of Arkansas Two different sets of assumptions were River Stabilization. American Society of made as to the nature of the filamental Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of velocities of flow around a bend, and a the Waterways and 'Harbors Division, vol.89, mathematical analysis was made of the WWt, Paper 36995 p.29-65, November 1963. streamlines, accelerations, and velocity components by use of the laws of Hydraulic problems related to channel recti­ hydrodynamics. fication and stabilization of the Arkansas River, in Arkansas, are considered, as well as the variability of streamflow, the sedi­ Neill, C.R. Alluvial Processes and River ment load, the effects of canalization and Channel Regime. Engineering Institute of of large upstream storage reservoirs, and Canada, Transactions, vol.7, no.A-3, July the relationship between the natural and 196^; Paper No.EIC-6U-CIV 3. stabilized channel configuration, radii of curvature, and cross sections. Artificial Purpose of this paper is to introduce the cutoffs constructed on the Arkansas River non-specialist to current ideas, to em­ since 1950 are described, and data are pre­ phasize to hydraulic engineers and hydrol­ sented on design of pilot channels, rate ogists the importance of alluvial processes of development of cutoffs, rate of filling from a geological point of view, and to put in old river bends, and the effects of forward some suggestions for systematizing cutoffs. research and data collection on river be­ havior. One section devoted to bed- material transport, regime dimensions, and Popov, I.V. Application of Morphological bank erosion. Analysis to the Evaluation of the General Channel Deformations of the River O b '. Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.3, Northrop, W.L. Republican River Channel De­ 1962, p.267-32U. terioration. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimen­ tation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, Study is directed towards setting up a gen­ 1963, Proceedings, ■p.k09-k2b9 Paper No.¿7. eral hydromorphological shheme of develop­ U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscella.- ment of channel and flood-plain deforma­ neous Publication No.970, June 1965. tions of a specific river (the Ob’ was chosen). Sediment balance data was used in Loss of operational channel capacity caused evaluating these deformations. Consider­ a study to be inaugurated to determine able flow data of the O b ’ are given. cause and, if practicable, to recommend corrective measures. Many factors were in­ volved, such as the sediment load, bed Popov, I.V. Hydromorphological Principles of material, uncertainties in streamflow rec­ the Theory of Channel Processes and Their ords due to shifting channels, a long Use in Hydrotechnical Planning. Soviet Hy­ drought period, reservoir regulation drology: Selected Papers, no.2 , 196^, p.188-195. Section II. Channel Geometry 12

Reviews theory of channel processes and Water Conservation Research Division, 1963. methods of calculations of channel deforma­ (Available in Research Center Library on tions in Russia today. Main types of de­ Microfilm,) formations considered are: dunes, sub­ merged side bars, meandering (limited, free, Author presents averaged characteristics of or incomplete), and midstream bars. T^ble river channels and outlines the regulari­ is given of protective structures, with ties of their changes along the length of locations, for various types of channel the river and at confluences where two processes. smaller rivers form a new, larger one. The individual characteristics of rivers which determine the relief of the channel are ex­ Raju, B.C. Correlation of Regime Theory and amined. Attempt is made to show by ex.- Tractive Theories of Stable Channel Design. amples the possibility of applying the ob­ Thesis, Colorado A&M College,.1955* tained relationships in the solution of problems in modeling the channel process and in calculating the longitudinal pro­ Ripley, H.C. Relation of Depth to Curvature files of rivers. Chapter Pour is on the of Channels. American Society of Civil stability of channels. Engineers, Transactions, vol.90, p.207-265? 1927. Schumm, S.A., and Lichty, R.W. Channel Wid­ Author became interested in cause of ening and Flood-plain Construction Along greater depth in bends and that relation Cimarron River in Southwestern Kansas. to curvature of channel as he surveyed Red U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper River in 1872. This paper records some of No.352-D. Washington, GPO, 1963. his investigations and two empiric formulas devised by means of which the cross-profile The channel of the Cimarron River in south­ of a channel may be computed. Some practi­ western Kansas has changed significantly cal applications of these formulas are during historic times. During and after given. major flood in 191^, river widened until average of 1200 feet was reached in 19^2 . During 19^-3-5^? river narrowed. During Rossini, Torquato. Works for the Regulation 195)4-60 both channel widening and nar­ of the Minor Bed of the River Po in View of rowing occurred. Channel changes along Navigation by Vessels of 600 Tons. Per­ the Cimarron seem typical of sandy rivers manent International Association of Naviga­ in semiarid regions. tion Congresses, Bulletin No.tO, p.175-207? July 195^• Schumm, S.A. Dimensions of Some Stable Al­ Gives a history of efforts to regulate the luvial Channels. U.S-. Geological Survey Po, subject to changes of alignment and ero­ Professional Paper No.^2^-B, p.26-27. sion, by means of dredging and dikes. The Washington, GPO, 1961. final plan for alignment of the channel was based on the following criteria: (l) con­ Information was collected at tl cross sec­ struction of a single regulated minor-bed tions near Geological Survey gaging sta­ channel without opposing the river's tions in Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, natural tendencies, (2 ) construction of Wyoming, and Montana in channels (con­ longitudinal groynes, (3) width of channel sidered stable) containing less than i+0 between bordering lines fixed between sills, percent gravel. Alluvial, hydrologic and (¿1) regular bends of parabolic pattern to morphologic characteristics of channels follow one another along every concave bank given. It was concluded that equations for of the regulated channel, (5) maxium use of calculation of channel width and depth can old defenses still in existence, (6) clo­ be improved by introduction of a parameter sure of all secondary arms and former for sediment type. mouths of the tributaries, and (7 ) concave sections of bends to be carried as close as possible to old banks. Types of protection Schumm, S.A. The Shape of Alluvial Channels works described, as "buzzoni" (fascine in Relation to Sediment Type. U.S. Geo­ poles). logical Survey Professional Paper No.352-B. Washington, GPO, i960.

Rzhanitsyn, N.A. Morphological and Hydro- The weighted mean percent silt-clay in the logical Regularities of the Structure of channel and banks of stable alluvial stream the River Net. Translated from the Rus­ channels Is used as a parameter (m ) descrip­ sian by D.B. Krimgold from work originally tive of the physical characteristics of published by Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, sediment. As percentage of silt and clay i960. U.S. Department of Agriculture, in banks and channel increases, the shape Agricultural Research Service, Soil and of stream channels varies. Downstream changes in width and depth of stream 20 Section II, Channel Geometry

channel are greatly influenced by sediment Straub, L.G. Effect of Channel-contraction type. The downstream changes in width, Works Upon Regime of Movable Bed-streams. depth and width-depth ratio along the Smoky American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Hill - Kansas River system is presented as vol.15 , pt.2, pMb-h63, 193b. an example of the importance of sediment type to stream regime. Unstable channels Paper gives mathematical theories in an may be recognized by changes in width-depth attempt to define quantitatively the nat­ ratio. In general, aggrading channels have ural laws governing the erosion, transpor­ a higher width-depth ratio than indicated tation, and deposition of alluvial mate­ by M ; whereas degrading channels have a rials. This was done in connection with lower width-depth ratio than indicated extensive study on regimen of many rivers, by M . particularly of the Missouri and its trib­ utaries, rivers which are extremely varied in their hydraulic and sedimentary charac­ Scott, C.M. On the Improvement of the West­ teristics. Here some fundamental equations ern Rivers. Academy of Science of St. are discussed together with experimental Louis, Transactions, vol.6, no.l, p.^-3-5^-? work performed to ascertain the parameters 1878-1886. required in application of theory.

Discusses four factors of problem of river improvement, specifically on the lower Strom, H.G. River Control in Hew Zealand and Mississippi and the lower Arkansas: fall, Victoria. Melbourne, State Rivers and volume, curves, and tenacity of bottom and Water Supply Commission, 19^-1. sides. Claims that bank protection is more important than levees (early levees north Gives characteristics of Hew Zealand rivers, of Baton Rouge had been swept away). Ex­ problems of river control in both Hew amines early methods of Army engineers, Zealand and Victoria, and improvements used. particularly theories of Captains Eads, Included are methods of bank protection: Cowden, and Scott. The author, a pilot on continuous, intermittent, and current the Mississippi, gives arguments in favor diversion. of an artificial "wrack heap" dyke. In­ teresting from historical standpoint. Sugio, Sutesaburo. On the Equilibrium Bed Profiles of Rivers. Bulletin of Faculty Shulits, Sam. Effect of a River Constriction. of Engineering, Tokushima University, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Con­ vol.2 , no.2 , 1965. ference, Jackson, Mississippi, 1963? Pro­ ceedings, p.^31-^+1, Paper N0 .U9 . U.S. Describes a theoretical approach to esti­ Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous mate equilibrium bed profiles. Two kinds Publication Ho.970, June 1965. of equilibrium bed profile theories, static and dynamic, were compared with each other The Susquehanna River at Middletown, Pa., in relation to an existing river and an is constricted considerably by a long em­ assumed channel, especially when the chan­ bankment. Resulting downstream deposition nel width along the stream changes con­ has caused recorded progressive changes in siderably. Only bed load theory (without the river course. Almost a mile of river- suspended load effects) was considered. bank has already suffered substantial ac­ cretion that is expected to extend further downstream for miles with subsequent Terrell, P.W., and Borland, W.M. Design of changes in the course of the river. Stable Canals and Channels in Erodible Material. American Society of Civil En­ gineers, Proceedings, Journal of the Hy­ Simons, D.B. Theory and Design of Stable draulics Division, vol.82, HY1, Paper 880, Channels in Alluvial Materials. Thesis, p.1-17> February 1956. (Also in ASCE, Colorado State University, May 1957« Re­ Transactions, vol.123, p.101-115, 1958.) printed by Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc., February i960. Major factors which must be integrated into the design of a canal are listed and dis­ Major objectives of this research were: to cussed. The development and present method investigate validity of regime theories as of design of canals are outlined. Factors developed in India; to investigate, expand, causing a change in stream regime are and possibly improve tractive force method enumerated and several methods by which the of stable channel design; and to relate the proper size and shape of channel can be regime theories to the tractive force inso­ computed are suggested and one example is far as possible. A detailed discussion of presented. Practical consideration and the field phase of the research includes field experience of channel stability prob­ description of canals investigated, data lems are listed. An outline of basic data collected and equipment used. Review of needed for adequate design of a channel is literature is included. given. Section II. Channel Geometry 21

Tiffany, J.B. Review of Research on Channel United Nations Economic Commission for Asia Stabilization of the Mississippi River, and the Far East. Bureau of Flood Control. 1931-1962* April 1962. (Also issued as River Training and Bank Protection. Flood U.S. Corps of Engineers, Committee on Chan­ Control Series NoA, 1953» (Available in nel Stabilization, Technical Report No.2, Research Center Library on Microfilm.) September 1963.) In this study, originating with the Bureau Paper prepared for Mississippi River Com­ of Flood Control and Water Resources De­ mission Potamology Board and Corps of En­ velopment, Economic Commission for Asia and gineers Committee on Channel Stabilization the Far East, emphasis is given to training reviews most important results in over 90 of rivers attempted mainly to change the publications since 1931. Includes exten­ configuration of their beds. Methods of sive bibliography and five appendices. bank protection also given. One section is devoted to river work practice in other regions, including the Mississippi and Tiffany, J.B. Studies of Meandering of Model- other rivers in the United States, European streams. American Geophysical Union, Trans­ rivers, and rivers in Australia and New actions, vol.20, pt.^+, p.6t^-6t9, 1939. Zealand.

The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station conducted a series of tests in a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on flume 15 feet wide'and 50 feet long to Channel Stabilization. Symposium on Chan­ study the problem of meandering tendencies nel Stabilization Problems. Technical of alluvial streams. The sinuous channel- Report No.l, Volume 1, September 1963. development in the flume in many respects simulated the development of an alluvial Contents: Stabilization Problems, Lower river. Pools, crossings and, later, ox­ Mississippi River, by R.H. Haas. Bank bow lakes developed. However, this channel Stabilization and Contraction Problems in developed under ideal conditions--constant the South Atlantic Division, by C.P. flow, uniform bed, no tributaries dis­ Lindner. Stabilization Plan for the Ar­ charging bed load. Tests provided general kansas River, by E.B. Madden. Channel data on the natural meander tendencies of Stabilization on the Missouri River, by an uncontrolled fluvial channel. D.C. Bondurant. Channel Stabilization Practices on Middle Rio Grande in New Mex­ ico, by C.E. Hyvarinen. Channel Stabili­ United Nations Economic Commission for Asia zation, Columbia River, by M.C. Bubenik. and the Far East. Bureau of Flood Control. Research on Channel Stabilization: Rec­ Methods and Problems of Flood Control in ommended Research on Channel Stabilization Asia and the Far East. Flood Control Se­ Problems, by J.B. Tiffany; Suggested ries No.2, 1951. Studies and Investigations by Committee Members, by R.W. Sauer; Hydraulic Models Includes discussion of unstable rivers of for Study of River Sedimentation Problems, Asia (notably the Yellow, the Brahmaputra, by J.J. Franco. and some of the northern tributaries of the Ganges, in particular the Kosi River) and some methods of river training. Channel U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on stabilization methods not treated in detail. Channel Stabilization. Symposium on Chan­ nel Stabilization Problems. Technical Re­ port No.l, Volume 2, May 196 k. United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. Bureau of Flood Control. Contents: Regulation and Contraction Works, Proceedings of the Regional Technical Con­ Alluvial Rivers, by R.H. Haas. River Con­ ference on Flood Control in Asia and the trol Structures, by John Manning. Channel Far East. Flood Control Series No.3, 1952. Design for Modified Sediment Regime Condi­ tions on the Arkansas River, by E.B. Madden. Includes several papers relating to.channel Channel Stabilization on the Arkansas River, stabilization and river regulation among by J.L. Bush. Hydraulic Aspects of Ar­ which are: "Control of Rivers Without Em­ kansas River Stabilization, by M.S. bankments," by J.C. McLean, Burma; "Embank­ Petersen. Problem Areas in the Field Ad­ ments and Bank Protection of Taiwan Rivers," ministration of Construction Contracts, by Lee-Tang Sih, Taiwan, China; "A Study Bank Stabilization Projects, by R.L. of Flood Control and River Training Mea­ Brogley. The Arkansas-White Cutoff Clo­ sures of the Beas River with the Help of sure, by Hilton Keen. Channel Stabiliza­ Models," by H.L. Uppal, India; "Use of tion on the Arkansas River, Little Rock Permeable Dikes for River Training of District, by W.E. Isaacs. Yungting River," by Shih-Ta Hsu, Taiwan, China; "A Review of the Progress on Theory and Design of Stable Channels in Alluvium," U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on by S.L. Malhotra and P.R. Ahuja, India. Channel Stabilization. Symposium on 22 Section II. Channel Geometry

Channel Stabilization Problems. Technical and Oklahoma, White River, Entrance Channel, Report No. 1 , Volume U, February 1966. Mississippi River to Arkansas Post Canal; Design Memorandum No.l, General. April Contents: Channel Stabilization Work in 196k. the Vicksburg District, by J.E. Henley. The Stone-fill Dike in the Middle Missis- Establishes detailed features of navigation ippi River, by W.O. Hartke. Potamology channel and related bank-stabilization and Studies, Hydraulic Analysis of Mississippi channel-rectification works, including ini­ River Channels, by M.G. Anding. Bank tial and future works for realined sections Stabilization, Red River below Denison Dam, of navigation channel and in-channel sta­ by W.R. Causey. Program of the Mississippi bilization structures to protect banks River Commission, by L.B. Feagin. Effec­ against propeller and wave wash. Four sec­ tiveness of Asphalt Bank Protection, by tions are proposed: trench fill revetment, G.D. Waddill. River Regulation Works on mattress, pile revetment with stone fill, the Apalachicola River, by B.W. Odom, Jr. and wave wash protection. Planning, Construction, and Maintenance of the Stabilization Works on the Savannah River, by W.J. Wall. U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Proj­ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on ect Design Memorandum No.l, Resume of Tidal Hydraulics. Channel Depth as a Fac­ Project. February 1957. tor in Estuarine Sedimentation, by H.B. Simmons. Technical Bulletin No.8, March A resume of the authorized multiple purpose 1965. project including design criteria, degrada­ tion below dams, cost estimates, estimated Paper presents a case history of Savannah operation and maintenance cost, estimated Harbor to illustrate how shoaling rates and benefits, construction sequence, and fund patterns have been changed by progressive requirements for bank stabilization and changes in channel depth. Also discusses channel rectification. the more important reasons for such changes and suggests remedial measures which appear to offer both technical and economic solu­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. tions to certain of the problems thus Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple created. Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Proj­ ect Design Memorandum No.5-3 , Navigation Channel and Appurtenances, Normal Pool U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Elevations and Dam Sites. May i960. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Arkansas and Oklahoma, Arkansas River, Lock and Dam Presents the results of investigations made No.U; Design Memorandum No.l, Boyd Point in selection of the dam sites and normal Cutoff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas. March 1963. pool elevations for the within channel dams between the Mississippi River and Short Presents planning and design studies for Mountain Dam Site, the shortening of the developing the Arkansas River navigation river channel with cutoffs, and the effect project in the vicinity of Pine Bluff, Ar­ on the existing channel. Describes the . kansas. The bank stabilization and cutoff effect of normal bank stabilization works work presented consists of the recommended and additional contraction at head of pools. plan and alternate plans studied for de­ velopment of the navigation channel, for the provision and continued maintenance of U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. a channel and turning basin to serve the Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple Pine Bluff harbor. Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Proj­ ect Design Memorandum No.7 , Hydrology, June i960. Supplement. December i960. U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Arkansas Presents the stream flow, flow deviations, and Oklahoma, Lock and Dam No.l, Arkansas discharge frequency, design discharge, and River, Arkansas; Design Memorandum No.2 , river profile data to be used in the plan­ General Design Memorandum. June 1962. ning and design of the various features of the Arkansas River Multiple Purpose Project Includes channel studies on the lower White River, geology and soils along the canal reach, and slope protection or bank stabili­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. zation at canal entrance to the White River. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Proj­ ect Design Memorandum No.8, Bank Sta­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. bilization and Channel Rectification. Sep­ Arkansas River and Tributaries, Arkansas tember i960. Supplement No.l, Closure Section II. Channel Geometry 23

Structure, Arkansas-White Cutoff. March references to the Arkansas River where an 1962; Revised September 1962. attempt to improve it by permanent struc­ tures was abandoned. Includes 60-item Contains criteria, design features and bibliography and 200 additional pages of costs data of typical structures and me­ random excerpts from a number of thods for bank stabilization and channel publications. rectification of the Arkansas River in Ar­ kansas and in Eastern Oklahoma. The tentative project layout is shown in Appendix I. Sup­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile. Apa­ plement contains basic information on the lachicola River, Florida; Design Memorandum Arkansas-White River Cutoffs, the need for No.l, General Design. 15 December 1955* closure of the channel, and the structures considered for closing it. Relates to the original dredging carried out in the river. The attempt to provide a navigable channel with project depth by U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. means of dredging only has not been Draft Report, Summary of Activities, Ar­ satisfactory. kansas River Board I9U8-I956, reproduced November 1956. U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. This report contains criteria developed by Channel Improvement Data Report. 1965• the Board for a preliminary layout of bank stabilization and channel rectification on (Quantities and cost data shown are as of the Arkansas River and for river regulation 30 June 1965. Bank protection data is for It also contains a report - Estimated Av­ Mississippi, Atchafalaya and Red Rivers and erage Annual Erosion - Control Benefits Old River Control. Table of condition of that Would Accrue to the Bank Protection revetments is given. and Contraction Works Included in Arkansas River Multiple Purpose Plan. U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. Mississippi River and Tributaries, Old U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles. River Control; Design Memorandum N0 .6-A, Los Angeles County Drainage Area, Cali­ Outflow Channel. March 1956. fornia, Flood Control; Design Memorandum No.3? General Design for San Gabriel Describes existing bank conditions and need River, Whittier Narrows Dam to Coyote for bank protection to stabilize the Creek. June 1963. channel.

Proposed channel, about 85,100 feet in length, would be trapezoidal in cross sec­ U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. tion with 1 on 2 side slopes. About 35>300 Mississippi River and Tributaries, Old feet of the upper reach would be unpaved on River Control; Design Memorandum N0 .6-C, the invert, but the side slopes would be Inflow Channel. November 1956. revetted with stone. The balance of the project reach, ^9>800 feet, would be lined Describes existing bank conditions and need with reinforced concrete. for bank protection to stabilize the channel.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles. Report, Channel Protection Against High U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. Velocity Flow. July 19^9? Revised Septem­ Mississippi River, Baton Rouge to the Gulf ber 19^9 • of Mexico, La., General Design Memorandum. September 1959* Discussion of need for channel protection in Los Angeles and San Gabriel River basins Project provides channels of specified di­ where there is extreme drop in elevation. mensions in Mississippi River and Passes Extensive protective works, necessary to from Baton Rouge to deep water in Gulf of confine streams within definite channels, Mexico. Plan consists principally of utilize reinforced concrete, riprap, dumped dredging in river, Passes and bar channels, stone, grouting, gunite, reinforced asphalt, regulating and contracting works at Head of mattresses, and wire fencing. Passes and in The Passes, and regulation and control of outlets below New Orleans.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Memphis. Random Notes on Improvement of Rivers, by P.R. U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. Van Frank. 1933* Report on Closure of Old River. December 19 6k. Includes general notes on improvement of streams with movable beds and specific Closure of Old River is one feature of the 2b Section II. Channel Geometry

project on "Old River Control, La.," which Sacramento-San Joaquin alluvial river sys­ project has as its purpose the prevention tem and to relate magnitude of these veloc­ of "capture" of the Mississippi River by ities to measurable river factors in order the Atchafalaya River. Closure involved to provide a means of estimating maximum construction of a permanent earthfill attack velocities to be expected at levee across Old River, following a submerged sites where revetment is under considera­ stone dam on a specially prepared base tion. Measurements were made of l8 typical which was effective in reducing flow in river bends during December 1955 high flow Old River. Description of closure opera­ period. tion given. Except for settling of and damage to rock dam and occurrence of some scour below the dam, the closure was ac­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. Re­ complished without incident. port on Channel Protection Against High Velocity Flows, Sacramento River, Cali­ fornia. 19^8. U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha. Salt Creek and Its Tributaries, Nebraska; Design Years of practice in Sacramento District Memorandum No.MSC-11, Channel Improvement has resulted in the following methods of and Levees Thru Lincoln. April 1963. bank protection: levee setback, lumber mattress, dumped cobble paving, hand placed Problems relating to channel improvements, rock paving, or any combination of these. levee design, drainage structures, slope A weakness noted in bank protection works protection, and bridges are covered in this is tendency of banks to erode a short dis­ memorandum. Plan provides for riprapping tance downstream from the works, leading to channel slopes. Comparison of channel the conclusion that bank protection should cross sections obtained in 19^-3 and 1961 not stop at end of curve but should be ( in improved portion of channel) indicate carried downstream along the tangent to a existing side slopes have more or less point where the channel assumes a rela­ stabilized. tively uniform section.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Bonne­ U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis. Im­ ville Hydraulic Laboratory. Bonneville provement of Middle. Mississippi River. May Navigation Channel Improvement Study. Memo­ 1939. randum Report 2-1, 21 April i960. Pamphlet discussing history and improvement Conclusions from tests of present design to provide 9-tt. channel by open river reg­ were that ( in upstream approach to lock) ulation with revetment and dikes. flow concentrated along Oregon shore crossed lock entrance obliquely and caused hazardous traffic conditions and (in down­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Savannah. De­ stream approach) undesirable eddy adjacent sign Memorandum, Savannah River below to fairly high-velocity currents at canal Augusta, Savannah River, Georgia and South entrance was not alleviated by deepening Carolina; General Design. 1 August 1957. channel. Contains examination survey of river show­ ing location of contraction works, bank pro­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Bonne­ tection revetments, channel cutoffs to ville Hydraulic Laboratory. Bonneville eliminate sharp bends, and locations to be Navigation Channel Improvement Study. Memo­ dredged. randum Report 3-1 ? 29 June i960.

Results of study made of groins, rock fills, U.S. Army Engineer District, Savannah. Sa­ and auxiliary flow from navigation lock vannah River below Augusta, Navigation which were suggested as possible methods of Charts, i960. improving flow conditions in entrance to downstream lock approach channel. Mosaic of river in 55 sheets showing cut­ offs, dikes, bends, bridges, etc., but not depths. U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. At­ tack Velocities Against Banks at River Bends. Office Memorandum prepared by G.H. U.S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri River. Castle. 3 July 1956; Revised lU December A Study of the Shape of Channels Formed by 1956. Natural Streams Flowing in Erodible Ma­ terial. Sediment Series No.9? 1957* Purpose of this memorandum is to present results of series of field measurements of This work is confined largely to the forms velocity distribution against outside bank which streams carve for themselves in at typical river bends in the erodible material. Factors affecting Section II. Channel Geometry 25

stream channel forms are given. One chap­ Experiment Station of the Pryors Island ter on study of terminology of meandering Reach of the Ohio River for the purpose of streams is helpful in defining terms. determining most effective plan of regulat­ ing works for further improvement and sta­ bilization of navigable channel. Twenty U.S. Army Engineer Division,. Missouri River. proposed improvement plans were tested. Tests of Channel Realignment Near St. Table outlines features of each plan and Joseph, Missouri. No date. results which would be expected to occur. Proposed Plan No.17, using system of spur Study conducted by WES to obtain data rel­ dikes, was considered most successful plan. ative to effects of the natural cut-off on flood profiles. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Pacific. Effects of Dikes on the River Bed at Walk­ Bank Protection on Mississippi and Missouri ers Bar, Ohio River. Waterways Experiment Rivers, by T.H. Jackson. June 1, 1935- Station Paper L, Vicksburg, Miss., January 1932. Includes theory of erosion which causes caving, definition of types of bank pro­ Experiment was made to determine an econom­ tection, discussion of the problem on the ical system of contraction works for the Mississippi and the Missouri along with production of sufficient bed scour to give different methods used. Conclusions given. a continuous channel across Walkers Bar (Mile 884, Ohio River) and, at the same time, to decrease or prevent the caving U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ of banks which would otherwise require tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study for protection. Model study was used to de­ Channel Improvement of the Savannah River termine proper location, length, and (Miles 188.0 to 178.5). Waterways Experi­ height of dikes required. Results of ment Station Technical Memorandum No.57-1, tests are summarized. Vicksburg, Miss., January 23, 1935*

Model tests were made at Waterways Experi­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ ment Station to determine the system of tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of impermeable dikes that would develop a Plans for Channel Improvement at Dogtooth continuous channel of 7 -foot depth and 130- Bend, Mississippi River. Waterways Ex­ foot width. Purpose, initial conditions, periment Station Technical Memorandum procedure, results, and a discussion of No.109-1, Vicksburg, Miss., April 2, 1938. each test are given on a general data sheet Two volumes. for the respective tests. Results also are summarized in narrative form. Report on results of experiments conducted at Waterways Experiment Station on a small- scale model of the reach of the Mississippi U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ River near and including Dogtooth Bend tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study for attempting to find a solution for the prob­ Channel Improvement of the Savannah River lem caused by (l) the trouble some curve (Miles I88.O to 178.5). Waterways Experi­ at the head of Dogtooth Bend, (2) the ment Station Technical Memorandum No.57-2, strong attack on the revetment within the Vicksburg, Miss., June 15, 1933* bend, and (3 ) the shoaling in the vicinity. Results of the ten tests are summarized. Memorandum includes results of Tests 13 to The model study indicated that each of the l6 (of proposed dikes and cut-off), which plans, with one possible exception, would were made as a continuation of original produce a channel of project dimensions model study (described in Waterways Ex­ without requirement of maintenance periment Station Technical Memorandum dredging. No.57-1), especial attention being con­ centrated upon the development and ef­ fects of the cut-off at Bailey's Neck. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of Plans for Channel Improvement at Grand U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Tower Reach, Mississippi River. Waterways tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of Experiment Station Technical Memorandum Channel Improvement and Stabilization in No.ll4-l, Vicksburg, Miss., August 10, the Pryors Island Reach of the Ohio River. 1937. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No.107-1, Vicksburg, Miss., Report of results of experiments made at September 1, 1938. Two volumes. the Waterways Experiment Station on a small- scale model for the purpose of determining Report on model study made at Waterways relative effectiveness of proposed plans 26 Section II. Channel Geometry

for improving the navigation channel of the Present results of experiments conducted at Mississippi River in the vicinity of Grand Waterways Experiment Station on a movable- Tower, 111. Need was for stabilizing a bed model of the reach of Ohio River adja­ reach of about two miles to eliminate or cent to and including Manchester Islands, considerably reduce dredging. Each of the which divide the river into three channels improvement plans tested developed a chan­ at this point. Purpose of model study was nel of project dimensions. Principal re­ to determine relative effectiveness of sults are summarized in tabular form. various plans proposed for improvement of one of the channels. Thirteen proposed improvement plans were studied of present U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ alignment and realignment by means of tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of dredging, dikes, fills, or combinations of Plans for Channel Improvement at Swiftsure all three. Two plans, described in detail, Towhead, Mississippi River. Waterways Ex­ consist of installation of training dikes. periment Station Technical Memorandum Immediate solution most practical, however, No. 110-1, Vicksburg, Miss. December 15', indicates dredging. Results obtained throw 1938. considerable light on problem of maintain­ ing navigable depths in alluvial river Report of results of experiments made at reaches involving split channels. the Waterways Experiment Station on a small-scale model of the reach of the Mississippi River near and including Swift- U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ sure Towhead. The problem to be solved tion, Corps of Engineers. Navigation and was to determine the best system of reg­ Sedimentation Conditions at Typical Lock ulating works to provide a stable channel and Dam, Arkansas River, Arkansas and of project dimensions through the reaches Oklahoma; Hydraulic Model Investigation, of Miles 62, 59, and 57. Individual ef­ by J.j/Franco and C.D. McKellar. Water­ fects of ten different improvement plans ways Experiment Station Technical Report were investigated. Summary of all im­ No.2-623, Vicksburg, Miss., April 1963. provement works (dike construction, dredging activities, and bank revetment) Presents the results of a movable-bed model simulated in the model is given. study conducted in connection with the canalization of the Arkansas River. Spe­ cifically, the study was concerned with the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ location and arrangement of a lock and dam tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of structure in a river bend insofar as the Plans for Channel Improvement in the Vi­ structure affects the movement of sediment cinity of Boston Bar, Mississippi River. and navigation. Part of the studies con­ Waterways Experiment Station Technical sidered the effects of dikes and revetments Memorandum No.159-1? Vicksburg, Miss., used for bank stabilization and channel May 25, 19^0. rectification.

Report of results of experiments conducted at Waterways Experiment Station on a small- U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ scale model of that section of the Missis­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Outline of Plans sippi River near and including Boston Bar, for the Potamology Investigations. Water­ approximately nine miles above Cairo, 111. ways Experiment Station Potamology Investi­ Problem under study was the determination gations Report No.1-2, Vicksburg, Miss., of the best system of regulating works December I9V 7. which would provide a stable channel of project dimensions over Boston Bar crossing States objectives in meander study, revet­ in its present alignment, or a system of ment investigation, other channel stabili­ regulating works which would realign the zation methods, and development of im­ channel in this vicinity in a more favor­ provement plans of specific troublesome able position. Eight improvement plans reaches in Mississippi River. were tested. Results indicated that re­ aligning low-water channel to follow along right bank would produce satisfactory U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ channel. tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Elim­ ination of Shoaling in. New Castle-Finns Point Ranges, Delaware River; Model Inves­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tigation. Waterways Experiment Station tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of Technical Memorandum No.2-259? Vicksburg, Plans for Elimination of Shoaling in the Miss., August 19^8. Vicinity of Manchester Islands, Ohio River. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report of model study by Waterways Ex­ Memorandum No.l8l-1, Vicksburg, Miss., periment Station of the New Castle and October 20, 19^-1. Finns Point Ranges section of the Delaware River ship channel for the purpose of Section II. Channel Geometry 27

predetermining effectiveness of various channel realignments and contractions) for proposed improvement plans in eliminating the elimination or reduction of maintenance or reducing maintenance dredging in the dredging in the jetty and bar channels, and channel. Plans tested consisted of: effects of deepening the channels to 40 (l) installing structures, (2) realigning feet. Model reproduced the lower 12 miles channel, and (3 ) constricting cross- of Southwest Pass and adjacent Gulf area; sectional area of channel. Details of various mixtures of granulated plastics plans and results given. simulated prototype shoaling material. Tests of proposed plans for reducing shoal­ ing indicated that plans involving a curved U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ realignment for the jetty channel and plans tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Im­ involving relocating the bar channel up­ provement of Navigation Conditions and stream from the downstream ends of the Elimination of Shoaling in Savannah Harbor, jetties would greatly reduce shoaling for Georgia, and Connecting Waterways; Model a 42-foot-deep channel as compared with a Investigation. Waterways Experiment Sta­ 42-foot channel on the alignment of the tion Technical Memorandum No.2-268, Vicks­ existing channel. burg, Miss., March I9U9 . Two volumes.

Report of model study conducted at Water­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ ways Experiment Station for U.S. Army tion, Corps of Engineers. Preliminary Engineer District, Savannah on Savannah Tests of Experimental Baffles, Bank Sta­ Harbor and connecting waterways. Problems bilization Model. Waterways Experiment were: (l) construction of twin or single Station Potamology Investigations Report extensions of existing jetties at mouth of No. 2-3, Vicksburg, Miss., September 1951. river, (2 ) realignment of Intracoastal Waterway, (3 ) improvement of navigating Four preliminary tests were conducted in conditions within harbor, and (4) reduction bank-stabilization flume at Waterways Ex­ of shoaling in harbor and connecting periment Station during November 1950 to waterways. Description of tests and re­ obtain indications of effectiveness of sults given. baffles in preventing caving of concave bank, in influencing alignment and loca­ tion of a crossing, and in closing off a U.S-. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ back channel or chute. tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Im­ provement of Navigation Conditions at Greenville Bridge, Mississippi River; Model U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Investigation. Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Preliminary tion Technical Memorandum No.2-366, Vicks­ Tests of Mississippi River Dikes, Bank burg, Miss., June 1953« (Use limited to Stabilization Model. Waterways Experiment personnel of Corps of Engineers..) Station Potamology Investigations Report No.2-2, Vicksburg, Miss., June 1950. Tests to determine effects of plans to im­ prove troublesome navigation conditions, Description of seven exploratory tests, intensified by changes in channel alignment, with results, conducted in model May 1950, on the Mississippi River in the vicinity of undertaken to obtain indications as to Greenville Bridge were made by Waterways effects of various impermeable dikes on Experiment Station. Results of both fixed- regimen of flow and the stabilization of bed and movable-bed tests are given. Proof caving banks. was established of validity of assumption of design engineers that an effective means of alleviating problem would be to force U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Progress Report the thalweg into its old course along right on Results of Studies on Design of Stable bank, thus reestablishing a long straight Channels, by E.W. Lane. Hydraulic Labora­ approach to bridge. tory Report No.Hyd-352, June 1952.

Summary of results of investigation by U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Bureau of Reclamation, January 1950 - June tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Re­ 1952, of new improved design of unlined •. ducing Shoaling, Southwest Pass, Missis­ canals. Particular emphasis is given to sippi River; Hydraulic Model Investigation, problem of sediment and protection of by H.B. Simmons and H.J. Rhodes, Jr. canals against scour. Includes analysis Waterways Experiment Station Technical Re­ of channel shapes. port No.2 -690, Vicksburg, Miss., August 1965. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Proposed Program Model study was conducted by Waterways Ex­ of Studies to Develop Methods of Design of periment Station to determine effectiveness Stable Channels in Erodible Material, by of proposed plans (jetty extensions and 28 Section II. Channel Geometry

E.W. Lane. Hydraulic Laboratory Report and run-off data. Exhibit A includes sedi­ No. Hyd-29^-, January 11, 1950. ment problems involved. II, Presents de­ scription, summaries of principal features, Studies are outlined which are necessary cost estimates of various reservoir proj­ to secure the quantitative data required ects, and geology at the dam sites. Ill, to make the general principles, which have Includes description of the river, stream been developed, applicable to engineering flow and channel characteristics. V, Pre­ design of earth canals so that they will sents flood control benefits.- VI, Includes neither scour out nor fill with sediment. dams for sediment control. VII, Maps and Details of methods to be employed, cost of drawings for the Multiple Purpose Plan on work, order of procedure, and economic the Arkansas River, plans and specifica­ justification are included. Technical de­ tions, typical sections, foundation explora­ tails of proposed program are given in tions. VIII, River charts, project maps Appendix. and drawings, hydrologic data, foundation explorations. [NOTE: Appendixes included in original survey report dated 21 December U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Stable Channel 19^-3, by Little Rock District, CE, are not Profiles, by R.E. Glover and Q.L. Florey. printed in this House Document.] Hydraulic Laboratory Report No.Hyd-325, September 27, 1951- U.S. Congress. Missouri River. Washington, In order to deal intelligently with certain GPO, 1935. (73d Congress, 2d Session, problems of maintenance of channels in House Document No.238.) erodible materials, it is important to know what shape and dimensions a channel should Comprehensive survey of Missouri River con­ have in order to avoid changes of cross taining plan for improvement for purposes section due to scour or sediment deposi­ of navigation, power, irrigation and flood tion. Computations of stable shape pat­ control, includes a relatively small amount terns described in this report have been of material on problem of bank erosion and made on the basis of computations furnished silt. However, silt tables are included. by E.W. Lane.

U.S. Congress. Savannah River below Augusta, U.S. Congress. Arkansas River and Tribu­ Ga. Washington, GPO, 193I+. (73d Congress, taries. Washington, GPO, 1936. ( 7^-th 2d Session, Senate Committee Report.) Congress, 1st Session, House Document No..308) 3 volumes. Report of Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors describes method obtaining 6-foot Volume I contains basic data pertaining to channel by partial canalization, storage, stream characteristics and descriptions of and channel regulation. proposed methods of stabilizing and im­ proving the channel of the Arkansas River. [NOTE: A number of older reports, surveys, U.S. Congress. Savannah River, Ga. and S.C. etc., pertaining to bank caving, develop­ Washington, GPO, I9U9 . (8lst Congress, ment of navigation channels, etc., are con­ 1st Session, Senate Document No.6.) sidered to be of interest only for their historical value and to point out the im­ Report describes proposed contraction practicability of attempting to develop works, bank protection, bend improvement, a navigable channel in a stream containing and dredging requirements together with a heavy bedload with dredging along, and regulated flow from multipurpose reservoir the futility of isolated channel improve­ projects necessary to obtain 9-f°0"t project. ments by revetments and dikes.]

Van Frank, P.R. Random Notes on Improvement U.S. Congress. Arkansas River and Tribu­ of Rivers. (See U.S. Army Engineer Dis­ taries, Arkansas and Oklahoma. Washington, trict, Memphis. Random Notes on Improve­ GPO, 19^7. {79th Congress, 2d Session, ment of Rivers.) House Document No.758.)

Includes additional basic data pertaining Vinogradov, V.A. Some Laws of Formation of to the characteristics and problems of the the Channel and of the Flood-plain of the Arkansas River channel and descriptions of Polomet1 River. Soviet Hydrology: Se­ proposed methods of stabilizing and im­ lected Papers, no.t, 1962, p.tll-^-25. proving the channel. The following ap­ pendixes contain information which might On the basis of analysis of deformations be of interest although the methods of of the channel and flood-plain of the stabilization described are now somewhat Polomet’ River, a relationship was estab­ obsolete: I, Includes general hydrology lished between the distribution of sedi­ data, channel capacities, sedimentation, ment discharge along the river and its Section II. Channel Geometry 23 .

morphological appearance in individual and flume set a predetermined slope. In­ reaches. Data of field observations on troduction of discharge was accompanied by the silt deposits on the flood-plain are widening and aggradation until a stable given. channel was established.

Whipple, William. Arkansas River Plan. Woodson, R.C., and Martin, J.T. The Rio American Society of Civil Engineers, Pro­ Grande Comprehensive Plan in New Mexico ceedings, Journal of the Waterways and and Its Effects on the River Regime Through Harbors Division, vol.86, WW3, Paper 2597? the Middle Valley. Federal Inter-Agency p.15-28, September i960. Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Missis­ sippi, 1963? Proceedings, p.357-365? Paper Development of the Arkansas River for navi­ No.7l. U.S. Department of Agriculture gation and other purposes poses especially Miscellaneous Publication No.970, June difficult problems on account of the quan­ 1965. tity of sediment carried. A revised con­ cept and plan based on relationships between Describes system of reservoirs for flood slopes, depths, and widths of contracted and sediment control, and levee improve­ channels results in the elimination of ments and channel stabilization necessary three dams and savings of $31?000,000. for flood control, major drainage, and water salvage. One of the most noteworthy improvements is provision of a rectified Whipple, William. Missouri River Slope and channel within the floodway from Cochiti Sediment. American Society of Civil to the Rio Puerco. The purpose of this Engineers, Transactions, vol.107? p.1178- channel is to provide protection to the 1217, 1972. levees and decrease the existing channel area. An interesting feature of the chan­ Project for improvement of Missouri River nel rectification work from a sedimentation consists primarily of open-channel reg­ standpoint is the use of the Kellner jetty ulation, which contracts the natural chan­ system. nel in addition to materially changing its shape. A general description of the methods adopted is given, together with a Wroth, W.B. Flood Protection in Narrow quantitative summary of the effects of the Valleys. (See Knapp, F.H., and Libby, J.A., improvement upon the length, slope, width, Erosion of Stream Banks, Its Prevention shape, discharge, velocity, and roughness and Correction.) coefficient of the natural stream between Rulo, Nebr., and Sioux City, Iowa. Data are supplied as to the bed and suspended Yu, King. Design of Stable Channels in sediment characteristics of the river. An Erodible Material. Thesis, Colorado A&M analysis is presented of the applicability College, 1979. of various bed-load formulas, involving both competence and capacity, to the pre­ diction of the future slope of the river; Zeller, Jurg. Die "Regime-Theorie." eine and results are compared with observations Methode zur Bemessung Stabiler Flussgerinne to date (1970) on completed sections of (The "Regime Theory." a Method for De­ the river. signing Stable Channels). Zurich, Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau und Erdbau an der Eidgenössischen Technischen Wolman, M.G., and Brush, L.M. Factors Con­ Hochschule, Mitteilungen Nr,66, 1965. trolling the Size and Shape of Stream (Reprinted from Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Channels in Coarse Noncohesive Sands. U.S. vol.83? no.5? p.67-72, February 7; no.6, Geological Survey Professional Paper p.87-93? February 11, 1965.) Wo.282-G. Washington, GP0, 1961. Explains principle of "regime-theory" and Size and shape of equilibrium channels applies the equation derived to design of in uniform, noncohesive sands were studied stable channels. Theory is not exact, but in laboratory flumes 52 feet long in which results are good if supplemented by mea­ discharge, slope, sediment load, and bed surements in nature. Appendix summarizes and bank material could be varied inde­ theories of Lacey and Blench. Forty-one pendently. For each run a straight item bibliography. Paper is in German. trapezoidal channel was molded in the sand

SECTION III. SEDIMENTATION

Section III. Sedimentation 33

Ahmad, Mushtaq. Experiments on Design and Stone Masses by a Water Current (Formation Behavior of Spur Dikes. Minnesota Inter­ et destruction par un courant d'eau de national Hydraulics Convention, Proceedings, massifs en pierres). Translated from the September 1-U, 1953? p.1^5-159* French by W.W. Geddings. Waterways Experi­ ment Station Translation No.50-5? Vicksburg, The problem of scour depth at a spur dike Miss., 1950. has been subjected to dimensional analysis to find different nondimensional terms First part of paper deals with general which require study. Experiments have been aspects, both theoretical and experi­ made to study the effect of discharge mental, of the formation or destruction of intensity, sand grade, flow concentration, stone masses in flowing water. Second and angle of the spur dike to flow on the part concerns specific examples of stone scour depth and scour pattern around a movement. spur dike.

Blench, Thomas. Quantitative Interrelation American Society of Civil Engineers, Water­ of Erosion and River Regime by Regime ways Division, Committee on Regulation and Theory Methods. International Association Stabilization of Rivers by Open Channel of Scientific Hydrology, Publication No.59? Work. Bank Stabilization Manual. 19^7- p.273-282, 1962. I9I+8 . (Available on loan from Mississippi River Commission Library.) The three basic regime theory equations for self-adjustment of controlled sediment- Draft of manual contains six chapters: bearing channels of small bed-load charge Considerations Which Determine Whether are stated. The dynamical significance of Navigability is to be Attained by Open these and derived relations is discussed. Channel Methods or by Locks and Dams, Practical extension to large bed-load by Malcolm Elliott; Discharge and Sediment charge and to the unsteady meandering con­ Relationship in a River, by L.G. Straub; ditions of rivers is outlined. Case his­ Alignment as it Affects Open Channel tories illustrate that most problems of Methods of Improvement, by J.F. Friedkin; erosion and deposition are soluble•to a Soil Characteristics of Bed and Banks as useful degree of accuracy by calculation or the^r Affect Open Channel Improvement, by model. by Charles Senour; Contraction Works and Bank Stabilization, by R.L. Huber; Dredging, by L.B. Feagin. Blench, Thomas. Regime Behaviour of Canals and Rivers. London, Butterworths Scien­ tific Publications, 1957* Batalin, R.I. Application of Transverse Circulation Methods to Problems of Erosion Aim of book is Mto develop and apply, to and Siltation. Dock & Harbour Authority, any river capable of self-adjustment, the vol.J+1, no.k Q 6 , p.^07-^-08, April 1981. quantitative laws of self-formation of channels formed as a consequence of their flow moving boundary material.” Problems Method of transverse circulation has been related to meandering, and to breadth, developed in the U.S.S.R. and numerous depth, and slope are included. protection works of deflector type have been installed in rivers of European and Asian Russia. Their effectiveness has been Blench, Thomas. Regime Theory for Self- checked in hydraulic laboratories and on formed Sediment-bearing Channels. American the performance of existing installations. Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, The author designed deflector grids and voi.117, p.383-^08, 1952. systems for installations on the Ganges Kobadak Project, East Pakistan. A dynamical framework--that of regime theory--on which to base a study of the behavior of channels that have formed Bayley, Fred. Sediment Deposits on the Cone boundaries from their own transported mate­ Area of Big Sand Creek, Mississippi in the rial or material of like nature is given. U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg, The most important system of natural Miss., by Fred Bayley, USAE District, channels to which the theory can be applied Vicksburg. Paper presented at the Federal is that of rivers of alluvial plains. Data Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, from irrigation canal systems in northern Jackson, Miss., 28 January - 1 February India also given. 1963.

A discussion on the cone-shaped deposits Brooks, N.H. Mechanics of Streams with Mov­ from hill streams as they enter the allu­ able Beds of Fine Sand. American Society vial plain. of Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.123, p. 526-5U9, 1958.

Blanchet, Ch. Formation and Destruction of A laboratory study was made to determine I t Section III, Sedimentation

what factors govern the equilibrium rate of Transactions, vol.1 2 1 , p.1 2 6 7 -1 2 8 0 , 1 9 5 8 .) transportation of fine sand in suspension. The transportation rate could not be ex­ Determination of channel depth and slope to pressed as a unique function of the bed carry given unit discharge and sediment shear stress, channel geometry, and sand load is given in graphical form on basis properties. A qualitative relation between of bed load function developed by H.A. slope and the independent variables, mean Einstein; applications of curves to eval­ velocity and depth, was obtained. uate effects on river regimen by diversion of flows, construction of dams, contraction of channels, elimination of river forks, Carey, W.C. Effect of Temperature on River­ and cut-off of bends. bed Configuration, by W.C. Carey, USAE District, New Orleans. Paper presented at the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Coldwell, A.E. Importance of Channel Erosion Conference, Jackson, Miss., 28 January - as a Source of Sediment. American Geo­ 1 February 1963• physical Union, Transactions, vol.38, no.6, p.908-912, December 1 9 5 7 . A study concerning the sediment carrying capacity of water at various temperatures. Because of variance in channel erosion characteristics, author states that con­ trasted to gully and streambank erosion, Carlson, E.J., and Miller, C.R. Research where direct methods are available for Weeds in Sediment Hydraulics. American measuring their quantities, estimates of Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, streambed erosion must be based upon past Journal of the Hydraulics Division, vol.8 2 , and current research and upon the best of m 2 , Paper 9 5 3 , p.1 -3 3 , April 1956. the bedload formulas developed therefrom.

Paper points out some problems of Bureau of Reclamation in field of sediment hydraulics Curd, W.C. Bank Protection and Restoration: and includes a section on design of stable A Problem in Sedimentation. American channels in earth materials and channel Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, stability when natural regime becomes upset. vol. 8 2 p.303-330, 1921.

Describes protection and restoration of a Carstens, M.R. ' Research Weeds in Water Tem­ sliding bank along the Mississippi River perature Effects on Sediment Transportation. at Watchez, Miss., upon which are located Vicksburg, Miss., Waterways Experiment railroad tracks 150 feet above low water. Station, June 1965. Underlying principle of project was to produce sedimentation during floods by Report prepared for Committee on Channel construction of mud-cell dike followed by Stabilization, Corps of Engineers, U.S. paving exposed banks. Army, by Georgia Institute of Technology, Engineering Experiment Station, under con­ tract with U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Dent, E.J. The Mouths of the Mississippi Experiment Station. Contains three parts: River. In Paper Wo. 15^-5 ? "The River and (l) A Survey of Research Weeds in Sediment Harbor Problems of the Lower Mississippi; Transportation, (2) A Detailed Outline of A Symposium." American Society of Civil a One-year Research Study Utilizing the Engineers, Transactions, vol.87, p.9 97 - U.S. WES Sediment Flume, and (3) A Sug­ 1006, 192^. gested Four-year Research Program Utilizing the U.S. WES Sediment Flume. Shows by maps the changes in land areas that have taken place since first detailed survey in 1838. Discusses rate of settle­ Chang, Y.L. Laboratory Investigation of ment in the Passes. Flume Traction and Transportation. Amer­ ican Society of Civil Engineers, Trans­ actions, vol.10 ^, p.12^6-1313, 1939. Des Champs, Joe. Rock Blanket Stops River Erosion; Mile-long Bank Protection Deflects Subject presented under three main headings: Fraser River Current. Engineering and (l) tractive force required to cause ini­ Contract Record, vol.7 5 ? no.5 ? p.63-65, tial movement of debris, (2) laws of trans­ May 1963. portation by traction, and (3) laws of transportation by suspension. Authorita­ Shifting of current in recent years means tive literature on subject is also reviewed. a direct jetting effect on south bank that carries railroad. Dr. M. Hardy of Ed­ monton (former Dean of Engineering at the Chien, Wing. Graphic Design of Alluvial University of Alberta) recommended two- Channels. American Society of Civil layer, mile-long blanket consisting of Engineers, Proceedings Separate Wo.6ll, river gravel and overlay of heavy rocks. February 1 9 5 5 * (Also in ASCE, Project appears to be successful. Section III. Sedimentation 35

Doubt, P.D. Design of Stable Channels in closure of flow from one of the several Erodible Materials. Federal Inter-Agency component waterways. Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Miss issippi, 1963? Proceedings, p.373-376, Paper No.^3. U.S. Department of Agri­ Edminster, F.C., Atkinson, W.S., and McIntyre, culture Miscellaneous Publication No.970, A.C. Streambank Erosion Control on June 1 9 6 5 . Winooski River, Vt. U.S. Department of Agriculture Circular No.837? October 19^9 Methods of permissible velocities, regime (published 1950). theory, and tractive force theory have been applied with various degrees of intensity for the design and maintenance Einstein, H.A. Determination of Rates of of stable channels. The first two Bed-load Movement. Washington, U.S. Soil methods are empirical while the tractive Conservation Service, January 19^-8. Re­ force theory is analytical. Some empir­ printed from Proceedings of the Federal icism has been used in the application Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, of the tractive force theory that has led Denver, Colorado, May 6-8 , 19^-7? p.75-11^+• to the questioning of validity of this theory. This paper is given with the hope Paper deals with two methods: (l) direct that it will clarify the logical applica­ measurement of bed-load and the instruments tion of these hydraulic principles and re­ used, and (2) analytical determination of duce the empiricism used in applying the bed-load. It is stated that only the tractive force theory, by the discussion analytical method can be used in design of of three premises: (l) tractive force new stream channels and prediction of their theory is logically a dynamic theory, stability. A paper by B.T. Mitchell, (2) water surface profile must be computed Omaha District, CE, on "Rapid Changes of to evaluate tractive forces, and (3) trac­ Missouri River Streambed" is included. tive force depends on the actual depth of flow and on the roughness coefficient of the earth materials in the wetted perim­ Einstein, H.A. Report on the Investigation eter. Design of an earth channel consists of the Fundamentals of the Action of River of three facets: (l) capacity, (2) stabil­ Training Structures. University of Cali­ ity, and (3) economical proportions of fornia, Berkeley, Calif., July 1950. channel and its associated structures.

Emmett, W.W., and Leopold, L.B. Downstream- Du Boys, M.P. The Rhone and Rivers of Shift­ Pattern of Riverbed Scour and Fill. Fed­ ing Bed; Study of the Regime of the Rhone eral Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, and the Action Exercised by the Water on an Jackson, Mississippi, 1963? Proceedings, Indefinitely Shifting Bed of Gravel. An- p.399-^09, Paper No.^6. U.S. Department nales des Ponts et Ghaussees, 1879* Trans­ of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication lated from the French by H.G. Doke, U.S. No.970. June 1965* Army Engineer District, Memphis, August 1932. Presents recent observations of channel scour and fill over relatively long reaches Theoretical study of flow problems on the of three streams in the western United Rhone, particularly how a current builds States. Separate sections were devoted to the bottom following the disposition of those observations on an emphemeral channel the bank. The section of Rhone examined and those on perennial streams. Extent here is a 71-mile stretch. Comments on of scouring action appears to encompass the mathematical developments by G.C. entire reach, without regard to any of the Dodson are included, as well as comments by physical dimensions of the stream, and J.W. Dixon and various correspondence applies to pool as well as riffle and to concerning the Du Boys’ formula. curved as well as straight reach. There is an apparent disparity between this author's and Lane and Borland's observations of Duke, C.M. Shoaling of the Lower Hudson magnitude of scour and rates of accumula­ River. American Society of Civil Engineers, tion of sediment in reservoirs. Proceedings, Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.87, WW1, Paper 2730, p.29-^5? February 1961. Flaxman, E.M. Channel Stability in Undis­ turbed Cohesive Soils. American Society Two hydraulic models used to assist in of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal solution of problem. Interim conclusions of the Hydraulics Division, vol.89, HY2, are presented on results of some 20 plans Paper 3^-62, p.87-96, March 1963« and variations tested. These include use of sedimentation basins, realinement of the The concept that the erosion resistance of deep-water channel by fills and dikes, and cohesive soils can be determined by 36 Section III. Sedimentation

unconfined compressive strength tests of Engineers, Proceedings, vol.3^5 p.231-30^, saturated and undisturbed soil samples is 19^-8. (Available in Research Center presented. Coefficients of permeability Library on Microfilm.) obtained immediately preceding the shear strength tests enable prediction of the Paper deals primarily with protection of influence of flow duration and permeability river banks from erosion and improvement to on channel stability. The results are alignment, usually by artifical cut offs or based on soils obtained along streams in by training works. One section is devoted six western states. Stream measurements in to meanders. Illustrations show various conduction with field observations are used bank protection methods and alignments of to estimate the boundary between eroding New Zealand streams. Discussions included. and noneroding conditions. Investigations for proposed improvements of a California stream are used to illustrate the described Haynie, R.M. Design of Stable Channels in methods of approach. Alluvial Materials. Dissertation, Colorado State University, May 196U.

Franco, J.J. Hydraulic Models for Study of Presents method of design for stable chan­ River Sedimentation Problems. Federal nels of unlined canals, with analysis of an Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, extensive amount of river, canal and lab­ Jackson, Mississippi, 1963? Proceedings, oratory data. Sediment transport capacity p.508-512, Paper No.58. U.S. Department of was included in this study. Includes 79- Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication item bibliography. No.970, June 1965.

Reviews state of knowledge concerning hy­ Henderson, F.M. Open Channel Flow. New York, draulics of natural streams and related Macmillan Company, 1966. (See especially sedimentation problems. Points out diffi­ Chapter 10, Sediment Transport, p.^-05-^-87-) culty encountered by river engineers in the solution of sedimentation problems by ana­ Chapter on Sediment Transport discusses lytical means. Opinion is expressed that modes of sediment motion and bed formation, the advancement of principles involved in threshold of movement, suspended load, river engineering and solution of many bed-load formulas and entrainment at bed, sedimentation problems will have to depend the stable channel, and the natural river. for the most part on laboratory studies List of references and problems follow correlated with results of field in­ chapters. vestigations. Types of studies required are mentioned and types of models used for’ these studies are described. One section Hickson, R.E. Shoaling on the Lower Columbia of paper is devoted to the design, veri­ River. Military Engineer, vol.22, no.123, fication and operation of the movable-bed p.217-2195 May-June 1930. model. Studies in connection with canal­ ization of Arkansas River are discussed. Surveys and observations made during 1927 on shoaling of bars. Dikes for channel contraction caused bars to shoal to a less Garde, R.J., Subramanya, K., and Nambudripad, uniform surface. K.D. Study of Scour Around Spur-dikes. American Society of Civil Engineers, Pro­ ceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics Divi­ Inglis, C.C. Training Works Constructed in sion, vol.87, HY6, Paper 2978, p.23-37, the Rupnarain River in Bengal--After Model November 1961. Experiments--To Prevent Further Bank Ero­ sion Endangering the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Presents results of an investigation about Line Linking Calcutta with Bombay and the maximum depth occurring at a spur- Madras. Institution of Civil Engineers, dike, which serves to train stream flow Maritime Paper No.3? 19^6. or protect streambank from erosion or to improve depth for navigation. Investiga­ Object of experiment was to prevent further tion was conducted in a two-foot wide by erosion of left bank where railway was 25-foot long nonrecirculating flume at threatened and to deflect flow away from Hydraulics Laboratory of the University of left bank in this reach towards midstream. Roorkee, India. The effect of flow, spur- "Bore" was reproduced in the model. Groyne dike and sediment characteristics on the of stone was designed. Results of model maximum scour depth was studied by veri­ study provided valuable information. fying the dimensional analysis with the help of experimental data. Iwagaki, Yuichi, and Tsuchiya, Yoshito. An analysis of the Stable Cross Section of a Grant, A.P. Channel Improvements in Alluvial Stream Channel. Kyoto, Japan, Disaster Streams. New Zealand Institution of Section III. Sedimentation 37

Prevention Research Institute, Bulletin as example the regulated Bol'shoy Egorlyk No.29, March 1959- River (Northern Caucasus). Some regular­ ities are established for hydraulic Paper presents an analytical approach to resistances and for the forming of the the stable cross section of a stream channel longitudinal profile and of the horizontal with sand gravels based on the idea of outline of an eroding stream composed of critical tractive force. In this analysis, cohesive material. the two-dimensional flow is assumed to ob­ tain the distribution of shear velocity on the bottom along the cross section of a King, N.J. An Example of Channel Aggradation channel and to apply the turbulence theory Induced by Flood Control. U.S. Geological to this approach. The theoretical shear Survey Professional Paper No.424-B, p.29- distributions computed under such an as­ 32. Washington, GPO, 1961. sumption are verified by the experiment on the velocity-profile measurements by which A flood-control and water-use project on the shear velocity can be indirectly ob­ Logan Draw in the southeastern part of the tained. Some fundamental data are pre­ Wind River basin, Wyoming, is affording an sented, which will contribute to design of opportunity to test and measure rates of the stable cross sections of stream chan­ aggradation and to determine time necessary nels. In addition to these theoretical to complete a cycle of channel adjustment. considerations, results of the theoretical A relationship between runoff and amount of analysis are applied to the field data of sediment deposited is shown. the existing irrigation canals in the United States of America and India. Kinori, B.Z., and Ben-Zvi, A. Stability of Earth Channels in Cohesive Soils. In Jarocki, W. Artifical Transverse Circulation. Hydrotechnical Research at the Technion; Paper presented at Third Meeting Inter­ Papers Presented at the Hydraulic Symposium, national Association for Hydraulic Struc­ held 26 May 1965 at Technion City. Haifa, tures Research, Grenoble, September 1949. Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Translated by Margaret S. Petersen. Hydraulics Laboratory, 1965.

Includes description of laboratory tests Study confined to problem of scour in for the purpose of studying protection of cohesive soils. Object was (l) to deter­ banks against scour. Conclusions were mine soil properties governing onset of that simple and cheap structures which scour and capable of quantitative evalua­ produce artificial transverse circulation, tion. A new instrument for determining facilitate methods of rectification and the hydraulic shear strength of soils is give good results. described and some of the results ob­ tained are presented.

Karabatsos, G.J. Channel Stabilization in Gering Valley, Nebraska, by G.J. Karabatsos, Knapp, F.H., and Libby, J.A. Erosion of USAE District, Omaha. Paper presented at Stream Banks, Its Prevention and Correction American Society of Civil Engineers Con­ U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, Soil Conserva­ ference, Omaha, Nebraska, May 1962. tion Service, Region 8, Albuquerque, N.M., Regional Bulletin No.78; Engineering Series Discusses plan of improvement to control No.6; Forestry Series No.l4, April 1, 1942. erosion in the Gering Valley watershed and to provide for stabilizing artifical stream It is estimated that there are more than channels. Major considerations leading 1000 miles of stream banks in Soil Conser­ to formulation of plan of improvement are vation Service Region 8 (in the Southwest) enumerated and discussed, together with a where stabilization is needed. Some description of the basic problems, caus­ streams are perennial, some intermittent, ative forces, and solutions considered. some are dry except for short periods of Results of model tests are also included. the year. The following problems are considered in this report: consideration of hydraulic and mechanical principles of Karasev, I.F. The Regimes of Eroding Chan­ stream flow, erosion, sedimentation; nels in Cohesive Material. Soviet Hydrol­ adoption of satisfactory channel capacity; ogy: Selected Papers, no. 6, 1964. adoption of satisfactory channel alignment; protection of vegetative plantings; deter­ Physical properties of cohesive materials mination of channel bed variations; avail­ and their interaction with streamflow were ability of native materials for use in discussed, along with ideas on the role of structures; channel bottom stabilization. molecular adhesion of film water and of Appendix includes three additional papers: diffusion leaching in the erosion of clays Flood Protection in Narrow Valleys, by Outline given of problems of deep and W.B. Wroth; Erosion of Stream Banks, by lateral erosion with diverted flow, using L.B. Smith; Theory and Practice in the ¿8 Section III. Sedimentation

Design of Permeable Jetties, by C.R. Van silt factor; at velocity between 1.0 and Orman. 0,6 ft. per second, transportation of silt other than colloids is impossible.

Kolb, C.R. Sediments Forming the Bed and Banks of the Lower Mississippi River and Lane, E.W. Design of Stable Channels. Amer­ Their Effect on River Migration. Sedi- ican Society of Civil Engineers, Trans- mentology, vol.2 , p.227-23^, 1963» actions, vol.120, p.l23l4-1260, 1955-

Physiographic features and depositional Paper reports results of preliminary history of the sediments forming the bed studies by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and banks of the lower 200 miles of the to improve design of irrigation canals Mississippi River are summarized. From constructed in earth. Distribution of mile 200 - l60 the river is scouring into tractive force discussed. Also reviewed is coarse substratum sands, between miles l60 effect of bends, side slope, and trans­ and 80 into Pleistocene clays, and between ported material on design. Future investi­ mile 80 and 0 chiefly into prodelta and gations are outlined. interdistributary clays. Point-bar accre­ tion averages 500 acres per river mile in the uppermost segment, 200 acres per river Lane, E.W. Progress Report on Studies on the mile in the middle segment, and 30 acres Design of Stable Channels by the Bureau of per river mile in the lower-most segment. Reclamation. American Society of Civil The occurrence of bends caused by faulting Engineers, Proceedings Separate No.280, or formed during seaward growth of the September 1953* delta, and the occasional existence of coarse materials in the path of the stream Results of investigations by Bureau of are significant factors in the initiation Reclamation on design of unlined canals of meanders. The composition of the bed with emphasis on problems of sediment and banks, and the length of channel movement; principal progress has been along occupation are important in the rate and three general lines: clarification of extent of migration. Migration of the principles of stable channel design, work­ river between miles 0 and 160 has been and ing out of tentative method of designing should continue to be very slow. unlined earth canals, and development of analysis of channel shape involving minimum excavation. Report, in slightly Kondrat’ev, N.E., and others. River Flow and expanded form, issued as U.S. Bureau of River Channel Formation. Translation from Reclamation, Hydraulic Lab. Report Hyd-352. selected chapters of "Ruslovoi protsess," issued by Main Administration of the Hydro­ meteorological Service of the Council of Lane, E.W., and Borland, W.M. River-bed Ministers of the USSR, published by Gid- Scour During Floods. American Society of rometeorologicheskoe izdatel’stvo, Leingrad, Civil Engineers, Proceedings Separate 1959. Translation published for National N0 .25U, August 1953* (Also in ASCE, Trans­ Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. and actions, vol.119? P.IO69-IO895 195^0 the Department of the Interior by Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jeru­ A review of the topic of bed scour. Gen­ salem, 1982. eral theories are discussed and some data on actual changes in section as observed Three chapters from Russian work include during floods are presented. It is con­ material on theory of sediment movement, cluded that scour occurs in narrow sections stream kinematics around curves and and the material is deposited in the next formation of bends, and characteristics wide section downstream. of lowland river channels, including a method for evaluating river channel stability. Lane, E.W. Some Factors Affecting the Sta­ bility of Canals Constructed in Coarse Granular Materials. Minnesota Inter­ Lacey, G. Stable Channels in Alluvium. national Hydraulics Convention, Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, Minutes September 1-U, 1953? p.37-^8. Proceedings, vol.229, p.259“38i, 1929-1930* Studies were made by U.S. Bureau of Recla­ Author collates reliable data of stable mation to perfect methods for designing channels at India and Egypt and deduces new canals in coarse, noncohesive materials. general formulas for extended range of hy­ Test sections were in San Luis Valley draulic observations; Lindley theorem is canals. Use of limiting tractive force true; all stable channels of same discharge in designing canals in coarse, noncohesive have same wetted perimeter, and silt factor material results in advantage of more ‘determines shape; rugosity coefficient in economic design. Analytical solution of Manning’s formula is simple function of Section III. Sedimentation 32

resistance to scour of side slopes was withdrawal of sediment from alluvial developed. streams are discussed. Factors influencing diversion of bed load and variation in quantity of diversion with angle of diver­ Lane, E.W. Stable Channels in Erodible Mate­ sion are developed and supported by analy­ rial. American Society of Civil Engineers, sis of model experiments. One figure shows Proceedings, vol.6l, no.9? p.1307-1326, paths of sand travel in meandering rivers November 1935- Also ASCE, Transactions, with eroding banks and with no bank erosion. vol.102, p.123-19^5 1937? which includes discussions. Linnton Hydraulic Laboratory. Bank Protec­ Factors controlling stable channel shapes tion Studies, report submitted by A.J. of All-American Canal, which will divert Gilardi. June 1, 1938. 15,000 cu ft per sec from Colorado River; critical velocity formulas for non-silting, Presents results of brief investigation of non-scouring velocities; comparison of velocities required to cause movement of formulas for width-depth relation; condi­ various sizes of gravel and crushed rock in tions required for stable channels for fixed flume 6 feet wide and 5 feet deep. clear water, for channels carrying solids Program of experimentation requested by in suspension, and channels carrying bed North Pacific Division, CE, was terminated load; colloids; stable channel shapes. before its completion. Includes bibliography.

McQueen, I.S. Some Factors Influencing Laursen, E.M. The Application of Sediment- Streambank Erodibility. U.S. Geological transport Mechanics to Stable-channel De­ Survey Professional Paper N0 .U2J4-B, p.28- sign. American Society of Civil Engineers, 29. Washington, GPO, 1961. Proceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, vol.82, HfU, Paper 103^-, p.1-11, Samples of five soils were studied to August 1956. (Also (with discussions) in determine factors that influence the erod­ ASCE Transactions, vol.123, p.195-206, ibility of the soil. Soil packing and 1958.) antecedent moisture content are variable soil properties that control erosion rates The three requisites for a stable alluvial so completely that a laboratory-determined channel are explicitly stated and the role "erodibility index" would have little of sediment transport in each assessed. correlation with field erosion rates. The similarity of the many sediment trans­ port formulas is demonstrated and the gen­ eral method of application to design illus­ Madden, E.B. Channel Design for Modified trated. The use of these formulas as scal­ Sediment Regime Conditions on the Arkansas ing relationships between different chan­ River. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation nels is advocated. Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, 1983? Proceedings, p.335-352, Paper No.39- U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Leopold, L.B., and Maddock, Thomas. The Publication No.970, June 1965. Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels and Some Physiographic Implications. U.S. Development of Arkansas River will result Geological Survey Professional Paper in entrapment of sediment in upstream No.252. Washington, GPO, 1953- storage reservoirs and in larger navigation pools which will reduce the present 100- Quantitative measurement of some of the million-ton-per-year sediment load on hydraulic factors that help to determine lower river by about 90 percent and will the shape of natural stream channels: induce extensive degradation of the stream- depth, width, velocity, and suspended bed downstream. Project plan provides for load, and how they vary with discharge taking advantage of the degradation by as simple power functions. Their inter­ spacing out and reducing the number of low- relations are described by the term lift navigation locks and dams from that "hydraulic geometry." These stream which would be required to match the natu­ characteristics are important determinants ral river profile. Navigation channel in of shape of cross section and progressive the upstream ends of the pools, to be de­ changes in channel slope downstream. veloped initially by dredging and contrac­ tion work in advance of natural degradation, was designed to conform to the modified Lindner, C.P. Diversions from Alluvial regime conditions by application of rela­ Streams. American Society of Civil tions correlating the channel geometry and Engineers, Transactions, vol.118, p.2^5- slope, streambed composition, water dis­ 288, 1953. charge, sediment load capacity of channel, f and sediment supply. Hydraulic effects of diversions and their ko Section III. Sedimentation

Maher, T.F. Degradation Study of the Middle the theory of erosion, and the various Mississippi River, Vicinity of St. Louis. types of bank protection works. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Con­ ference, Jackson, Mississippi, 19^3? Pro­ ceedings, p.424-430, Paper No.48. U.S. Mississippi River Commission. The Improve­ Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous ment of the Lower Mississippi River for Publication No.970, June 1965. Flood Control and Navigation, by D.O. Elliott. May 1, 1932. 3 volumes. Results of a study of relation in time between hydrographic surveys and stage and A discussion of the history, character­ discharge observations in vicinity of St. istics, hydraulics, sediment, surveys, Louis are presented. Data from 1837 to dredging, bank protection, and contraction present is available for charting changes works of the Mississippi River. A com­ in bed and bank configuration. Comparative prehensive report; however, a great many cross sections are included. Analysis of improvements have been made since 1932* results shows accelerated degration was brought about by works of man. Mitchell, B.T. Rapid Changes of Missouri River Streambed. (See Einstein, H.A., Mamak, Wiktor. River Regulation (Regulacj Determination of Rates of Bed-load rzek i potokow). Warsaw, Arkady, 1964. Movement.) Published for the Department of the In­ terior and the National Science Foundation. (Sales copies available from Office of Mostafa, M.G. River-bed Degradation Below Technical Services, U.S. Department of Large-capacity Reservoirs. American Soci­ Commerce, Washington, D.C.) ety of Civil Engineers, Transactions, voi.122, p.688-695, 1957. Book originally published in Warsaw in 1958 includes material on properties of rivers A simple method of predicting the condition (discharge, sediment transport, shapes); of equilibrium attained by a river bed fundamentals of design of river regulation subject to degradation is presented herein; structures, including bank protection it is suggested that the rate of degrada­ measures; peculiar cases of river regula­ tion be computed by a trial method. It is tion (estuaries, mountain torrents) and hoped that an examination of this subject flood control. will help clarify a problem of vital im­ portance in dam design.

Mao, Shieh-Wen, and Rice, Leonard. Sediment- transport Capability in Erodible Channels. Myers, H.B. Bank Stabilization of Red River American Society of Civil Engineers, Pro­ in Louisiana. Paper presented to American ceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics Divi­ Society of Civil Engineers, Transportation sion, vol.89, HY4, Paper 3569, P-69-95, Engineering Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1963« February l8, 1964.

Paper presents a procedure that was devel­ Red River scours its bed deeply at high oped to provide a means of evaluating the stages, and since the operation of reser­ need for sediment control for the link voirs has resulted in extending the annual canals being constructed in West Pakistan period of stages at which erosion occurs, as part of the Indus Basin Project. Pro­ stabilization of channel is more important cedure utilizes basic concepts of the than ever. In this paper the rates of Einstein bed-load function to evaluate the caving are cited and the efforts previously sediment-transport capability of an erod­ made towards stabilization and protection ible channel having variable sediment con­ of the banks in Louisiana are discussed. centrations and size distributions enter­ It is generally concluded that the only ing the head reach. Data for existing permanently effective work has been ac­ canals in West Pakistan are used to illus­ complished where reaches of considerable trate the application of the procedure, and extent have been treated and that the only the need for further research on this measures for control that can be said to aspect of the sediment-transport problem have been effective for a reasonable period is recognized. of time were board and willow mat revet­ ment, spur and longitudinal dikes built of creosoted piles, and properly located cut­ Mississippi River Commission. Bank Protec­ offs. Specific recommendations for pro­ tion on Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, cedures to be used in the construction of by T.H. Jackson. 1 June 1935* Prepared effective stabilization works on Red River under direction of the Chief of Engineers, are given. U.S. Army.

A discussion of the caving bank problem, Neill, G.R. Alluvial Processes and River Section III. Sedimentation 1+1

Channel Regime. Engineering Institute of sizes along and across the channel. Re­ Canada, Transactions, vol.7? no.A-3, sults of preliminary investigations of July 1 9 6 k ; Paper No .EIC-61+-CIV 3* transport of particles of various shapes and weights are presented. Purpose of this paper is to introduce the non-specialist to current ideas, to empha­ size to hydraulic engineers and hydrolo­ Petersen, M.S. Hydraulic Aspects of Arkansas gists the importance of alluvial processes River Stabilization. American Society of from a geological point of view, and to Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of put forward some suggestions for systema­ the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.89, tizing research and data collection on WW*+, Paper 3^99? p.29-65, November 1963* river behavior. One section devoted to bed-material transport, regime dimensions, Hydraulic problems related to channel and bank erosion. rectification and stabilization of the Arkansas River, in Arkansas, are considered as well as the variability of streamflow, Northrop, W.L. Republican River Channel De­ the sediment load, the effects of canal­ terioration. Federal Inter-Agency Sedi­ ization and of large upstream storage res­ mentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, ervoirs, and the relationship between the 1963? Proceedings, p. 1+09-1+21+, Paper N0 .U7 . natural and stabilized channel configura­ U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscella­ tion, radii of curvature, and cross sec­ neous Publication No.970, June 1965. tions. Artificial cutoffs constructed on the Arkansas River since 1950 are described Loss of operational channel capacity caused and data are presented on design of pilot a study to be inaugurated to determine channels, rate of development of cutoffs, cause and, if practicable, to recommend rate of filling in old river bends, and corrective measures. Many factors were in­ the effects of cutoffs. volved, such as the sediment load, bed material, uncertainties in streamflow records due to shifting channels, a long Peyronnin, C.A. Sediment Problems of River drought period, reservoir regulation ef­ Developments in Deltaic Regimes. Federal fects, agricultural encroachments, and an Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, unexpected clogging of the channel by Jackson, Mississippi, 19^3? Proceedings, woody growth. A summary of the sediment p.730-737, Paper No.73- U.S. Department and hydrologic factors is presented. of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication Among the conclusions, it was noted that No.970, June 1965. installation of light bank protection will be required to control caving banks. Rivers carrying heavy sediment loads pre­ sent many difficult problems for hydraulic engineers when attempts are made to develop Oliver, P.A. Some Economic Considerations in these waterways for navigation or improve River Control Work. Federal Inter-Agency them for flood-control purposes. These Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Missis­ problems are compounded when the river is sippi, 1963, Proceedings, p.M+2-M+95 Paper actively building a delta system. Problems No.51. U.S. Department of Agriculture such as (l) shoaling in the navigation Miscellaneous Publication No.970, June 1965. channels, (2 ) sediment control, (3 ) flood- water diversion, and (1+) river migration This report deals with aspects of control must be resolved before full development of Colorado in the Needles, Blythe, and of the river can be accomplished. These Yuma areas. Includes degradation and problems can be generalized and illustrated aggradation. A program of channel re­ by typical examples of the Lower Missis­ habilitation is planned by both the Bureau sippi River. This paper discusses each of Reclamation and the International Bound­ type, and gives some of the engineering ary and Water Commission. considerations in the solution of each type of problem.

Pashinskiy, A.F. Experience of the Study of Alluvial Deposits of the Psezuapse River. Popov, I.V. Hydromorphological Principles Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.3? of the Theory of Channel Processes and 196^, p.276-290. Their Use in Hydro!echnical Planning. Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.2, Paper discusses method of studying alluvial 1964, p.188-195. deposits of mountain rivers, especially the Psezuapse (with a sinuous, eroding Review theory of channel processes and channel). Method of granulometric analysis methods of calculations of channel defor­ of coarse sediment, particularly by photo­ mations in Russia today. Main types of graphic means, is shown. Description is deformations considered are: dunes, sub­ given of zones of accumulation of sediment merged side bars, meandering (limited, and of distribution of the particles by free, or incomplete), and midstream bars. Table is given of protective structures, k2 Section III. Sedimentation

with locations, for various types of chan­ Raju, B.C. Correlation of Regime Theory and nel processes. Tractive Theories of Stable Channel Design. Thesis, Colorado A&M College, 1955.

Popov, I.V. A Sediment Balance of River Reaches and Its Use for the Characteristics Rossini, Torquato. Works for the Regulation of the Channel Process. Soviet Hydrology: of the Minor Bed of the River Po in View Selected Papers, no.3, 1962, p.2^9-267. of Navigation by Vessels of 600 Tons. Permanent International Association of Nav­ In the paper, the author gives a morpholog­ igation Congresses, Bulletin No.^0, p.175- ical interpretation of the equation of the 207, July 195b. sediment balance. The proposed equations for the sediment balance (the total sus­ Gives a history of efforts to regulate the pended sediment, bed load, and sediment of Po, subject to changes of alignment and the channel facies of alluvium) take into erosion, by means of dredging and dikes. account the basic forms of the sediment in­ The final plan for alignment of the channel flow and disposal, inherent to rivers of was based on the following criteria: (l) the plains. An attempt is made to explain construction of a single regulated minor- the structure of the equations for the bed channel without opposing the river’s sediment balance for various types of the natural tendencies, (2 ) construction of channel processes. The possibilities of longitudinal groynes, (3 ) width of chan­ the practical use of these equations are nel between bordering lines fixed between examined. sills, (¿4-) regular bends of parabolic pat­ tern to follow one another along every concave bank of the regulated channel, (5) Posey, C .J. Some Basic Requirements for maximum use of old defenses still in Protection Against Erosion. Minnesota existence, (6) closure of all secondary International Hydraulics Convention, arms and former mouths of the tributaries, Proceedings, September 1-U, 1953? p.85-88. and (7 ) concave sections of bends to be carried as close as possible to old banks. Paper describes basic requirements for Types of protection works described, as protection of fine-grained materials "buzzoni" (fascine poles). against erosion by flowing water. Up­ ward flow through pervious bed material because of induced pressure gradients is Rowland, V.R. Kinta River Deviation. In­ held to be an important factor in erosion, stitution of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, hence protective layers must have the V 0I.2U , p.29-1+6, January 1963. properties of an effective inverted filter, criteria for which are well established. Summarizes early local attempts to remedy Neither porous nor permeable membrane- rapid deterioration by river erosion in type layers can protect as surely or as center of Malayan tin industry, and then economically against conditions which deals more fully with post-war canaliza­ might cause severe scour. tion of a 22-mile length. Banks were protected by staking their toes with hard­ wood stakes driven to about two feet Price, G.A. Sediment Diversions Through above bed level and by establishing a Distributary Channels Normal to a Major cover of grass. River, by G.A. Price, USAE District, New Orleans. Paper presented at the Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, Schumm, S.A. The Shape of Alluvial Channels Jackson, Miss., 28 January - 1 February in Relation to Sediment Type. U.S. 1963. Geological Survey Professional Paper No.352-B. Washington, GPO, i960. This paper discusses sediment diversions in three normally oriented distributary The weighted mean percent silt-clay in the channels on the Lower Mississippi River. channel and banks of stable alluvial stream channels is used as a parameter (m ) de- criptive of the physical characteristics of Proceedings of the Fifth Hydraulics Con­ sediment. As percentage of silt and clay ference, June 9-11? 1952, edited by in banks and channel increases, the shape J.S. McNown and M.C. Boyer. State Uni­ of stream channels varies. Downstream versity of Iowa, Iowa Institute of Hy­ changes in width and depth of stream chan­ draulic Research, Studies in Engineering nel are greatly influenced by sediment type. Bulletin No.3^, 1953. The downstream changes in width, depth and width-depth ratio along the Smoky Hill- Contains 1^ papers on the sediment problem, Kansas River system is presented as an ex­ movement of bedload, entrainment and sus­ ample of the importance of sediment type pension, scour and deposition, and measure­ to stream regime. Unstable channels may ment and analysis of sediment. be recognized by changes in width-depth Section III. Sedimentation ^3

ratio. In general, aggrading channels Major objectives of this research were: to have a higher width-depth ratio than in­ investigate validity of regime theories as dicated by M ; whereas degrading channels developed in India; to investigate, expand, have a lower width-depth ratio than in­ and possibly improve tractive force method dicated by M . of stable channel design; and to relate the regime theories to the tractive force insofar as possible. A detailed discussion Senour, Charles. Stabilization of Banks of the field phase of the research includes of Streams of the Lower Alluvial Valley of description of canals investigated, data the Mississippi River, by Charles Senour, collected and equipment used. Review of Mississippi River Commission. Paper pre­ literature is included. sented at the Federal Inter-Agency Sedi­ mentation Conference, 6-8 May 19^-7• Skinner, M.M. The Influence of Tractive A discussion of sedimentation in the Shear on the Design of Stable Channels. alluvial valley, criteria for control of Thesis, University of Wyoming, August 1955- alluvial streams, the use of various types (Available in Research Center Library on of stabilization works, and their effect on microfilm.) the channel. Objectives of research were (l) to extend correlation between limiting tractive shear Senour, Charles, and Turnbull, W.J. A Study and particle size into the finer range of of Foundation Failures at a River Bank canal materials through the use of avail­ Revetment. International Conference on able data collected in India, and (2) to Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering investigate, from the standpoint of labora­ Proceedings, 2d, Rotterdam, June 21-30, tory analysis, the physical properties of 19^8 , vol.75 p.117-121. cohesive bed materials. Safe slope of en­ ergy gradient was established for a range Paper describes foundation failures that of materials in which canals are construc­ occurred in a revetted bank on the Missis­ ted. Results of laboratory analysis showed sippi River. Failures were believed by the that cohesion had definite effect on limit­ authors to have been flow failures caused ing tractive shear, but no limiting trac­ by sands in the foundation being over­ tive shear values were adopted for design strained due to river scour. purposes. Overall correlation between lim­ iting tractive shear and particle size, for both noncohesive and cohesive materials, is Shulits, Samuel, and Corfitzen, W.E. Bed­ illustrated in graphical form. load Transportation and the Stable-channel Problem. American Geophysical Union, Transactions, vol.l8, pt.2, p.^56-^67, Smerdon, E.T., and Beasley, R.P. The Trac­ 1937. tive Force Theory Applied to Stability of Open Channels in Cohesive Soils. Univer­ Bed-load studies in the field and labora­ sity of Missouri, College of Agriculture, tory should lead to a rational and practi­ Agricultural Experiment Station, Research cal basis of design of stable channels in Bulletin No.7155 October 1959. erodible material. This paper brings evidence of a promising agreement be­ Purpose of this study was to investigate tween most existing data. a number of cohesive soils, both in a soil physics laboratory and in a hydraulic flume, to determine if critical tractive Silberberger, L.F. Streambank Stabilization. force could be correlated to physical Agricultural Engineering, vol.UO, no.4, properties of the soils. Eleven Missouri p.21^-217, April 1959* (Research Center soils were selected. It was concluded that Library has on microfilm.) the problem of stability of open channels -in cohesive soils can be studied on the Major streambank control measures that have basis of tractive force theory and that been used on Buffalo Creek, N.Y., during critical tractive force in cohesive soils the past ten years are discussed in this is related to certain physical properties. report. Rock revetment in combination with vegetation was used as an engineer­ ing material, and appears to be successful. Smith, A.B. Channel Sedimentation and Dredg­ ing Problems, Mississippi River and Loui­ siana Gulf Coast Access Channels, by A.B. Simons, D.B. Theory and Design of Stable Smith, Mississippi River Commission. Fed­ Channels in Alluvial Materials. Thesis, eral Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, Colorado 'State University, May 1957. Re­ Jackson, Mississippi, 1963? Proceedings, printed by Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc., p.618-626, Paper No.67. U.S. Department of February i960. Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No.970, June 1965. Section III. Sedimentation

A discussion of sedimentation and shoaling of Engineering, Tokushima University, vol.2, problems on the Mississippi, Atchafalaya, no.2, 1965. and Calcasieu Rivers. Describes a theoretical approach to esti­ mate equilibrium bed profiles. Two kinds Smith, A.B. Southwest Pass-Mississippi River of equilibrium bed profile theories, kO-ft Channel. American Society of Civil static and dynamic, were compared with each Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the other in relation to an existing river and Waterways and Harbors Division, voi.86, WW3? an assumed channel, especially when the Paper 2606, p.l29-lU8, September i960. channel width along the stream changes considerably. Only bed load theory (with­ Paper examines the heavy high water shoal­ out suspended load effects) was considered. ing and outlines plans to obtain the au­ thorized UO-ft deep channel connecting the Mississippi River and the Gulf via Terrell, P.W., and Borland, W.M. Design of the Southwest Pass jettied channel and Stable Canals and Channels in Erodible across the Sea Bar entrance channel. Material. American Society of Civil Prototype studies and investigations and Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the model tests of a number of possible schemes Hydraulics Division, vol.82, HY1, Paper of improvement were made. 880, p.1-17, February 1956. (Also in ASCE, Transactions, vol.123, p.101-115, 1958.) Smith, L.B. Erosion of Stream Banks. (See Knapp, F.H., and Libby, J.A. Erosion of Major factors which must be intergrated Stream Banks, Its Prevention and into the design of a canal are listed and Correction.) discussed. The development and present method of design of canals are outlined. Factors causing a change in stream regime Stepanich, F.C., and others. Control struc­ are enumerated and several methods by tures for Sand-bed Channels. American which the proper size and shape of chan­ Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, nel can be computed are suggested and one Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Divi­ example is presented. Practical consider­ sion, vol.90, HY2, Paper 3895, p.l-l8, ation and field experience of channel May 196^. stability problems are listed. An outline of basic data needed for adequate design The basic dynamics of flow in sand-bed of a channel is given. channels and the knowledge of the mechanics of flow over broadcrested weirs were used to develop a control structure for use in Tiffany, J.B. Review of Research on Chan­ alluvial channels capable of yielding a nel Stabilization of the Mississippi stable depth-discharge relation. The River, 1931-1962. April 1962. (Also structure also creates favorable condi­ issued as U.S. Corps of Engineers, Com­ tions for measurement of the total sediment mittee on Channel Stabilization, Techni­ discharge. cal Report Wo.2, September 1963.)

Paper prepared for Mississippi River Straub, L.G. Effect of Channel-contraction Commission Potamology Board and Corps Works Upon Regime of Movable Bed-streams. of Engineers Committee on Channel Stabi­ American Geophysical Union, Transactions, lization reviews most important results vol.15, pt.2, p.^5^— ^-63, 193^• in over 90 publications since 1931« In­ cludes extensive bibliography and five Paper gives mathematical theories in an appendixes. attempt to define quantitatively the natural laws governing the erosion, transportation, and deposition of alluvial Todd, 0 .J ., and Eliassen, S. The Yellow materials. This was done in connection River Problem. American Society of Civil with extensive study on regimen of many Engineers, Transactions, vol.105, p.3^+6- rivers, particularly of the Missouri and U53, 19^0. its tributaries, rivers which are ex­ tremely varied in their hydraulic and What Western engineers have learned in re­ sedimentary characteristics. Here some cent years about the many-sided problems fundamental equations are-discussed to­ of the course-changing, silt-laden Yellow gether with experimental work performed to River is outlined in this paper. Proposals ascertain the parameters required in for general regulation and for general application of theory. stabilization plan are included. Photo­ graphs are given of various bank protec­ tion devices. Sugio, Sutesaburo. On the Equilibrium Bed Profiles of Rivers. Bulletin of Faculty Section III. Sedimentation 45

Toffaleti, F.B. Deep River Velocity and H.B. Simmons. Technical Bulletin No.8, Sediment Profiles and the Suspended Sand March 1965• Load, by F.B. Toffaleti, Mississippi River Commission. Paper presented at the Federal Paper presents a case history of Savannah Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference. Harbor to illustrate how shoaling rates and Jackson, Miss., 28 January - 1 February patterns have been changed by progressive 1963. changes in channel depth. Also discusses the more important reasons for such changes A discussion of suspended sediment load at and suggests remedial measures which appear various velocities in deep streams. to offer both technical and economic solu­ tions to certain of the problems thus created. Turnbull, W.J., Krinitsky, E.L., and Weaver, F.J. Bank Erosion in Cohesive Soils of the Lower Mississippi Valley. American Society U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska. FY 66 - of Civil Engineers, Water Resources Engi­ Erosion Control Maintenance Study, Yukon neering Conference, Mobile, Alabama, River, Galena Airport, Alaska. 17 Decem­ March 8-12, 1965, Conference Preprint ber 1965. No.178. Danger of loss by erosion of dike that Bank erosion along the Lower Mississippi protects Galena Airport from floodwaters of River is dependent on local tendencies of Yukon River made necessary control measures the river to meander and on the location of by steel pile wall and cellular sheet pile cohesive to partly cohesive to noncohesive bulkhead. This report evaluates effective­ soils in the bank. The mechanics of bank ness of the erosion control measures taken failure are predictable in a general way to date and analyzes river and bank survey where the soil types composing the banks data to determine if additional control are known. measures or maintenance are required.

United Nations Economic Commission for Asia U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska. Ninil- and the Far East. Bureau of Flood Control. chik Harbor, Alaska, General Design Memo­ Methods and Problems of Flood Control in randum No.l. March 1961. Asia and the Far East. Flood Control Series No.2, 1951* Project consists of dredging and pile jetty construction to provide protected moorage Includes discussion of unstable rivers of for approximately 32 boats. The natural Asia (notably the Yellow, the Brahmaputra, course of the Ninilchik River will be and some of the northern tributaries of the diverted from its present meandering mouth Ganges, in particular the Kosi River) and to a direct route through the beach bar some methods of river training. Channel adjacent to the proposed small boat basin. stabilization methods not treated in detail.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on General Design Memorandum on Rio Grande Channel Stabilization. Symposium on Floodway, Cochiti-Rio Puerco Unit; De­ Channel Stabilization Problems. Technical sign Memorandum No.5. April 1959* Report No.l, Volume 2, May 1964. This report describes plans for develop­ Contents: Regulation and Contraction Works, ment of a controlled floodway in' the Alluvial Rivers, by R.H. Haas. River Con­ subject reach utilizing levees and chan­ trol Structures, by John Manning. Channel nel stabilization structures of Kellner- Design for Modified Sediment Regime Con­ type steel jetties and includes perti­ ditions on the Arkansas River, by E.B. nent information on the hydrologic and Madden. Channel Stabilization on the sediment characteristics of the stream. Arkansas River, by J.L. Bush. Hydraulic Aspects of Arkansas River Stabilization, by M.S. Petersen. Problem Areas in the U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Field Administration of Construction Con­ Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multi­ tracts, Bank Stabilization Projects, by ple Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; R.L. Brogley. The Arkansas-White Cutoff Project Design Memorandum No.6-1, The Closure, by Hilton Keen. Channel Stabili­ Overall Sediment Problem and Basic Data. zation on the Arkansas River, Little Rock March 1959« District, by W.E. Isaacs. Describes the general sediment character­ istics of the lower Arkansas River and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on other streams related to the navigation Tidal Hydraulics. Channel Depth as a route, principal sediment problems to be Factor in Estuarine Sedimentation, by encountered, and lists available basic 46 Section III. Sedimentation

sediment data. Includes a report by Dr. operational features of data collection H.A. Einstein covering degradation, devel­ program, list of pertinent references, and oping a protective layer or pavement of parts of field data. Volume II contains gravel, and sediment deposition in channels historical maps, summaries of previous in­ and reservoirs. vestigation, typical shoal formations, and surveys during period of observations. No attempt is made to present a solution to U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. the problem. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Proj­ ect Design Memorandum No.6-4, Sedimenta­ U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. tion, Dardanelle Reservoir. October 1957* Mississippi River, Baton Rouge to the Gulf Supplement to Project Design Memorandum of Mexico, La., General Design Memorandum. No.6-4. January 1959* September 1959*

These reports cover sediment studies for Project provides channels of specified the project consisting essentially of dimensions in Mississippi River and Passes estimating the sediment load and the rate from Baton Rouge to deep water in Gulf and amount of sediment deposited. Bank of Mexico. Plan consists principally of stabilization was noted to have a signifi­ dredging in river, Passes and bar channels, cant bearing on the sediment available for regulating and contracting works at Head transport and the capacity of the river to of Passes and in The Passes, and regula­ transport it. tion and control of outlets below New Orleans.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles. Sediment Transport, San Gabriel River, U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Sedi­ Whittier Narrows Dam to Coyote Greek. ment Investigation, Lower Columbia and September 1964. Lower Willamette Rivers, July 1959-August i960. February 1961. Sediment transport studies were made to determine required depth of toe protection This report presents in addition to a below design invert, to establish levee description of the sampling stations, heights in reaches where aggradation would frequency of sampling, equipment used, be expected, and to determine capacity of method of sampling, and an analysis of data sediment retention basin required at down­ collected, a brief description of the stream end of the unpaved reach. Columbia and Willamette River Basins. The sediment sampling program only took cogni­ zance of the suspended material. U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile. Ap­ alachicola River, Florida; Design Memoran­ dum No.l, General Design. 15 December 1955* U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Sum­ mary of Interim Report on 1959 Current Relates to the original dredging carried Measurement Program, Columbia River at the out in the river. The attempt to provide Mouth, Oregon and Washington. 26 October a navigable channel with project depth by i960. means of dredging only has not been satisfactory. This summary contains plates extracted from the interim report and several sub­ sequent plates covering scour-and-shoal U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. conditions for Desdemona and Flavel Bars, Investigations and Data Collection for a flow duration curve, and salinity Model Study of Southwest Pass, Mississippi profiles. River; Prototype Investigation. April 1959« 2 volumes. U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul. Lab­ Report presents pertinent data selected oratory Tests on Hydraulic Model of Inlet from previous data collection programs and Control Structure, Diversion Channel, Mis­ special investigations, and all of the sissippi River Near Aitkin, Minnesota. data collected during comprehensive program Hydraulic Laboratory Report No.62, July concerning Southwest Pass and vicinity 1959. from October 1956 through November 1957 for use in verifying model constructed at Model studies were made to develop means Waterways Experiment Station to study of minimizing bed scour and bank erosion shoaling problems in the 35-foot project in diversion channel downstream from inlet channel and to develop plans to obtain and control structure. Study verified expe­ maintain a 40-foot navigation project. rience that a primary characteristic of Volume I contains general description of rapidly diverging boundaries of discharge problem, outline of instrumentation, channel did not effectively guide flow. Section III. Sedimentation b7

Study suggested that the prototype caving the shoaling problem in Southwest Pass and banks be reshaped, an end sill be added, its solution in order to make these data and riprap be extended into channel. Since a permanent record in event the detailed this required extensive reconstruction, model study should be made in the future caving banks were sloped and paved with and also to make the data available to riprap and a sill was added. field personnel concerned with the problem.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa. Arkansas U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment River and Tributaries, Multiple Purpose Station, Corps of Engineers. Model Study Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Project De­ for Channel Improvement of the Missis­ sign Memorandum No.6-2, Sedimentation, sippi River at Memphis Depot. Waterways Eufaula Reservoir. June 1959* Project Experiment Station Technical Memorandum Design Memorandum No.6-3, Sedimentation, N0 .89-I, Vicksburg, Miss., May 19, 1936. Keystone Reservoir. December 1959» Model study was performed at Waterways These memorandums contain data relative to Experiment Station to determine relative the sedimentation effects of the two effectiveness of six proposed plans for reservoirs. The sedimentation is discussed improving channel to the Supply and Repair in four parts: sediment in flow, sediment Depot of Memphis District, CE, located on retention characteristics of the reservoir, the Arkansas bank of the Mississippi River backwater effects, and lowering of tail- at Mile 230 where shoaling occurred to water or effect on channel below the dam. troublesome degree. Tests are described and results presented.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa. Lock and Dam No.15, Short Mountain, Arkansas U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ River, Oklahoma; Design Memorandum No.l, tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study for Hydroelectric Power Capability. August Channel Improvement of the Mississippi 1962. River at Memphis Depot. Waterways Experi­ ment Station Technical Memorandum No.89-2, In this report, the effect of bank stabi­ Vicksburg, Miss., August 1, 1936. lization works on degradation and sediment load below the dam is discussed under the Tests described in this report were made to heading of "Tail Water Investigations." determine effectiveness of three additional plans for improving shoaling problem in the channel to the Memphis Engineer Depot. U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Pacific. (Previous tests were described in Waterways Bank Protection on Mississippi and Missouri Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. Rivers, by T.H. Jackson. June 1, 1935» 89-I.) Summary of results and conclusions are given. Includes theory of erosion which causes caving, definition of types of bank protec­ tion, discussion of the problem on the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Mississippi and the Missouri along with tions, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of different methods used. Conclusions given. Plans for Elimination of Shoaling in the Vicinity of Manchester Islands, Ohio River. Waterways Experiment Station Technical U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Memorandum No.l8l-l, Vicksburg, Miss., Station, Corps of Engineers. Comments October 20, 19^1. on the Shoaling Problem in Southwest Pass, Mississippi River, by H.B. Simmons. Presents results of experiments conducted Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous at Waterways Experiment Station on a Paper No.2-155, Vicksburg, Miss., February movable-bed model of the reach of Ohio 1956. River adjacent to and including Manchester Islands, which divide the river into three A pilot-model study of Southwest Pass, channels at this point. Purpose of model Mississippi River, was conducted by the study was to determine relative effective­ Waterways Experiment Station in 19^+8- ness of various plans proposed for improve­ I9U9 to determine the feasibility of ment of one of the channels. Thirteen conducting a detailed model investigation proposed improvement plans were studied of of the causes of a serious shoaling present alignment and realignment by means problem at the entrance to Southwest Pass of dredging, dikes, fills, or combinations and of plans designed to solve this problem. of all three. Two plans, described in de­ Prior to and during the course of the tail, consist of installation of training pilot-model study, all available field dikes. Immediate solution most practical, data pertaining to the problem were ana­ however, indicates dredging. Results ob­ lyzed. This paper summarizes all available tained throw considerable light on problem data which are thought to have a bearing on of maintaining navigable depths in alluvial 1+8 Section III. Sedimentation

river reaches involving split channels. Model study was conducted by Waterways Experiment Station for the purpose of determining most economical and effective U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ plan for elimination or reduction of shoal­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of ing in the Mississippi River near Head of Shoaling Below Starved Rock Lock and Dam, Passes. A movable-bed type model repro­ Illinois River. Waterways Experiment Sta­ duced seven miles above Head of Passes, all tion Paper 13? Vicksburg, Miss., August of South and Southwest Passes, and some of 1933. Pas a Loutre and Cubits Gap. Tests of improvement plans consisted of a base test One of the purposes of model study con­ and tests of 27 plans tentatively proposed ducted at the Waterways Experiment Station for improvement of channel. Results are • was to determine cause of shoaling in chan­ summarized. Two of the proposed plans nel below lock and means of preventing it. appear to offer a solution to the problem. Summary of results given, including effect of placing dikes. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Im­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ provement of Navigation Conditions and tion, Corps of Engineers. Navigation and Elimination of Shoaling in Savannah Harbor, Sedimentation Conditions at Typical Lock Georgia, and Connecting Waterways; Model and Dam, Arkansas River, Arkansas and Okla­ Investigation. Waterways Experiment Sta­ homa; Hydraulic Model Investigation, by tion Technical Memorandum No.2-268, Vicks­ J .J. Franco and C.D. McKellar. Waterways burg, Miss., March 19^+9. 2 volumes. Experiment Station Technical Report No.2- 623, Vicksburg, Miss., April 1963. Report of model study conducted at Water­ ways Experiment Station for U.S. Army Engi­ Presents the results of a movable bed model neer District, Savannah on Savannah Harbor study conducted in connection with the and connecting waterways. Problems were: canalization of the Arkansas River. Spe­ (1) construction of twin or single exten­ cifically, the study was concerned with the sions of existing jetties at mouth of river location and arrangement of a lock and dam (2) realignment of Intracoastal Waterway, structure in a river bend insofar as the (3 ) improvement of navigating conditions structure affects the movement of sediment within harbor, and (U) reduction of shoal­ and navigation. Part of the studies con­ ing in harbor and connecting waterways. sidered the effects of dikes and revetments Description of tests and results given. used for bank stabilization and channel rectification. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Im­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ provement of Navigation Conditions in tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Corral Bay and the Valdivia River, Chile; Elimination of Shoaling in New Castle-Finns Hydraulic Model Investigation. Waterways Point Ranges, Delaware River; Model In­ Experiment Station Technical Memorandum vestigation. Waterways Experiment Sta­ No.2-382, Vicksburg, Miss., April 195^* tion Technical Memorandum No.2-259? Vicksburg, Miss., August 19^+8. Model study was made at Waterways Experi­ ment Station for Department of Ports, Report of model study by Waterways Experi­ Government of Chile, for the purpose of ment Station of the New Castle and Finns solving a shoaling problem, caused partly Point Ranges section of the Delaware River by riverborne detritus and partly from ship channel for the purpose of predeter­ littoral transport, in Corral Bay leading mining effectiveness of various proposed toward city of Valdivia. Of the several improvement plans in eliminating or reduc­ plans tested, Plan 7 provided a satis­ ing maintenance dredging in the channel. factory solution, which involved closure Plans tested consisted of: (l) installing of one channel, structures to halt littoral structures, (2) realigning channel, and drift, and reduction of velocities in port (3 ) constricting cross-sectional area of area to extent that sediment could not be channel. Details of plans and results transported there in appreciable quantities given.

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Re­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for ducing Shoaling, Southwest Pass, Missis­ Elimination of Shoaling in the Vicinity of sippi River; Hydraulic Model Investigation, Head of Passes, Mississippi River; Hydrau­ by H.B. Simmons and H.J. Rhodes, Jr. lic Model Investigation. Waterways Experi­ Waterways Experiment Station Technical ment Station Technical Memorandum No.2-356, Report No.2-69O, Vicksburg, Miss., August Vicksburg, Miss., February 1953* 1965. Section III. Sedimentation k9

Model study was conducted by Waterways U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Experiment Station to determine effective­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Sediment In­ ness of proposed plans (jetty extensions vestigations on the Mississippi River and and channel realignments and contractions) Its Tributaries, 1930-31* Waterways Ex­ for the elimination or reduction of main­ periment Station Paper U, Vicksburg, Miss., tenance dredging in the jetty and bar chan­ December 1931* nels, and effects of deepening the channels to h O ft. Model reproduced the lower Amount of sediment carried in suspension by 12 miles of Southwest Pass and adjacent the Mississippi River and its principal Gulf area; various mixtures of granulated tributaries from September 1930 to October plastics simulated prototype shoaling 1931? was determined by field and labora­ material. Tests of proposed plans for tory investigations. Ten of the twenty-six reducing shoaling indicated that plans in­ observation stations were located on the volving a curved realignment for the jetty main river, its upper tributaries, and its channel and plans involving relocating the outlets. Results are presented in tabular bar channel upstream from the downstream form. ends of the jetties would greatly reduce shoaling for a ^2-ft-deep channel as compared with a 1+2-ft channel on the align­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ ment of the existing channel. tion, Corps of Engineers. Shoaling in Downstream Navigation Entrance to Chain of Rocks Canal, Mississippi River; Hydraulic U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Model Investigation. Waterways Experiment tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Re­ Station Technical Memorandum No.2-^03, duction of Shoaling in Raritan River, New Vicksburg, Miss., April 1955* Jersey; Model Investigation. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum Tests to determine effects of various pro­ No.2-3^2, Vicksburg, Miss., March 1952. posed plans for eliminating shoaling in downstream navigation entrance to the Chain Hydraulic model investigation was con­ of Rocks Canal were conducted on a model ducted at Waterways Experiment Station at Waterways Experiment Station. Fixed- of Raritan River, New Jersey, to deter­ bed and movable-bed tests were concerned mine some means of minimizing the ex­ with elimination or reduction of shoaling cessive rate of shoaling in the 25-ft of fine and coarse materials, respectively. reach of the south channel of the river. Interpretation of model results and con­ Model tests indicated that realignment of a clusions are given. portion of the south channel, together with closure of the main channel by a dike, would afford the maximum reduction of U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ shoaling in the problem area but would tion, Corps of Engineers. Studies of River probably increase shoaling in the Raritan Bed Materials and Their Movement, with Arsenal turning basin located in the main Special Reference to the Lower Mississippi channel. The dike must have a top eleva­ River. Waterways Experiment Station Paper tion of not higher than mean high water No.17, Vicksburg, Miss., January 1935* in order to pass high fresh-water flows safely. Paper presents results of two closely re­ lated investigations undertaken at Water­ ways Experiment Station in 1932. Part I U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ contains a resume of results obtained from tion, Corps of Engineers. Sediment In­ flume tests of materials moved by hydraulic vestigations on the Mississippi River and traction. Emphasis was given to the study Its Tributaries Prior to 1930. Waterways of rates of movement of bed materials of Experiment Station Paper H, Vicksburg, various sizes, but information was also in­ Miss., July 1930. cluded on riffle formation, values of bed roughness, turbulence and other factors. Purpose of paper is to outline investiga­ Part II consists of a tabulation and dis­ tions made on the Mississippi River prior cussion of data relative to characteristics to 1930 with a view to indicating the of the materials composing the bed of the behavior of sediment under a wide variety Lower Mississippi River. of conditions. It was shown that relation between degree of saturation of water and gage heights may be affected by roughness U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ of river bed, erosion of banks, scour or tion, Corps of Engineers. Study of Mate­ deposits in channel. At one locality banks rials in Suspension, Mississippi River. may be of fine sand and easily eroded; at Waterways Experiment Station Technical another, a mixture of clay and gravel will Memorandum No .122-1, Vicksburg, Miss., resist erosion. February 1, 1939*

Description of study, involving field, 50 Section III. Sedimentation

laboratory and office operations, to deter­ method of estimating time to fill a jetty mine quantity and characteristics of sus­ field with sediment. pended materials transported at stages covering seasonal hydrographic range of the river, to measure corresponding hydrau­ U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. A Plan of Chan­ lic elements, and to present resulting data nel Erosion Control, Five Mile Creek, Riverton Project, Wyoming. April 1953*

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Erosion control planned by artifically tion, Corps of Engineers. Study of Mate­ entrenching the channel in erosive- rials in Transport, Passes of the Missis­ resistant material, and channel training sippi River. Waterways Experiment Sta­ with artificial side barriers (wooden tion Technical Memorandum N0 .I58-I, Vicks­ jacks with diagonal groins from banks to burg, Miss., September 1, 1939» jacks).

Final and comprehensive report on investi­ gation of materials carried in transport U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Principles of through the Passes. Répertoriai presenta­ Design of Stable Channels in Erodible tion of basic data without theorization. Material, by E.W. Lane. Hydraulic Lab­ Covers quantity, characteristics (chiefly, oratory Report No.Hyd-293, February 10, grain-size composition) and miscellaneous 1950* (Research Center Library has on information as to hydraulic conditions, microfilm.) discharge and dissolved content of waters. Report is concerned primarily with develop­ ment of principles of design of canals U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Critical from the standpoint of freedom of the banks Tractive Forces on Channel Side Slopes in and bed of the canal from scour due to Coarse,,Noncohesive Material, by A.C. excessive velocities of water, and from the Carter. Hydraulic Laboratory Report filling of the canals by deposits of sedi­ No.Hyd-366, February 1953» ment brought into the canal by the water. Includes history of stable channel problem. Purpose of study is to determine magnitude Author states that in order to use the of tractive forces exerted by flowing water principles of stable channels in the de­ which will cause impending motion of the sign of a hydraulic project, it will be material comprising the sloping side of a necessary to develop them in a quantitative channel. Only the simplest case of coarse, form. Proposed program of studies is given noncohesive material acted on by clear in another report. water is treated. The force necessary to cause motion on the sloping side of a channel is less than that required for U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Progress Report movement on a horizontal canal bed. The on Results of Studies on Design of Stable ratio of the force necessary to cause Channels, by E.W. Lane. Hydraulic Lab­ impending motion on the slope to that re­ oratory Report No.Hyd-352, June 1952. quired on the level is shown to be a function only of the slope of the side Summary of results of investigation by and the angle of repose of the material. Bureau of Reclamation, January 1950 - A simple expression involving these June 1952, of new improved design of un­ variables has been derived to give the lined canals. Particular emphasis is value of the ratio, and a diagram is given to problem of sediment and protec­ presented to aid in using it. tion of canals against scour. Includes analysis of channel shapes.

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Hydraulic Model and Prototype Studies of Casa Colorado U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Proposed Program Channelization, Middle Rio Grande Project, of Studies to Develop Methods of Design of New Mexico, by R.A. Dodge. Hydraulic Stable Channels in Erodible Material, by Laboratory Report No.Hyd-J77? May 1961. E.W. Lane. Hydraulic Laboratory Report No. Hyd-29J, January 11, 1950. Purpose of study was to develop information for effective design of jetty fields. Studies are outlined which are necessary Tests were made to establish velocity re­ to secure the quantitative data required to duction and recovery relationships of jetty make the general principles, which have fields in terms of the Froude number. been developed, applicable to engineering Tests were made with movable bed model of design of earth canals so that they will Casa Colorado reach to determine tie back neither scour out nor fill with sediment. spacing and depth of flow on friction Details of methods to be employed, cost of values within jetty field. Set of general work, order of procedure, and economic friction curves was developed, leading to justification are included. Technical Section III. Sedimentation 51

details of proposed program are given in foundation explorations. VIII, River Appendix. charts, project maps and drawings, hydro- logic data, foundation explorations. [NOTE: Appendixes included in original survey U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Stable Channel report dated 21 December 19^-35 by Little Profiles, by R.E. Glover and Q.L. Florey. Rock District, CE, are not printed in this Hydraulic Laboratory Report No.Hyd-325, House Document.] September 27, 1951»

In order to deal intelligently with certain U.S. Congress. Missouri River. Washington, problems of maintenance of channels in GPO, 1935. (73d Congress, 2d Session, erodible materials, it is important to House Document No.238.) know what shape and dimensions a channel should have in order to avoid changes of Comprehensive survey of Missouri River cross section due to scour or sediment containing plan for improvement for pur­ deposition. Computations of stable shape poses of navigation, power, irrigation patterns described in this report have and flood control, includes a relatively been made on the basis of computations small amount of material on problem of furnished by E.W. Lane. bank erosion and silt. However, silt tables are included.

U.S. Congress. Arkansas River and Trib­ utaries. Washington, GPO, 1936. (7^-th U.S. Congress. Savannah River, Ga. and S.C. Congress, 1st Session, House Document Washington, GPO, 19^-9* (8lst Congress, No.308) 3 volumes. 1st Session, Senate Document No.6.)

Volume I contains basic data pertaining to Report describes proposed contraction works, stream characteristics and descriptions of bank protection, bend improvement, and proposed methods of stabilizing and improv­ dredging requirements together with reg­ ing the channel of the Arkansas River. ulated flow from multi-purpose reservoir [NOTE: A number of older reports, surveys, projects necessary to obtain 9 “ i‘°0't project. etc., pertaining to bank caving, develop­ ment of navigation channels, etc., are considered to be of interest only for their Vanoni, V.A. Lecture Notes on Sediment historical value and to point out the im­ Transportation and Channel Stability. practicability of attempting to develop a California Institute of Technology Report navigable channel in a stream containing a KH-R-1, January 1961. heavy bedload with dredging alone, and the futility of isolated channel improve­ These notes were prepared for a series of ments by revetments and dikes.] lectures given by the authors to a group of engineers and geologists of the U.S. De­ partment of Agriculture, September 12-l6, U.S. Congress. Arkansas River and Trib­ i960. Most of the lectures concern sedi­ utaries, Arkansas and Oklahoma. Washington, ment transport. Principles of channel GPO, 19^-7• (79th Congress, 2d Session, stability and regime of channels are in­ House Document No . 758. ) cluded in the lectures. No attempt is made to provide all working tools dealing Includes additional basic data pertaining with alluvial channel stability, but to the characteristics and problems of the references to more comprehensive treat­ Arkansas River channel and descriptions of ments are given. proposed methods of stabilizing and improv­ ing the channel. The following appendixes contain information which might be of in­ Vinogradov, V.A. Some Laws of Formation of terest although the methods of stabiliza­ the Channel and of the Flood-plain of the tion described are now somewhat obsolete: Polomet’ River. Soviet Hydrology: Se­ I, Includes general hydrology data, channel lected Papers, no.^f, 1962, p.Ull-U25. capacities, sedimentation, and run-off data. Exhibit A includes sediment problems On the basis of analysis of deformations involved. II, Presents description, of the channel and flood-plain of the summaries of principal features, cost Polomet’ River, a relationship was estab­ estimates of various reservoir projects, lished between the distribution of sediment and geology at the dam sites. Ill, In­ discharge along the river and its morpho­ cludes description of the river, stream logical appearance in individual reaches. flow and channel characteristics. V, Data of field observations on the silt Presents flood control benefits. VI, deposits on the flood-plain are given. Includes dams for sediment control. VII, Maps and drawings for the Multiple Purpose Plan on the Arkansas River, plans and Vogel, H.D., and Thompson, P.W. Flow in specifications, typical sections, River Bends; Recent Experiments on a 52 Section III. Sedimentation

Mississippi River Model Discredit Heli­ diction of the future slope of the river; coidal Theory of Flow. Civil Engineer­ and results are compared with observations ing (Hew York), voi.3, no.5? p.266-268, to date (19^0) on completed sections of 1933. the river.

Analysis of data from large-sized outdoor models of various bends on the Mississippi Wright, C.A. Experimental Study of the Scour River, built and operated by the Waterways of a Sandy River Bed by Clear and by Muddy Experiment Station, reveals necessity of Water. National Bureau of Standards applying a new theory for movement of bed Journal of Research, vol.17, no.2, p.193- material. Bed material was found to move 206, 1936.' (Research Center Library has on toward the convex side of a bend, although microcard.) there was no definite flow of water in that direction. At request of U.S. Bureau of Reclamation an experimental comparison was made of scour produced in a bed of fine isand in a Whipple, William. Arkansas River Plan. slopping flume by muddy water and by clear American Society of Civil Engineers, water, in attempted simulation of condi­ Proceedings, Journal of the Waterways and tions existing in the Colorado River at Harbors Division, vol.86, WW3, Paper 2597, Boulder Dam before and after construction. p.15-28, September i960. It was concluded that when clear water is discharged at the dam it will cause greater Development of the Arkansas River for navi­ scouring away of the sand bed than did the gation and other purposes poses especially muddy waters under previous conditions. difficult problems on account of the quan­ tity of sediment carried. A revised con­ cept and plan based on relationships be­ Yu, King. Design of Stable Channels in tween slopes, depths, and widths of con­ Erodible Material. Thesis, Colorado A&M tracted channels results in the elimination College, 191+9 * of three dams and savings of $31?000,000.

Znamenskaya, N.S. Changes in Forms of River­ Whipple, William. Missouri River Slope and bed Sand Dunes with the Passage of a Flood. Sediment. American Society of Civil Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.5, Engineers, Transactions, vol.107? p.1178- 1963, P .52^-529. 12lU, 19^2. Based on previous methods for studying Project for improvement of Missouri River laws of shifting sand dunes in steady consists primarily of open-channel regula­ currents, this investigation considers tion, which contracts the natural channel variation in dune forms at flood stage. in addition to materially changing its "Dunes,T are defined as "riffles, sand shape. A general description of the drifts, barkhans (sand dunes), side bars, methods adopted is given, together with a and midstream bars." Calculations de­ quantitative summary of the effects of the scribed relate to an arbitrarily chosen improvement upon the length, slope, width, channel, resembling the Volga River at shape, discharge, velocity, and roughness Volgograd in size and hydraulic charac­ coefficient of the natural stream between teristics. Relationship of shifting rate Rulo, Nebr., and Sioux City, Iowa. Data of dunes to Froude number and to degree of are supplied as to the bed and suspended mobility of sediments is presented. Method sediment characteristics of the river. An used permitted estimation of both small and analysis is presented of the applicability large "dunes," of various bed-load formulas, involving both competence and capacity, to the pre­ SECTION IV. HYDRAULICS

Section IV. Hydraulics 55

Ashida, Kazuo. On River Bed Variations and Design Criteria for Use of Steel Jack and Stable Channels in Alluvial Streams. Kyoto, Jetty Fields for Channelization in Rivers. Japan, Kyoto University, 196^. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, August 1959* Seminar paper presented to Eighth Congress Deals with theoretical consideration on the of IAHR. river bed variation and of the hydraulic characteristics in a stable channel with uniform grain size under constant discharge. Doubt, P.D. Design of Stable Channels in Also experiments for stable channels Erodible Materials. Federal Inter-Agency through constrictions are carried out. Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Missis­ Hydraulic characteristics in an abrupt ex­ sippi, 19635 Proceedings, p.373-376, Paper pansion with a movable bed are made clear, No.^3* U.S. Department of Agriculture and longitudinal profiles and cross- Miscellaneous Publication No.970, June sectional forms in the stable state are 1965. obtained. The longitudinal profiles show good agreements with the theoretical ones. Methods of permissible velocities, regime Cross-sectional forms are discussed with theory, and tractive force theory have been respect to secondary flow. applied with various degrees of intensity for the design and maintenance of stable channels. The first two methods are empir­ Bagnold, R.A. Some Aspects of the Shape of ical while the tractive force theory is River Meanders. U.S. Geological Survey analytical. Some empiricism has been used Professional Paper No.282-E. Washington, in the application of the. tractive force GPO, i960. theory that has led to the questioning of validity of this theory. This paper is Discusses mechanism controlling curvature given with the hope that it will clarify for bends of rivers. From the nature of the logical application of these hydraulic flow resistance in curved channels, a principles and reduce the empiricism used simple model is proposed to relate resis­ in applying the tractive force theory, by tance to a criterion of bend curvature that the discussion of three premises: (l) may be applied to closed pipes and to open tractive force theory is logically a dy­ channels. namic theory, (2) water surface profile must be computed to evaluate tractive forces, and (3 ) tractive force depends on Batalin, R.I. Application of Transverse the actual depth of flow and on the rough­ Circulation Methods to Problems of Erosion- ness coefficient of the earth materials and Siltation. Dock & Harbour Authority, in the wetted perimeter. Design of an vol.l+l, no.^-86, p.i|07-Uo8, April 1961. earth channel consists of three facets: (l) capacity, (2) stability, and (3 ) eco­ Method of transverse circulation has been nomical proportions of channel and its developed in the USSR and numerous protec­ associated structures. tion works of deflector type have been installed in rivers of European and Asian Russia. Their effectiveness has been Du Boys, M.P. The Rhone and Rivers of Shift­ checked in hydraulic laboratories and on ing Bed; Study of the Regime of the Rhone the performance of existing installations. and the Action Exercised by the Water on an The author designed deflector grids and Indefinitely Shifting Bed of Gravel. An- systems for installations on the Ganges nales des Ponts et Chaussees, 1879- Trans­ Kobadak Project, East Pakistan. lated from the French by H.G. Doke, U.S. Army Engineer District, Memphis, August 1932. Blanchet, Ch. Formation and Destruction of Stone Masses by a Water Current (Formation Theoretical study of flow problems on the et destruction par un courant d ’eau de Rhone, particularly how a current Wilds massifs en pierres). Translated from the the bottom following the deposition of the French by W.W. Geddings. Waterways Experi­ bank. The section of Rhone examined here ment Station Translation N0 .5O-5, Vicksburg, is a 71-mile stretch. Comments on the Miss., 1950. mathematical developments by G.C. Dodson'' are included, as well as comments by J.W. First part of paper deals with general Dixon and various correspondence concerning aspects, both theoretical and experimental, the Du Boys’ formula. of the formation or destruction of stone masses in flowing water. Second part con­ cerns specific examples of stone movement. Einstein, H.A. Report on the Investigation of the Fundamentals of the Action of River Training Structures. University of Carlson, E.J. Hydraulic Studies to Develop California, Berkeley, Calif., July 1950. Sé. Section IV. Hydraulics

Einstein, H.A., and Harder, J.A. Veloc­ Prevention Research Institute, Bulletin No. ity Distribution and the Boundary Layer 29, March 1959* at Channel Bends. American Geophysical Union, Transactions, vol.35? no.l, p.ll^— Paper presents an analytical approach to 120, February 195^* the stable cross section of a stream chan­ nel with sand gravels based on the idea of Analysis of the accelerating forces within critical tractive force. In this analysis, a wide shallow channel bend shows that the the two-dimensional flow is assumed to ob­ existence of higher velocities near the tain the distribution of shear velocity on outside bank requires in addition to a the bottom.along the cross section of a helical flow pattern, that the outward channel and to apply the turbulence theory flowing upper layers be unaffected by bed to this approach. The theoretical shear shear. Experimental measurements confirm distributions computed under such an as­ this. sumption are verified by the experiment on the velocity-profile measurements by which the shear velocity can be indirectly ob­ Emmett, W.W., and Leopold, L.B. Downstream tained. Some fundamental data are pre­ Pattern of Riverbed Scour and Fill. Fed­ sented, which will contribute to design of eral Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, the stable cross sections of stream chan­ Jackson, Mississippi, 19^3? Proceedings, nels. In addition to these theoretical P-399-^09, Paper No.i-6. U.S. Department of considerations, results of the theoretical Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. analysis are applied to the field data of 970. June 1965. the existing irrigation canals in the United States of America and India. Presents recent observations of channel scour and fill over relatively long reaches of three streams in the western United Jarocki, W. Artificial Transverse Circula­ States. Separate sections were devoted to tion. Paper presented at Third Meeting those observations on an emphemeral channel International Association for Hydraulic and those on perennial streams. Extent of Structures Research, Grenoble, September scouring action appears to encompass entire I9A9. Translated by Margaret S. Petersen. reach, without regard to any of the physi­ cal dimensions of the stream, and applies Includes description of laboratory tests to pool as well as riffle and to curved as for the purpose of studying protection of well as straight reach. There is an ap­ banks against scour. Conclusions were that parent disparity between this author’s simple and cheap structures which produce and Lane and Borland’s observations of artificial transverse circulation, facili­ magnitude of scour and rates of accumula­ tate methods of rectification and give good tion of sediment in reservoirs. results.

Franco, J.J. Hydraulic Models for Study of Kalkanis, George. Model Study of North Wal­ River Sedimentation Problems. Federal nut Creek Channel. University of Califor­ Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, nia, Berkeley, Institute of Engineering Re­ Jackson, Mississippi, 1963, Proceedings, search, Series N0 .I67, Issue 1. p.508-512, Paper No.98. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. Model studies were made of structures to 970, June 1965. distribute evenly the flow through a com­ pound bend with strong curvatures. Satis­ Reviews state of knowledge concerning hy­ factory performance was achieved by observ­ draulics of natural streams and related ing the eroding effect of the flow and pro­ sedimentation problems. Points out dif­ viding the unstable sections with riprap ficulty encountered by river engineers in protection. the solution of sedimentation problems by analytical means. Opinion is expressed that the advancement of principles involved Karasev, I.F. The Regimes of Eroding Chan­ in river engineering and solution of many nels in Cohesive Material. Soviet Hydrol­ sedimentation problems will have to depend ogy: Selected Papers, no.6, 196^. for the most part on laboratory studies correlated with results of field investiga­ Physical properties of cohesive materials tions. Types of studies required are men­ and their interaction with streamflow were tioned and types of models used for these discussed, along with ideas on the role of studies are described. One section of molecular adhesion of film water and of paper is devoted to the design, verifica­ diffusion leaching in the erosion of clays tion and operation of the movable-bed Outline given of problems of deep and lat­ model. Studies in connection with canal­ eral erosion with diverted flow, using as ization of Arkansas River are discussed. example the regulated Bol’shoy Egorlyk River (Northern Caucasus). Some regular­ ities are established for hydraulic resis­ Iwagaki, Yuichi, and Tsuchiya, Yoshito. An tances and for the forming of the longi­ Analysis of the Stable Cross Section of a tudinal profile and of the horizontal Stream Channel. Kyoto, Japan, Disaster Section IV. Hydraulics 57

outline of an eroding stream composed of Proceedings of the Third Hydraulics Con­ cohesive material. ference, June 10-12, 19^-6, p. 230-2^0. Studies in Engineering Bulletin No.31, 19^7. Knapp, F.H., and Libby, J.A. Erosion of Stream Banks, Its Prevention and Correction Discusses effects of cutoffs with steady U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, Soil Conserva­ flow and non-erodible channel, with vari­ tion Service, Region 8, Albuquerque, N.M., able flow and non-erodible channel, and Regional Bulletin No.78; Engineering Series with erodible channels. In the latter No.6; Forestry Series No.l^, April 1, 19^-2. case, excessive sediment deposited down­ stream is one of the effects. Examples of It is estimated that there are more than effects of cutoffs were given, one being 1000 miles of stream banks in Soil Conser­ that of the Tisza River in Hungary, where vation Service Region 8 (in the Southwest) the river was shortened 32°!o of its where stabilization is needed. Some original length nearly a century ago. streams are perennial, some intermittent, some are dry except for,short periods of the year. The following problems are con­ Lane, E.W., and Borland, W.M. River-bed sidered in this report: consideration of Scour During Floods. American Society of hydraulic and mechanical principles of Civil Engineers, Proceedings Separate No. stream flow, erosion, sedimentation; adop­ 25^+, August 1953* (Also in ASCE, Trans­ tion of satisfactory channel capacity; actions, voi.ii9? p.1069-10895 195^-) adoption of satisfactory channel alignment; protection of vegetative plantings; deter­ A review of the topic of bed scour. Gen­ mination of channel bed variations; avail­ eral theories are discussed and some data ability of native materials for use in on actual changes in section as observed structures; channel bottom stabilization. during floods are presented. It is con­ Appendix includes three additional papers: cluded that scour occurs in narrow sections Flood Protection in Narrow Valleys, by W.B. and the material is deposited in the next Wroth; Erosion of Stream Banks, by L.B. wide section downstream. Smith; Theory and Practice in the Design of Permeable Jetties, by C.R. Van Orman. Leopold, L.B., and others. Flow Resistance in Sinuous or Irregular Channels. U.S. Kondrat’ev, N.E., and others. River Flow and Geological Survey Professional Paper No. River Channel Formation. Translation from 282-D. Washington, GP0, i960. selected chapters of "Ruslovoi protsess," issued by Main Adminsitration of the Hydro­ Presents results of preliminary laboratory meteorological Service of the Council of tests on resistance effects that are re­ Ministers of the USSR, published by Gid- lated to regular or repetitive sinuosity rometeorologicheskoe izdatel’stvo, Lenin­ of a channel of uniform cross section. A grad, 1959« Translation published for mathematical model appears to explain many National Science Foundation, Washington, of the observed features. Concludes with D.C. and the Department of the Interior by a discussion of some possible implications Israel Program for Scientific Translations, of the theory in natural channels. Jerusalem, 1962.

Three chapters from Russian work include Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G. River Mean­ material on theory of sediment movement, ders. Geological Society of America Bulle­ stream kinematics around curves and forma­ tin, vol.71, no.6, p.769-79^-5 June i960. tion of bends, and characteristics of low­ land river channels, including a method for Most river curves have nearly same value evaluating river channel stability. of ratio of curvature radius to channel width, in range of 2 to 3 ; meanders formed by meltwater on surface of glaciers, and Kutz, C.W. The Work of the Mississippi River by main current of Gulf Stream, have rela­ Commission. American Society of Civil tion of meander length to channel width Engineers, Transactions, vol.935 p.697-7155 similar to rivers; because such meanders 1929. carry no sediment, shapes of curves in rivers are evidently determined primarily Gives purpose of Mississippi River Commis­ by dynamics of flow rather than by rela­ sion, physical description of Mississippi tion to debris load. Velocity distribu­ River Basin, and includes one section tions along river curves provide gener­ (though brief) on bank revetment. alized picture of flow characteristics. Evidence on flow resistance in curved channels suggests that a basic aspect of Lane, E.W. The Effect of Cutting Off Bends meander mechanics may be related to dis­ in Rivers. State University of Iowa, Iowa tribution of energy loss provided by a Institute of Hydraulic Research, particular configuration or curve. 5â Section IV. Hydraulics

Lindner, C.P. Diversions from Alluvial cross sections are included. Analysis of Streams. American Society of Civil En­ results shows accelerated degradation was gineers, Transactions, vol.ll8, p.2^5-288, brought about by works of man. 1953.

Hydraulic effects of diversions and their Maher, T.F. Study of Effect of Regulation withdrawal of sediment from alluvial Works on Stream Flow, by T.F. Maher, USAE streams are discussed. Factors influ­ District, St. Louis. Paper presented at encing diversion of bed load and varia­ American Society of Civil Engineers Con­ tion in quantity of diversion with angle ference, Cincinnati, Ohio, February 1964. of diversion are developed and supported by analysis of model experiments. One Presents changes in regime of Mississippi figure shows paths of sand travel in mean­ River and the variations in rating curves dering rivers with eroding banks and with with respect to time and stage. Causes no bank erosion. for some of the stage-discharge relation­ ship changes are also discussed.

Linnton Hydraulic Laboratory. Bank Pro­ tection Studies, report submitted by A.J. Mamak, Wiktor. River Regulation (Regulacj Gilardi. June 1, 1938. rzek i potokow). Warsaw, Arkady, 1964. Published for the Department of the Inte­ Presents results of brief investigation rior and the National Science Foundation. of velocities required to cause movement (Sales copies available from Office of of various sizes of gravel and crushed Technical Services, U.S. Department of rock in fixed flume 6 ft wide and 5 ft Commerce, Washington, D.C.) deep. Program of experimentation re­ quested by North Pacific Division,. CE, was Book originally published in Warsaw in terminated before its completion. 1958 includes material on properties of rivers (discharge, sediment transport, shapes); fundamentals of design of river Livesey, R.H. Channel Armoring Below Fort regulation structures, including bank Randall Dam. Federal Inter-Agency Sedi­ protection measures; peculiar cases of mentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, river regulation (estuaries, mountain 1963? Proceedings, p.461-470, Paper No.54. torrents) and flood control. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscel­ laneous Publication No.970, June 1965. Matthes, G.H. Basic Aspects of Stream- This paper is focused upon the problems meanders. American Geophysical Union, encountered in the design of outlet facil­ Transactions, vol.22, p.632-636, 1941. ities for Fort Randall Reservoir project on the Missouri and specifically upon Presents certain fundamentals relating to the phenomenon of the channel bed armoring the dynamics of meandering streams derived that occurred. At Fort Randall the deter­ from extended observations on streams mination of tailwater levels for optimum ranging in size from mere rivulets to as operating conditions included an evaluation large as the Lower Mississippi River. of future degradation trends and probable Supplemented by other observations on dis­ limits. Variables in this problem in­ torted and undistorted experimental models. cluded the transport relation for the fine riverbed material, the amount of coarse material available to armor the bed, and Matthes, G.H. Mississippi River Cutoffs. the degree to which the banks are sta­ American Society of Civil Engineers, Trans­ bilized to prevent the channel from widen­ actions, vol.113, p.1-39? 19^8 . ing or meandering. Natural and artificial cutoffs on the Lower Mississippi River in the 50-mile stretch Maher, T.F. Degradation Study of the Middle north of Vicksburg, Miss., are described Mississippi River, Vicinity of St. Louis. with respect to their effect on river Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Con­ shortening and flood-stage lowering. In ference, Jackson, Mississippi, 19^3? Pro­ connection with other forms of channel ceedings, p.424-430, Paper No.M3. U.S. rectification and dredging operations, Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous these cutoffs have shortened the Lower Publication No.970, June 1965. Mississippi about 25$.

Results of a study of relation in time be­ tween hydrographic surveys and stage and Mississippi River Commission. The Improve­ discharge observations in vicinity of St. ment of the Lower Mississippi River for Louis are presented. Data from 1837 to Flood Control and Navigation, by D.O. present is available for charting changes Elliott. May 1, 1932. 3 volumes. in bed and bank configuration. Comparative Section IV. Hydraulics 59

A discussion of the history, character­ 18 in. wide and 10 in. deep, was built of istics, hydraulics, sediment, surveys, transparent pyralin sections so they could dredging, bank protection, and contraction be fitted together in combinations of tan­ works of the Mississippi River. A com­ gents and curves. Motion pictures were prehensive report; however, a great many taken of the flow phenomena as indicated improvements have been made since 19 32. by objects floated on the water surface, dragged or rolled on the stream bed, or held in suspension. The water velocities Mississippi River Commission. Investigation were measured at various cross sections of Free Nigger Point Crevasse, Mississippi from which velocity contours were prepared. River. December 1950. Two different sets of assumptions were made as to the nature of the filamental Presents results of a comprehensive study velocities of flow around a bend, and a of a Mississippi bank and levee failure mathematical analysis was made of the which occurred at Free Nigger Point, streamlines, accelerations, and velocity Louisiana. Investigation comprised three components by use of the laws of phases: a review of the historical record hydrodynamics. of the area; a geological and soils in­ vestigation of the bank of the Mississippi River in the failure area; and an examina­ Parsons, D.A. Effects of Flood Flow on Chan­ tion of the hydraulic features of the river nel Boundaries. American Society of Civil in that vicinity. The historical record Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the of the area was prepared by the New Orleans Hydraulics Division, vol.86, HY^, Paper District. The geological, soil mechanics, 2^3, p.21-31!, April i960. and hydraulic phases of the study were accomplished by the Waterways Experiment Some general and particular things of in­ Station. terest, learned in studies of stream bank stabilization methods in Western and Central New York State by the Agricultural Mississippi River Commission. Report on Research Service, are given. The studies, Channel Deterioration in the Mississippi for the most part, consist of attempts to River, Cairo to New Madrid, by G.H. relate observed effects of floods as evi­ Matthes. February 27, 19^0; Revised denced by damages to stream bank revetment, July 31, 19^1. to the channel geometry and the qualities of the flood flows. The 60-mile reach of the Mississippi River under study has been undergoing deterioration for at least half a century Parsons, D.A. Vegetative Control of Stream- and was particularly active between 1900 bank Erosion. Federal Inter-Agency Sedi­ and 1925* Description of deterioration, mentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, probable causes, and possible remedies are 1963, Proceedings, p.130-136, Paper No.20. discussed. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscel­ laneous Publication No.970, June 1965.

Mississippi River Commission. Report on Re­ Some factual information about the resis­ examination of Mississippi River Channel tance of vegetation to destruction by flood Alignment for Stabilization. April 1962. flows is given along with many observations and deductions about the role of vegetation Reach under study was from Cairo, Illinois, in streambank erosion. The retarding ef­ to the Head of Passes, to determine advis­ fect of grass on the flow of water as it ability of additional cut-offs. Report varies with grass density, length, age and discusses advantages and disadvantages of time after frost is shown. The protective shortening the river, the results of six­ ability of grass and woody vegetation in teen cut-offs, the remaining major meander terms of equivalent stone size and the loops, and presents views as to what addi­ guiding principles for successful use of tional shortening of river should be vegetation for streambank erosion control effected. are given.

Mockmore, C.A. Flow Around Bends in Stable Petersen, M.S. Hydraulic Aspects of Arkansas Channels. American Society of Civil En­ River Stabilization. American Society of gineers, Transactions, vol.109, p.593-628, Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of 19^. the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.89, WW^-, Paper 36995 P *29-65, November 1963. Purpose of the project discussed herein was to make careful flow measurements under Hydraulic problems related to channel rec­ laboratory conditions, to record, and to tification and stabilization of the Ar­ study the phenomenon of flow around a kansas River, in Arkansas, are considered, stable curved channel. An open channel, as well as the variability of streamflow, 6o Section IV. Hydraulics

the sediment load, the effects of canali­ Canal Banks (Protection de talus au moyen zation and of large upstream storage reser­ d ’enrochements). Bulletin du Centre de voirs, and the relationship between the Recherches et d'Essais de Chatou, no.3? natural and stabilized channel configura­ p.7-16, March 1963. Translated from the tion, radii of curvature, and cross sec­ French by J.C. Van Tienhoven. Waterways tions. Artificial cutoffs constructed on Experiment Station Translation No.63-7? the Arkansas River since 195° are de­ Vicksburg, Miss., December 1963. (Re­ scribed, and data are presented on design search Center Library also has French of pilot channels, rate of development of original.) cutoffs, rate of filling in old river bends, and the effects of cutoffs. Report refers to general theories concern­ ing equilibrium of particles on an in­ clined plane and, by both theoretical and Popov, I.V. Application of Morphological experimental means, defines the optimum Analysis to the Evaluation of the General dimensions for rock-fill bank protection Channel Deformations of the River Ob’. works in terms of angle of slope and cer­ Soviet Hydrology: Selected Papers, no.3? tain flow magnitudes. 1962, p.267-32^.

Study is directed towards setting up a Ree, W.O., and Palmer, V.J. Flow of Water in general hydromorphological scheme of Channels Protected by Vegetative Linings. development of channel and flood-plain U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Technical deformations of a specific river (the Ob’ Bulletin No.967? February 19^9* was chosen). Sediment balance data was used in evaluating these deformations. Results of research conducted by Soil Con­ Considerable flow data of the Ob’ are servation Service in South Carolina are given. given here. Information applies partic­ ularly to soils and plants of the South­ east but is applicable elsewhere in the Posey, C.J. Some Basic Requirements for Pro­ South. tection Against Erosion. Minnesota Inter­ national Hydraulics Convention, Proceed­ ings, September 1-U, 1953? p.85-88. Rzhanitsyn, N.A. Morphological and Hydro- logical Regularities of the Structure of Paper describes basic requirements for the River Net. Translated from the Rus­ protection of fine-grained materials sian by D.B. Krimgold from work originally against erosion by flowing water. Upward published by Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, flow through pervious bed material be­ i960. U.S. Department of Agriculture, cause of induced pressure gradients is Agricultural Research Service, Soil and held to be an important factor in erosion, Water Conservation Research Division, 1963. hence protective layers must have the (Available in Research Center Library on properties of an effective inverted filter, Microfilm.) criteria for which are well established. Neither porous nor permeable membrane-type Author presents averaged characteristics of layers can protect as surely or as eco­ river channels and outlines the regular­ nomically against conditions which might ities of their changes along the length of cause severe scour. the river and at confluences where two smaller rivers form a new, larger one. The individual characteristics of rivers which Price, G.A. Sediment Diversions Through determine the relief of the channel are Distributary Channels Normal to a Major examined. Attempt is made to show by ex­ River, by G.A. Price, USAE District, New amples the possibility of applying the ob­ Orleans. Paper presented at the Federal tained relationships in the solution of Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, problems in modelling the channel process Jackson, Miss., 28 January - 1 February and in calculating the longitudinal pro­ 1963 files of rivers. Chapter Four is on the . stability of channels. This paper discusses sediment diversions in three normally oriented distributary channels on the Lower Mississippi River. Scott, C.M. On the Improvement of the Western Rivers. Academy of Science of St. Louis, Transactions, vol.6, no.l, Raju, B.C. Correlation of Regime Theory p.1*3-51+, 1878-1886. and Tractive Theories of Stable Channel Design. Thesis, Colorado A&M College, Discusses four factors of problem of river 1955. improvement, specifically on the lower Mississippi and the lower Arkansas: fall, volume, curves, and tenacity of bottom and Ramette, M. Riprap Protection of River and sides. Claims that bank protection is Section IV. Hydraulics 6l

more important than levees (early levees transportation, and deposition of alluvial north of Baton Rouge had been swept away). materials. This was done in connection Examines early methods of Army engineers, with extensive study on regimen of many particularly theories of Captains Eads, rivers, particularly of the Missouri and Cowden, and Scott. The author, a pilot on its tributaries, rivers which are extremely the Mississippi, gives arguments in favor varied in their hydraulic and sedimentary of an artificial ’’wrack heap” dyke. In­ characteristics. Here some fundamental teresting from historical standpoint. equations are discussed together with ex­ perimental work performed to ascertain the parameters required in application of Shulits, Samuel, and Corfitzen, W.E. Bed­ theory. load Transportation and the Stable-channel Problem. American Geophysical Union, Transactions, vol.l8, pt.2, p . , Strom, H.G. River Control in Hew Zealand 1937. and Victoria. Melbourne, State Rivers and Water Supply Commission, 19^1. Bed-load studies in the field and labora­ tory should lead to a rational and prac­ Gives characteristics of Hew Zealand rivers, ticad. basis of design of stable channels problems of river control in both Hew Zea­ in erodible material. This paper brings land and Victoria, and improvements used. evidence of a promising agreement between Included are methods of bank protection: most existing data. continuous, intermittent, and current diversion.

Simons, D.B. Theory and Design of Stable Channels in Alluvial Materials. Thesis, Tiffany, J.B. Review of Research on Channel Colorado State University, May 1957* Re­ Stabilization of the Mississippi River, printed by Tipton and Kalmbach, Inc., 1931-1962. April 1962. (Also issued as February i960. U.S. Corps of Engineers, Committee on Channel Stabilization, Technical Report Major objectives of this research were: to Ho.2, September 1963*) investigate validity of regime theories as developed in India; to investigate, expand, Paper prepared for Mississippi River Com­ and possibly improve'tractive force method mission Potamology Board and Corps of of stable channel design; and to relate Engineers Committee on Channel Stabiliza­ the regime theories to the tractive force tion reviews most important results in insofar as possible. A detailed discussion over 90 publications since 1931« Includes of the field phase of the research in­ extensive bibliography and five appendixes cludes description of canals investigated, data collected and equipment used. Review of literature is included. Tiffany, J.B. Turbulence in the Mississippi River. Proceedings of the Midwestern Con­ ference on Fluid Dynamics, First Conference, Stepanich, F.C., and others. Control Struc­ May 12-13, 1950, p.237-26k. tures for Sand-bed Channels. American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Describes results obtained of a pioneer Journal of the Waterways and Harbors investigation being conducted by Missis­ Division, vol.90, HY2, Paper 3895? p.l-l8, sippi River Commission and Waterways Ex­ May 196^. periment Station to measure turbulence in the Mississippi River. Includes informa­ The basic dynamics of flow in sand-bed tion on instruments and examples of data, channels and the knowledge of the mechanics principally those obtained during 1950 of flow over broadcrested weirs were used flood. to develop a control structure for use in alluvial channels capable of yielding a stable depth-discharge relation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on structure also creates favorable conditions Channel Stabilization. Symposium on for measurement of the total sediment Channel Stabilization Problems. Technical discharge. Report Ho.l, Volume 2, May 196k.

Contents: Regulation and Contraction Straub, L.G. Effect of Channel-contraction Works, Alluvial Rivers, by R.H. Haas. Works Upon Regime of Movable Bed-streams. River Control Structures, by John Manning. American Geophysical Union, Transactions, Channel Design for Modified Sediment Re­ vol.15, pt.2 , p.l^-l+63, 193^. gime Conditions on the Arkansas River, by E.B. Madden. Channel Stabilization on the Paper gives mathematical theories in an Arkansas River, by J.L. Bush. Hydraulic attempt to define quantitatively the Aspects of Arkansas River Stabilization, natural laws governing the erosion, by M.S. Petersen. Problem Areas in the 62 Section IV. Hydraulics

Field Administration of Construction Con­ the Arkansas River Multiple Purpose Project. tracts, Bank Stabilization Projects, by R.L. Brogley. The Arkansas-White Cutoff Closure, by Hilton Keen. Channel Sta­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles. Re­ bilization on the Arkansas River, Little port, Channel Protection Against High Ve­ Rock District, by W.E. Isaacs. locity Flow. July 19^9 ; Revised September 19^9 .

U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore. Discussion of need for channel protection Channel Protection Against High Velocity in Los Angeles and San Gabriel River basins Flow; Civil Works Investigations CW-^-52c. where there is extreme drop in elevation. November 19^9« Extensive protective works, necessary to confine streams within definite channels, Review of over 60 installations of channel utilize reinforced concrete, riprap, dumped protection at l8 local protection projects stone, grouting, gunite, reinforced as­ were made to select for further study those phalt, mattresses, and wire fencing. installations that had been subjected to flood flow. Full testing program was con­ ducted at 8 sites, exposed to flood flow, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha. Report and having stone protection placed by on Channel Protection Against High Velocity various methods and different types and Flow. June 1953. thicknessses of filter blanket. Results given. Photographs included. Report under Civil Works Investigation N0.U52F, authorized by Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, describes channel protection U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. of different types as constructed on South Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple Platte River and Cherry Creek (both at Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Denver), on some other main tributaries of Project Design Memorandum No.l, Resume the South Platte River, and on Monument of Project. February 1957- Creek at Colorado Springs. There are pre­ sented photographs, sketches, and perti­ A resume of the authorized multiple purpose nent information showing details of con­ project including design criteria, degrada­ struction and some factors involved in tion below dams, cost estimates, estimated design of channel protection. operation and maintenance cost, estimated benefits, construction sequence, and fund requirements for bank stabilization and U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Com­ channel rectification. putations of Properties of Hydraulic Sec­ tions by the Alpha Method, by I.A. Winters and S.B. Powell. January 1957. U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple This program (IBM) computes certain prop­ Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; erties of hydraulic sections for use in Project Design Memorandum No.5-3 ? Navi­ determining water-surface profiles, for gation Channel and Appurtenances, Normal extrapolating rating curves, and for com­ Pool Elevations and Dam Sites. May i960. puting distribution of discharge within the section. The program has also been Presents the results of investigations incorporated into an IBM program titled made in selection of the dam sites and "Backwater for Subcritical Flow-Alpha normal pool elevations for the within Method," by Theodore J. Albrecht, Jr., channel dams between the Mississippi River July 1962, Kansas City District. These and Short Mountain Dam Site, the shorten­ programs are adaptable to either IBM 65O ing of the river channel with cutoffs, and or IBM I62O computers. The Alpha method the effect on the existing channel. De­ of developing cross-section data for scribes the effect of normal bank stabili­ water-surface profile and other computa­ zation works and additional contraction at tions was evolved because of the need to head of pools. know velocities at various points through­ out The Dalles Dam pool at several dis­ charges for numerous plans of spillway and U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. navigation lock approach channels. Veloc­ Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple ities obtained from the computations were Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Proj­ verified within the accuracy of the model ect Design Memorandum No.7 ? Hydrology. readings. June i960. Supplement. December i960.

Presents the stream flow, flow deviations, U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Gen­ discharge frequency, design discharge, and eral Design Memorandum, Lower Columbia river profile data to be used in the plan­ River Bank Protection, Oregon and Wash­ ning and design of the various features of ington. June i960. Section IV. Hydraulics 63

This memorandum presents the results of size of dumped-stone revetment suitable velocity measurements, including direc­ for use in lining the banks of flood chan­ tions for part of the data, along Columbia nels and streams subject to high-velocity River banks for a total of ten sections at flow. Four sizes of rock revetment were three typical locations with river dis­ tested against velocities ranging from 7 charges of bOO,000 and 500,000 cfs. Also to 20 fps in' a test channel length of 200 included are data on waves at Sauvies ft. Results of testing, including revet­ Island due to passage of 13 ships, in­ ment gradation curves, observed and average cluding Navy destroyers and fishing boats, velocities, water-surface profiles, loca­ traveling at normal speeds. tion of failures (together with photo­ graphs), plan showing details of the test channel construction, and pertinent data U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. In­ relating to each of the four tests, are terim Report on 1959 Current Measurement included in this report. Program, Columbia River at the Mouth, Oregon and Washington. 1 September i960. U.S. Army Engineer District,- Portland. Sum­ Report presents in graph and chart form mary of Interim Report on 1959 Current Mea­ results of current measurements conducted surement Program, Columbia River at the in the lower 52 miles of the Columbia River Mouth, Oregon and Washington. 26 October estuary during three 9-Hay periods: I960. Average Upland This summary contains plates extracted from Date Description Discharge, cfs the interim report and several subsequent 5-12 May 59 Intermediate 383.000 plates covering scour-and-shoal conditions 16-23 June 59 High 558.000 for Desdemona and Flavel Bars, a flow dura­ 15-22 Sept 59 Low 169.000 tion curve, and salinity profiles. Twenty-three stations distributed on seven ranges comprised the locations occupied. U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Bonne­ Contents of the interim report include: ville Hydraulic Laboratory. Bonneville (l) Basic data; velocity, current direction, Navigation Channel Improvement Study. salinity, and tide-gage records, (2) com­ Memorandum Report 1-1, 21 December 1959« puted results; flow predominance, (3) bed- material information, (k) disposal-area Results of model tests'conducted on 1:130-

study, and (5) entrance scour-and-shoal scale model of Bonneville navigation chan­ study. nel, b April - 7 May 19595 for purpose of adjusting model river bed roughness until close agreement was obtained between model U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Re­ and prototype current directions, veloc­ port on Channel Protection Against High ities, and water-surface elevations. Velocity Flow. 1 July 1951*

This report presents the results of an U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Bonne­ investigation of channel protection against ville Hydraulic Laboratory. Bonneville high-velocity flow at ten revetments on Navigation Channel Improvement Study. streams in Oregon and Idaho. In addition Memorandum Report 2-1, 21 April i960. to data on bankfull velocities, this re­ port presents a description of each revet­ Conclusions from tests of present design ment as to date of construction, foundation were that (in upstream approach to lock) material, revetment surfacing material, flow concentrated along Oregon shore thickness of revetment, laboratory analysis crossed lock entrance obliquely and caused of construction material, existing condi­ hazardous traffic conditions and ( in down­ tion of the revetment, and a description stream approach) undesirable eddy adjacent of the watershed and runoff characteristics to fairly high-velocity currents at canal of the area tributary to each general area entrance was not alleviated by deepening that was investigated. channel.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Re­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Bonne­ port on High-velocity Revetment Tests, ville Hydraulic Laboratory. Bonneville Civil Works Investigation U . 1 January 85 Navigation Channel Improvement Study. 1952. Memorandum Report 3-15 29 June i960. As a part of a large and varied program Results of study made of groins, rock fills, of Civil Works Investigations being con­ and auxiliary flow from navigation lock ducted by Office, Chief of Engineers, which were suggested as possible methods Portland District designed, constructed, of improving flow conditions in entrance and operated a test channel at Dorena Dam, to downstream lock approach channel. Oregon, for the purpose of determining the 6b Section IV. Hydraulics

U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle. Green Attack Velocities Against Banks at River River, Washington, Riprap Sections for Bends. Office Memorandum prepared by Study of Channel Protection Against High G.H. Castle. 3 July 1956; Revised lU Velocity Flow, C.W.I. No.1+70. June 1950. December 1956. Purpose of investigation was to study mini­ Purpose of this memorandum is to present mum riprap requirements for protection results of series of field measurements of against high velocity flow, by the instal­ velocity distribution against outside bank lation of various sizes of riprap on an at typical river bends in the Sacramento- experimental section.built on a high veloc­ San Joaquin alluvial river system and to ity stream. Scope of investigation in­ relate magnitude of these velocities to cluded selection of site, construction of measurable river factors in order to pro­ test section, check of in place rock grada­ vide a means of estimating maximum attack tion with specification requirements, ob­ velocities to be expected at levee sites servation of stream velocities and result­ where revetment is under consideration. ing effect of riprap. Measurements were made of 18 typical river bends during December 1955 high flow period U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle. Green River, Washington, Riprap Sections for U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. Re­ Study of Channel Protection Against High port on Channel Protection Against High Velocity Flow, C.W.I. No.VfO; Interim Re­ Velocity Flows, Sacramento River, Cali­ port on Testing. November 1951« fornia. 19^8. Presents data accumulated during high water Years of practice in Sacramento District periods subsequent to June 1950 and partic­ has resulted in the following methods of ularly during high flow in February 1951? bank protection: levee setback, lumber when peak was maintained for about '12 hours mattress, dumped cobble paving, hand placed and followed two days later by another peak rock paving, or any combination of these. of comparable magnitude. Conclusions were A weakness noted in bank'protection works made on the ability of slope rock to with­ is tendency of banks to erode a short dis­ stand frontal attack of river and of float­ tance downstream from the works, leading ing debris. to the conclusion that bank protection should not stop at end of curve but should be carried downstream along the tangent to U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle. Pro­ a point where the channel assumes a rela­ tection Against High Velocity Flow, Civil tively uniform section. Works Investigation SM-3. January 19^9«

Naches-Yakima River Levee is located on U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul. Lab­ right bank at juncture of Naches and Yakima oratory Tests on Hydraulic Model of Inlet Rivers and extends from above the mouth of Control Structure, Diversion Channel, Naches to some distance below junction on Mississippi River Near Aitkin, Minnesota. Yakima River. The natural bank of the Hydraulic Laboratory Report No.62, July river which acts as foundation of levee is 1959- sand and gravels ranging in size up to boulders. For protection against flow Model studies were made to develop means erosion the levee has a riprapped face run­ of minimizing bed scour and bank erosion ning from the toe to within five feet of in diversion channel downstream from inlet the crest. Progressive erosion of un­ control structure. Study verified experi­ protected low water river bank and berm ence that a primary characteristic of has resulted in undercutting of toe and rapidly diverging boundaries of discharge riprapped slope. channel did not effectively guide flow. Study suggested that the prototype caving banks be reshaped, an end sill be added, U.S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa. Lock and and riprap be extended into channel. Since Dam No.15, Short Mountain, Arkansas River, this required extensive reconstruction, Oklahoma; Design Memorandum No.l, Hydro­ caving banks were sloped and paved with electric Power Capability. August 1962. riprap and a sill was added. In this report, the effect of bank sta­ bilization WDrks on degradation and sedi­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Savannah. Sa­ ment load below the dam is discussed under vannah. Savannah River below Augusta, the heading of "Tail Water Investigations." Navigation Charts, i960.

Mosaic of river in 55 sheets showing cut­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg. Hy­ offs, dikes, bends, bridges, etc., but not draulic Analysis of Mississippi River depths. Channels, Miles 373 to 603, Fiscal Year Section IV. Hydraulics 65

196 k, by M.G. Anding. Waterways Experi­ Bank-stabilization Work Performed on the ment Station Potamology Investigations Lower Mississippi River, by H.R. Andress; Report No.19-1, Vicksburg, Miss., Septem­ Existing Plans for Stabilization of the ber 1965. Mississippi River, by R.A. Latimer; Problems Encountered in Construction and Maintenance Presents description of field and office of Bank-stabilization Structures, by R.H. investigations of selected cross sections Haas; Waterways Experiment Station's Pota­ and reaches of the Lower Mississippi River mology Investigations, by J.B. Tiffany; made through FY 196h as a part of the gen­ Soils Investigations, by W.J. Turnbull; eral potamology investigations for im­ Soils Investigation, by S.J. Johnson; Hy­ proving techniques for stabilizing the bed drographic and Hydraulic Surveys, by E.P. and banks of the Mississippi River. Prin­ Fortson; Meander Model Study, by E.B. ciple studies covered herein include anal­ Lipscomb; Bank-stabilization Model Study, ysis of certain hydraulic elements and re­ by E.B. Lipscomb; Field Investigation of lated factors of stable and unstable cross Turbulence Forces, by E.P. Fortson. Vol­ sections using uniform flow formulas. This ume II comprised edited transcript of dis­ approach shows promise as an aid in devel­ cussions on specific questions. oping criteria for constructing training structures. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of Second U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England. Potamology Conference with Hydraulics Con­ Channel Protection Against High Velocity sultants. Waterways Experiment Station Flows; Civil Works Investigation N0 .U52-G. Potamology Investigations Report No.ll-U, August 1950. Vicksburg, Miss., 23- 2*4- May 19*1-9 •

A physical inspection was made of all types Conference was concerned primarily with of channel and slope protection constructed laboratory or model investigations of river by the Corps of Engineers in the New meandering and revetment. Also presented England Division. Hydraulic analyses were were results of a field investigation of made to determine maximum design and ex­ turbulence forces in the Mississippi River perienced velocities. Data on those types and a review of bank failure in Baton Rouge which have experienced velocities in ex­ area. cess of six feet per second, together with photographs and sketches showing details of construction, are included in this re­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ port. Five projects were involved. tion, Corps of Engineers. Turbulence in the Mississippi River, by J.B. Tiffany. Water­ ways Experiment Station Potamology Investi­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ gations Report No.10-2, Vicksburg, Miss., tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Experi­ 13 May 1950. ment to Determine the Directive Energy of a River, by C.E. Bentzel, J.B. Tiffany, Report contains data prepared for presen­ and G.W. Howard. Waterways Experiment tation by Mr. Tiffany at Midwestern Con­ Station Technical Memorandum N0 .6I-I. ference on Fluid Dynamics, University of Vicksburg, Miss., September 19, 1935* Illinois, 13 May 1950. These data con­ stitute a historical compendium of devel­ Description and results of flume study to opment of the turbulence phase of pota­ determine length of tangent distance mology investigations from its inception through which the Mississippi River will to May 1950 and has therefore been in­ maintain itself between consecutive curves. cluded in the series of potamology in­ vestigations reports. Included in this paper also are descriptions of the devel­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ opment of instruments used for taking tion, Corps of Engineers. Potamology the measurements. Investigations Report No.19-1. (See U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg. Hydrau­ lic Analysis of Mississippi River Channels, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Miles 373 to 603, Fiscal Year 196 b.) tion, Corps of Engineers. Velocity Forces on Submerged Rocks. Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No.2-265, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Vicksburg, Miss., April 1958» tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of Con­ ference on Potamology Investigations, 6-7 The development of interest in the hy­ October 19^9* Waterways Experiment Station draulic forces acting on a body in a moving Potamology Investigations Report No.11-6, fluid from the seventeenth century to the Vicksburg, Miss., April 1951. 2 volumes. present time is traced. Various formulas pertaining to bed-load movement, rock- Volume I includes discussion of: filled dams, breakwaters, and drag ££. Section IV. Hydraulics

coefficients are studied. The formulas are sediment brought into the canal by the transposed to show their interrelationship. water. Includes history of stable channel Available data pertinent to the design of problem. Author states that in order to riprap and river closures are discussed use the principles of stable channels in and summarized. Suggested design curves the design of a hydraulic project, it will are given. The effect of bed slope on rock be necessary to develop them in a quanti­ stability is considered. tative form. Proposed program of studies is given in another report.

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Critical Trac­ tive Forces on Channel Side Slopes in U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Progress Report Coarse, Noncohesive Material, by A.C. on Results of Studies on Design of Stable Carter. Hydraulic Laboratory Report Channels, by E.W. Lane. Hydraulic Lab­ No.Hyd-366, February 1953« oratory Report No.Hyd-352, June 1952.

Purpose of study is to determine magnitude Summary of results of investigation by of tractive forces exerted by flowing Bureau of Reclamation, January 1950 - June water which will cause impending motion of 1952, of new improved design of unlined the material comprising the sloping side canals. Particular emphasis is given to of a channel. Only the simplest case of problem of sediment and protection of coarse, noncohesive material acted on by canals against scour. Includes analysis clear water is treated. The force neces­ of channel shapes. sary to cause motion on the sloping side of a channel is less than that required for movement on a horizontal canal bed. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Proposed Program ratio of the force necessary to cause im­ of Studies to Develop Methods of Design of pending motion on the slope to that re­ Stable Channels in Erodible Material, by quired on the level is shown to be a func­ E.W. Lane. Hydraulic Laboratory Report tion only of the slope of the side and the No .Hyd-29^+, January 11, 1950.- angle of repose of the material. A simple expression involving these variables has Studies are outlined which are necessary been derived to given the value of the to secure the quantitative data required ratio, and a diagram is presented to aid to make the general principles, which have in using it. been developed, applicable to engineering design of earth canals so that they will neither scour out nor fill with sediment. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Hydraulic Model Details of methods to be employed, cost of and Prototype Studies of Casa Colorado work, order of procedure, and economic Channelization, Middle Rio Grande Project, justification are included. Technical New Mexico, by R.A. Dodge. Hydraulic details of proposed program are given in Laboratory Report No .Hyd-i+77, May 196l. Appendix.

Purpose of study was to develop information for effective design of jetty fields. U.S. Congress. Arkansas River and Tribu­ Tests were made to establish velocity reduc­ taries, Arkansas and Oklahoma. Washington, tion and recovery relationships of jetty GPO, 19^7. (79th Congress, 2d Session, fields in terms of the Froude number. Tests House Document No.758.), were made with movable bed model of Casa Colorado reach to determine tie back spac­ Includes additional basic data pertaining ing and depth of flow on friction values to the characteristics and problems of the within jetty field. Set of general fric­ Arkansas River channel and descriptions of tion curves was developed, leading to proposed methods of stabilizing and im­ method of estimating time to fill a jetty proving the channel. The following appen­ field with sediment. dixes contain information which might be of interest although the methods of stabiliza­ tion described are now somewhat obsolete: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Principles of I, Includes general hydrology data, channel Design of Stable Channels in Erodible capacities, sedimentation, and run-off data. Material, by E.W. Lane. Hydraulic Lab­ Exhibit A includes sediment problems in­ oratory Report No.Hyd-293, February 10, volved. II, Presents description, sum­ 1950. (Research Center Library has on maries of principal features, cost esti­ microfilm. ) mates of various reservoir projects, and geology at the dam sites. Ill, Includes Report is concerned primarily with devel­ description of the river, stream flow and opment of principles of design of canals channel characteristics. V, Presents flood from the standpoint of freedom of the control benefits. VI, Includes dams for banks and bed of the canal from scour due sediment control. VII, Maps and drawings to excessive velocities of water, and from for the Multiple Purpose Plan on the the filling of the canals by deposits of Arkansas River, plans and specifications, Section IV. Hydraulics 67

typical sections, foundation explorations. Whipple, William. Missouri River Slope and VIII, River charts, project maps and draw­ Sediment. American Society of Civil En­ ings, hydrologic data, foundation explora­ gineers, Transactions, vol.107, p.1178-12lU, tions. [NOTE: Appendixes included in 19^2 . original survey report dated 21 December 19^3, by Little Rock District, CE, are not Project for improvement of Missouri River printed in this House Document.] consists primarily of open-channel regula­ tion, which contracts the natural channel in addition to materially changing its U.S. Engineer School. Civil Works, Open shape. A general description of the meth­ River Regulation. 19^9• ods adopted is given, together with a quantitative summary of the effects of the Includes chapters on flow in alluvial improvement upon the length, slope, width, rivers, training structures, Middle and shape, discharge, velocity, and roughness Lower Mississippi River, Missouri River, coefficient of the natural stream between and Lower Columbia River. Rulo, Nebr., and Sioux City, Iowa. Data are supplied as to the hed and suspended sediment characteristics of the river. Van Ornum, J.L. The Regulation of Rivers. An analysis is presented of the applica­ New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 191^+. bility of various bed-load formulas, (Research Center Library has on microfilm.) involving both competence and capacity, to the prediction of the future slope of the This treatise on river regulation stresses river; and results are compared with ob­ laws of hydraulics and importance of funda­ servations to date (19^0) on completed mental principles underlying fluvial opera­ sections of the river. tions. Presents not only scientific laws hut methods and results of experimental investigations. Includes chapters on Yen, B.C. Characteristics of Subcritical general phenomena (as characteristics of Flow in a Meandering Channel. Iowa City, river channels), works on channel contrac­ Institute of Hydraulic Research, Uni­ tion, and protection of erodible hanks. versity of Iowa, 1965» In the latter chapter are given results of spur dikes, groynes, hank heads, and con­ Study of flow of a meandering channel, com­ tinuous revetment. Reports of the Chief plicated by curvilinear characteristics, of Engineers have heen drawn on heavily which cause spiral motion and superele­ as source material. vation, with velocity and boundary-shear distributions modified. Through an ap­ proximate theoretical solution and experi­ Vogel, H.D., and Thompson, P.W. Flow in ments in a fixed-bed model of constant River Bends; Recent Experiments on a radius, central angle, and uniform cross Mississippi River Model Discredit Heli­ section, the influence of the Froude coidal Theory of Flow. Civil Engineering number, and the width-depth ratio of (New York), vol.3? no.5? p.266-268, 1933« subcritical flow with sufficiently high Reynolds number in a relatively wide Analysis of data from large-sized outdoor meandering channel were determined. models of various hends on the Mississippi Velocity and boundary-shear distributions, River, huilt and operated hy the Waterways superelevation, and growth and decay of Experiment Station, reveals necessity of spiral motion were studied in detail applying a new theory for movement of.hed through analysis of the experimental re­ material. Bed material was found to move sults. Turbulence intensity of flow was toward the convex side of a hend, although also measured. Experimental results are there was no definite flow of water in presented in generalized form. that direction.

SECTION V. HYDRAULIC MODELS

Section V. Hydraulic Models II

Chabert, J., Remillieux, M., and Spitz, J. Inglis, C.C. Training Works Constructed in The Use of Deflecting Panels on a River the Rupnarain River in Bengal--After Model Bed (Correction des rivieres par panneaux Experiments--To Prevent Further Bank de fond). Bulletin du Centre de Recherches Erosion Endangering the Bengal-Nagpur Rail­ et d ’Essais. de Chatou no.l, p.^9-635 1962. way Line Linking Calcutta with Bombay and Translated from the French by F.E. Madras. Institution of Civil Engineers, Escoffier, U.S. Army Engineer District, Maritime Paper No.3> 19^6. Mobile. (Research Center Library also has French original.) Object of experiment was to prevent further erosion of left bank where railway was Describes scale model tests conducted in threatened and to deflect flow away from order to find simple means of correcting left bank in this reach towards midstream. rivers with shallow slope and sandy bed. "Bore" was reproduced in the model. Groyne It was found that it is possible to es­ of stone was designed. Results of model tablish channel through various types of study provided valuable information. bars such as those found in medium depth and shallow rivers, and to cut off branch outflow channels where whole flow is to be Kalkanis, George. Model Study of North Wal­ brought into single channel. Study was nut Creek Channel. University of Cali­ made for improvement of conditions on Niger fornia, Berkeley, Institute of Engineering River. Research, Series No.l675 Issue 1.

Model studies were made of structures to Franco, J.J. Hydraulic Models for Study of distribute evenly the flow through a com­ River Sedimentation Problems. Federal pound bend with strong curvatures. Satis­ Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, factory performance was achieved by observ­ Jackson, Mississippi, 1 9 6 3 ? Proceedings, ing the eroding effect of the flow and pro­ p.508-512, Paper No.5 8 . U.S. Department of viding the unstable sections with riprap Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication protection. No.970, June 1965.

Reviews state of knowledge concerning hy­ Karabatsos, G.J. Channel Stabilization in draulics of natural streams and related Gering Valley, Nebraska, by G.J. Karabatsos, sedimentation problems. Points out diffi­ USAE District, Omaha. Paper presented at culty encountered by river engineers in American Society of Civil Engineers Con­ the solution of sedimentation problems by ference, Omaha, Nebraska, May 1962. analytical means. Opinion is expressed that thé advancement of principles involved Discusses plan of improvement to control in river engineering and solution of many erosion in the Gering Valley watershed and sedimentation problems will have to depend to provide for stabilizing artificial for the most part on laboratory studies stream channels. Major considerations lead­ correlated with results of field investiga­ ing to formulation of plan of improvement tions. Types of studies required are men­ are enumerated and discussed, together with tioned and types of models used for these a description of the basic problems, causa­ studies are described. One section of tive forces, and solutions considered. Re­ paper is devoted to the design, verifica­ sults of model tests are also included. tion and operation of the movable-bed model. Studies in connection with canal­ ization of Arkansas River are discussed. Lysne, D.K. Stability of a River Bed Pro­ tected by Natural Blocks. River and Har­ bour Research Laboratory, Technical Uni­ India. Central Board of Irrigation and Power, versity of Norway, Bulletin N0 .7E, p.18-^3, New Delhi. Symposium on Role of Models in 1965. the Evolution of Hydraulic Structures and Movement of Sediment, 1952. Publication Series of laboratory experiments were per­ Wo.53, 195^. formed at the Technical University of Nor­ way, started as a model study in connection Discusses uses and limitations of models with an actual river mouth which was to be for use in design of training works. The corrected to a slope of 1 :6 for a given following specific examples of successful design discharge. Second series of tests river training by means of models are: was a rather general investigation of block Hardinge Bridge over the Ganga in danger protections with selected quarry rock. Con­ of being outflanked, the Ganga at Garh- cluding tests were made with bed layer of mukteswar near to breaking through a rail­ dumped rock for comparison with known ex­ way embankment, and the Rupnarain with a perimental results. similar problem corrected by a repelling spur. Matthes, G.H. Basic Aspects of Stream- meanders. American Geophysical Union, 72 Section V. Hydraulic Models

Transactions, vol.22, p.632-636, 19^1. publications since 1931. Includes exten­ sive bibliography and five appendixes. Presents certain fundamentals relating to the dynamics of meandering streams derived from extended observations on streams Tiffany, J.B. Studies of Meandering of.Model- ranging in size from mere rivulets to as streams. American Geophysical Union, large as the Lower Mississippi River. Sup­ Transactions, vol.20, pt.U, p.64^-6^9? 1939« plemented by other observations on dis­ torted and undistorted experimental models. The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment .Station conducted a series of tests in a flume 15 feet wide and 50 feet long to Smith, A.B. Southwest Pass-Mississippi River study the problem of meandering tendencies UO-ft Channel. American Society of Civil of alluvial streams. The sinuous channel- Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the development in the flume in many respects Waterways and Harbors Division, voi.86, WW3, simulated the development of an alluvial Paper 26o6, p.129-1^8, September i960. river. Pools, crossings and, later, ox-bow lakes developed. However, this channel Paper examines the heavy high water shoal­ developed under ideal conditions--constant ing and outlines plans to obtain the autho­ flow, uniform bed, no tributaries dis­ rized kO-ft deep channel connecting the charging bed-load. Tests provided general Mississippi River and the Gulf via the data on the natural meander-tendencies of Southwest Pass jettied channel and across an uncontrolled fluvial channel. the Sea Bar entrance channel. Prototype studies and investigations and model tests of a number of possible schemes of improve­ United Nations Economic Commission for Asia ment were made. and the Far East. Bureau of Flood Control. Proceedings of the Regional Technical Con­ ference on Flood Control in Asia and the Petersen, M.S. Laboratory Contributions to Far East. Flood Control Series No.3, 1952. Channel Stabilization. American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal Includes several papers relating to channel of the Waterways and Harbors Division, stabilization and river regulation among vol.92, WW1, Paper b673, p.87-108, February which are: "Control of Rivers Without Em­ 1966. bankments," by J.C. McLean, Burma; "Embank­ ments. and Bank Protection of Taiwan Rivers," Paper summarizes hydraulic model studies by Lee-Tang Sih, Taiwan, China; "A Study for investigation of channel stabilization of Flood Control and River Training Mea­ problems of the Mississippi, Ohio, and sures on the Beas River with the Help of Arkansas Rivers (done by Waterways Experi­ Models," by H.L. Uppal, India; "Use of ment Station) and the Middle Rio Grande Permeable Dikes for River Training of Yung- (done by Hydraulics Laboratory of USBR). ting River," by Shih-Ta Hsu, Taiwan, China; Most of the studies were conducted with "A Review of the Progress on Theory and models of the movable-bed type for the pur­ Design of Stable Channels in Alluvium," pose of predicting changes in channel by S.L. Malhotra and P.R. Ahuja, India. regime, for determining causes of failure of channel stabilization works, and for the design of systems of channel stabilization U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on works. There has been a steady trend Channel Stabilization. Symposium on Chan­ toward the use of models of larger scale nel Stabilization Problems. Technical and with smaller distortion, and movable- Report No.l, Volume 1, September 1963. bed model techniques have been improved and refined. During the past 35 years, models Contents: Stabilization Problems, Lower have made significant contributions to the Mississippi River, by R.H. Haas. Bank understanding of alluvial river phenomena Stabilization and Contraction Problems in and to the development of the design of the South Atlantic Division, by C.P. bank stabilization works. Lindner. Stabilization Plan for the Ar­ kansas River, by E.B. Madden. Channel Stabilization on the Missouri River, by Tiffany, J.B. Review of Research on Channel D.C. Bondurant. Channel Stabilization Stabilization of the Mississippi River, Practices on Middle Rio Grande in New 1931-1962. April 1962. (Also issued as Mexico, by C.E. Hyvarinen. Channel Sta­ U.S. Corps of Engineers, Committee on bilization, Columbia River, by M.C. Channel Stabilization, Technical Report Bubenik. Research on Channel Stabi­ No.2, September 1963.) lization: Recommended Research on Chan­ nel Stabilization Problems, by J.B. Paper prepared for Mississippi River Com­ Tiffany; Suggested Studies and Investi­ mission Potamology Board and Corps of En­ gations by Committee Members, by R.W. gineers Committee on Channel Stabilization Sauer; Hydraulic Models for Study of River reviews most important results in over 90 Sedimentation Problems, by J.J. Franco. Section V. Hydraulic Models 73

U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque. Results of model tests conducted on 1:130- Civil Works Investigation No.858, Report on scale model of Bonneville navigation chan­ Measures for Bank Protection; Use of Steel nel, k April - 7 May 1959? for purpose of Jetties on Alluvial Streams. August 1962. adjusting model river bed roughness until close agreement was obtained between model This report supplements and "up-dates" the and prototype current directions, veloc­ data presented in the Civil Works Investi­ ities, and water-surface elevations. gation No.509--a report and includes a description of design criteria and a method developed by means of model studies by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Bonne­ U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for computing ville Hydraulic Laboratory. Bonneville the deposition in a jetty field. Navigation Channel Improvement Study. Memorandum Report 2-1, 21 April i960.

U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. Conclusions from tests of present design Investigations and Data Collection for were that ( in upstream approach to lock) Model Study of Southwest Pass, Mississippi flow concentrated along Oregon shore River; Prototype Investigation. April crossed lock entrance obliquely and caused 1959* 2 volumes. hazardous traffic conditions and ( in down­ stream approach) undesirable eddy adjacent Report presents pertinent data selected to fairly high-velocity currents at canal from previous data collection programs and entrance was not alleviated by deepening special investigations, and all of the data channel. collected during comprehensive program con­ cerning Southwest Pass and vicinity from October 1958 through November 1957 for use U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Bonne­ in verifying model constructed at Waterways ville Hydraulic Laboratory. Bonneville Experiment Station to study shoaling prob­ Navigation Channel Improvement Study. lems in the 35-foot project channel and to Memorandum Report 3-1? 29 June i960. develop plans to obtain and maintain a ¿4-0— foot navigation project. Volume I contains Results of study made of groins, rock general description of problem, outline of fills, and auxiliary flow from navigation instrumentation, operational features of lock which were suggested as possible data collection program, list of pertinent methods of improving flow conditions in references, and parts of field data. Vol­ entrance to downstream lock approach ume II contains historical maps, summaries channel. of previous investigation, typical shoal formations, and surveys during period of observations. No attempt is made to pre­ U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul. Lab­ sent a solution to the problem. oratory Tests on Hydraulic Model of Inlet Control Structure, Diversion Channel, Mississippi River Near Aitkin, Minnesota. U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha. Gering Hydraulic Laboratory Report No.62, July Valley, Nebraska, North Platte River Basin: 1959. Design Memorandum No.PG-^, Channel Stabili­ zation, Stage I, July 1962; Design Memoran­ dum No .PG-6, Channel Stabilization, Phase Model studies were made to develop means III, April 1963; Design Memorandum No.PG-7, of minimizing bed scour and bank erosion Channel Stabilization, Phase V, December in diversion channel downstream from inlet 1963; Design Memorandum No.PG-9? Channel control structure. Study verified experi­ Stabilization, Phase VI, November 196^. ence that a primary characteristic of volumes. rapidly diverging boundaries of discharge channel did not effectively guide flow. These four design memoranda cover all en­ Study suggested that the prototype caving gineering aspects, including results of banks be reshaped, an end sill be added, model studies, required for the development and riprap be extended into channel. Since of design details and the preparation of this required extensive reconstruction, plans and specifications for the construc­ caving banks were sloped and paved with tion of works in four different phases. riprap and a sill was added. Included in works are drop structures, in­ ternal drainage, channel lining, rock sills and riprap. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Consolidation and Grain Sorting in the Bed of the Direc­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Bonne­ tive Energy Flume, by J.B. Tiffany. Water­ ville Hydraulic Laboratory. Bonneville ways Experiment Station Technical Memoran­ Navigation Channel Improvement Study. Memo­ dum No.6l-3j Vicksburg, Miss., September randum Report 1-1, 21 December 1959* 20, 1935. 7^ Section V. Hydraulic Models

Samples of bed were taken before, during No.6l-2, Vicksburg, Miss., September 23, and after tests in order to obtain data on 1935. grain sorting and changes in consolidation for use in development of movable bed Series of seven tests conducted in direc­ models. tive energy flume indicate importance of rate and manner of sand feeding on bed de­ velopment. Increased rates of feeding re­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ sulted in greater and more rapid develop­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Delaware River ment of bend; for a given condition of Model Study, Dike Rehabilitation; Hydraulic slope, bed material, and discharge, there Model Investigation, by H.B. Simmons and is an optimum'rate of feeding to effect W.H. Bobb. Waterways Experiment Station similar development of successive bends. Technical Memorandum No.2-337? Report b, Vicksburg, Miss., May 196 b. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Report of study made by Waterways Experi­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Effect of Rate ment Station on fixed-bed model of the of Sand Feed on Development in Directive Delaware Estuary to determine the necessity Energy Flume, by J.B. Tiffany. Waterways for rehabilitating the Reedy Island and Experiment Station Technical Memorandum Pea Patch Island Training dikes, which have N0 .6I-U, Vicksburg, Miss., October 21, deteriorated after 50 and 30 years of use. 1935. Test results consisted primarily of cur­ rent velocity measurements and time- Presents model accuracy analysis of two exposure photographs of surface-current sets of tests (total of nine) performed patterns. From this information it was to determine effect of rate of sand feed concluded that rehabilitation of the dikes on developments in directive energy flume. was not justified.

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Experiment to tion, Corps of Engineers. Development and Determine the Effects of Proposed Dredged Maintenance of Navigation Channel, Arkansas Cut-Offs in the Mississippi River. Water­ River, Arkansas and Oklahoma, Hydraulic ways Experiment Station Paper I, Vicksburg, Model Investigation, by J.J. Franco and Miss., April 15, 1932. C.D. McKellar. Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion Technical Report No.2-608, Vicksburg, Experiment was designed to determine rela­ Miss ., August 1962. tive discharge capacities of river in its present condition and after modification by Contains description and results of tests ten dredged cut-offs between mouths of the performed in a scale model of a typical 1 0 - Arkansas and Old Rivers. Summary of re­ mile reach of the Arkansas River of various sults given. Among them was that Chicot plans for channel improvement and stabili­ Point is expected to be severely attacked zation under conditions of normal sediment by increased currents through the cut-off, load. but that the revetment of east bank will resist erosion.

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Development of U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Operating Technique for and Verification tion, Corps of Engineers. Experiments to of Channel-meander Model. Waterways Ex­ Determine the Effectiveness of Concrete periment Station Potamology Investigations Tetrahedral Blocks as Revetment. Water­ Report No .16-1, Vicksburg, Miss., September ways Experiment Station Technical Memo­ 1953. randum No .20-2, Vicksburg, Miss., January 28, 1933- Describes model, material, and development of model operating technique, including Tests were initiated to investigate sta­ verification of model to determine its re­ bility of riprap and supporting materials liability in reproducing meandering ob­ under various velocities of flow, bank served in prototype reach (Concordia- slopes, and thickness of riprap; manner in Scrubgrass Bend about midway between Helena, which blocks nest when dumped on underwater Arkansas, and Greenville, Mississippi). slope; effectiveness of riprap in prevent­ ing undercutting of caving banks; manner in which blocks tend to bed themselves in U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ sand, gravel, or clay; velocity required to tion, Corps of Engineers. Effect of Rate move single blocks not bedded in bank; of Sand Feed on Developments in Directive relative stability of riprap when composed Energy Flume, by J.B. Tiffany. Waterways of blocks. The blocks proposed for use Experiment Station Technical Memorandum were to be in the shape of regular tetra­ hedrons 50 pounds and upwards in weight, Section V. Hydraulic Models 75

to be cast of concrete. Results of each Description and results of flume study to run given. determine length of tangent distance through which the Mississippi River will maintain itself between'consecutive curves. 'U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Flume Investiga­ tion of Prototype Revetment. Waterways U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Studies No.2-35? Vicksburg, Miss., September 1952. for Channel Stabilization, Mississippi River. Waterways Experiment Station Paper Describes model tests on standard articu­ No.15, Vicksburg, Miss., January 1 9 3 ^• lated concrete revetment mattress and ex­ perimental concrete mattresses during Presents in condensed form results of model period July-September 1952. Results in­ studies performed by Waterways Experiment dicate that the two experimental mattresses Station of four points on the Mississippi were more effective in preventing scour of River: Fort Chartres, Brooks Point, Hotch­ the underlying sand bed than was the stan­ kiss Bend, and Point Pleasant. dard mattress, particularly in upper half of the flume where maximum scour occurred. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Studies U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ of Dike Location. Waterways Experiment tion, Corps of Engineers. Investigation of Station Paper 11, Vicksburg, Miss., June Mass Placement of Sand Asphalt for Under­ 1933. water Protection of River Banks, by E.C. Meredith. Waterways Experiment Station Presents in condensed form results of Technical Memorandum No.3-329? Vicksburg, studies made by the Waterways Experiment Miss., August 1951. (Úse limited to Station to determine effects of proposed personnel of LMVD.) dikes at four reaches in the Mississippi River and one in the Ohio. Theory of de­ General objective of report was to deter­ sign of movable bed models used in these mine those properties of the asphalt mix­ experiments is given in Appendix. ture dropped in a mass under water (a scour prevention program in the Lower Mississippi Valley since 19^-6) which will give the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ best coverage, considering spread, thick­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study for ness, strength or resistance to disintegra­ Channel Improvement of the Mississippi tion, deformability in conforming and re- River at Memphis Depot. Waterways Experi­ foiming as the riverbed scours, to river­ ment Station Technical Memorandum N0 .8 9 -I, bed irregularities, velocity of the water, Vicksburg, Miss., May 19? 1936. depth of placement, and economy of place­ ment. General procedure for investigation Model study was performed at Waterways Ex­ included small-scale model studies first, periment Station to determine relative ef­ with finad experiments conducted in the fectiveness of six proposed plans for im­ prototype. Conclusions and recommenda­ proving channel to the Supply and Repair tions given. Depot of Memphis District, CE, located on the Arkansas bank of the Mississippi River at Mile 230 where shoaling occurred to U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ troublesome degree.. Tests are described tion, Corps of Engineers. Minutes of and results presented. Conference on Potamology Program, 5 April 1951* Waterways Experiment Station Pota­ mology Investigations Report No.11-8, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Vicksburg, Miss., April 1951- tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study for Channel Improvement of the Mississippi In eludes review of potamology program to River at Memphis Depot. Waterways Experi­ date and other information on meander model ment Station Technical Memorandum No.89-2, study, bank stabilization model study, Vicksburg, Miss., August 1, 1936. hydrographic and hydraulic surveys, soils investigations, and turbulence studies. Tests described in this report were made to determine effectiveness of three additional plans for improving shoaling problem in the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ channel to the Memphis Engineer Depot. tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Experiment (Previous tests were described in Waterways to Determine the Directive Energy of a Experiment Station Technical Memorandum River, by C.E. Bentzel, J.B. Tiffany, and No. 89-1*) Summary of results and con­ G.W. Howard. Waterways Experiment Station clusions are given. Technical Memorandum N0 .6I-I, Vicksburg, Miss., September 1 9 , 1935« 2 6 Section V. Hydraulic Models

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ banks which would otherwise require pro­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study for tection. Model study was used to determine Channel Improvement of the Savannah River proper location, length, and height of (Miles 188.0 to 178.5). Waterways Experi­ dikes required. Results of tests are ment Station Technical Memorandum No.57-1? summarized. Vicksburg, Miss., January 23, 1935*

Model tests were made at Waterways Experi­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ ment Station to determine the system of tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of impermeable dikes that would develop a con­ Plans for Channel Improvement at Dogtooth tinuous channel of 'J-ft depth and 130-ft Bend, Mississippi River. Waterways Ex­ width. Purpose, initial conditions, pro­ periment Station Technical Memorandum cedure, results, and a discussion of each No.109-1, Vicksburg, Miss., April 2, 1938. test are given on a general data sheet for 2 volumes. the respective tests. Results also are summarized in narrative form. Report on results of experiments conducted at Waterways Experiment Station on a small- scale model of the reach of the Mississippi U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ River near and including Dogtooth Bend tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study for attempting to find a solution for the prob­ Channel Improvement of the Savannah River lem caused by (l) the troublesome curve (Miles 188.0 to 178.5). Waterways Experi­ at the head of Dogtooth Bend, (2) the ment Station Technical Memorandum No.57-2, strong attack on the revetment within the Vicksburg, Miss., June 15? 1933. bend, and (3) the shoaling in the vicinity. Results of the ten tests are summarized. Memorandum includes results of Tests 13 to The model study indicated that each of the l6 (of proposed dikes and cut-off), which plans, with one possible exception, would were made as a continuation of original produce a channel of project dimensions model study (described in Waterways Experi­ without requirement of maintenance dredging. ment Station Technical Memorandum No.57-l)? especial attention being concentrated upon the development and effects of the cut­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ off at Bailey’s Neck. tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of Plans for Channel Improvement at Grand Tower Reach, Mississippi River. Waterways U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Experiment Station Technical Memorandum tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of No.11^-1, Vicksburg, Miss., August 10, 1937. Channel Improvement and Stabilization in the Pryors Island Reach of the Ohio River. Report of results of experiments made at Waterways Experiment Station Technical the Waterways Experiment Station on a small- Memorandum No.107-1j Vicksburg, Miss., scale model for the purpose of determining September 1, 1938. 2 volumes. relative effectiveness of proposed plans for improving the navigation channel of the Report on model study made at Waterways Mississippi River in the vicinity of Grand Experiment Station of the Pryors Island Tower, 111. Need was for stabilizing a Reach of the Ohio River for the purpose of reach of about two miles to eliminate or determining most effective plan of regu­ considerably reduce dredging. Each of the lating works for further improvement and improvement plans tested developed a chan­ stabilization of navigable channel. Twenty nel of project dimensions. Principal re­ proposed improvement plans were tested. sults are summarized in tabular form. Table outlines features of each plan and results which would be expected to occur. Proposed Plan No.17? using system of spur U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ dikes, was considered most successful plan. tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of Plans for Channel Improvement at Swiftsure Towhead, Mississippi River. Waterways Ex­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ periment Station Technical Memorandum tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of No.110-1, Vicksburg, Miss., December 15? Effects of Dikes on the River Bed at 1938. Walkers Bar, Ohio River. Waterways Experi­ ment Station Paper L, Vicksburg, Miss., Report of results of experiments made at January 1932. the Waterways Experiment Station on a small-scale model of the reach of Missis­ Experiment was made to determine an econ­ sippi River near and including Swiftsure omical system of contraction works for the Towhead. The problem to be solved was to production of sufficient bed scour to give determine the best system of regulating a continuous channel across Walkers Bar works to provide a stable channel of proj­ (Mile 88^-, Ohio River) and, at the same ect dimensions through the reaches of time, to decrease or prevent the caving of Section V. Hydraulic Models II

Miles 62, 59, and 57» Individual effects Station Paper 13, Vicksburg, Miss., August of ten different improvement plans were in­ 1933. vestigated. Summary of all improvement works (dike construction, dredging activ­ One of the purposes of model study con­ ities, and bank revetment) simulated in the ducted at the Waterways Experiment Station model is given. was to determine cause of shoaling in chan­ nel below lock and means of preventing it. Summary of results given, including effect U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ of placing dikes. tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of Plans for Channel Improvement in the Vicin­ ity of Boston Bar, Mississippi River. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Waterways Experiment Station Technical tion, Corps of Engineers. Navigation and Memorandum No.159-1, Vicksburg, Miss., May Sedimentation Conditions at Typical Lock 25, 19^0. and Dam, Arkansas River, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Hydraulic Model Investigation, Report of results of experiments conducted by J.J. Franco and C.D. McKellar. Water­ at Waterways Experiment Station on a small- ways Experiment Station Technical Report scale model of that section of the Missis­ No.2-623, Vicksburg, Miss., April 1963. sippi River near and including Boston Bar, approximately nine miles above Cairo, 111. Presents the results of a movable bed model Problem under study was the determination study conducted in connection with the of the best system of regulating works canalization of the Arkansas River. Spe­ which would provide a stable channel of cifically, the study was concerned with the project dimensions over Boston Bar crossing location and arrangement of a lock and dam in its present alignment, or a system of structure in a river bend insofar as the regulating works which would realign the structure affects the movement of sediment channel in this vicinity in a more favor­ and navigation. Part of the studies con­ able position. Eight improvement plans sidered the effects of dikes and revet­ were tested. Results indicated that re­ ments used for bank stabilization and chan­ aligning low-water channel to follow along nel rectification. right bank would produce satisfactory channel. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Elim­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ ination of Shoaling in New Castle-Finns tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of Point Ranges, Delaware River; Model Inves­ Plans for Elimination of Shoaling in the tigation. Waterways Experiment Station Vicinity of Manchester Islands, Ohio River. Technical Memorandum No.2-259, Vicksburg, Waterways Experiment Station Technical Miss., August 19^8. Memorandum No.l8l-l, Vicksburg, Miss., October 20, 19^1. Report of model study by Waterways Experi­ ment Station of the New Castle and Finns Presents results of experiments conducted Point Ranges section of the Delaware River at Waterways Experiment Station on a ship channel for the purpose of pre­ movable-bed model of the reach of Ohio determining effectiveness of various pro­ River adjacent to and including Manchester posed improvement plans in eliminating or Islands, which divide the river into three reducing maintenance dredging in the chan­ channels at this point. Purpose of model nel. Plans tested consisted of: (l) in­ study was to determine relative effective­ stalling structures, (2) realigning chan­ ness of various plans proposed for im­ nel, and (3) constricting cross-sectional provement of one of the channels. Thirteen area of channel. Details of plans and ^proposed improvement plans were studied of results given. present alignment and realignment by means of dredging, dikes, fills, or combinations of all three. Two plans, described in U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ detail, consist of installation of training tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Elim­ dikes. Immediate solution most practical, ination of Shoaling in the Vicinity of Head however, indicates dredging. Results ob­ of Passes, Mississippi River; Hydraulic tained throw considerable light on problem Model Investigation. Waterways Experiment of maintaining navigable depths in alluvial Station Technical Memorandum No.2-356, river reaches involving split channels. Vicksburg, Miss., February 1953.

Model study was conducted by Waterways Ex­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ periment Station for the purpose of deter­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Model Study of mining most economical and effective plan Shoaling Below Starved Rock Lock and Dam, for elimination or reduction of shoaling Illinois River. Waterways Experiment in the Mississippi River near Head of Passes. A movable-bed type model Section V. Hydraulic Models 2 8

reproduced seven miles above Head of Passes, by riverborne detritus and partly from all of South and Southwest Passes, and some littoral transport, in Corral Bay leading of Pas a Loutre and Cubits Gap. Tests of toward city of Valdivia. Of the several improvement plans consisted of a base test plans tested, Plan 7 provided a satis­ and tests of 27 plans tentatively proposed factory solution, which involved.closure for improvement of channel. Results are of one channel, structures to halt littoral summarized. Two of the proposed plans ap­ drift, and reduction of velocities in port pear to offer a solution to the problem. area to extent that sediment could not be transported there in appreciable quantities. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Im­ provement of Navigation Conditions and U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Elimination of Shoaling in Savannah Har­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Re­ bor, Georgia, and Connecting Waterways; ducing Shoaling, Southwest Pass, Missis­ Model Investigation. Waterways Experi­ sippi River; Hydraulic Model Investigation, ment Station Technical Memorandum No.2-268, by H.B. Simmons and H.J. Rhodes, Jr. Vicksburg, Miss., March 19^9« 2 volumes. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Re­ port No.2-690, Vicksburg, Miss., August Report of model study conducted at Water­ 1965. ways Experiment Station for U.S. Army En­ gineer District, Savannah on Savannah Model study was conducted by Waterways Ex­ Harbor and connecting waterways. Problems periment Station to determine effectiveness were: (l) construction of twin or single of proposed plans (jetty extensions and extensions of existing jetties at mouth channel realignments and contractions) for of river, (2) realignment of Intracoastal the elimination or reduction of maintenance Waterway, (3 ) improvement of navigating dredging in the jetty and bar channels, and conditions within harbor, and (U) reduction effects of deepening the channels to UO ft. of shoaling in harbor and connecting water­ Model reproduced the lower 12 miles of ways. Description of tests and results Southwest Pass and adjacent Gulf area; given. various mixtures of granulated plastics simulated prototype shoaling material. Tests of proposed plans for reducing shoal­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ ing indicated that plans involving a curved tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Im­ realignment for the jetty channel and plans provement of Navigation Conditions at involving relocating the bar channel up­ Greenville Bridge, Mississippi River; Model stream from the downstream ends of the Investigation. Waterways Experiment Sta­ jetties would greatly reduce shoaling for- tion Technical Memorandum No.2-366, Vicks­ a k 2 -ft-deep channel as compared with a burg, Miss., June 1953- (Use limited to ^2 -ft channel on the alignment of the personnel of Corps of Engineers.) existing channel.

Tests to determine effects of plans to im­ prove troublesome navigation conditions, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ intensified by changes in channel align­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Re­ ment, on the Mississippi River in the duction of Shoaling in Raritan River, New vicinity of Greenville Bridge were made Jersey; Model Investigation. Waterways by Waterways Experiment Station. Results Experiment Station Technical Memorandum of both fixed-bed and movable-bed tests No.2-3^2, Vicksburg, Miss., March 1952* are given. Proof was established of valid­ ity of assumption of design engineers that Hydraulic model investigation was conducted an effective means of alleviating problem at Waterways Experiment Station of Raritan would be to force the thalweg into its old River, New Jersey, to determine some means course along right bank, thus reestablish* of minimizing the excessive rate of shoal­ ing a long straight approach to bridge. ing in the 25-ft reach of the south chan­ nel of the river. Model tests indicated that realignment of a portion of the south U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ channel, together with closure of the main tion, Corps of Engineers. Plans for Im­ channel by a dike, would afford the maximum provement of Navigation Conditions in reduction of shoaling in the problem area Corral Bay and the Valdivia River, Chile; but would probably increase shoaling in the Hydraulic Model Investigation. Waterways Raritan Arsenal turning basin located in the Experiment Station Technical Memorandum main channel. The dike must have a top ele­ No.2-382, Vicksburg, Miss., April 195^. vation of not higher than mean high water in order to pass high fresh-water flows safely. Model study was made at Waterways Experi­ ment Station for Department of Ports, Gov­ ernment of Chile, for the purpose of U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ solving a shoaling problem, caused partly tion, Corps of Engineers. Preliminary Section V. Hydraulic Models 12

Flume Tests of Mississippi River Revetment, Model Study, by E.B. Lipscomb; Field Second Interim Report. Waterways Experi­ Investigation of Turbulence Forces, by ment Station Potamology Investigations E.P. Fortson. Volume II comprised Report No.2-4, Vicksburg, Miss., November edited transcript of discussions on 1951. specific questions.

This report constitutes the second and final report on preliminary flume tests of U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Mississippi River revetment. Presents re­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of sults of tests 8 to 21 conducted during Second^ Potamology Conference with Hy­ period 24 June 1947-1 March 1949 with mass draulics Consultants. Waterways Experi­ sand-asphalt revetment, concrete blocks, ment Station Potamology Investigations retards, and standard and V-type articu­ Report No.11-4, Vicksburg, Miss., 23-24 lated concrete revetments. May 1949.

Conference was concerned primarily with U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ laboratory or model investigations of river tion, Corps of Engineers. Preliminary meandering and revetment. Also presented Tests of Experimental Baffles, Bank Sta­ were results of a field investigation of bilization Model. Waterways Experiment turbulence forces in the Mississippi River Station Potamology Investigations Report and a review of bank failure in Baton Rouge No.2-3, Vicksburg, Miss., September 1951* area.

Four preliminary tests were conducted in bank-stablization flume at Waterways Ex­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ periment Station during November I95O to tion, Corps of Engineers. Sediment Inves­ obtain indications of effectiveness of tigations on the Mississippi River and Its baffles in preventing caving of concave Tributaries, 1930-31* Waterways Experi­ bank, in influencing alignment and loca­ ment Station Paper U, Vicksburg, Miss., tion of a crossing, and in closing off a December 1931* back channel or chute. Amount of sediment carried in suspension by the Mississippi River and its principal U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tributaries from September 1930 to October tion, Corps of Engineers. Preliminary 1931, was determined by field and labora- Tests of Mississippi River Dikes, Bank . tory investigations. Ten of the twenty- Stabilization Model. Waterways Experiment six observation stations were located on Station Potamology Investigations Report the main river, its upper tributaries, and No.2-2, Vicksburg, Miss., June I95O. its outlets. Results are presented in tabular form. Description of seven exploratory tests, with results, conducted in model May 1950, undertaken to obtain indications as to U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ effects of various impermeable dikes on tion, Corps of Engineers. Shoaling in regimen of flow and the stabilization of Downstream Navigation Entrance to Chain of caving banks. Rocks Canal, Mississippi River; Hydraulic Model Investigation. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-403, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Vicksburg, Miss., April 1955. tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of Con­ ference on Potamology Investigations, 6-7 Tests to determine effects of various pro­ October 19^-9* Waterways Experiment Station posed plans for eliminating shoaling in Potamology Investigations Report No.11-6, downstream navigation entrance to the Chain Vicksburg, Miss., April 1951. 2 volumes. of Rocks Canal were conducted on a model at Waterways Experiment Station. Fixed-bed Volume I includes discussion of: Bank- and movable-bed tests were concerned with stabilization Work Performed on the Lower elimination or reduction of shoaling of Mississippi River, by H.R. Andress; Ex­ fine and coarse materials, respectively. isting Plans for Stabilization of the Interpretation of model results and con­ Mississippi River, by R.A. Latimer; Prob­ clusions are given. lems Encountered in Construction and Maintenance of Bank-stabilization Struc­ tures, by R.H. Haas; Waterways Experiment U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Station’s Potamology Investigations, by tion, Corps of Engineers. Studies of River J.B. Tiffany; Soils Investigations, by Bed Materials and Their Movement, with W.J. Turnbull; Soils Investigation, by Special Reference to the Lower Mississippi S.J. Johnson; Hydrographic and Hydraulic River. Waterways Experiment Station Paper Surveys, by E.P. Fortson; Meander Model No.17, Vicksburg, Miss., January 1935. Study, by E.B. Lipscomb; Bank-stabilization 80 Section V. Hydraulic Models

Paper presents results of two closely re­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ lated investigations undertaken at Water­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Tests of Channel ways Experiment Station in 1932. Part I Realignment Near St. Joseph, Missouri. contains a resume of results obtained from Waterways Experiment Station Mississippi flume tests of materials moved by hydraulic Basin Model Report No.52-1, Vicksburg, traction. Emphasis was given to the study Miss., October 195^* of rates of movement of bed materials of various sizes, but information was also After the 1952 flood on the Missouri River included on riffle formation, values of bed near St. Joseph developed a cutoff channel roughness, turbulence and other factors. across one bend and started a cutoff Part II consists of a tabulation and dis­ across another, the decision was made to cussion of data relative to characteristics developed the upstream cutoff and close of the materials composing the bed of the the lower. Tests were run on the Missis­ Lower Mississippi River. sippi Basin Model at Waterways Experiment Station to obtain data relative to the effects of the natural cutoff on flood pro­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ files both up- and downstream. The tests tion, Corps of Engineers. Study of Mate­ were made in two series--one with pre-flood rials in Suspension, Mississippi River. channel alignment, the second with the cut­ Waterways Experiment Station Technical off installed as it was finally developed. Memorandum No.122-1, Vicksburg, Miss., Results are summarized. February 1, 1939*

Description of study, involving field, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ laboratory and office operations, to de­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of termine quantity and characteristics of Bank-stabilization Model. Waterways Ex­ suspended materials transported at stages periment Station Potamology Investigations covering seasonal hydrographic range of Report No.2-6, Vicksburg, Miss., July 1953- the river, to measure corresponding hy­ draulic elements, and to present resulting Tests to establish reliability of model of data. typical Mississippi River bend in pre­ dicting behavior and effectiveness of sta­ bilization works were conducted in large U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ flume (600 ft long and 125 ft wide) which tion, Corps of Engineers. Study of Mate­ permitted use of undistorted linear-scale rials in Transport, Passes of the Missis­ ratio of 1 to 60. Flume has movable bed sippi River. Waterways Experiment Station and eordible banks. Satisfactory veri­ Technical Memorandum N 0 . I 5 8 - I , Vicksburg, fication was obtained for prototype changes Miss., September 1, 1939* occurring in Reid Bedford Bend during period August I9U5 to August 19^6. Final and comprehensive report on inves­ tigation of materials carried in transport through the Passes. Répertoriai presen­ U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Canal Bank Ero­ tation of basic data without theorization. sion by Surface Water Waves Generated in Covers quantity, characteristics (chiefly, a Laboratory Flume, by R.A. Dodge. Hy­ grain-size composition) and miscellaneous draulic Laboratory Report No.Hyd-506, June information as to hydraulic conditions, 1963. discharge and dissolved content of waters. Purpose of these studies was to determine the erosive effect of gravity water waves U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ on earth material obtained from the tion, Corps of Engineers. Study of the Kennewick Main Canal, Yakima Project, Meandering of Model Streams (Preliminary Washington. The soil is classified as a Report of Progress to September 1, 19^1). fine silt having practically no cohesive October 1^-, 19^+1. qualities. Three placements of the soil were made in a side-slope test section Subject matter presented in this letter of a canal represented in a wave flume. report includes (l) brief summary of model Each placement received the same kind and operation from authorization in July 19^-0 degree of compaction but was subjected to to September 19 I+I; (2 ) discussion of pre­ the action of a different wave produced liminary adjustment phase and observed by a wave generator. The amount of bank actions of model; (3 ) description of model erosion was measured and the relationship tests of practical river problems, as point of the volume of eroded soil was deter­ bar dredging, oblique type revetment, bank mined with respect to wave length, wave realignment, acceleration of blanket-bar period, wave height, and the time of expo­ formation, and discontinuous type revetment. sure to waves.

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Hydraulic Model Section V. Hydraulic Models 81

and Prototype Studies of Casa Colorado Size and shape of equilibrium channels in Channelization, Middle Rio Grande Project, uniform, noncohesive sands were studied New Mexico, by R.A. Dodge. Hydraulic in laboratory flumes 52 ft long in which Laboratory Report No.Hyd-i+775 May 1961. discharge, slope, sediment load, and bed and bank material could be varied inde­ Purpose of study was to develop information pendently. For each run a straight trape­ for effective design of jetty fields. zoidal channel was molded in the sand and Tests were made to establish velocity re­ flume set at predetermined slope. Intro­ duction and recovery relationships of duction of discharge was accompanied by jetty fields in terms of the Froude widening and aggradation until a stable number. Tests were made with movable bed channel was established. model of Casa Colorado reach to deteimine tie back spacing and depth of flow on friction values within jetty field. Set Works Committee for Regularization of the of general friction curves was developed, Rhine. Tests and Study of a Rational leading to method of estimating time to Method of Constructing Groynes on the Upper fill a jetty field with sediment. Rhine. Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses, Bulletin No.38, p.115-133* July 1953. U.S. Congress. Russian River, Calif. Wash­ ington, GPO, 1950. (8lst Congress, 2d Gives description of results obtained Session, House Document No.5 8 5 .) during studies carried out on model con­ structed at Zurich Polytechnical School Survey report considering flood control and to study the stabilization of Rhine bed, allied problems includes a section on chan­ and in nature. Method of laying out nav­ nel stabilization works. Model studies igable channel consisted of construction were made in order to estimate stresses of groynes and short longitudinal dykes. which would be developed in cables of sys­ Method of construction of groynes given. tem of cable-anchored, floating-timber jacks. Wright, C.A. Experimental Study of the Scour of a Sandy River Bed by Clear and by Uppal, H.L. A Study of Flood Control and Muddy Water. National Bureau of Standards River Training Measures on the Beas River Journal of Research, vol.17? no.2, p.193- with the Help of Models. (See United 206, 1938. (Research Center Library has Nations Economic Commission for Asia and on microcard.) the Far East. Bureau of Flood Control. Proceedings of the Regional Technical At request of U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Conference on Flood Control in Asia and an experimental comparison was made of the Far East.) scour produced in a bed of fine sand in a slopping flume by muddy water and by clear water, in attempted simulation of condi­ Wolman, M.G., and Brush, L.M. Factors Con­ tions existing in the Colorado River at trolling the Size and Shape of Stream Boulder Dam before and after construction. Channels in Coarse Noncohesive Sands. U.S. It was concluded that when clear water is Geological Survey Professional Paper discharged at the dam it will cause greater No. 282-G. Washington, GPO, 1961. scouring away of the sand bed than did the muddy waters under previous conditions.

SECTION VI. SOILS INVESTIGATIONS

Section VI. Soils Investigations 85

Flaxman, E.M. Channel Stability in Undis­ data collected in India, and (2) to investi­ turbed Cohesive Soils. American Society of gate, from the standpoint of laboratory Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of analysis, the physical properties of cohe­ the Hydraulics Division, vol.89? HY2, Paper sive bed materials. Safe slope of energy 3^62, p.87-96, March 1963. gradient was established for a range of ma­ terials in which canals are constructed. The concept that the erosion resistance of Results of laboratory analysis showed that cohesive soils can be determined by uncon­ cohesion had definite effect on limiting fined compressive strength tests of satu­ tractive shear, but no limiting tractive rated and undisturbed soil samples is pre­ shear values were adopted for design pur­ sented. Coefficients of permeability poses . Overall correlation between limit­ obtained immediately preceding the shear ing tractive shear and particle size, for strength tests enable prediction of the both noncohesive and cohesive materials, is influence of flow duration and permeabil­ illustrated in graphical form. ity on channel stability. The results are based on soils obtained along streams in six western states. Stream measurements in Smerdon, E.T., and Beasley, R.P. The Tractive conjunction with field observations are Force Theory Applied to Stability of Open used to estimate the boundary between erod­ Channels in Cohesive Soils. University of ing and noneroding conditions. Investiga­ Missouri, College of Agriculture, Agricul­ tions for proposed improvements of a Cali­ tural Experiment Station, Research Bulletin fornia stream are used to illustrate the No.715, October 1959. described methods of approach. Purpose of this study was to investigate a number of cohesive soils, both in a soil McQueen, I.S. Some Factors Influencing physics laboratory and in a hydraulic flume, Streambank Erodibility. U.S. Geological to determine if critical tractive force Survey Professional Paper Wo.k2k-B9 p.28-29. could be correlated to physical properties Washington, GPO, 1961. of the soils. Eleven Missouri soils were selected. It was concluded that the prob­ Samples of five soils were studied to deter­ lem of stability of open channels in cohe­ mine factors that influence the erodibility sive soils can be studied on the basis of of the soil. Soil packing and antecedent tractive force theory and that critical moisture content are variable soil proper­ tractive force in cohesive soils is related ties that control erosion rates so com­ to certain physical properties. pletely that a laboratory-determined "erod­ ibility index" would have little correla­ tion with field erosion rates. Tiffany, J.B. Review of Research on Channel Stabilization of the Mississippi River, 1931-1962. April 1962. (Also issued as Mississippi River Commission. Investigation U.S. Corps of Engineers, Committee on Chan­ of Free Nigger Point Crevasse, Mississippi nel Stabilization, Technical Report No.2, River. December 1950. September 1963.)

Presents results of a comprehensive study Paper prepared for Mississippi River Com­ of a Mississippi bank and levee failure mission Potamology Board and Corps of Engi­ which occurred at Free Nigger Point, Loui­ neers Committee on Channel Stabilization siana. Investigation comprised three reviews most important results in over 90 phases: a review of the historical record publications since 1931« Includes exten­ of the area; a geological and soils investi­ sive bibliography and five appendixes. gation of the bank of the Mississippi River in the failure area; and an exam!nation of the hydraulic features of the river in that U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ vicinity. The historical record of the tion, Corps of Engineers. Bank Caving In­ area was prepared by the New Orleans Dis­ vestigations, Free Nigger Point and Point trict. The geological, soil mechanics, and Menoir, Mississippi River, by R.F. Reuss. hydraulic phases of the study were accom­ Waterways Experiment Station Potamology In­ plished by the Waterways Experiment Station. vestigations Report No.15-1, Vicksburg, Miss., May 1952.

Skinner, M.M. The Influence of Tractive Summary of soil conditions at the two sites, Shear on the Design of Stable Channels. a comparison between the sites, and pre­ Thesis, University of Wyoming, August 1955* dictions of future stability. {Available in Research Center Library on microfilm.) U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Objectives of research were (l) to extend tion, Corps of Engineers. Bank Caving In­ correlation between limiting tractive shear vestigations, Huntington Point Revetment, and particle size into the finer range of Mississippi River, by R.I. Kaufmann. Water­ canal materials through the use of available ways Experiment Station Potamology 86 Section VT. Soils Investigations

Investigations Report No.13-1, Vicksburg, engineering significance. The subsurface Miss., June 1952 * disposition of depositional environments and their associated soil types are shown on 3^- Investigation of bank stability at Hunting- subsurface profiles. The text describes the ton Point was conducted in June and July physiographic and geologic development of 19^9 by the Vicksburg District, CE. Revet­ the area studied, summarizes physical and ment was completed in September 19^9- Two engineering characteristics of the engineer­ failures occurred between completion of con­ ing soil types mapped, and discusses some of struction and end of 1950 high-water period; the effects of geologic factors on river one was deep and one relatively shallow. migration. Purposes of investigation reported here were to determine soil conditions in vicinity of deep failure and to estimate susceptibility U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ of remainder of site to flow failures. tion, Corps of Engineers. Experiments to Determine the Effectiveness of Concrete Tetrahedral Blocks as Revetment. Waterways U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. tion, Corps of Engineers. Bank Caving In­ 20-2, Vicksburg, Miss., January 28, 1933. vestigations, Kempe Bend Revetment, Missis­ sippi River, by P.K. Garber. Waterways Tests were initiated to investigate sta­ Experiment Station Potamology Investigations bility of riprap and supporting materials Report No.9-15 Vicksburg, Miss., November under various velocities of flow, bank 1951. slopes, and thickness of riprap; manner in which blocks nest when dumped on underwater Investigation to determine possibility of slope; effectiveness of riprap in preventing flow slides at Kempe Bend revetment exten­ undercutting of caving banks; manner in sion, located on the west bank of the Mis­ which blocks tend to bed themselves in sand, sissippi River near Waterproof, Louisiana, gravel, or clay; velocity required to move was begun in August' 1950 while revetting single blocks not bedded in bank; relative operations were in progress. Several bank stability of riprap when composed of blocks. failures occurred during September 1950, The blocks proposed for use were to be in affording an opportunity to correlate bank the shape of regular tetrahedrons 50 pounds conditions with stability. Investigation and upwards in weight, t° he cast of con­ included undisturbed sand borings and cone crete. Results of each run given. penetrometer tests, and laboratory density tests, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Field Investiga­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion of Reid Bedford Bend Revetment, Missis­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Bank Caving In­ sippi River. Waterways Experiment Station vestigations, Morville Revetment, Missis­ Potamology Investigations Report No.5-2, sippi River. Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Miss., June 19^8. 3 volumes. Technical Memorandum No.3-3l8, Vicksburg, Miss., September 1950. Investigation undertaken to determine causes leading to failure of Reid Bedford Bend re­ Report presents results of soils investiga­ vetment less than four months after con­ tion made at Morville Revetment, about 7 struction, manner in which failure took miles below Vidalia, Louisiana, to deter­ place, and methods of preventing future mine cause of a large failure which oc­ failures. Volume 3 contains Appendix A, curred in the revetted bank on 30 May 19^9 > giving report on soils investigations in and of subsequent minor failures and bank problem area. slumping. Seventeen soil borings were made. Results of field and laboratory tests are given in main body of report with details U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ of procedure in appendix. tion, Corps of Engineers. Geological Influ­ ences on Bank Erosion Along Meanders of the Lower Mississippi River, by E.L. Krinitzsky. U.S. Aimy Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Waterways Experiment Station Potamology In­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Distribution of vestigations Report No.12-15, Vicksburg, Soils Bordering the Mississippi River From Miss., September 1965. Donaldsonville to Head of Passes, by C.R. Kolb. Waterways Experiment Station Tech­ Purpose of study was to investigate influ­ nical Report N0.3-6OI, Vicksburg, Miss., ence of alluvial floodplain deposits on bank June 1962. erosion along the meanders of the Lower Mis­ sissippi River. Airphotos, borings, and Report maps distribution of soils which hydrographic surveys for the stretch of border the Mississippi between river mile river between Reid-Bedford and Cottonwood- 189 and Head of Passes in southeast Loui­ Fit le r Revetments Were studied. Process of siana with special regard to their bank failure in study area was discovered to Section VI, Soils Investigations 87

be as follows: (a) seasonal deepening of Station, Corps of Engineers. Instructions scour pool in bendways during high river and Outline for Potamology Investigations. stage, (b) oversteepening at toe of bank Waterways Experiment Station Potamology In­ slope causing subaqueous fank failure, and vestigations Report No.1-1, Vicksburg, Miss., (c) subaqueous failure inducing failure in November 1947. remainder of bank. Size and frequency of subaqueous failures, and the shape, magni­ Outline stating objectives, scope, location, tude, and mechanism of upper bank failures methods and procedures, assignments of com­ are determined chiefly by geology of river- prehensive research program for design and bank materials. over-all planning of improvement and sta­ bilization of Mississippi River, with the Waterways Experiment Station as investiga­ U.S. Array Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tional agency. tion, Corps of Engineers. Geological In­ vestigation of Mississippi River Activity, Memphis, Tennessee, to Mouth of Arkansas U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ River, by P.R. Mabrey, W.B. Steinriede, Jr., tion, Corps of Engineers. Investigation of and A. Osanik. Waterways Experiment Sta­ Bank Stabilization, Miller Bend, Mississippi tion Technical Memorandum No.3-288, Vicks­ River. Waterways Experiment Station Pota­ burg, Miss., June 1949. mology Investigations Report No.2-5, Vicks­ burg, Miss., April 1953- Presents initial results of a study of past Mississippi River Activity to determine Study undertaken to find means of alleviat­ nature and distribution of bed and bank ing revetment and dike failures at Miller materials and the effects of these mate­ Bend (just upstream from Greenville, Miss.) rials on river activity, to determine and and the continued instability and lateral outline areas which will experience bank shifting of channel through this reach. caving within the next few years, and to Feasibility of stone dike in place of pile attempt the prediction of future bankline dikes was studied. Four tests are described portions. Number of artificial controls is and results given. increasing and becoming more important but they also increase difficulty of predicting future activity of river. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Investigation of Bituminous Cold Mixes for the Protection of U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Upper River Banks, by E.C. Meredith. Water­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Goodrich Landing ways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum Revetment, Mississippi River, Field Investi­ No.3-362, Vicksburg, Miss., April 1953. gation, by R.I. Kaufmann. Waterways Experi­ (Use limited to personnel of Corps of ment Station Potamology Investigations Re­ Engineers.) port No.l4-l, Vicksburg, Miss., June 1952. Laboratory and field tests were performed Four cone penetrometer soundings at Good­ in an effort to develop satisfactory bitu­ rich were made in October 1951 as part of minous cold mixes composed of as-dredged wet the cone correlation study being conducted sand and liquid bitumen. A range of mate­ under the potamology program. This report rials and mixtures was investigated in the presents summary of soil conditions at the laboratory tests and the more promising mix­ site and predicts stability (with respect tures were studied in small-scale field to liquefaction failures) of downstream tests. A bituminous cold mix was utilized portion of bank revetted in 1951- in paving the riverside slope of one sec­ tion of a Mississippi River levee during the period of, but not as a part of, this U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ study. Bituminous cold mixes were devel­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Hardscrabble oped that satisfied the objectives of this Bend, Mississippi River, Revetted Bank Fail­ study with the exception of that objective ure, Soils Investigation. Waterways Ex­ concerning stability for a period of at periment Station Potamology Investigations least 15 years. This objective can only Report No.8-1, Vicksburg, Miss., June 1950* be accomplished by actual experience rec­ ords of cold-mix placements over the re­ Presents results of soil investigation made quired period of time. in connection with bank failure which oc­ curred 2 June 1948.. Major portion of fail­ ure took place in fine to medium sands. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Most probable explanation of failure was tion, Corps of Engineers. Investigation of that it was due to partial or complete Failure of Wolf River Bank and Preliminary liquefaction of the sand. Investigation of Alternate Wall Alignment. Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No.3-l4o, Vicksburg, Miss., August U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment 1955. 88 Section VI. Soils Investigation

Left bank of Wolf River failed 12-17 May Investigations Report No. 11-8, Vicksburg, 1955 during construction of the 1-B section Miss., April 1951* of floodwall along Wolf River. Cause of failure is assumed, and exploration and Includes review of potamology program to tests on samples from area was undertaken. date and other information on meander model Recommendations given. study, bank stabilization model study, hydrographic and hydraulic surveys, soils investigations, and turbulence studies. U.S. Aimy Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Investigation of Mass Placement of Sand Asphalt for Under­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ water Protection of River Banks, by E.C. tion, Corps of Engineers. Minutes of Con­ Meredith. Waterways Experiment Station ference on Soil Aspects of Potamology Pro­ Technical Memorandum No.3-329, Vicksburg, gram, 17-18 June 1950• Waterways Experi­ Miss., August 1951. (Use limited to per­ ment Station Potamology Investigations sonnel of IMVD.) Report No.11-7, Vicksburg, Miss., October 1950. General objective of report was to deter­ mine those properties of the asphalt mix­ Presents general outline of soils phase of ture dropped in a mass underwater (a scour potamology program, and discussion of ap­ prevention program in the Lower Mississippi proach to study done in two ways: by Valley since I9I+6) which will give the best empirical and rational methods. Views of coverage, considering spread, thickness, each consultant were given. strength or resistance to disintegration, defoimability in confoiming and reforming as the riverbed scours, to riverbed ir­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ regularities, velocity of the water, depth tion, Corps of Engineers. Minutes of Con­ of placement, and economy of placement. ference on Soil Studies, Potamology Investi­ General procedure for investigation in­ gation, 18 April 19^9« .Waterways Experiment cluded small-scale model studies first, Station Potamology Investigations Report No. with final experiments conducted in the 11-3, Vicksburg, Miss., April 19^+9« prototype. Conclusions and recommendations given. Principal topics of discussion were bank failures at Reid-Bedford Bend and Free Nig­ ger Point, theories of cause of failure and U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ report of laboratory tests. tion, Corps of Engineers. Methods of Pre­ venting Flow Slides, by D.C. Banks and W.E. Strohm, Jr. Waterways Experiment Station U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Potamology Investigations Report No.12-16, tion, Corps of Engineers. Minutes of Con­ Vicksburg, Miss., October 1965. ference with Soils Consultants, Stability of Mississippi River Banks, 5 and 8 October Summary of study of investigations of lique­ 19^9. Waterways Experiment Station Pota­ faction of sands accomplished since 1956 mology Investigations Report No.11-5, Vicks­ with the purposes of (l) updating Potamol­ burg, Miss., October 19^9« ogy Investigations Report 12-5, A Review of the Soils Studies, by M.J. Hvorslev (pub- Review of bank failures on Mississippi lished June 1956), and (2) evaluating meth­ River at Reid Bedford, Free*Nigger Point, ods of stabilizing potentially unstable Hardscrabble, and Morville. deposits along revetted reaches of the banks of the Lower Mississippi River. Re­ cent literature describing liquefaction U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ phenomena, occurrence of flow slides, re­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of Con­ sults of laboratory and field tests dealing ference on Potamology Investigations, 6-7 with liquefaction of sands, and methods for October 19^9» Waterways Experiment Station densifying loose sand and silt deposits is Potamology Investigations .Report No.11-6, summarized. The most suitable procedure Vicksburg, Miss., April 1951* 2 volumes. for improving stability of loose sand de­ posits with respect to flow failure is con­ Volume I includes discussion of: Bank- sidered to be densification by the vibro- stabilization Work Performed on the Lower flotation process. Use of explosives to Mississippi River, by H.R. Andress; Exist­ densify loose sand is not considered suit­ ing Plans for Stabilization of the Missis­ able at present. sippi River, by R.A. Latimer; Problems Encountered in Construction and Maintenance of Bank-stabilization Structures, by R.H. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Haas; Waterways Experiment Station*s Pota­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Minutes of Con­ mology Investigations, by J.B. Tiffany; ference on Potamology Program, 5 April 1951* Soils Investigations, by W. J. Turnbull; Waterways Experiment Station Potamology Soil Investigation, by S.J. Johnson; Section VI. Soils Investigations

Hydrographic and Hydraulic Surveys, by E.P. behavior of sediment under a wide variety Fortson; Meander Model Study, by E.B. of conditions. It was shown that relation Lipscomb; Bank-stabilization Model Study, between degree of saturation of water and by E.B. Lipscomb; Field Investigation of gage heights may be affected by roughness Turbulence Forces, by E.P. Fort son, Vol­ of riverbed, erosion of bank, scour or ume II comprised edited transcript of deposits in channel. At one locality banks discussions on specific questions. may be of fine sand and easily eroded; at another, a mixture of clay and gravel will resist erosion. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of Second Potamology Conference with Hydraulics Con­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ sultants. Waterways Experiment Station tion, Corps of Engineers. Stratigraphic- Potamology Investigations Report No. 11-1+, sedimentological Investigation of Missis­ Vicksburg, Miss., 23-21+ May 191+9- sippi River Bank Failure, Fort Jackson, Louisiana, by D.J. Stanley. Waterways Conference was concerned primarily with Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. laboratory or model investigations of river 3-675> Vicksburg, Miss., September 196h. meandering and revetment. Also presented were results of a field investigation of Describes a stratigraphical-sedimentological turbulence forces in the Mississippi River investigation of soil samples undertaken to and a review of bank failure in Baton help interpret causes of bank failures and Rouge area. recessions along the Mississippi River bend west of Fort Jackson, La. Failures of this type are caused by oversteepening of the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ bank in a slowly growing bend way. tion, Corps of Engineers. A Review of the Soils Studies, by M.J. Hvorslev. Waterways Experiment Station Potamology Investigations U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Report No.12-5, Vicksburg, Miss., June 1956. tion, Corps of Engineers. Summary Report of Soils Studies, by P.K. Garber. Waterways Summary of results of reviews of soil Experiment Station Potamology Investigations studies, conference minutes and other works, Report No.12-2, Vicksburg, Miss., October with comments on reliability and additional 1952. research needed. Essential data on soil and hydraulic conditions are presented. Re­ Summary of results of soils phase of pota­ port is concluded with series of recommenda­ mology investigations. Primary findings to tions for future investigations as well as date are that the massive failures occurring for utilization of data so far obtained. in the banks of the Lower Mississippi River 1+2-item bibliography is included. are liquefaction failures, that they occur exclusively in a distinct geologic soil type called point-bar deposits, that stability U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ can be predicted in most cases by means of tion, Corps of Engineers. Rotary Cone empirical criteria, and that stability can­ Penetrometer Investigations. Waterways not be predicted at present by theoretical Experiment Station Potamology Investiga­ analyses. tions Report No.l8-l, Vicksburg, Miss., June 1962. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Describes series of field and laboratory tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of investigations conducted during 1957-1960, Cone Criteria for Determining Riverbank as part of a general program concerned with Stability, by W.E. Strohm and Laszlo Devay. stabilization of Mississippi River banks, Waterways Experiment Station Potamology to develop techniques for use of rotary Investigations Report No.l8-2, Vicksburg, cone penetrometer in the field in deter­ Miss., June 1965. mining susceptibility of point bar sand deposits to liquefaction-type failure. During I96U, a total of ll+ cone penetration borings were made adjacent to conventional borings at five Mississippi River revetment U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ sites in the U.S. Army Engineer District, tion, Corps of Engineers. Sediment In­ Vicksburg. The data were analyzed using vestigations on the Mississippi River and cone criteria previously developed, and the its Tributaries Prior to 1930. Waterways results were compared with predictions of Experiment Station Paper H, Vicksburg, susceptibility to flow failure based on the Miss., July 1930. empirical method using gradation criteria and with soil stratification as indicated Purpose of paper is to outline investiga­ by the conventional borings. The results tions made on the Mississippi River prior indicate that only 3 of the Ik locations, to 1930 with a view to indicating the all of which are predicted to be susceptible 90 Section VI. Investigations

to flow failure on the basis of the grada­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion criteria, are predicted to be unstable tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of on the basis of the cone criteria. The Empirical Method for Determining Riverbank performance of the riverbank at locations Stability - 1959 Data, by W.E. Strohm. where previous cone penetration borings were Waterways Experiment Station Potamology made is discussed. No flow failures have Investigations Report No.12- 1 0 , Vicksburg, occurred at locations of previous cone M iss., December i960. penetration borings, and it is therefore not yet possible to verify the relative accuracy Seventh of a series of reports in which new of the cone thrust criteria versus the data obtained from borings made for revet­ gradation criteria. ment construction are analyzed to determine applicability of empirical method for pre­ dicting riverbank stability with regard to U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ liquefaction failures. Data obtained in tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of fiscal year 1959 are analyzed, and stabil­ Empirical Method for Determining Riverbank i t y p re d ic tio n s are made fo r 13 new a re a s. Stability - 1957 Data, by W.E. Strohm. Failures during 1959 at sites previously Waterways Experiment Station Potamology In­ analyzed also are discussed. During 1959? vestigations Report No.12- 8 , Vicksburg, l6 bank failures were reported along the M iss., January 1959 « Mississippi River near 13 boring locations at 11 sites for which stability predictions Fifth of a series of reports in which new had been made. data obtained from borings made for revet­ ment construction are analyzed to determine applicability of empirical method for pre­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ dicting bank stability with regard to lique­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of faction failures. Data obtained princi­ Empirical Method for Determining Riverbank pally in fiscal year 1957 are analyzed, and Stability - i960 Data,, by R.W. Cunny and s t a b i l i t y p re d ic tio n s are made fo r 17 new W.E. Strohm. Waterways Experiment Station areas. Failures at sites previously ana­ Potamology Investigations Report No.12- 1 1 , lyzed also are discussed. During spring of Vicksburg, M iss., December 1961. 1957? ^8 bank failures were reported at 30 boring locations on 17 sites for which Eighth of a series of reports in which new stability predictions had been made. Since data obtained from borings made for revet­ 195^- "when stab ility predictions were ment construction are analyzed to determine s ta r te d , k ^ 6 boring locations at 59 revet­ applicability of empirical method for pre­ ment sites on the Mississippi River in the dicting riverbank stability with regard to Memphis and V icksburg D is t r ic t s have been flow failure. Data obtained in fiscal year analyzed. Stability of banks with respect i960 are analyzed, and stability predic­ to flow slides appears to be related to tio n s are made fo r 11 new a re a s. F a ilu re s empirical cirteria set forth in this report. during i960 at 11 sites previously analyzed also are discussed. During i960, 1^4 bank failures (6 flow failures and 8 shear U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ failures) were reported along the Missis­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of sippi River near 15 boring locations at 11 Empirical Method for Determining Riverbank sites for which stability predictions had Stability - 1958 Data, by W.E. Strohm. been made. Waterways Experiment Station Potamology Investigations Report No.12- 9 , V icksb u rg, M iss., September 19 59 * U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of Sixth of a series of reports in which new Empirical Method for Determining Riverbank data obtained from borings made for revet­ Stability - 1961 Data, by R.W. Cunny, W.E. ment construction are analyzed to determine Strohm, and A.D. Frandsen. Waterways Ex­ applicability of empirical method for pre­ periment Station Potamology Investigations dicting riverbank stability with regard to Report No-. 12- 1 2 , Vicksburg, Miss., October liquefaction failures. Data obtained 1962. principally in fiscal year 1958 are ana­ lyzed, and stability predictions are made Ninth of a series of reports in which new f o r 17 new a re a s. This rep ort d iscu sse s data obtained from borings made for revet­ (l) failures at sites previously studied ment construction are analyzed to determine and (2) new site predictions and 195$ per­ applicability of empirical method for pre­ formance with regard to both original and dicting riverbank stability with regard to modified classification criteria. During flow failure. Data obtained in fiscal year 1958, b 5 bank failures were reported at h i 1961 are analyzed, and stability predic­ boring locations on 18 sites for which tio n s are made fo r 11 new a re a s. F a ilu re s stability predictions had been made. during 1961 at sites previously analyzed also are discussed. During 1961, 21 bank failures (10 flow failures and 11 shear Section VI. Soils Investigations 9i

failures) were reported along the Missis­ Station Potamology Investigations Report sippi River near 20 boring locations at No.12- 3 , Vicksburg, Miss., April 195t . 15 sites for which stability predictions had been made. Modified classification Purpose of investigation reported here was criteria have proven reliable in predict­ to evaluate soils data, collected by means ing flow failure. of routine borings made in the banks of the Lower Mississippi River, in order to determine validity of an empirical method U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ of determining susceptibility of riverbanks tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of to flow slides. Thirteen sites, between Empirical Method for Determining Riverbank m iles 190 and 871 above Head of Passes, Stability - 1962 Data, by W.E. Strohm and were studied. It was concluded that with W.K. Caldwell. Waterways Experiment Sta­ few exceptions the composition and stra­ tion Potamology Investigations Report No. tigraphy of soils in the riverbanks 12- 1 3 , Vicksburg, Miss., September 196t. studied fall within the limits defined in the empirical method and therefore are Tenth of a series of reports in which new susceptible of analysis by this method. data obtained from borings made for revet­ ment construction are analyzed to determine applicability of empirical method for pre­ U .S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment S ta ­ dicting riverbank stability with regard to tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of flow failure. Data obtained in fiscal year Empirical Method of Determining Slope 1962 are analyzed, and stability predic­ Stability - 195t Data, by J.D. Stouffer. tio n s are made f o r 12 new a re a s . F a ilu r e s Waterways Experiment Station Potamology In­ during 1962 at sites previously analyzed vestigations Report No.l2-t, Vicksburg, also are discussed. During 1962, b2 bank Miss., June 19 55 * failures (9 flow failures and 33 shear failures) were reported along the Missis­ In a continuing investigation to evaluate sippi River near t-3 boring locations at soils data collected by borings made along 21 sites for which stability predictions the banks of the Lower Mississippi River to had been made. Since 195b, when riverbank determine the validity of an empirical stability predictions were initiated, data method of determining susceptibility of from 807 boring locations at 86 revetment riverbanks to flow slides and/or liquefac­ sites on the Mississippi River in the tion type failures, it sites along the Lower Memphis and V icksburg D is t r ic t s have been M ississippi and one on the Arkansas were studied. Modified criteria have proven studied during the period late 1953 and reliable, with one exception, in predict­ 195t. This study is a test of a proposed ing flow failure. method of analysis. Conclusions cannot be considered final, but areas were listed as to apparent stability and instability. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of Empirical Method for Determining Riverbank U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Stability - 1963 Data, by W.E. Strohm and tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of W.K. Caldwell. Waterways Experiment Sta­ Empirical Method of Determining Slope tion Potamology Investigations Report No. Stability - 1955 Data, by J.D. Stouffer. 12-it, Vicksburg, Miss., April 1965. Waterways Experiment Station Potamology In­ vestigations Report No.12- 6 , Vicksburg, Eleventh of a series of reports in which Miss., July 1958 . new d ata obtain ed from b o rin gs made fo r revetment construction are analyzed to T hird o f a s e r ie s o f re p o rts where new determine applicability of empirical data obtained from borings made for revet­ method for predicting riverbank stability ment construction are analyzed to determine with regard to flow (liquefaction) failure. applicability of empirical method for pre­ Boring data obtained in fiscal year 1963 dicting bank stability with regard to are analyzed, and stability predictions liquefaction failures. Data obtained made fo r 23 new a re a s . F a ilu r e s during principally in fiscal year 1955 are 1963 at sites previously analyzed also are analyzed, and stability predictions are discussed. During 1963, 15 bank failures made f o r 18 new a re a s . Performance o f along the Lower M ississippi River at 13 sites analyzed in the previous two reports revetment sites occurred within 500 ft of is also discussed. Flow failures have been boring locations for which stability observed at only three of the it sites that predictions had been made. were predicted to be unstable; however, eight of the liquefaction failures that occurred, occurred in areas predicted to be U .S. Army E ngineer Waterways Experiment S ta ­ unstable. One liquefaction failure oc­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of curred in an area predicted to be stable. Empirical Method of Determining Slope Sta­ More bank failures occur during and/or b ility, by G.D. Jones. Waterways Experiment after high river stages than during 92 Section VI. Soils Investigations

low-water years. The stability of hanks as Water Waves, by E. J. Carlson and W.W. regards flow slides appears to he related to Sayre. Hydraulic Laboratory Report No. the empirical criteria set forth in this Hyd-U65, January 1961. report. However, the degree of accuracy of the criteria has yet to he established. Measurements of waves, wind velocities, and wind direction were made on canals of several Bureau of Reclamation projects. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ The principal variables were analyzed in tion, Corps of Engineers. Verification of terns of the Sverdrup-Munk-Bretschneider Empirical Method of Determining Slope Sta­ parameters. A laboratory study determined b i l i t y - 1956 Data, by J.D. Stouffer. erosion rates for one soil obtained from a Waterways Experiment Station Potamology In­ Bureau project in a 70 ft half trapoziodal vestigations Report No.12- 7 , Vicksburg, wave channel. M iss., June 1957«

Fourth of a series of reports in which new U.S. Congress. Arkansas River Above Pine data obtained from borings made for revet­ Bluff, Ark. Washington, GPO, 1950. (8lst ment construction are analyzed to determine C ongress, 2d S e ssio n , House Document No. applicability of empirical method for pre­ W9.) dicting bank stability with regard to liquefaction failures. Data obtained Includes an analysis of caving bank prob­ principally in fiscal year 1956 are analyzed, lems and benefits of channel stabilization and stability predictions are made for 17 works. However, the recommended solutions new areas. Failures at sites previously to bank caving problems would now be con­ analyzed also are discussed. Bank failures sidered obsolete.. occurred during 1956 at seven sites that had been studied previously. Failures at four of these sites were of the flow type; fa il­ Vogel, H.D. Protection of Beds and Banks of ures at three of these sites occurred in Inland Waterways, Deep Water Channels and reaches that had been predicted to be sub­ Drainage Canals. Preprint of paper pre­ ject to this type of failure. Failures at pared fo r 13th International Navigation other three sites are believed to have been Congress, November 1 , 19^-0 . caused by scour or were of the shear type. Flow failures to date, including failures Lists chief causes of bank failure as at­ reported in 1955 and 1956, have occurred at tack by currents, attack by waves, and in­ reaches of five of the 22 sites predicted to adequate drainage. Summarizes different be susceptible to this type of failure. types of bank protective works. Considers Stability of banks with respect to flow twelve causes of revetment failure. slides appears to be related to empirical criteria set forth in this report. However, the degree of accuracy of criteria has yet Walker, H .J., and Arnborg, Lennart. Riverbank to be established. Erosion in the Colville Delta as Affected by Permafrost and Ice Wedges. No date. Paper prepared for publication in Proceedings of U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Canal Bank Ero­ the First International Permafrost sion by Surface Water Waves Generated in a Conference. Laboratory Flume, by R.A. Dodge. Hydraulic Laboratory Report No.Hyd-506, June 1963. Report is a preliminary statement of obser­ vations and measurements of riverbank ero­ Purpose of these studies was to determine sion made during field work in the Colville the erosive effect of gravity water waves River Delta, Alaska, under the auspices of on earth material obtained from the Kenne­ the Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana wick Main Canal, Yakima Project, Washington. S ta te U n iv e r s ity . The morphology and dynam­ The soil is classified as a fine silt hav­ ics of the riverbanks in this area are in­ ing practically no cohesive qualities. fluenced by numerous factors, two of which Three placements of the soil were made in a are permafrost and ice wedges*. Permafrost side-slope test section of a canal repre­ controls erosion to the extent of causing sented in a wave flume. Each placement re­ formation of a thermo-erosional niche which c e iv e d th e same kind and degree o f compac­ at the same time produces an overhanging tion but was subjected to the action of a "cornice," which occurs commonly also in different wave produced by a wave generator. Siberia. Ice wedges provide lines of weak­ The amount of bank erosion was measured and ness along which fracture is likely to occur the relationship of the volume of eroded during bank collapse, and also control bank soil was determined with respect, to wave f oim in areas of dense peat. length, wave period, wave height, and the time of exposure to waves. Walker, H .J., and Morgan, H.M. Unusual Weather and River Bank Erosion in the Delta U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Progress Report of the Colville River, Alaska. Coastal I, Canal Bank Erosion Due to Wind-generated Studies Institute, Louisiana State Section VI. Soils Investigations 93

University, Contribution No.6^-3; Arctic maintenance of the ^-foot navigation Coastal Studies Technical Report No.22, project. Stabilization works consist of Part A, May 15, 196^. Reprinted from Arctic, permeable pile dikes and bank revetments. Journal of the Arctic Institute of North America, vol. 17, no.l, March 196^. Weller, H.E. Bank Protection on the Missis­ Summer of 1961 brought floods and high sippi River and Tributaries, by H.E. Weller, ■westerly winds which caused erosion along Mississippi River Commission. Permanent the east banks of the several branches of International Association of Navigation the Colville River Delta. Maximum under­ Congresses, Bulletin No.37, P-3-19? January cutting (up to 30 feet) occurred on sandy 1953. banks. Although it is probable that some collapse of banks occurs every summer, it is A brief discussion of the causes of bank unlikely that the great amount of collapse failures, the methods used to control ero­ observed during the 1961 season is a common sion, and the magnitude of the problem. occurrence.

Wolman, M.G. Factors Influencing Erosion of Wall, W.J. The Influence of Soil Types on a Cohesive River Bank. American Journal the Stabilization of the Savannah River of Science, vol.257, p.20^-216, 1959« Navigation Channel. Paper prepared for (Research Center Library has on microfilm.) presentation at ASCE Water Resources Engi­ neering Conference, Mobile, Alabama, March Preliminary analysis of several factors 8-12, 1965, Conference Preprint No.173» responsible for erosion of cohesive river- bank (e.g. 85 percent observed erosion oc­ Contain study of gradation of soil which curred during winter months) indicates that comprise the bottom, banks, and bluffs of there is perhaps a correlation between Savannah River and the influence of these precipitation and erosion during selected gradations on channel stabilization problems. intervals of time, also a relationship Basic information includes sieve analyses of between frost action and erosion. This soil samples and a discussion of some of the study was made on channel (20 feet wide) problems of planning, construction and of Watts Branch near Rockville, Md.

SECTION VII. INSTRUMENTATION AND FIELD SURVEYS

Section VII. Instrumentation and Field Surveys 2 1

Geotechnics and Resources, Inc., Geophysics Stabilization of the Mississippi River, Division. Subaqueous Seismic Refraction 1931-1962. April 1962. (Also issued as U. S. Surveys, Mississippi River. April 1961. Corps of Engineers, Committee on Channel Stabilization, Technical Report No.2, Work was carried out under contract for September 1963•) USCE Vicksburg District. Purpose of survey was to apply the techniques of seismic re­ Paper prepared for Mississippi River Com­ fraction studies to the problem of identify­ mission Potamology Board and Corps of Engi­ ing and mapping the submerged, articulated neers Committee on Channel Stabilization concrete mattresses utilized in river bank reviews most important results in over 90 protection work. Areas studied were in publications since 1931* Includes extensive Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas. Re­ bibliography and five appendixes. sults were presented in five groups of plates. Tiffany, J.B. Turbulence in the Mississippi River. Proceedings of the Midwestern Con­ Kinori, B.Z., and Ben-Zvi, A. Stability of ference on Fluid Dynamics, First Conference, Earth Channels in Cohesive Soils. In Hydro- May 12-13, 1950, p .237-26k. technical Research at the Technion; Papers Presented at the Hydraulic Symposium, held Describes results obtained of a pioneer in­ 26 May 1965 at Technion City. Haifa, vestigation being conducted by Mississippi Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, River Commission and Waterways Experiment Hydraulics Laboratory, 1965. Station to measure turbulence in the Missis­ sippi River. Includes information on in­ Study confined to problem of scour in co­ struments and examples of data, principally hesive soils. Object was (l) to determine those obtained during 1950 flood. forces acting at the bottom and banks of a channel in'cohesive soil, due to flow of water, and (2) to determine soil properties U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ governing onset of scour and capable of tion, Corps of Engineers. Hydrographic and quantitative evaluation. A new instrument Hydraulic Investigations of Mississippi for determining the hydraulic shear strength River Revetments, Field Investigations. of soils is. described and some of the re­ Waterways Experiment Station Potamology sults obtained are presented. Investigations Report No.17-1, Vicksburg, Miss., April 195^-*

Mississippi River Commission, and U. S. Army Presents results of hydraulic field investi­ Engineer Division, Lower Mississippi Valley. gations conducted during the period June Report of Conclusions Concerning Bank Pro­ 19^8 to May 1951 of revetments at Reid Bed­ tection Work Based on General Underwater ford Bend, False Point, and Bauxippi-Wyanoke Survey of Bank Protection Work (Cairo, 111., in the Mississippi River. to New Orleans, La. - Aug. 1 to Nov. 315 1931) Consisting of Text and Appendixes A, B, C, D, and E. May 1932. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Investigation of Thorough and comprehensive survey was made Mass Placement of Sand Asphalt for Under­ of 538 sections on Mississippi River. water Protection of River Banks, by E.C. Trained divers traveled along an instrumen- Meredith. Waterways Experiment Station tally located path over the mattress, in­ Technical Memorandum No.3-329, Vicksburg, vestigating condition of bank protection Miss., August 1951* (Use limited to per­ works and reporting findings by phone to sonnel of LMVD.) the surface. Samples of mattress materials and fastenings were freely taken. Data General objective of report was to deter­ obtained were compared and coordinated with mine those properties of the asphalt mix­ data as to original condition and position ture dropped in a mass underwater (a scour of work. This report summarizes conclusions. prevention program in the Lower Mississippi Underwater survey shows that a mattress to Valley since 19^-6) which will give the best be successful must be flexible, impermeable coverage, considering spread, thickness, and have high tensile strength both later­ strength or resistance to disintegration, ally and longitudinally. Recommendation is deformability in conforming and reforming that only the improved articulated concrete as the riverbed scours, to riverbed ir­ mattress as covered by approved current regularities, velocity of the water, depth specifications be used, with the expecta­ of placement, and economy of placement. tion that future improvements would be made General procedure for investigation in­ in design. Detailed report and-Appendixes cluded small-scale model studies first, A-E accompany this paper. with final experiments conducted in the prototype. Conclusions and recommendations given. Tiffany, J. B. Review of Research on Channel Section VII. Instrumentation and Field. Surveys

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of Con­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Turbulence in ference on Potamology Investigations, 15 the Mississippi River, by J.B. Tiffany. March 19^8. Waterways Experiment Station Waterways Experiment Station Potamology Potamology Investigations Report No.11-1, Investigations Report No.10-2, Vicksburg, Vicksburg, Miss., March 19^-8. Miss., 13 May 1950*

Transcription of talks and discussions at Report contains data prepared for presenta­ conference; included are remarks on "River tion by Mr. Tiffany at Midwestern Confer­ Meander Study," by G.B. Fenwick, "Revetment ence on Fluid Dynamics, University of Investigation," by J.J. Franco, and "instru­ Illinois, 13 May 1950- These data consti­ mentation," by E.H. Woodman. tute a historical compendium of development of the turbulence phase of potamology in­ vestigations from its inception to May 1950 U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ and has therefore been included in the tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of Con­ series of potamology investigations reports. ference on Potamology Investigations, 6-7 Included in this paper also are descriptions October 19^+9* Waterways Experiment Station of the development of instruments used for Potamology Investigations Report No.11-6, taking the measurements. Vicksburg, Miss., April 1951* 2 volumes.

Volume I includes discussion of: Bank- Van Reenan, E.D. Acoustic Study of Missis­ stabilization Work Performed on the Lower sippi River Revetments. Edgerton, Germes- Mississippi River, by H.R. Andress; Exist­ hausen and Grier, Inc., Report No.B-2370, ing Plans for Stabilization of the Missis­ 21 May 1962. sippi River, by R.A. Latimer; Problems Encountered in Construction and Maintenance Experimental study was performed for the of Bank-stabilization Structures, by R.H. U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans, Haas; Waterways Experiment Station’s Pota­ to determine feasibility of using acoustic mology Investigations, by J.B. Tiffany; methods to delineate asphalt and concrete Soils Investigations, by W.J. Turnbull; revetments in the Mississippi River. Sev­ Soils Investigation, by S.J. Johnson; eral acoustic devices were tested; most Hydrographic and Hydraulic Surveys, by effective of these was a specially modified E.P. Fortson; Meander Model Study, by 12-kilocycle EG&G Sonar Pinger combined E.B. Lipscomb; Bank-stabilization Model with a high-resolution recorder. During Study, by E.B. Lipscomb; Field Investiga­ this feasibility study, the Pinger was tion of Turbulence Forces, by E.P. Fortson. tested in six revetment areas representing Volume II comprised edited transcript of a wide variety of sediment conditions, and discussions on specific questions. it was consistently successful in delineat­ ing asphalt and concrete revetments even when the revetments were buried up to five U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ or six feet by sediment. Results were cor­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Report of First roborated at Greenwood Revetment by operat­ Potamology Conference with Hydraulics Con­ ing a probe alongside the Pinger. Data sultants . Waterways Experiment Station obtained by the Pinger and the probe were Potamology Investigations Report No.11-2, in close agreement as to depths to the mat­ Vicksburg, Miss., December 19^-8. tress, amount of fill, and absence of mat­ tress. A special system to locate revet­ Conference was concerned principally with ments can be designed by incorporating re- field investigations for bank stabilization, silts of this study. engineering aspects of revetment and in­ strumentation for field investigation. SECTION VIII. CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT AND STABILIZATION MEASURES

Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 101

Ahmad, M. Spacing and Projection of Spurs Subject matter is confined to rivers in the for Bank Protection. Civil Engineering United States. Appendixes list glossary (London), vol.46, no.537, p.172-174, and bibliography. Discussion by Rudolf March; no.538, p.256-258, April 1951. Hertzberg appears in Journal of the Water­ ways and Harbors Division, May 1965? Determination of optimum length of spurs p.59-60. and optimum distance between them; report on tests. American Society of Civil Engineers, Water­ ways Division, Committee on Regulation and Ahmad, Mushtaq. Experiments on Design and Stabilization of Rivers by Open Channel Behavior of Spur Dikes. Minnesota Inter­ Work. Bank Stabilization Manual. 1947- national Hydraulics Convention, Proceed­ 1948. (Available on loan from Mississippi ings, September 1-4, 19535 p.145-159* River Commission Library.)

The problem of scour depth at a spur dike Draft of manual contains six chapters: has been subjected to dimensional analysis Considerations Which Determine Whether to find different nondimensional terms Navigability is to be Attained by Open which require study. Experiments have been Channel Methods or by Locks and Dams, by made to study the effect of discharge in­ Malcolm Elliott; Discharge and Sediment tensity, sand grade, flow concentration, Relationships in a River, by L.G. Straub; and angle of the spur dike to flow on the Alignment as it Affects Open Channel Meth­ scour depth and scour pattern around a spur ods of Improvement, by J.F. Friedkin; Soil dike. Characteristics of Bed and Banks as they Affect Open Channel Improvement, by Charles Senour; Contraction Works and Bank Stabili­ American Society of Civil Engineers, Commit­ zation, by R.L. Huber; Dredging, by L.B. tee of the Construction Division on Flood Feagin. Control. Construction Plant and Methods for Flood Control on the Lower Mississippi River and Similar Streams. American Arkansas River Being Confined at Chronic Society of Civil Engineers, Manuals of Trouble Tract. Construction News, vol.27, Engineering Practice No.12, 1936. no.42, p.58, October 19, i960.

Manual concerns materials, methods of Brief article on revetment mattresses, application, and equipment used in levees, riprap stone, and pile dikes used at bank stabilization work, and channel con­ lower Cummins Bend on the Arkansas near struction. Reydel, Arkansas. Photographs given.

American Society of Civil Engineers, Water­ Articulated Block Revetment Replaces Upper ways and Harbors Division, Task Committee Bank Slabs. Engineering News-Record, on Channel Stabilization Works. Channel vol.uA, no.22, p.773-771^, May 30, 1935. Stabilization on Alluvial Rivers. 1964. Brief article describes practice of con­ Mimeographed copy of paper prepared for tinuing underwater articulated-concrete- presentation at Transportation Engineer­ block mat construction to crest of river ing Conference, ASCE, Cincinnati, Ohio, bank. February l8, 1964. Published version appears in Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, February 1965. Asbeck, W.F., van. Bitumen in Hydraulic Engineering, vol.l. London, Shell Inter­ national Petroleum Co., Ltd., 1959« American Society of Civil Engineers, Water­ ways and Harbors Division, Task Commit­ Includes section on river dikes and banks, tee on Channel Stabilization Works. Chan­ specifically bank protection on the Tagus, nel Stabilization of Alluvial Rivers, the Congo, the Mississippi and the Seine. Progress Report. American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.91? Asbeck, W.F., van. Bitumen in Hydraulic WWI, Paper 4236, p.7-37, February 1965. Engineering, vol.2. New York, Elsevier Publishing Co., 1964. Task Committee on Channel Stabilization, formed February i960, has arranged for Includes section on river bank protection twenty-six papers (to date) that were with asphalt or asphalt grout in The presented at conventions and conferences. Netherlands, France, Italy? and India. These papers were studied, and in addition, all available literature reviewed. This report is a summary of these papers. Asbeck, W.F., van. A Review of Asphalt 102 Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

Construction in Hydraulics in Europe. Bank-revetment Developments on the Missis­ Paper presented at First Western Con­ sippi River: Pt.l, Asphalt Mat Revetment; ference on Asphalt in Hydraulics, Uni­ Pt.2, Tetrahedron-block Revetment. Engi­ versity of Utah, 1955« neering News-Record, voi.112, no.26, p.825-830, June 28; voi.1135 no.l, p.5-8, Includes one brief section on river and July 5, 193^. navigable canal banks. Asphalt grouted bank protection is used on the Amsterdam- Two-part article describes sheet asphalt Rhine Canal, the Tagus, an estuary of the mats and tetrahedral-shaped concrete blocks Seine near LeHavre, and the Suez Canal. over a gravel mat, studied by the New Orleans, Vicksburg, and Memphis Districts of the Corps of Engineers. Asphalt Mattress for Canal Bank Protection. Shell Bitumen Review, vol.l, no.l, p.7-9? Spring 1957. Barsdale, R.W. Bank Protection on Central Valley Streams. American Society of Civil Short article on full-scale trials carried Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the out in 195^ on the Suez Canal. Local con­ Waterways and Harbors Division, vo‘1.86, ditions involved were: high salt content WWU, Paper 26^2, p.1-15, November i960. of water, variation in water level, changes in atmospheric temperature, and waves cre­ Describes corrective measures that have ated by ships. generally proven satisfactory in the Cen­ tral Valley of California for various types of channels varying from tidal waters to Asphalt Paving Extended on Willamette River foothill streams. Two basic solutions to Levees. Western Construction News, vol.12, bank erosion problem have been developed: no. 9? P.36U-366, September 1937. to construct levees on a setback alignment sheltered from waves and current and to Army Engineers, continuing experiments be­ confine the river to a definite narrow gun in 1936 to protect gravel-fill banks, channel. used three new types of asphalt pavement slab, including wire-mesh reinforced plant- mix wearing surface and penetration type Batalin, R.I. Application of Transverse base courses. Circulation Methods to Problems of Erosion and Siltation. Dock & Harbour Authority, vol.Ul, no. 1+86, p.U07-U08, April 1961. Asphalt Used to Protect Revetments in Experiment to Control Bank Erosion. Method of transverse circulation has been Western Construction News, vol.12, no.2, developed in the U.S.S.R. and numerous p.52-5^, February 1937- protection works of deflector type have been installed in rivers of European and Brief article describes work of U.S. Asian Russia. Their effectiveness has been Army Engineers in laying test sections of checked in hydraulic laboratories and on penetration type aspahltic paving to the performance of existing installations. prevent raveling of protective gravel-fill The author designed deflector grids and banks on Willamette River. systems for installations on the Ganges Kobadak Project, East Pakistan.

Baker, R.C. Casting Articulated Concrete Mattress, by R.C. Baker, USAE District, Beach, L.H. Work of the Corps of Engineers Vicksburg. Paper presented at National on the Lower Mississippi. In Paper No. 15^-5? Meeting, American Society of Civil Engi­ "The River and Harbor Problems of the neers, New Orleans, La., March i960. Lower Mississippi; A Symposium." American Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, A discussion covering materials, design, vol.87, p.972-978, 192k. and production of articulated concrete used in Mississippi River revetments. Paper presented at Spring Meeting of ASCE at New Orleans, April 1923» Historical resume, including beginning of Mississippi Bank Protection on the Mississippi River. River Commission. Engineering, vol.1^3? p.2^9-252, March 5; p.277-280, March 12; p.3^0-3^1, March 26, 1937. Besson, F.S. Asphalt Revetments Tested by Floods of Two Seasons. Western Construc­ Three-part article giving resume of char­ tion News, vol.lU, no.^, p.128-130, April acteristics of Mississippi River and need 1939. for protection. Gives particular attention to reinforced asphalt mattresses. Willamette River bank protection experi­ ments demonstrate the treatment to be Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 103

economical and durable under favorable comprehensive investigation to develop conditions. rational design procedures is suggested.

Bittman, G.V. Asphaltic Concrete Channel Boswell, J.I. Mississippi River Revetment, Protection as Used by the Los Angeles Plant Methods, by J.I. Boswell, USAE County Flood Control District. Asphalt District, Vicksburg. Paper presented at Forum (published by Asphalt Institute, Rational Meeting, American Society of Pacific Coast Division), vol.7* no.2, Civil Engineers, Wew Orleans, La., March Fourth Quarter 19MK i960.

A discussion of plant, methods of planning, Bjork, G.E. Asphalt Used in Experiment to design, and construction of Mississippi Consolidate Columbia River Jetty. Western River revetments. Construction News, vol.12, no.3> p.89-92, March 1937. Bradley, J.A. Reed-backed Fences for Chan­ Large scale test made by Army Engineers nel Protection. Civil Engineering (Wew in effort to prevent destructive ravel­ York), vol.l^, no.95 P.387-388, September ing of South Jetty (sea end), placed to 19^. prevent shifting of channel. Conclusions were that adhering of asphaltic concrete Since flood of March 1938 the Orange County to large stones was doubtful. (Calif.) Flood Control District has con­ structed several miles of channel protec­ tion works of different classes. One of Blanquet, P.A. Memorandum on Bank Protection the most successful and economical types in America and in Holland (Mémoire sur les consists of wire-mesh fencing supported protections des berges en Amérique et en on rail or pipe piles cabled together and Hollande). Translated from the French by backed up with reeds tied in bundles and M.M. Welch. Waterways Experiment Station securely attached by means of wire ties. Translation Wo.53-3? Vicksburg, Miss., Several photographs given. March 1953.

In order to study methods of bank erosion Brown, Lytle. Flood Control and Channel caused by wave wash in the Suez Canal, an Maintenance on the Lower Mississippi official investigation was made by Chief River. Civil Engineering (Wew York), Engineer of the Suez Canal Company on vol.l, no.9, p.8l5-820, June 1931. preventative measures used in the United States (on the Mississippi) and in Europe Contains brief description, with several (especially Holland). This report is an photographs, of types of bank protection account of the information obtained and in use. deductions made for application on the Suez. Brown, Lytle. Mississippi Flood Control. Engineering Wews-Record, vol.lOU, no.6, Bondurant, D.C. Channel Rectification Struc­ P.227-231, February 6 , 1930. tures. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, 1963, Article of general nature; contains only Proceedings, p.353-357? Paper WoA0. U.S. brief section on revetment. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication Wo.970, June 1965. Bush, J.L. Channel Stabilization on the Channel rectification structures are uti­ Arkansas River, by J.L. Bush, USAE District, lized to prevent erosion of the banks, Tulsa. American Society of Civil Engineers, guide the flow along a desired alignment, Proceedings, Journal of the Waterways restrict the flow to an effective waterway, and Harbors Division, vol.88, WW2, Paper or various combinations thereof. In most 3126, p.51-67, May 1962. instances, these structures involve solid or permeable revetments or guide structures Describes the structures used for bank of varied types of materials and construc­ stabilization and channel rectification of tion. There are few, if any, rational the Arkansas River in Oklahoma between methods for design of such projects, and it Short Mountain, Oklahoma and Fort Smith, is usually necessary to plan the layout Arkansas, as part of the multiple-purpose wholly on the basis of experience and plan of development of the Arkansas River judgement. There is no attempt herein to and tributaries in Arkansas and eastern present design criteria; rather, the areas Oklahoma. of influence of various components are noted, the deficiencies in knowledge are pointed out, and the desirability of a Byers, W.G_. Stabilization of Canadian River 10k Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

at Canadian, Texas. American Society of cut-offs, corrective dredging and follow-up Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of stabilization, is described here as an out­ the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.88, standing example of comprehensive river WW3, Paper 3214, p.13-26, August 1962. stabilization. This type of improvement lends itself to stage construction and A system of permeable steel jetties was in­ therefore has significance for inhabitants stalled in 1926 in the Canadian River near along unimproved alluvial rivers in the Canadian, Tex., for the purpose of pro­ undeveloped areas of the world where com­ tecting the embankment approaches to a plete stabilization is not obtainable railway bridge, and has been in service immediately. since that time. At this location, the river has a wide, shallow bed in a deep alluvial deposit. There is great variation Carey, W.C. The Development of the Asphalt between the maximum and minimum discharge Mattress. Military Engineer, vol.27, of the river and a heavy load of sediment no.15 6 , p.430-436, November-December 1935* consisting of sand, silt, and clay is carried. The low-water channel carrying Resume of work in Second New Orleans Dis­ the small normal flow is quite unstable. trict, CE, with reinforced asphalt mattress The jetties function by reducing the speed used as bank protection in Lower Missis­ of the current, which results in the de­ sippi River. posit of the suspended sediment. Approxi­ mately 6,000 ft of river bank was protected at a total cost of approximately $230,000, Carey, W.C. The Development of the Asphalt to date (August 1962). Mattress for River Bank Protection, by W.C. Carey, USAE District, New Orleans. Asphalt Institute, Information Series No.25, California. Dept, of Public Works. Bank and 1 January 1936. Shore Protection in California Highway Practice. November i960. A discussion of the development of plant and materials used for asphalt mattress. Purpose of study was to examine special treatment of banks of streams, lakes on tidewater and secondarily the treatment of Carey, W.C. Some Notes on River Stabiliza­ highway embankments to prevent erosion. tion. April 4, 1949. Paper delivered at Review includes hazards and protective Louisiana State University gives brief methods, appraisal of success or failure, history of stabilization on lower Missis­ comparison of costs, design, and con- sippi, discussion of difficulties with structure procedures. Protective devices alluvial rivers, and review of experiences discussed are: armor types (i.e. revet­ gained in various treatments on the ment), retards, jetties, groins, bulkheads, Mississippi., baffles. Much detail is given. Numerous photographs and a lengthy bibliography included. Carlson, E.J., and Dodge, R.A. Control of Alluvial Rivers by Steel Jetties. American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Carey, W.C. Asphalt Mixtures for Resisting Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Divi­ the Attacks of Water in Motion. February 8, sion, vol.88, WW4, Paper 3332, p.53-81, 1955» (Research Center Library has on November 1962. microfilm-.) Paper was prepared for presentation at Personal views expressed by author on as­ First Water Resources Engineering Con­ phalt mixture design and possible new uses ference of ASCE, Omaha, Nebraska, May l4- of asphalt. Purpose of paper is to in­ 18, 1962. Both field and laboratory dicate to the engineers what seems to be a studies were conducted by U.S. Bureau of logical projection of the results of this Reclamation to refine methods used in research and development work into a design of steel jetty fields for river broader field. Describes use of mattresses alinement. A set of dimensionless in New Orleans District. friction head-loss curves, verified by model studies, are developed and described. Method is given for predicting changes Carey, W.C. Comprehensive River Stabiliza­ in a riverbed after the designed jetty tion. American Society of Civil Engineers, field is installed. Proceedings, Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.92, WW1, Paper 4672, p.59-66, February 1966. Carlson, E.J. Gravel Blanket Required to Prevent Wave Erosion. American Society of Program of improvement of Mississippi River by Mississippi River Commission, including Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 105

Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of Christison, W.E. Asphaltic Paving Used on the Hydraulics Division, vol.85, HY5, Flood Control Revetments. Western Con­ Paper 2021, p.109-1^5, May 1959* struction News, vol.12, no.6, p.22^-225, June 1937. Surface wave erosion tests were performed in a hydraulic wave flume on materials Brief article on experimental work for shipped from Yakima Project, Washington. control of bank erosion on streams in The many curves which were necessary on Los Angeles County Flood Control District. the canal, constructed in hilly topography, are especially vulnerable to erosion. Tests were made to determine cover blanket Christison, W.E. Use of Asphalt Revetments needed to prevent leaching of fine base Extended After Flood Test. Western Con­ material. struction News, vol.13, no.12, p.^30-^31, December 1938.

Carlson, E.J. Hydraulic Studies to Develop Description of experiments in stream bank Design Criteria for Use of Steel Jack and protection in the Los Angeles Flood Con­ Jetty Fields for Channelization in Rivers. trol District. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, August 1959* Seminar paper presented to Eighth Congress of IAHR. Claxton, P. Stabilization Methods Used on the Indus Recommended for the Mississippi. Engineering News-Record, vol.103, p.6l9- Carlson, E.J.., and Enger, P.F. Use of Steel 621, October 17, 1929- Jetties for Bank Protection and Channel­ ization in Rivers. U.S. Bureau of Reclama­ Article by engineer in India suggests that tion, Denver, August 1956. Unpublished. formation of still-water pockets as used to control the Indus River might be appli­ cable to the Mississippi, the Plum Point Cement Oregon Gravel Levee. Western Con­ Reach taken as an example of what might be struction News, vol.21, no. 2, p.90-92, done. Possible location of dikes to form February 19^6. still-water pockets shown.

Gives description of an unusual pneumatic vibrator used to apply surface cement on Clay, C. Control Works on the River Wear. cobblestone revetment along banks of Civil Engineering (London), vol.^8, Willamette River near Albany, Oregon. When no.561, p.255-258, March 1953. floated over the bank slopes with a drag­ line, the toothed agitator causes deep Describes protective work undertaken in penetration of the concrete into the under­ 1952, especially near Witton-le-Wear, for lying gravel to form a secure bond. curbing'erosion of river banks and preven­ tion of cutting a new channel. Groynes and gabions were employed. Champs, J. des. Rock Blanket Stops River Erosion. Engineering and Contract Record, vol.76, no.5, p.63-65, May 1963. Cobb, W.C. The Passes of the Mississippi River. American Society of Civil Engineers, Mile-long gravel blanket is laid along Transactions, vol.CT, p. 11^-7-1162, 1953. bank to stop Fraser River from eroding its banks under CNR main line near Mt. Lehman, Development of methods, modifications, and B.C. and to protect unstable soil under repairs - by Eads and later by the Corps tracks. Protective blanket consists of of Engineers - is described to show how a 3-inch gravel bottom layer and top layer of standardized and successful status with a large boulders to anchor blanket in place. 35-foot ruling depth has been achieved. Dikes have been used to control silting of channel. Chatley, Herbert. River-control Problems. Engineering, vol.lU6, no.3801, p.579-580, November l8; no.3803, p.638, December 2; Concrete Skeleton Tetrahedrons Prevent Bank no.3801, p.68l, December 9; no.3806, p.7^-0- Erosion During Floods. Engineering News- 7^2, December 23; no.3807, p.75^-755, De­ Record, vol.lOO, no.19, P.752-753, May 10, cember 30, 1938. 1928.

Series of articles on Yellow and Yangtze Brief article on use of tetrahedrons in Rivers in China, dealing with soil erosion, Santa Clara River near Montalvo, California. deforestation and climate effects, spacing of dikes, and stability of dredged cuts. Constructing Framed Mattress for Mississippi Revetment. Engineering News-Record, io6 Section Vili, Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

vol.lCA, no.l8, p.720-721+, May 1, 1930. Davis, E.I., and Lipscomb, E.B. Stabilizing the Lower Mississippi River. Civil Engi- - Description of two forms of brush mattress neering (New York), vol.35, no.11, p.65-69, used on the Mississippi chiefly in the November 1965* lower delta south of the Red River. Method of fabrication and sinking process included. Article traces development of and describes current research in two stabilization methods: bank stabilizing in the form of Coppee, H. St. L. Bank Revetment on the revetments or mattresses, and contraction Lower Mississippi. American Society of works consisting of dikes which are aimed Civil Engineers, Proceedings, vol.22, at directing the flow. p.36-117i 1896. (Also in ASCE, Trans­ actions, vol.35, p. 1*41-2*40, 1896.) Des Champs, Joe. Rock Blanket Stops River Resume of operations of engineers on lower Erosion; Mile-long Bank Protection Deflects Mississippi River in dealing with problems Fraser River Current. Engineering and Con­ of bank protection, based on author’s per­ tract Record, vol.75, no. 5, p.63-65, May sonal experience and information extracted 1963. from reports of the Chief of Engineers. Shifting of current in recent years means a direct jetting effect on south bank that Corthell, E.L. A History of the Jetties at carries railroad. Dr. M. Hardy of Ed­ the Mouth of the Mississippi River. New monton (former Dean of Engineering at the York, J. Wiley & Sons, l88l. University of Alberta) recommended two- layer, mile-long blanket consisting of Historically significant work of early river gravel and overlay of heavy rocks. control of mouth of the Mississippi River Project appears to be successful. describing jetties at South Pass and Head of Passes including final results as ob­ served in l879* Well documented in Din, M.M. River Training with the Employment Appendixes. of Soil Cement. Indian Concrete Journal, voi.23, p.312-313, December 15, 19*49 •

Cozzens, H.F. Steel Rails for Bank Protec­ Short article proposing protection of river tion on Salinas River, California. Civil banks with a layer of soil cement mixture. Engineering (New York), vol.l6, no.3? Diagrams given. Also proposed is an p.113-115, March 19*46. alternate method of using artificial stones made of soil cement at the site of the work First type of bank protection constructed on the river consisted of wooden-pile jetties from 60 to l80 feet long, driven at Dobson, C.G. The Evolution of Bank Protection an angle of about 60° with the bank and Works in the United States, 1867-1932, by spaced at intervals of from 200 to 300 G.C. Dobson, USAE District, Memphis. 1932. feet. Between the jetties the bank was protected with willow mats and planted wil­ History of bank protection works of two lows. In 1925 the iron '’jack" was in­ types (direct, as revetment, and indirect troduced - railroad rails bolted together as dikes) is traced not only on Missis­ and laced with heavy wire. Later a flexi­ sippi but on other streams in the U.S. ble fence, consisting of 30-ft 50-pound Opinions of effectiveness of types have rails, was installed. When the river varied over the years, as types of mate­ rises, the fence settles into the river bed, rials and design changed. Close interrela­ forming a cutoff wall along the bank. tion of channel control and bank protec­ Willow growth assists the stabilization. tion is stressed. Well documented with references to Annual Reports of The Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. Curd, W.C. Bank Protection and Restoration: A Problem in Sedimentation. American Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, Doran, W.E. Discussion of "The Effect of voi.8i+, p.303-330, 1921. Vegetation on the Stabilization of Artifi­ cial Slopes," by A.H. Toms and "The Use Describes protection and restoration of a of Vegetation in Stabilizing Artificial sliding bank along the Mississippi River Slopes," by J.J. Moran. Institution of at Natchez, Miss., upon which are located Civil Engineers, Biology and Civil Engi­ railroad tracks 150 feet above low water. neering, Proceedings of the Conference Underlying principle of project was to held at the Institution, September 19*48, produce sedimentation during floods by P.125-129. 19*49. construction of mud-cell dike followed by paving exposed banks. Original two papers were confined to rail­ way cuttings and embankments. Mr. Doran Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 107

makes some remarks pertinent to the use of Ellsperman, L.M., and Hickey, M.E. The Uses vegetation in connection to flood banks. of Asphalt in Hydraulic Construction by the Bureau of Reclamation, 19^-6-19595 "by L.M. Ellsperman and M.E. Hickey, Bureau of Duke, C.M. Shoaling of the Lower Hudson Reclamation. Paper to be presented at River. American Society of Civil Engineers, Third Annual Kansas Asphalt Paving Con­ Proceedings, Journal of the Waterways and ference, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan­ Harbors Division, vol.87, WW1, Paper 2730, sas, November 5-6, 1959« p.29-^55 February 1961. One section of this report deals with Two hydraulic models used to assist in asphalt-emulsion stabilization used in solution of problem. Interim conclusions cases where slopes of earth-lined canals are presented on results of some 20 plans and reservoirs are in soil which, although and variations tested. These include use watertight, may lack sufficient cohesion of sedimentation basins, realinement of the to resist erosion by flow and wave action deep-water channel by fills and dikes, and of water. In areas where suitable rock is closure of flow from one of the several not available for riprap or blankets, an component waterways. alternate method of protection under study is the stabilization of soil by mixing diluted asphalt emulsion into the soil Dupre, D.D., Jr. Willow Mats Economical for during normal placing. Bank Protection. Roads and Streets, vol. 91, no.2, p.92-9^, February 19^8. Fabricating Fascine Mattress for Mississippi Brief article describes system of stream Revetment. Engineering News-Record, vol. bank protection employing live willow and 105, no.l, p.U-7, July 3, 1930. other live tree branches, tied down with fench wire, used successfully in Ohio. Structure, fabricating and sinking pro­ Includes good photographs. cedure of willow mats described, as em­ ployed in middle and upper Delta reaches of the Mississippi River. Edminster, F.C., Atkinson, W.S., and McIntyre, A.C. Streambank Erosion Control on Winooski River, Yt. U.S. Department of Ferguson, H.B. History of the Improvement of Agriculture Circular No.837, October 19^-9 the Lower Mississippi River for Flood (published 1950). Control and Navigation, 1932-19395 "by H.B. Ferguson, Mississippi River Commission. Mississippi River Print, 19^-0. Effective River Control by Concrete Tetrahe­ drons. Engineering News-Record, vol.H5> Explains in detail steps taken to remove no.lU, P.U7O-U7I, October 3, 1935- obstacles to an orderly regimen of the river. Includes data on cut-offs and Service lives of five years on the Belle corrective dredging. Fourche and seven years on the Santa Clara indicate durability and efficiency of skeleton tetrahedrons of concrete for Feringa, P.A., and Schweizer, C.W. One channel regulation and bank protection. Hundred Years Improvement on the Lower Mississippi River, by P.A. Feringa and C.W. Schweizer, Mississippi River Com­ Elliot, S.F., and(May, R.R. Bank Protection mission. September 1952. (Also appears for New River Channel. Engineering News- in ASCE, Transactions, vol.CT, p.1100- Record, vol.125, no.25, p.829-831, De­ llk6, 1953.) cember 19, 19^0 . A brief discussion of the history, flood When the meandering channel of the Arkansas control and navigation project and River in Pueblo, Colo., was moved out of methods of control. Discussion is of gen­ the industrial area across the flood plain eral nature and contains little detail. alongside a sloughing bank, drainage and slope paving were necessary to effect stabilization. A viaduct abutment was Ferrell, W.R., and Barr, W.R. Criteria and endangered and a sewer line broken. The Methods for Use of Check Dams in Stabiliz­ slope paving rests on a concrete toewall ing Channel Banks and Beds. Federal Inter- supported on rock. Agency Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, 1963? Proceedings, p.376-386, Paper No.¥+. U.S. Department of Agricul­ Elliott, D.O. The Improvement of the Lower ture Miscellaneous Publication No.970, Mississippi River for Flood Control- and June 1965. Navigation. (See Mississippi River Com­ mission. The Improvement... .) In 195^ the Los Angeles County Flood io8 Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

Control District and the U.S. Forest Ser­ Banks; Selected References, 1930-19^-8. vice in Los Angeles County -undertook a April 29, 19U9. concerted effort to determine the most effective and efficient means of reducing Eighteen-page bibliography, with short mountain channel erosion, using modern annotations, compiled in the Library of the methods and techniques. This paper de­ U.S. Department of Agriculture. scribes design of stabilization system, giving good cutaway views of the concrete crib structures used. Grant, A.P. Channel Improvements in Alluvial Streams. New Zealand Institution of Engi­ neers, Proceedings, vol.3^, p.231-30^, Finch, H.A. Earth-cement Mixture in Sacks 19^-8. (Available in Research Center Li­ Used for River-bank Revetment. Engineer­ brary on microfilm.) ing News-Record, voi.122, no.19, p.6595 May 11, 1939. Paper deals primarily with protection of river banks from erosion and improvement A new application of cement-stabilized to alignment, usually by artificial cut earth is being tried out where bank cutting offs or by training works. One section is reached a critical stage on the Rio devoted to meanders. Illustrations show Grande at Fort Brown, Texas, grain bags various bank protection methods and align­ filled with the soil-cement mixture being ments of New Zealand streams. Discussions used for bank revetment. included.

Fox, S.W. Technical Methods of River Im­ Haas, R.H.,' and Weller, H.E. Bank Stabiliza­ provement as Developed on the Lower Mis­ tion by Revetments and Dikes, by R.H. Haas souri River, by the General Government, and H.E. Weller, Mississippi River Commis­ From 1876 to 1903. American Society of sion. American Society of Civil Engineers, Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.5^, Proceedings Separate N0 .1U8, September p.280-3^5, 1905. 1952. (Also in ASCE, Transactions, vol.ll8, p.81+9-870, 1953.) Includes description of Missouri River and improvements such as restriction of width Report of problem of arresting bank reces­ by dikes and revetments. sion on Lower Mississippi River. Principal type of structure employed is revetment; dikes, retards and groins are installed to Freeman, J.R. Flood Problems in China. a lesser extent. These structures have American Society of Civil Engineers, been developed by theory and experience Transactions, vol.85, p. 1^05-1^-60, 1922. since the early l880’s.

Includes information on river training, using dikes; shows maps of river migration; Haas, R.H. Development of Concrete Revet­ and gives some instances of breaks of the ments on the Lower Mississippi, by R.H. Yellow River in which new channels were Haas, Mississippi River Commission. Con­ formed. Silt deposits were enormous. crete, vol.55, no.if, p.3-8, ^1, April; no.5, p.l6-l8, 33, May 19U7 .

Gabion Bank Protection. Engineering News- A discussion of the development of artic­ Record, voi.157, no.8, p.6l, August 23, ulated concrete mattress and its use in 1956. bank stabilization.

Brief description of use of gabions. Address of manufacturing company given. Haas, R.H. Stabilization of Lower Missis­ sippi River, by R.H. Haas, Mississippi River Commission. No date. Gilland, M.W. Articulated-concrete Revetment Construction on the Mississippi River. The current plan for stabilization of the Engineering News-Record, voi.105, no.26, Lower Mississippi River is based on a P.996-1003, December 25, 1930. knowledge of the physiographic as well as the hydraulic features of the valley. Article gives method of casting mat sec­ While some of the factors and hydraulic tions of 25 articulated blocks, assembl­ principles concerned with radical changes ing these sections into articulated mats in slope and discharge are as yet im­ ikO ft. wide and 250 to 300 ft. long and perfectly understood, observations and sinking the mats flat on the underwater studies are being carried on and others bank of the river. will no doubt suggest themselves as the work progresses. Each segment of the river has its own characteristics and Gooch, D.W., comp. Stabilization of Stream Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 109

no rules of a practical or theoretical by the Corps of Engineers. One major nature will fit all circumstances. flood control category discussed is chan­ nel improvement, cutoffs, and construc­ tion of auxiliary channels. Hagen, L. A Report on the Result of an Ex­ amination of Some of the Rivers of France, Made Under the Direction of the Minister Harza Engineering Company. Feasibility Study of the Department of Public Works in the of Improved Methods for Riverbank Stabili­ Spring of 1880; and A Memoir on the zation, Final Report. November 196^. Correction of the Vistula, the Oder, the (Waterways Experiment Station Contract Re­ Elbe, the Weser, and the Rhine, Translated port No.3-81, Final.) from the German by Henry Flad for the Mississippi River Commission. January 22, Study made to investigate new or different 1883. materials and methods for protecting banks of Lower Mississippi River and to outline Prior to 1865 corrective works (by paral­ future studies. Investigation was under­ lel dikes) had been placed on the Rhone, taken by literature review, consulting but by 1878 another plan of correction representatives of the Mississippi River seemed necessary. This first paper con­ Commi ssion and Waterways Experiment Station siders new plans for the Rhone and also as well as other organizations, univer­ improvements for the Loire. The second sities and individuals having knowledge of paper deals primarily with channel correc­ riverbank protection, and inspection of tion on the Vistula, (where large masses of portions of riverbanks. sand and soil are scoured out by the current and by turbulent motion of ice cakes) and the Oder, (a serpentine course, Harza Engineering Company. Six Months Prog­ with eroding banks, greatly improved by ress Report for Feasibility Study of Im­ Federick the Great, then allowed to fall proved Methods for Riverbank Stabilization. into a worse condition than before). Both January 13, 196^. (Waterways Experiment are of interest as historical documents. Station Contract Report N0.3-81.)

Report on study of four major materials: Hall, C.L., and Darling, H.V. Paper [on the plastics and synthetic fibers, ceramics, Development of Waterway Transport on chemicals, and asphalt. Discussion de­ Shallow Rivers...] Proceedings of the sign criteria included. 20th International Navigation Congress, Baltimore, 1961, Section 1, Subject 5, p.195-220. Published by Permanent Inter­ Haydon, G.C. The Missouri River and its national Association of Navigation Improvements, by G.C. Haydon, USAE District, Congresses. Kansas City. 1931. (Available on loan from Mississippi River Commission Library.) Report is general in nature but contains one section on bank protection, one on con­ Second part of report, on improvement of traction works, and one on channel re­ river, includes discussion of revetment alignment and regularization. (mattresses, stone-paving, concrete) dikes, and retards.

Happ, S.C. Stream-channel Control. In Applied Sedimentation, edited by P.D. Hearn, Gordon. Stabilization of Alluvial Trask, N.Y., J. Wiley, 1950, Chap.l8, Rivers in India. Engineering News-Record, p.319-335. vol.108, p.393-395, March 17, 1932.

Paper presents general discussion of English engineer who formerly worked with stream-channel control, including checking Indian State Railways makes observations on stream bank erosion. Specifically dis­ problems involved in checking meandering of cusses improvement on the Mississippi, rivers in alluvial plains, relating those Missouri, and Ohio River. Not a de­ of Indian rivers to those of the Missis­ tailed treatment. sippi. Offers theory of "nodes," or "swing points," which occur at consistent inter­ vals, at which points the river can be Hardin, J.R. Evolution of Mississippi held by stone guide-walls, or spurs. Valley Flood-control Plan. American Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, V01.121+, p.207-223,1959. Heavy Jute Mats Aid Erosion Control. Engi­ neering News-Record, vol.169, no.l, p.57- Development of Lower Mississippi Valley 58, July 5, 1962. flood-control plan is traced from its be­ ginning with local levee construction to Brief article on jute mats, woven from the comprehensive plan undertaken (to 1958) yarns about.1 /^ in. in diameter, used to 110 Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

combat erosion of embankments and cut Division, vol .873 WW3? Paper 2883, p.71-93? slopes, drainage channels and other August 1961. elements of engineered structures. Description of channel improvement and beneficial effects given. Part of con­ Hedar, P.A. Filters as Protection Against trol works on Columbia River have in­ Erosion. Swedish Geotechnical Institute, cluded control dikes, constructed at l6 Reprints and Preliminary Reports No.6, bars, and jetties at the mouth. p.13-20, 196 k.

Swedish revetment uses layers of blocks Hickson, R.E. Shoaling on the Lower Columbia or boulders on filter bed. Data from River. Military Engineer, vol.22, no.123, experiments conducted in flumes at Chalmers p.217-219, May-June 1930. University of Technology also given. Surveys and observations made during 1927 on shoaling of bars. Dikes for channel Henderson, F.M. Stability of Alluvial Chan­ contraction caused bars to shoal to a less nels. American Society of Civil Engineers, uniform surface. Proceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, vol.87, HY6, Paper 2981+, p.109- 138, November 1961. (Essentially the same Houck, L.H. Channel Stabilization Cleans up article, with discussions, appears in Muddy Missouri. Excavating Engineer, vol. ASCE, Transactions, vol.128, pt.l, p.657- 53, no.l+, p.35-37, b o -h l, April 1959- 720, 1963.) River improvements between Kansas City and Extension of E.W. Lane’s tractive-force St. Louis provide for self-cleaning channel theory of stable design, combined with 300 ft wide and 9 ft deep. New successful Strickler’s formula, enables deduction of means of channel stabilization include the equations similar in form to G.Lacey’s stone toe trench, serving as toe-hold for ’’regime” equations. many other types of control structures, and trail revetment.

Hertzberg, Rudolf. Foreshore Protection, Lower Mississippi River. American Society Hsu, Shih-Ta. Use of Permeable Dikes for of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal River Training of Yungting River. (See of the Waterways and Harbors Division, United Nations Economic Commission for vol.91, WW2, Paper ^305? p.l-l6, May 1965. Asia and the Far East. Bureau of Flood Control. Proceedings of the Regional The term "foreshore" as used here refers to Technical Conference on Flood Control in the part of the natural river bank lying Asia and the Far East.) between the base of the levee and the low water shore line of the river (as distinct from bank caving). Particular area dis­ Huber, R.L. Channel Stabilization of the cussed is below New Orleans. Early struc­ Missouri River. Paper given before the tures were effective but maintenance costs American Society of Civil Engineers, were exorbitant. Types now in use (196U) Denver, Colorado, June 1952. appear to provide useful life commensurate with cost. General resume' of the characteristics of the Missouri, its meandering, its silting, the difficulty in developing hydraulic Hertzberg, Rudolf. Wave-wash Control on formulae in design of its channel. Latter Mississippi River Levees. American Society part of paper discusses stabilization of Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.119? methods, describing dikes in some detail. p.628-638, 195^•

Uncompacted asphaltic pavement has been IIlk, F.K. Methods and Criteria for Bank widely used as wave-wash protection and in Protection on the Lower Colorado River. repair work. Wooden revetments will con­ Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Con­ tinue to be used; brush dikes are in the ference, Jackson, Mississippi, 19^3? Pro­ experimental stage. Concrete pavement is ceedings, p.366-372, Paper No.^2. U.S. the only type of protection able to with­ Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous stand the heaviest attack. Publication No.970? June 19^5•

Traces history of bank and bed stabiliza­ Hickson, R.E. Columbia River Ship Channel tion along Lower Colorado, gives river Improvement and Maintenance. American characteristics, and describes bank pro­ Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, tection and stabilization works in Yuma Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Area, Mohave Valley, and Palo Verde Valley. From experience.of the Bureau of Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 111

Reclamation in many methods of stabiliza­ ing News-Record, voi. 152, no.3? p.U2-l+3? tion, the most effective type of bank pro­ January 21, 195^- tection on this river has been determined to be quarry-run rock riprap. This ma­ Brief article on Kellner jetties used along terial is especially suited to stabiliza­ the Rio Grande in New Mexico. tion of new banks created by channeliza­ tion and raw banks caused by bank erosion. Jentoft, L.H., and others. Natural Water­ ways: Prevention of Erosion. American India. Central Board of Irrigation and Railway Engineering Association, Bulletin, Power, New Delhi. Manual on River Be­ voi.56, no.521, p.679-687? February 1955« haviour, Control and Training. Publica­ tion No.60, 1956. Report of committee assigned to investiga­ tion of prevention of bank erosion in Manual deals specifically with rivers in natural waterways of the alluvial type by India and includes one chapter on river use of steel jetties. Refers to work training by guide banks, groynes (spurs), done by Albuquerque District, CE, and and revetment. by U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

India. Central Board of Irrigation and Jones, L.B. Snake River Bank Stabilization. Power, New Delhi. Symposium on Role of American Society of Civil Engineers, Pro­ Models in the Evolution of Hydraulic ceedings, Journal of the Waterways and Structures and Movement of Sediment, 1992. Harbors Division, vol.92, WW1, Paper b6b2, Publication No.53? 195^. p.l-l6, February 1966.

Discusses uses and limitations of models Snake River in Idaho and Wyoming has for use in design of training works. The braided channels, subject to changes and following specific examples of successful heavy bedload movement during floods, and river training by means of models are: beds with steep gradients. Experience with Hardinge Bridge over the Ganga in danger CE levees and bank protection along approx­ of' being outflanked, the Ganga at Garhmuktes- imately 37 miles of the stream during the war near to breaking through a railway last 20 years shows failures of levees and embankment, and the Rupnarain with a simi­ riprap generally caused by undermining. lar problem corrected by a repelling spur. Extending riprap below active depth of bedload and scour prevents such failures. Most effective placement of riprap given. Inglis, C.C. Training Works Constructed in the Rupnarain River in Bengal— After Model Experiments— To Prevent Further Bank Ero­ Kerkhoven, R.E. Application of Hot Mastic sion Endangering the Bengal-Nagpur Railway Asphalt Under Water for Bottom Protection. Line Linking Calcutta with Bombay and 2d Edition. Amsterdam, Koninklijke/Shell- Madras. Institution of Civil Engineers, Laboratorium, October 1963. Maritime Paper No.3? 19b6. Hot mastic asphalt used under water for Object of experiment was to prevent further protection of a sandy bottom from current erosion of left bank where railway was scour. Equipment has'been developed also threatened and to deflect flow away from for under-water grouting of rubble and for left bank in this reach towards midstream. laying slabs on the bottom at greater "Bore" was reproduced in the model. Groyne depths. of stone was designed. Results of model study provided valuable information. Knapp, F.H., and Libby, J.A. Erosion of Stream Banks, Its Prevention and Correc­ International Association of Asphalt. [Pro­ tion. U.S. Dept, of Agriculture, Soil Con­ ceedings of meeting held in] London, 7-9 servation Service, Region 8, Albuquerque, May 1962. Chapter IV, Pt. 2, Hydraulics. N.M., Regional Bulletin No.78; Engineering Series No.6; Forestry Series No.lU, April 1, Partial contents: Protection of the 19^2. Banks of the River Arc, by Societe Routière Colas, Paris. Examples of Hydraulic Engi­ It is estimated that there are more than neering with Aspahlt in the Maintenance and 1000 miles of stream banks in Soil Con­ Improvement of West German Waterways, by servation Service Region 8 (in the South­ A. Ro’hnisch, Technische Hochschule, west) where stabilization is needed. Some Stuttgart. streams are perennial, some intermittent, some are dry except for short periods of the year. The following problems are con­ Jack-type Jetties Protect Levees. Engineer- sidered in this report: consideration of hydraulic and mechanical principles of 112 Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

stream flow, erosion, sedimentation; adop­ Livesey, R.H. Channel Armoring Below Fort tion of satisfactory channel capacity; Randall Dam. Federal Inter-Agency Sedi­ adoption of satisfactory channel alignment; mentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, protection of vegetative plantings; deter­ 1963? Proceedings, p.U6l-U70, Paper No.^b. mination of channel bed variations; avail­ U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscella­ ability of native materials for use in neous Publication No.970, June 1965. structures; channel bottom stabilization. Appendix includes three additional papers: This paper is focused upon the problems Flood Protection in Narrow Valleys, by encountered in the design of outlet W.B. Wroth; Erosion of Stream Banks, by facilities for Fort Randall Reservoir pro­ L.B. Smith; Theory and Practice in the ject on the Missouri and specifically upon Design of Permeable Jetties, by C.R. Van the phenomenon of the channel bed armor­ Orman. ing that occurred. At Fort Randall the determination of tailwater levels for optimum operating conditions included an Kutz, C.W. The Work of the Mississippi River evaluation of future degradation trends Commission. American Society of Civil and probable limits; Variables in this Engineers, Transactions, vol.93? P*697-715? problem included the transport relation for 1929. the fine riverbed material, the amount of coarse material available to armor the Gives purpose of Mississippi River Commis­ bed, and the degree to which the banks are sion, physical description of Mississippi stabilized to prevent the channel from River Basin, and includes one section widening or meandering. (though brief) on bank revetment.

Madden, E.B. Stabilization Plan for the Larkin, T.B. Controlling Floods Along the Arkansas River. Paper for presentation Mississippi. Civil Engineering (New York), at American Society of Civil Engineers vol.3, no.10, p.560-565, October 1933* Convention, New Orleans, Louisiana, 7 ~ H March i960. (Also in U.S. Corps of Engi­ General article on flood control includes neers, Committee on Channel Stabilization, one section on caving banks being protected Technical Report No.l, Vol.l, p.21-1+6.) by revetment. Resume of bank stabilization and channel rectification plan (one element of Laucht, H. Die Abdaemmung der Alten multiple-purpose plan of development). Suederelbe. Bautechnik, vol.UO, no.5, Procedure used involves shaping stream p.1^7-15^, May 1963. into one channel along an alignment con­ sisting of series of easy bends and per­ Damming of Alte Suederelbe; reasons for, manently fixing channel on that alignment. and basic principles; damming work done at Includes details of various type structures Elbe’s mouth in Hamburg port area; exten­ for controlling river. sive use of large nylon tarpaulins and. nylon sacks showed great value of this material in building dikes and protecting Mamak, Wiktor. River Regulation (Regulacj sand banks from tide erosion. rzek i potokow). Warsaw, Arkady, I96U. Published for the Department of the In­ terior and the National Science Foundation. Linder, W.M. Stabilization of Streambeds (Sales copies available from Office of with Sheet Piling and Rock Sills. Federal Technical Services, U.S. Department of Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, Commerce, Washington, D.C.) Jackson, Mississippi, 19^35 Proceedings, P.V7O-I+8U, Paper No.55. U.S. Department of Book originally published in Warsaw in Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 1958 includes material on properties of No.970, June 1965. rivers (discharge, sediment transport, shapes); fundamentals of design of river Paper summarizes conditions which led to regulation structures, including bank development of channel stabilization protection measures; peculiar cases of structure on Floyd River at Sioux City, river regulation (estuaries, mountain Iowa, and describes procedures followed torrents) and flood control. in model studies conducted at University of California and University of Iowa. Re­ sults of model studies are discussed and Mat Puller Aids Revetment Construction. presented in form of curves suitable for Civil Engineering (New York), vol.31? general design purposes. Also suggested no.7 5 p.83, July 1961. are some of the areas in which additional investigation would be profitable. Picture and brief description of a 1^0-ft- wide mat puller, equipped with eight five- ft-high Terra-Tires,.,_ Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 113

McEwan, J.S. Bank and Levee Stabililization, Waterways Experiment Station. Two revet­ Lower Colorado River. American Society of ment installations (single layer) were Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of studied. the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.87, WW^, Paper 2987, p.17-25, November 1961. Minnesota University, St. Anthony Falls Description of methods used by U.S. Bureau Hydraulic Laboratory. Mississippi River of Reclamation as a result of 50 years Revetment Studies; Tests on a Double Layer experience of placing riprap stone for of Articulated Concrete Mattress, by L.G. bank stabilization purposes. Past, Straub and R.M. Olson. Project Report economical procedures developed for use No.28, May 1952. (Supplement 1 to Project on non-cohesive, alluvial banks typical Report No.21.) of the Lower Colorado River. Present tests were conducted with a double layer of mattress, placed one on top of McKenzie, G.K. Recent Developments in the the other so that the interstices between Field of «Low Cost Slope Protection for adjacent blocks were symmetrically stag­ Levees and River Banks in the Portland, gered. Test runs were made over a 32-ft Oregon District. International Con­ length full-scale double mattress installed ference on Soil Mechanics and Founda­ over a 15 -in. sand bed in a 9-ft test tion Engineering Proceedings, 2d, Rotter­ channel. dam, June 21-30, 19^8, vol.7, p.112-116.

Types of revetment studies were: (l) pene­ Mississippi River Commission. Channel tration asphalt, (2) bituminous plant mix, Improvement and Stabilization, Lower Missis­ (3) Portland cement concrete, (U) sand- sippi River, Cairo to the Gulf. 1966. cement grouted gravel, (5) gravel blanket stabilization, and (6) dumped quarry stone. Brochure gives brief , general description of At time of this paper the three types pre­ work. Includes photographs and a map from ferred in order were 1, k , and 6. Cairo to the Gulf showing reduction of river length by cutoffs.

McLean, J.C. Control of Rivers Without Embankments. (See United Nations Economic Mississippi River Commission. The Improve­ Commission for Asia and the Far East. ment of the Lower Mississippi River for Bureau of Flood Control. Proceedings of Flood Control and Navigation, by D.O. the Regional Technical Conference on Flood Elliott. May 1, 1932. 3 volumes. Control in Asia and the Far East.) A discussion of the history, character­ istics, hydraulics, sediment, surveys, Miller, C.R., and Borland, W.M. Stabiliza­ dredging, bank protection, and contraction tion of Fivemile and Muddy Creeks. Amer­ works of the Mississippi River. A com­ ican Society of Civil Engineers, Proceed­ prehensive report; however, a great many ings, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, improvements have been made since 1932. vol.89, H5T1, Paper 3392, p.67-98, January 1963. Mississippi Erosion Control. International Paper examines the deterioration of two Civil Engineer, Vol.l35 no.9? P»56, creeks in the area of the Riverton Irriga­ September 1961. tion Project in Wyoming and the analyses used in arriving at a comprehensive plan Brief article on the "mat puller," the for stabilization. Emphasis is placed on vehicle equipped with Terra-Tires which the stabilization methods used, the places concrete mats whose size may be adequacy and effectiveness of the protec­ as large as 500 x lk-0 ft. tive works installed, and the results ob­ tained after 7 years. Mississippi River Commission. Bank Protec­ tion, Mississippi River. Washington, GFO, Minnesota University, St. Anthony Falls 1922. Hydraulic Laboratory. Mississippi River Revetment Studies, by L.G. Straub and Prepared under direction of Chief of R.M. Olson. Project Report No.21, June Engineers by Mississippi River Commission, 1951. gives a discussion of plant, methods, and materials used for bank stabilization on Experimental investigations concerned with Mississippi River. factors affecting stability of articulated concrete revetment, conducted at St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, spon­ Mohan, Yadava, and Singh, Kartar. Paper on sored by Mississippi River Commission and Navigation s m the Ganga and Brahmaputra Ilk Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

Rivers in India. Proceedings of the 20th installed in the bed of an earthen channel International Navigation Congress, Balti­ but not in contact with banks nor subject more, 1961, Section 1, Subject 5? p.l^l- to earth pressures. 157* Published by Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. Ockerson, J.A. Flood Control of the Missis­ One section describes "bandalling," a sippi River. In Paper No.1505, "Flood process which consists of placing rows Problems; A Symposium." American Society of vertical panels to restrict the current of Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.85, on a shoal to a small width, thereby in­ p.lU6l-lU8l, 1922. ducing scouring. Method of construction is given. Includes discussion of three general types of bank erosion protection: willow mat­ tresses, articulated concrete mats, and Moore, C.R., and Hickson, R.E. The Lower solid concrete mats. Columbia River. Military Engineer, vol.31, no.175 5 p.19-235 January-February 1939* Oliver, P.A. Some Economic Considerations in Article describes history of efforts to River Control Work. Federal Inter-Agency control the constant movement of the chan­ Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Missis­ nel near its entrance to the ocean, chiefly sippi, 19^3? Proceedings, p.kk2-kk9> Paper by means of jetties, dikes, and dredging. No.51. U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No.970, June 1985*

Myers, H.B. Bank Stabilization of Red River This report deals with aspects of control in Louisiana. Paper presented to American of Colorado in the Needles, Blythe, and Society of Civil Engineers, Transportation Yuma areas. Includes degradation and Engineering Conference, Cincinnati, Ohio, aggradation. A program of channel rehabil­ February l8, 196U. itation is planned by both the Bureau of Reclamation and the International Boundary Red River scours its bed deeply at high and Water Commission. stages, and since the operation of reser­ voirs has resulted in extending the annual period of stages at which erosion occurs, Parker, F.Y. Less-used and Experimental stabilization of channel is more important Bank Revetment Structures. Engineering than ever. In this paper the rates of News-Record, vol.107, no.8 , p.301-303? caving are cited and the efforts previously August 20, 1931» made towards stabilization and protection of the banks in Louisiana are discussed. Short article describes lumber mattress It is generally concluded that the only and experimental mattresses, as Jacoby, permanently effective work has been accom­ Pittman, and Parker types. Essentials of plished where reaches of considerable successful revetment mattress given. extent have been treated and that the only measures for control that can be said to have been effective for a reasonable period Parsons, D.A., and Apmann, R.P. Cellular of time were board and willow mat revet­ Concrete Block Revetment. Civil Engineer­ ment, spur and longitudinal dikes built of ing (New York), vol.35? no.2, p.66, Feb­ creosoted piles, and properly located cut­ ruary 1965. offs. Specific recommendations for pro­ cedures to be used in the construction of Brief description of revetment work suc­ effective stabilization works on Red River cessfully used for eight years on Buffalo are given. Creek near East Aurora in western New York. Fuller paper appears in American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of O'Brien, J.T. Studies of the Use of Pervious the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.91? Fence for Streambank Revetment. U.S. Soil WW2, Paper ¡+311, p.27-37, May 1965. Conservation Service, Technical Publication No.103, February 1951» Parsons, D.A., and Apmann, R.P. Cellular Contains results of field and laboratory Concrete Block Revetment. American study of a pervious fence used as revet­ Society of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, ment for banks of an open channel carrying Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Divi­ sediment flow. Study was made at Cooper­ sion, V0I.9I 5 WW2, Paper 1+311? p.27-37, ative Hydraulic Laboratory of the Soil Con­ May 1965. servation Service and at the California Institute of Technology during two periods: Experimental revetment of specially de­ October 19^4-May 19^5 and June 19^-6-June signed cellular concrete revetment blocks 19^7» Study was concerned mainly with was constructed on eroding streambank in performance of a vertical pervious fence western New York. Over period of 8 years, Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 115

the k-inch thick revetment has given satis­ decade are described. Early work consisted factory performance under severe conditions. of bulldozing local deposits of sands, gravel, and rock against the eroding banks for toe-protection. Since 1950, a more Parsons, D.A. Vegetative Control of Stream- "permanent" stabilization job has been done. bank Erosion. Federal Inter-Agency Sedi­ The toe and lower banks have been rip- mentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi, rapped with quarried rock, and the upper 1963, Proceedings, p.130-136, Paper No.20. bank planted. With both systems, vegeta­ U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscella­ tion was a planned part of the stabiliza­ neous Publication N 0.97O, June 1965. tion program, and included in the engineer­ ing design. Some factual information about the resis­ tance of vegetation to destruction by flood flows is given along with many observa­ Ramette, M. Riprap Protection of River and tions and deductions about the role of Canal Banks (Protection de talus au moyen vegetation in streambank erosion. The d* enrochements). Bulletin du Centre de retarding effect of grass on the flow of Recherches et d ’Essais de Chatou, no.3? water as it varies with grass density, p.7-l6, March 1963* Translated from the length, age and time after frost is shown. French by J.C. Van Tienhoven. Waterways The protective ability of grass and woody Experiment Station Translation No.63-7? vegetation in terms of equivalent stone Vicksburg, Miss., December 1963« (Re­ size and the guiding principles for suc­ search Center Library also has French cessful use of vegetation for streambank original.) erosion control are given. Report refers to general theories con­ cerning equilibrium of particles on an Permanent International Association of inclined plane and, by both theoretical Navigation Congresses. 21st International and experimental means, defines the Navigation Congress, Stockholm, 1965. Pro­ optimum dimensions for rock-fill bank ceedings, Section 1, Subject U, New Mate­ protection works in terms of angle of rials and New Methods for Protecting the slope and certain flow magnitudes. Banks and Bottoms of Canals, Rivers and Ports and Their Costs and Relative Advan­ tages. PIANC, Brussels, 1965. Ree, W.O., and Palmer, V.J. Flow of Water in Channels Protected by Vegetative Lin­ General report by J.W. Scheen of Norway. ings. U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Other papers contributed by Hermann Bumm, Technical Bulletin No.967? February 19^+9* Franz Jambor, H. Kohler, Karl Pichl, and Arthur Rohnisch, of Germany; Marcel Van Results of research conducted by Soil Cauwenberge and Paul Lagrou, of Belgium; Conservation Service in South Carolina are Marc Henry, of France; A. Blenkharn, of given here. Information applies partic­ Great Britain; Antonio Di Penta and ularly to soils and plants of the South­ Vincenzo Troiano, of Italy; T. Hettema, east but is applicable elsewhere in the R.E. Kerhoven, and F. Roelofsz, of South. Netherlands; Jan Urbanowski, of Poland; E.B. Lipscomb and W.C. Ott, of U.S.A.; V.V. Balanin and L.S. Bykov, of U.S.S.R. Ripley, H.C. The Economic Location of Jetties. In Paper No.15^5? "The River and Harbor Problems of the Lower Missis­ Pickett, A.B. Uncompacted Mass Asphalt sippi; A Symposium." American Society of Paving for River Banks and Levees. Civil Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.87, Engineering (New York), vol.l6, no.10, p.979-986, 1921+. p.^51-453, October 19k6. Discusses proper location of jetties on Description of work of New Orleans District an ocean bar in order to maintain a in placing test strip of mass asphalt as navigable channel across it without upper-bank paving in Avondale Bend just dredging. Includes designs at mouth of above New Orleans in 19^3* Good results the Liffey in Ireland, the Maas in Holland, were obtained. at South Pass of the Mississippi, at Aransas Pass, Texas, and others.

Porter, H.L., and Silberberger, L.F. Stream- bank Stabilization. Journal of Soil and River Bank Protection with Fascine Boxes Water Conservation, vol.15, p.21^-216, on the Texas & Pacific. Railway Engineer­ i960. ing and Maintenance, vol.U6, no.8, p . 7 ^ — 7^6, August 1950. Vegetative field-planting efforts on streambanks in the Buffalo Creek Flood Metal permeable retards as a means of pro­ Prevention Project during the past tecting river banks _from erosion were first il 6 Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

used on the Texas & Pacific in 1927, on Red vol.2U, p.29-^6, January 1963. River near Powhatan, La. When they proved successful in countering erosion, their use Summarizes early local attempts to remedy was extended to other troublesome locations, rapid deterioration by river erosion in and they are still being installed as a center of Malayan tin industry, and then regular feature of the road’s river-bank deals more fully with post-war canaliza­ protection activities. tion of a 22-mile length. Banks were protected by staking their toes with hard­ wood stakes driven to about two feet above River Banks Stabilized by Revetments and bed level and by establishing’a cover of Dikes. Civil Engineering (New York), grass. voi.20, no.2, p.^-^5, February 1950.

Resume of paper presented by R.H. Haas and Rugged, Versatile Asphalt Has Many Uses in H.E. Weller, Mississippi River Commission Water Control and Conservation. Asphalt at meeting of Waterways Division of ASCE Institute Quarterly, vol.7, no.2, p.12- on protective works on the lower Missis­ 13, April 1955. sippi River. Since problem is primarily one of arresting bank recession, revetment Photographic spread contains one picture is principle structure employed. Articu­ on river bank paving along with a cross lated concrete mattress is described. section showing how hot sand-asphalt mixtures dumped on river bottom from barges check undercutting of bank by swift River Improvement and Bank Revetment Methods. currents. 1916. (Available on loan from Mississippi River Commission Library.) Salberg, F.J. Protection Against River Eleven papers on river improvement and bank Erosion. Civil Engineering (London), protection methods as submitted by Missis­ vol.36, no.Ul8 , p.i^8, April 19^1. sippi River Commission and Kansas City, St. Louis, Rock Island, Little Rock, and Notes on concrete block work protection Vicksburg Districts, CE. Also included are with special reference to difficulties conclusions reached on bank revetment meth­ with which Assam Bengal Railway has had to ods adopted at a conference of District contend through river erosion where its Engineers, October 7, 1916. Report’s major line runs through valleys of Jatinga, value today is historical. Daiang and Mahur Rivers.

Rossini, Torquato. Works for the Regulation Schoklitsch, Armin. Hydraulic Structures, of the Minor Bed of the River Po in View of A Text and Handbook. Translated by Samuel Navigation by Vessels of 600 Tons. Per­ Shulits; Translation reviewed by L. G. manent International Association of Naviga­ Straub. New York, American Society of tion Congresses, Bulletin No.^0, p. 175-207, Mechanical Engineers, 1937* 2 volumes. July 195^* See especially vol.I, part II, chapter VI, Gives a history of efforts to regulate the The River Channel, and vol.II, part X, Po, subject to changes of alignment and River Engineering, which includes material erosion, by means of dredging and dikes. on bank-protection works and regulation of The final plan for alignment of the chan­ alluvial rivers. nel was based on the following criteria: (l) construction of a single regulated minor-bed channel without opposing Scott, C.M. On the Improvement of the West­ the river’s natural tendencies, (2) con­ ern Rivers. Academy of Science of St. struction of longitudinal groynes, (3) Louis, Transactions, vol.6, no.l, p.^3-5^ width of channel between bordering lines I878-I886. fixed between sills, (k) regular bends of parabolic pattern to follow one another Discusses four factors of problem of river along every concave bank of the regulated improvement, specifically on the lower channel, (5) maximum use of old defenses Mississippi and the lower Arkansas: fall, still in existence, (6) closure of all volume, curves, and tenacity of bottom secondary arms and former mouths of the and sides. Claims that bank protection is tributaries, and (7) concave sections of more important than levees (early levees bends to be carried as close as possible to north of Baton Rouge had been swept away). old banks. Types of protection works de­ Examines early methods of Army engineers, scribed, as "buzzoni" (fascine poles) . particularly theories of Captains Eads, Cowden, and Scott. The author, a pilot on the Mississippi, gives arguments in favor Rowland, V.R. Kinta River Deviation. In­ of an artificial "wrack heap" dyke. In­ stitution of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, teresting from historical standpoint. Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 117

Senour, Charles. Economics of River Bank Harbors Division, vol.86, WW^, Paper 2 6 ^7 , Stabilization, by Charles Senour, Missis­ p.1 7 -3 2 , November i960. sippi River Commission. American Society of Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.1 2 7 , Presents evaluation of channel stabiliza­ pt.it, p.3it6 -3 5 7 , 1962. tion works constructed in 1956 by San Francisco District, CE, along a four-mile A discussion of the benefits that accrue to test reach of Russian River, California. bank stabilization that prevents destruc­ tion of valuable agricultural and other developed land. Stickney, A. On Plan of Bank Protection for the Mississippi River; A Paper Read Before the Mississippi River Commission, Novem­ Senour, Charles. New Project for Stabilizing ber 5 , 1896. Mississippi River Commission and Deepening Lower Mississippi River, by Print, 1 8 9 7 . Charles Senour, Mississippi River Commis­ sion. American Society of Civil Engineers, Argument against continuous revetment, in Transactions, vol.1 1 2 , p.277-297, 19I+7. favor of spur dikes.

A discussion of channel conditions and work required to increase the navigable channel Strom, H.G. River Control in New Zealand and from 9-ft to 12-ft depths by use of bank Victoria. Melbourne, State Rivers and stabilization, dikes, and dredging. Water Supply Commission, 1 9 ^1 .

Gives characteristics of New Zealand rivers, Senour, Charles. Stabilization of Banks of problems of river control in both New Zea­ Streams of the Lower Alluvial Valley of the land and Victoria, and improvements used. Mississippi River, by Charles Senour, Included are methods of bank protection: Mississippi River Commission. Paper pre­ continuous, intermittent, and current sented at the Federal Interagency Sedimenta­ diversion. tion Conference, 6-8 May 19^7.

A discussion of sedimentation in the allu­ Thomas, B.F., and Watt, D.A. The Improvement vial valley, criteria for control of allu­ of Rivers; A Treatise on the Methods vial streams, the use of various types of Employed for Improving Streams for Open stabilization works, and their effect on Navigation, and for Navigation by Means of the channel. Locks and Dams, Part I. 2 d ed. New York, John Wiley, 1 9 1 3 . (See especially Chapter V, Protection of Banks.) Sih, Lee-Tang. Embankments and Bank Protec­ tion of Taiwan Rivers. (See United Na­ Chapter on bank protection gives theory tions Economic Commission for Asia and the upon which the use of revetments, pro­ Far East. Bureau of Flood Control. Pro­ tection spurs or dikes, and bank protec­ ceedings of the Regional Technical Con­ tion in general is founded, illustrated ference on Flood Control in Asia and the by cuts; the types of protective works Far East.) used (piles, riprap, revetments, con­ crete ballast, fascines and mattresses, spur dikes, and lumber mattresses); and Silberberger, L.F. Streambank Stabiliza­ special sections each for the Missis­ tion. Agricultural Engineering, vol.^O, sippi River, the Missouri River, and no.4 , p.2 ll+-2 1 7 , April 1 9 5 9 « (Research rivers in India. Center Library has on microfilm.)

Major streambank control measures that have Thompson, J.C. Report to the Committee on been used on Buffalo Creek, N.Y., during Channel Stabilization, Middle Rio Grande the past ten years are discussed in this Project, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Feb­ report. Rock revetment in combination with ruary 1 3 , 1963. U.S. Bureau of Reclama­ vegetation was used as an engineering tion, 1963. material, and appears to be successful. Summary of U.S. Bureau of Reclamation channel program on Middle Rio Grande, with Stanton, C.R., and McCarlie, R.A. Stream- use of steel jetties, cleared floodways, bank Stabilization in Manitoba. Soil and pilot channels, and low-flow conveyance Water Conservation Journal, vol.1 7 , no.U, channels. Special problems encountered are p.169-171, 1962. enumerated.

Steinberg, I.H. Russian River Channel Works. Tiefenbrun, A.J. Bank Stabilization of American Society of Civil Engineers, Pro­ Mississippi River Between the Ohio and ceedings, Journal of the Waterways and Missouri Rivers. Federal Inter-Agency 118 Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Missis­ Brief article on synthetic fiber mattress sippi, 19633 Proceedings, p.387-3993 Paper weighed down with sand used as revetment in No.^5. U.S. Department of Agriculture the Great River Ouse. The selected fabric Miscellaneous Publication No.970, June 19^5• was a porous "terylene" material. Possi­ bilities for use considered good. A discussion of the need for regulation, control, and stabilization for navigation and flood control. The types of protec­ United Nations Economic Commission for Asia tion used are included in the paper. and the Far East. Bureau of Flood Con­ trol. Proceedings of the Regional Techni­ cal Conference on Flood Control in Asia Timber Deflectors Prevent Bank Scour. Engi­ and the Far East. Flood Control Series neering News-Record, voi. 127, no.5? p.15^-? No.3? 1952. July 31, 19V. Includes several papers relating to chan­ Brief article tells of a 700-ft length of nel stabilization and river regulation bank along the Eel River near Scotia, among which are: "Control of Rivers With­ California, being protected from severe out Embankments," by J.C. McLean, Burma; scour by deflectors built of redwood logs. "Embankments and Bank Protection of Taiwan Rivers," by Lee-Tang Sih, Taiwan, China; "A Study of Flood Control and River Train­ Todd, O.J., and Eliassen, S. The Yellow ing Measures on the Beas River with the River Problem. American Society of Civil Help of Models," by H.L. Uppal, India; Engineers, Transactions, vol.105, p. 3^+6- "Use of Permeable Dikes for River Train­ 1*53, 19*10. ing of Yungting River,” by Shih-Ta Hsu, Taiwan, China; "A Review of the Progress What Western engineers have learned in on Theory and Design of Stable Channels recent years about the many-sided problems in Alluvium," by S.L. Malhotra and of the course-changing, silt-laden Yellow P.R. Ahuja, India. River is outlined in this paper. Pro­ posals for general regulation and for general stabilization plan are included. United Nations Economic Commission for Photographs are given of various bank Asia and the Far East. Bureau of Flood protection devices. Control. River Training and Bank Protec­ tion. Flood Control Series No.2+, 1953« (Available in Research Center Library on Tompkins, W.F. Water Control and Erosion microfilm.) Prevention Using Asphalt, by W.F. Tompkins, USAE District, New Orleans. Asphalt In­ In this study, originating with the Bureau stitute, Construction Series No. 2+3? June of Flood Control and Water Resources 1939. Development, Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East, emphasis is given to A discussion of construction methods and training of rivers attempted mainly to use of asphalt on jetties, mattress, and change the configuration of their beds. levee paving. Methods of bank protection also given. One section is devoted to river work practice in other regions*, including the Missis­ Towl, R.N. Missouri River Bank Protection sippi and other rivers in the United at Omaha, Nebraska. American Society of States, European rivers, and rivers in Civil Engineers, Transactions, vol.85, Australia and New Zealand. p. 12+82, 1922.

Brief paper in Symposium on Flood Problems U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on describes current retards, or pervious Channel Stabilization. Symposium on Chan­ dikes, made of whole trees, built out from nel Stabilization Problems. Technical the shore a distance of 100 to 300 ft. Report No.1, Volume 1, September 1963. Butts of trees are tied together with steel cables, held by bank cables running Contents: Stabilization Problems, Lower to "Headman" anchor on shore, and per­ Mississippi River, by R.H. Haas. Bank manently secured with interlacing pile Stabilization and Contraction Problems in cables to a row of submerged concrete the South Atlantic Division, by C.P. anchor-piles placed 35 Ft apart and 100 Lindner. Stabilization Plan for the ft up stream from the retard. Arkansas River, by E.B. Madden. Channel Stabilization on the Missouri River, by C.D. Bondurant. Channel Stabilization Trials of a New Form of Mattress for Scour Practices on Middle Rio Grande in New Protection. The Engineer, vol.2l2+, Mexico, by C.E. Hyvarinen. Channel no.5562, p.3735 August 31? 1962. Stabilization, Columbia River, by Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 119

M.C. Bubenik. Research on Channel Stabili­ and Maintenance of the Stabilization zation: Recommended Research on Channel Works on the Savannah River, by W.J. Wall. Stabilization Problems, by J.B. Tiffany; Suggested Studies and Investigations by Comittee Members, by R.W. Sauer; Hydraulic U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of Chief Models for Study of River Sedimentation of Engineers. Report of the Chief of Engi­ Problems, by J.J. Franco. neers, U.S. Army. Washington, GPO.

Annual reports are on file at the Research U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on Center Library from 1 866 to date, at the Channel Stabilization. Symposium on Chan­ Little Rock District, CE, from 1873 to nel Stabilization Problems. Technical 1 9 6 2 , and at various other Corps of Engi­ Report No.l, Volume 2 , May 1 9 6 4 . neers installations. The following refer­ ences were furnished by Little Rock Contents: Regulation and Contraction Works, District as representative of data on chan­ Alluvial Rivers, by R.H. Haas. River Con­ nel stabilization: Report of 1896, part 3 , trol Structures, by John Manning. Chan­ pages 1652-1700; report of 1901, part 3, nel Design for Modified Sediment Regime pages 2 1 2 8 -2 1 5 4 ; report of 1902, part 2, Conditions on the Arkansas River, by page 1576; report of 1915> part 2, pages E.B. Madden. Channel Stabilization on the 1872-1879; and report of 1938, part 1, Arkansas River, by J.L. Bush. Hydraulic p.962. Aspects of Arkansas River Stabilization, by M.S. Petersen. Problem Areas in the Field Administration of Construction Contracts, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of Chief Bank Stabilization Projects, by R.L. of Engineers. Slope Protection. Civil Brogley. The Arkansas-White Cutoff Closure, Works Engineer Bulletin No.5 2 -1 5 , 2 June by Hilton Keen. Channel Stabilization on 1 9 5 2 . (Also designated EM 1 1 1 0 -2 -3 9 0 1 .) the Arkansas River, Little Rock District, by W.E. Isaacs. Design of dumped riprap for protection against wave action on earth embankments. Requirements for stone protection for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on levees and channels to resist high velocity Channel Stabilization. Symposium on Chan­ flow are also included. nel Stabilization Problems. Technical Report No.l, Volume 3 ? June 1965. U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska. FY 66 - Contents: Channel Stabilization, Middle Erosion Control Maintenance Study, Yukon Rio Grande Project, by J.C. Thompson. River, Galena Airport, Alaska. 1 7 Dec­ Revetment-stabilization of the Channel ember 1965. of the Rio Grande from Cabalio Dam to Fort Quitman, New Mexico-Texas, by A.F. Danger of loss by erosion of dike that Bettle and C.E. Dyer. Columbia and Lower protects Galena Airport from floodwaters Willamette Rivers, ¿4-0 - by 6 0 0 -ft Project, of Yukon River made necessary control by H.A. Kidby. Columbia River Stabiliza­ measures by steel pile wall and cellular tion and Improvement for Navigation, by sheet pile bulkhead. This report evaluates R.E. Hickson. Bank Stabilization, Wil­ effectiveness of the erosion control lamette and Columbia Rivers, by C.H. measures taken to date and analyzes river Thornber. and bank survey data to determine if ad­ ditional control measures or maintenance are required. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Committee on Channel Stabilization. Symposium on Chan­ nel Stabilization Problems. Technical U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska. Nin- Report No. 1 , Volume 4 , February 1966. ilchik Harbor, Alaska, General Design Memorandum No.l. March 1961. Contents: Channel Stabilization Work in the Vicksburg District, by J.E. Henley. Project consists of dredging and pile The Stone-fill Dike in the Middle Missis­ jetty construction to provide protected sippi River, by W.O. Hartke. Potamology moorage for approximately 32 boats. The Studies, Hydraulic Analysis of Missis­ natural course of the Ninilchik River will sippi River Channels, by M.G. Anding. be diverted from its present meandering Bank Stabilization, Red River below Denison mouth to a direct route through the beach Dam, by W.R. Causey. Program of the bar adjacent to the proposed small boat Mississippi River Commission, by L.B. basin. Feagin. Effectiveness of Asphalt Bank Protection, by G.D. Waddill. River Regulation Works on the Apalachicola River, U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque. by B.W. Odom, Jr. Planning, Construction, Civil Works Investigation No.509-a, Report 120 Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

on Measures for Bank Protection, Use of U.S. Army Engineer District, Fort Peck. Kellner Jetties on Alluvial Streams. June Report on Measures for Bank Protection, 1953. Yellowstone River and Tributaries; Civil Works Investigation 509-e. June 195^-» This report presents data on experienced performance of Kellner jetty systems for Purpose of report is to present analysis bank protection at various locations on of cost and effectiveness of various types streams in New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, of bank protection, other than continuous Nebraska, and Oklahoma. riprap paving (generally not economically justifiable), which have been installed on Yellowstone River and its tributaries for U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque. reference in dealing with future bank Civil Works Investigation No.858, Report erosion problems. Some of the types in­ on Measures for Bank Protection; Use of cluded are: rock jetties, pile and timber Steel Jetties on Alluvial Streams. August revetment, tethered trees, and discarded 1962. automobile bodies laced with wire cable.

This report supplements and nup-datesM the data presented in the Civil Works Investiga­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Kansas City. tion No.509~a report and includes a de­ Improving and Stabilizing the Channel of scription of design criteria and a method the Missouri River. 3 May 1938. Fifth developed by means of model studies by the Revision, 2 January 19^-8. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for computing the deposition in a jetty field. A pamphlet containing a resume of the development of the Missouri River Proj­ ect, design and construction prior to U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque. 19^8. Definite Project Report on Trinidad Flood­ way, Purgatoire River, Trinidad, Colorado. December 1950. U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Arkansas Local flood protection plan for Trinidad, and Oklahoma, Arkansas River, Lock and Colorado, included an improved channel in Dam No.2; Design Memorandum No.l, Gen­ Purgatoire River, 5910 ft long, stone- eral. December 1962. revetted, converging into a concrete-lined section and terminating in outflow channel Includes feature details of bank stabi­ lization in the vicinity of Lock and Dam No.2, a cutoff across Morgan Point, U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque. and protection for Arkansas Post General Design Memorandum on Rio Grande National Memorial. Floodway, Cochiti-Rio Puerco Unit; Design Memorandum No.5. April 1959« U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. This report describes plans for development Arkansas River and Tributaries, Arkansas of a controlled floodway in the subject and Oklahoma, Arkansas River, Lock and reach utilizing levees and channel stabili­ Dam No.t; Design Memorandum No.l, Boyd zation structures of Kellner-type steel Point Cutoff, Pine Bluff, Arkansas. jetties and includes pertinent information March 1963. on the hydrologic and sediment character­ istics of the stream. Presents planning and design studies for developing the Arkansas River navigation project in the vicinity of Pine Bluff, U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore. Arkansas. The bank stabilization and Channel Protection Against High Velocity cutoff work presented consists of the Flow; Civil Works Investigations CW-^52c. recommended plan and alternate plans November 19^-9* studied for development of the navigation channel, for the provision and continued Review of over 60 installations of channel maintenance of a channel and turning basin protection at 18 local protection projects to serve the Pine Bluff harbor. were made to select for further study those installations that had been subjected to flood flow. Full testing program was con­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. ducted at 8 sites, exposed to flood flow, Arkansas River and Tributaries, Arkansas and having stone protection placed by vari­ and Oklahoma, Lock and Dam No.l, Arkansas ous methods and different types and thick­ River, Arkansas; Design Memorandum No.2, nesses of filter blanket. Results given. General Design Memorandum. June 1962. Photographs included. Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 121

Includes channel studies on the lower White This report contains criteria developed by River, geology and soils along the canal the Board for a preliminary layout of bank reach, and slope protection or bank stabi­ stabilization and channel rectification on lization at canal entrance to the White the Arkansas River and for river regulation River. It also contains a report - Estimated Aver­ age Annual Erosion - Control Benefits that Would Accrue to the Bank Protection and U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Contraction Works Included in Arkansas Arkansas River and Tributaries, Arkansas River Multiple Purpose Plan. and Oklahoma, White River, Entrance Chan­ nel, Mississippi River to Arkansas Post Canal; Design Memorandum No.l, General. U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles. April 1 9 6 b. Los Angeles County Drainage Area, Cali­ fornia, Flood Control; Design Memorandum Establishes detailed features of navigation No.3, General Design for San Gabriel River, channel and related bank-stabilization and Whittier Narrows Dam to Coyote Creek. June channel-rectification works, including 1963. initial and future works for realined sec­ tions of navigation channel and in-channel Proposed, channel, about 85,100 ft in length, stabilization structures to protect banks would be trapezoidal in cross section with against propeller and wave wash. Four sec­ 1 on 2 side slopes. About 35,300 ft of the tions are proposed: trench fill revetment, upper reach would be unpaved on the invert, mattress, pile revetment with stone fill, but the side slopes would be revetted with and wave wash protection. stone. The balance of the project reach, 49,800 ft, would be lined with reinforced concrete. U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Proj­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles. ect Design Memorandum No.l, Resume of Report, Channel Protection Against High Project. February 1957» Velocity Flow. July 1949; Revised Sep­ tember 1949. A resume of the authorized multiple purpose project including design criteria, degrada­ Discussion of need for channel protec­ tion below dams, cost estimates, estimated tion in Los Angeles and San Gabriel River operation and maintenance cost, estimated basins where there is extreme drop in benefits, construction sequence, and fund elevation. Extensive protective works, requirements for bank stabilization and necessary to confine streams within channel rectification. definite channels, utilize reinforced con­ crete, riprap, dumped stone, grouting, gunite, reinforced asphalt, mattresses, U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. and wire fencing. Arkansas River and Tributaries, Multiple Purpose Plan, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Project Design Memorandum No.8, Bank U.S. Army Engineer District, Memphis. Re­ Stabilization and Channel Rectification. port of Experimental Casting of Articulated September i960. Supplement No.l, Closure Concrete Mattress Using Fly Ash and Water- Structure, Arkansas-White Cutoff. March reducing Admixture, Caruthersville, 1962; Revised September 1962. Missouri, Casting Field. Technical Report No.1-64, September 1963. Contains criteria, design features, and costs data of typical structures and methods for bank stabilization and chan­ Purpose of investigation was to learn nel rectification of the Arkansas River whether concrete containing fly ash or in Arkansas and in Eastern Oklahoma. The water-reducing admixtures, or both, when tentative project layout is shown in mixed, placed, and cured under normal Appendix I. Supplement contains basic in­ field conditions could be made more formation on the Arkansas-White River Cut­ economically for use in casting articulated offs, the need for closure of the channel, concrete mattress than concrete without and the structures considered for closing such admixtures. Suitability of using one i t . sheet of 80-lb kraft paper for separating mattress was also investigated. Experiment yielded valuable information. Conclusions U.S. Army Engineer District, Little Rock. presented in detail in Part 4. Draft Report, Summary of Activities, Arkansas River Board 1948-1956, reproduced November 1956. U.S. Army Engineer District, Memphis. Re­ vetment and 'Dike Data Sheets. 1964. 122 Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

Quantities and cost data shown are as of Closure of Old River is one feature of the 30 June 19 6 b . Bank protection data is project on "Old River Control, La.," which chiefly on the Mississippi River. Table of project has as its purpose the preven­ conditions of revetments and dikes is given. tion of "capture" of the Mississippi River by the Atchafalaya River. Closure involved construction of a permanent earthfill U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile. Apala­ across Old River, following a submerged chicola River, Florida, Design Memorandum stone dam on a specially prepared base No.2 , Channel Improvement, Design of Chan­ which was effective in reducing flow in nel Contraction Works, Overall Plan and Old River. Description of closure opera­ Phase I. 20 December 1961. tion given. Except for settling of and damage to rock dam and occurrence of some Describes the improvements proposed by the scour below the dam, the closure was ac­ Apalachicola River Board. However, the complished without incident. dikes proposed therein are rockfill dikes whereas the Board has, since the issuance of that memorandum, recommended the use of U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha. Gering timber pile dikes. Valley, Nebraska, North Platte River Basin: Design Memorandum No.PG-U, Channel Stabili­ zation, Stage I, July 1962 ; Design Memo­ U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. randum No .PG-6 , Channel Stabilization, Bayou Lafourche, Louisiana; Design Phase III, April 1963; Design Memorandum Memorandum No.l, Belle Pass Jetty Rehabil­ No.PG-7 ? Channel Stabilization, Phase V, itation. December i960. December 1963; Design Memorandum No.PG-9 ? Channel Stabilization, Phase VI, November Discussion of original design and need of, 196^. k volumes. and proposed method of repair. These four design memoranda cover all engi­ neering aspects, including results of U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. model studies, required for the development Calcasieu River and Pass, Louisiana; of design details and the preparation of Design Memorandum No.2 , Jetty Rehabilita­ plans and specifications for the con­ tion. July 1961. struction of works in four different phases. Included in works are drop structures, in­ Discussion of original design and need of, ternal drainage, channel lining, rock and proposed method of repair. sills, and riprap.

U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha. Report Channel Improvement Data Report. 1965» on Channel Protection Against High Velocity Flow. June 1953 « Quantities and cost data shown are as of 30 June 1965* Bank protection data is Report under Civil Works Investigation for Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red N0.U52F, authorized by Chief of Engineers, Rivers and Old River Control. Table of U.S. Army, describes channel protection of condition of revetments is given. different types as constructed on South Platte River and Cherry Creek (both at Denver), on some other main tributaries of U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. the South Platte River, and on Monument Mississippi River, Baton Rouge to the Gulf Creek at Colorado Springs. 'There are pre­ of Mexico, La., General Design Memorandum. sented photographs, sketches, and pertinent Supplement No.l. December 1962. information showing details of construction and some factors involved in design of Design and cost estimate of dikes at South­ channel protection. west Pass.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha. Salt U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. Creek and Its Tributaries, Nebraska; Design Mississippi River - Gulf Outlet, Louisiana; Memorandum No.MSC-1 1 , Channel Improvement Design Memorandum No.2 , General Design. and Levees Thru Lincoln. April 1963* June 19 59 * Problems relating to channel improvements, Design and plan for retention dikes and levee design, drainage structures, slope j etties. protection, and bridges are covered in this memorandum. Plan provides for riprapping channel slopes. Comparison of channel U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. cross sections obtained in 19U3 and 1961 Report on Closure of Old River. Dec­ (in improved portion of channel) indicate ember 19 64 . Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 123

existing side slopes have more or less Bend Upstream Extension, Morriss Downstream stabilized. Extension, Cox Upstream Extension, Pape Downstream Extension, and Landstrom Loca­ tions; Williamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Bank Protection and Channel Improvement, Design Memorandum, Bank Protection and Fiscal Year i960. 1959- Channel Improvement, Santiam, South Santiam, Calapooya and McKenzie Rivers; Stabilization of channels in Willamette Lower Wintermantel, Tripp Upstream Ex­ River Basin by construction of stone pro­ tension, Peterson, Coldspring, Swink, tection and drift barriers is considered Kowitz, Brownsville No. 3 and No.^4 and the most durable and economic means of Lower Barnet Locations; Willamette River controlling erosion and preventing possible Basin, Oregon, Bank Protection and Chan­ channel changes. Project as of this date nel Improvement, Fiscal Year 1962. 1961. is about 6(yJo complete, with 31^-?607 linear ft of bank protection work having been At time of this report a total of 3^3?713 placed at 135 locations along the Willam­ linear ft of hank protection has been ette River and its tributaries. placed at 150 locations along the Willam­ ette River and its major tributaries, and the project as a whole is 66 percent com­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. De­ plete. A supplement on the Chase and Morse sign Memorandum, Bank Protection and Chan­ locations is also included as a part of nel Improvement, Willamette, McKenzie, this design memorandum. Santiam and South Santiam Rivers; Trenholm, Lower Bend Downstream Extension, Forgay, Malone, Spring Branch, Kepner, and Hucka U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. De­ Locations; Willamette River Basin, Oregon, sign Memorandum, Bank Protection and Chan­ Bank Protection and Channel Improvement, nel Improvement, Willamette, Clackamas, Fiscal Year 196U. 1963* Santiam, and South Santiam Rivers; Eldriedge Bar, Sam Daws Bend, Marshall Island, Semple At time of this report a total of 373?391 Road, Crown-Willamette Drift Barrier, linear feet of bank protection has been Ketcham Downstream Extension, Dangerfield, placed at 163 locations along the Willam­ and Stringer Locations; Willamette River ette River and its major tributaries, and Basin, Oregon, Bank Protection and Chan­ the project as a whole is 75 percent nel Improvement, Fiscal Year 1963* 1962. complete.

At time of this report a total of 358?268 linear ft of bank protection has been U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. De­ placed at 156 locations along the Willam­ sign Memorandum, Bank Protection and Chan­ ette River and its major tributaries, and nel Improvement, Willamette, North and the project as a whole is 71 percent South Santiam Rivers; Centennial Island, complete. Porter, Harrisburg Railroad Bridge Up­ stream Extension, Koon, Maclay Place Down­ stream Extension, Sidney Ditch, and Lower U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. De­ Bryant Locations; Willamette River Basin, sign Memorandum, Bank Protection and Chan­ Oregon, Bank Protection and Channel Im­ nel Improvement, Willamette, McKenzie, and provement, Fiscal Year 1965* I96U. Santiam Rivers; Harper Bend Upstream Ex­ tension, Gavette, Foster, Myers-Eyler Stabilization of channels in Willamette Downstream Extension, Armitage Upstream River Basin by construction of stone pro­ Extension, Leaburg Dam, Hayes, Barclay, tection, drift barriers, and channel McCormick Locations, and Location "A" rectification, is considered the most Downstream Extension; Willamette River durable and economical means of con­ Basin, Oregon, Bank Protection and Chan­ trolling erosion and preventing chan­ nel Improvement, Fiscal Year 1958 and nel changes. At time of this report a 1959. 1958. total of 389?169 linear ft of bank pro­ tection had been placed at 171 locations, Project, presently underway, is 57$ the project as a whole being 78 percent complete as of this date, with a total complete. of 292,939 linear ft of bank protection works having been placed at 1 2 k locations along the Willamette River and its major U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. De­ tributaries. sign Memorandum, Bank Protection and Chan­ nel Improvement, Willamette, Santiam, and McKenzie Rivers; Kelso, Bryant, Wilkinson, U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. De­ Harlow, Burnum,, and Green Locations; Willam­ sign Memorandum, Bank Protection and Chan­ ette River Basin, Oregon, Bank Protection nel Improvement, Willamette, McKenzie, and and Channel Improvement, Fiscal Year 1961. Santiam Rivers; Hoover, Dixon Creek, Jacobs i960. 12b Section VIII, Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

The six locations in this design memorandum U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Re­ are currently the most critical areas. At port on High-velocity Revetment Tests, time of this report, a total of 328,203 Civil Works Investigation ^-85. 1 January linear ft of hank protection work has been 1952. placed at 1^2 locations along the Willam­ ette River and its major tributaries, with As a part of a large and varied program of project 63 percent complete. Civil Works Investigations being conducted by Office, Chief of Engineers, Portland District designed, constructed, and oper­ U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Re­ ated a test channel at Dorena Dam, Oregon, port on Channel Protection Against High for the purpose of determining the size of Velocity Flow. 1 July 1951. dumped-stone revetment suitable for use in lining the banks of flood channels and This report presents the results of an streams subject to high velocity flow. investigation of channel protection against Four sizes of rock revetment were tested high-velocity flow at ten revetments on against velocities ranging from 7 to 20 streams in Oregon and Idaho. In addition f.p.s. in a test channel length of 200 ft. to data on bankfull velocities, this Results of testing, including revetment report presents a description of each re­ gradation curves, observed and average vetment as to date of construction, velocities, water-surface profiles, loca­ foundation material, revetment surfacing tion of failures (together with photo­ material, thickness of revetment, labora­ graphs), plan showing details of the tory analysis of construction material, test channel construction, and pertinent existing condition of the revetment, and a data relating to each of the four tests, description of the watershed and runoff are included in this report. characteristics of the area tributary to each general area that was investigated. U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. Chart transmitted by 1st Indorsement U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. Re­ dated 9 January 1959 to South Pacific port on Experimental Slope Protection for Division, Basic letter from South Pacific River Banks and Levees. 9 December 19^-6. Division dated 21 November 1958, subject: ’’Stone Protection Data for Existing Works," This report presents a comprehensive study (Copy in Soils Unit file, Sacramento of the work done and of the results ob­ District.) tained by this district with five different types of low-cost slope protection. The projects described were constructed on U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. Willamette and Santiam Rivers in Oregon and Levee and Channel Slope Protection Criteria, on Snake and Boise Rivers in Idaho. The Sacramento District. 1 April i960. five types of revetment which have been completed and are reported on are as Scope of this report is limited to slope follows: (l) penetration asphalt; (2) protection required on slopes of levees bituminous plant mix; (3 ) reinforced port- and banks of rivers due to velocity flow, land cement concrete; (k) sand-cement with special emphasis on high velocity grouted gravel; and (5) gravel blanket foothills streams. stabilization.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. U.S. Army Engineer District, Portland. A Lower San Joaquin River and Tributaries Report on Experimental Use of Asphalt in Project, California; Design Memorandum Bank Revetment on the Upper Willamette No.2, San Joaquin River Levees, Test River, by F.S. Besson, Jr., and J.S. Sections for Bank Protection. 15 March Conner. 1939« 1957.

In 1938 emulsified, cutback and "Dm grade Tests were proposed for various kinds of 90-100 penetration asphalts, both with and bank protection materials (quarry stone, without mineral fillers, were tested to de­ cobbles, bank-run gravels, bank-run dredge termine practicability of use in revetment. tailings, and two different types of Penetration method of application was most asphalt materials) on sections at least satisfactory for use with natural gravels. 300 ft in length placed on the outside In the fall of 1936, 5000 square yards of of bends where a critical condition surface above low water line were treated; exists. at high stages the toe of slope was scoured. In the fall of 1937? 20,000 square yards of surface were treated, with toe pro­ U.S,. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. tected by rock. Information included on Memorandum Report "Materials for Slope preparation of base, application of asphalt, cost, and analysis of damage. Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 125

Protection on San Joaquin River Project,” revetments damaged by flood, ice, and by Levee Section, May 1955* natural deterioration.

U.S. Army.Engineer District, Sacramento. Re­ U.S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco. port on Cobble Bank Protection Placed in Report on Measures for Bank Protection, 195^-1955* Office Memorandum prepared by Project CWI 509-b, Salinas and Pajaro R.W. Barsdale. 28 September 1956. Rivers, California. June 195^«

Service record of a number of bank protec­ Discussion of problems and need for con­ tion jobs placed by Sacramento District tinued study on stabilization on meandering using smaller sized cobbles than had pre­ streams. This report is limited to (l) * viously been used for this type work. steel-frame revetment units, and wire mesh Illustrated by photographs. along applied directly to the banks, and (2 ) in-channel training works consisting of cable-attached in-line wooden jacks that U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. Re­ float on stream surface. These were in­ port on Channel Protection Against High stalled and operated for 15-year period Velocity Flows, Sacramento River, Cali­ on the two coastal streams concerned. fornia. 19^-8.

Years of practice in Sacramento District U.S. Army Engineer District, Savannah. De­ have resulted in the following methods of sign Memorandum, Savannah River below bank protection: levee setback, lumber Augusta, Savannah River, Georgia, and South mattress, dumped cobble paving, hand Carolina; General Design. 1 August 1957* placed rock paving, or any combination of these. A weakness noted in bank pro­ Contains examination survey of river tection works is tendency of banks to showing location of contraction works, bank erode a short distance downstream from the protection revetments, channel cutoffs to works, leading to the conclusion that bank eliminate sharp bends, and locations to be protection should not stop at end of dredged. curve but should be carried downstream along the tangent to a point where the channel assumes a relatively uniform U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle. Green section. River, Washington, Riprap Sections for Study of Channel Protection Against High Velocity Flow, C.W.I. N0 .V7O. June 1950. U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento. Sacramento River Flood Control Project, Purpose of investigation was to study Sacramento, California; Design Memorandum minimum riprap requirements for protec­ No.l, Gradation Requirements for Stone tion against high velocity flow, by the Protection for River Banks and Levees. installation of various sizes of riprap 15 April 1955; Revised 28 June 1955. on an experimental section built on a high velocity stream. Scope of investiga­ Covers all investigations made of stone tion included selection of site, con­ protection on Sacramento River Flood struction of test section, check of in Control Project, made to date, including place rock gradation with specification field inspection, gradation tests, and requirements, observation of stream discussions with District, Division, and velocities, and resulting effect on riprap. OCE personnel.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle. Green U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis. River, Washington, Riprap Sections for Improvement of Middle Mississippi River. Study of Channel Protection Against High May 1939. Velocity Flow, C.W.I. N0 .V7O; Interim Report on Testing. November 1951. Pamphlet discussing history and improvement to provide 9-ft channel by open river Presents data accumulated during high water regulation with revetment and dikes. periods subsequent to June 1950 and partic­ ularly during high flow in ^February 1951, when peak was maintained for about 12 hours U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis. and followed two days later by another peak Mississippi River Between Ohio and Missouri of comparable magnitude. Conclusions were Rivers; Design Memorandum No.l-R, Rehabil­ made on the ability of slope rock to with­ itation of Dikes and Revetment. November stand frontal attack of river and of float­ I960. ing debris.

Covers procedures for repair to dikes and U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle. 126 Section Vili* Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

Nooksack River, Washington, Report on Pile (as of 30 June 1965) for projects (chiefly Dike Structures, C.W.I. No.509d. June 1953* revetment or pile dikes).

Presents results of study on history, con­ struction, effectiveness, and present con­ U.S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri River. dition of existing pile dikes along Nook- Report on Bank Protection of the Missis­ sack River. It was concluded that safer, sippi River & Tributaries, Missouri River. longer-lived protection is provided by the long structure, parallel to bank, although Completed January 1952 and submitted to deflecting groin can be employed effec­ O.C.E. for inclusion in a proposed com­ tively where channel changes are minor, prehensive report. There has apparently or occur relatively slowly. been no further action.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle. U.S. Army Engineer Division, Missouri River. Protection Against High Velocity Flow, Report on Methods Used in the Kansas City Civil Works Investigation SM-3. Jan­ District for Securing and Protecting uary 191+9 • Accreted Banks. 1939*

Naches-Yakima River Levee is located on right bank at juncture of Naches and U.S. Army Engineer Division, New England. Yakima Rivers and extends from above the Channel Protection Against High Velocity mouth of Naches to some distance below Flows; Civil Works Investigation N0 .U52-G. junction on Yakima River. The natural August 1950. bank of the river which acts as founda­ tion of levee is sand and gravels ranging A physical inspection was made of all types in size up to boulders. For protection of channel and slope protection constructed against flow erosion the levee has a rip- by the Corps of Engineers in the New rapped face running from the toe to with­ England Division. Hydraulic analyses were in five ft of the crest. Progressive made to determine maximum design and ex­ erosion of unprotected low water river perienced velocities. Data on those types bank and berm has resulted in under­ which have experienced velocities in excess cutting of toe and riprapped slope. of six ft per second, together with photo­ graphs and sketches showing details of con­ struction, are included in this report. U.S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa. Report Five projects were involved. on Use of Kellner-type Jetties on the Arkansas River in the Tulsa District. November 1959* U.S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific. 1965 Aerial Inspection of Willamette River This report contains descriptions of Basin Projects, 12, 13, 1^, and 15 February steel jetty systems for bank stabiliza­ and 5 and 6 March 1965• 19^5• tion, six locations on the Arkansas River in the Tulsa District within the State of Purpose of report is to outline conditions Oklahoma and includes information on the of various flood control projects and experienced effectiveness of the maintenance requirements required.before installations. next flood season. Inspection made by helicopter. Revetments were included in the survey. Effectiveness of spraying U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg. revetments was considered. Bank Protection Master Specifications for Hired Labor Work. March 1965. U.S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, Work covered by these specifications is Lab. First Interim Report on Ceramic located on banks of the Mississippi River Riprap Investigation. August 19^-9* below Cairo, Illinois, and on the right bank of the Ohio River from its mouth to Scope of this study is limited to in­ Mile 975. Includes general and special vestigation in certain defined areas in conditions, and technical provisions the central United States (including (materials, preparation of bank, subaqueous Lower Mississippi Valley, parts of Texas mattress and riprap paving, upper bank and Oklahoma, and Florida). Purpose paving). of investigation is to determine feasibil­ ity of producing ceramic masses suitable for use as riprap. Size would range from U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg. spalls to as large as 36-inch cubes or Channel Improvement Data Report. 30 June larger. Study was discontinued and no 1965. final report was ever issued.

Tabular data includes quantities and cost Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 127

U.S. Army Engineer Division, South Pacific. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Bank Protection on Mississippi and Missouri tion, Corps of Engineers. Investigation of Rivers, by T.H. Jackson. June 1, 1935- Bituminous Cold Mixes for the Protection of Upper River Banks, by E.C. Meredith. Includes theory of erosion which causes Waterways Experiment Station Technical Mem­ caving, definition of types of bank protec­ orandum No. 3 -3^2, Vicksburg, Miss., April tion, discussion of the problem on the 1953« (Use limited to personnel of Corps Mississippi and the Missouri along with of Engineers.) different methods used. Conclusions given. Laboratory and field tests were performed in an effort to develop satisfactory bi­ U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tuminous cold mixes composed of as-dredged tion, Corps of Engineers. Experiments to wet sand and liquid bitumen. A range of Determine the Effectiveness of Concrete materials and mixtures was investigated in Tetrahedral Blocks as Revetment. Water­ the laboratory tests and the more promising ways Experiment Station Technical Memo­ mixtures were studied in small-scale field randum No. 20-2, Vicksburg, Miss., Jan­ tests. A bituminous cold mix was utilized uary 28, 1933. in paving the riverside slope of one sec­ tion of a Mississippi River levee during Tests were initiated to investigate the period of, but not as a part of, this stability of riprap and supporting mate­ study. Bituminous cold mixes were de­ rials under various velocities of flow, veloped that satisfied the objectives of bank slopes, and thickness of riprap; this study with the exception of that manner in which blocks nest when dumped objective concerning stability for a period on underwater slope; effectiveness of rip­ of at least 15 years. This objective can rap in preventing undercutting of caving only be accomplished by actual experience banks; manner in which blocks tend to bed records of cold-mix placements over the themselves in sand, gravel, or clay; required period of time. velocity required to move single blocks not bedded in bank; relative stability of rip­ rap when composed of blocks. The blocks U.S. Army Engineer Waferways Experiment proposed for use were to be in the shape Station,' Corps of Engineers. Investiga­ of regular tetrahedrons 50 pounds and up­ tions of Certain Proposed Methods of Bank wards in weight-, to be cast of concrete. and Embankment Protection. Waterways Results of each run given. Experiment Station Paper No.12, Vicksburg, Miss., July 1933.

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Part 2 "Laboratory Investigations of the tion, Corps of Engineers. Hydrographic and Effectiveness of Various Proposed Types Hydraulic Investigations of Mississippi of Revetment" describes tests on two River Revetments, Field Investigations. types: (l) concrete slabs approximately Waterways Experiment Station Potamology In­ k ft long, 1^+ in. wide, and 3 in. thick vestigations Report No.17-1, Vicksburg, laid on silt loam base having a trans­ Miss., April 195^-. verse surface slope of 1 on 3? and (2) broken concrete blocks on bases of Presents results of hydraulic field in­ gravel, sand, and sand and gravel. Summary vestigations conducted during the period of results given. June 19^-8 to May 1951 of revetments at Reid Bedford Bend, False Point, and Bauxippi-Wyanoke in the Mississippi River. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Preliminary Flume Tests of Mississippi River Revetment, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Sta­ Second Interim Report. Waterways Experi­ tion, Corps of Engineers. Interim Report ment Station Potamology Investigations on Investigation of Sand-asphalt Revetment. Report No.2-U, Vicksburg, Miss., November Waterways Experiment Station Potamology 1951. Investigations Report No.3-1, Vicksburg, Miss., July 19^8. This report constitutes the second and final report on preliminary flume tests Purposes of experiment were to determine of Mississippi River revetment. Presents practicability of placing sand-asphalt results of tests 8 to 21 conducted during revetment under water by gravity flow period 2k June 19^7 - 1 March 19^-9 with through insulated metal chute or tremie mass sand-asphalt revetment, concrete and to develop economical method of in­ blocks, retards, and standard and V-type creasing fluidity of hot sand-asphalt articulated concrete revetments. mixtures for use as revetment. Descrip­ tion of tests, discussion of results and future plans are given. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers. Preliminary 128 Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

Tests of Experimental Baffles, Bank Stabi­ (600 ft long and 125 ft wide) which per­ lization Model. Waterways Experiment mitted use of undistorted linear-scale Station Potamology Investigations Report ratio of 1 to 60. Flume has movable bed No.2-3, Vicksburg, Miss., September 1951- and erodible banks. Satisfactory veri­ fication was obtained for prototype changes Four preliminary tests were conducted in occurring in Reid Bedford Bend during bank-stabilization flume at Waterways period August 19^-5 to August 19^-6. Experiment Station during November 1950 to obtain indications of effectiveness of baffles in preventing caving of concave U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. A Plan of bank, in influencing alignment and location Channel Erosion Control, Five Mile Creek, of a crossing, and in closing off a back Riverton Project, Wyoming. April 1953- channel or chute. Erosion control planned by artificially entrenching the channel in erosive- U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment resistant material, and channel training Station, Corps of Engineers. Report of with artificial side barriers (wooden jacks Conference on Potamology Investigations, with diagonal groins from banks to jacks). 15 March 19^8. Waterways Experiment Sta­ tion Potamology Investigations Report No.11-1, Vicksburg, Miss., March 19^-8. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Ten-year Test of Soil-cement Slope Protection as a Transcription of talks and discussions at Substitute for Rock Riprap--Bonny Dam-- conference; included are remarks on "River Missouri River Basin Project, Colorado. Meander Study," by G.B. Fenwick, "Revetment Earth Laboratory Report No.EM-630, Investigation," by J.J. Franco, and "In­ November 6, 1961. strumentation," by E.H. Woodman. Summary of data pertaining to testing of materials, method of construction, and 10- U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment year performance of a soil cement facing on Station, Corps of Engineers. Report of a reservoir embankment. Its applicability Conference on Potamology Investigations, to channel stabilization concerns riprap 6-7 October 19^9- Waterways Experiment and the investigation for a suitable, less Station Potamology Investigations Report costly substitute. No.11-6, Vicksburg, Miss., April 1951- 2 volumes. U.S. Congress. Russian River, Calif. Volume I includes discussion of: Bank- Washington, GPO, 1950. (8lst Congress, stabilization Work Performed on the Lower 2d Session, House Document No.585.) Mississippi River, by H.R. Andress; Ex­ isting Plans for Stabilization of the Survey report considering flood control Mississippi River, by R.A. Latimer; Prob­ and allied problems includes a section lems Encountered in Construction and on channel stabilization works. Model Maintenance of Bank-stabilization Struc­ studies were made in order to estimate tures, by R.H. Haas; Waterways Experiment stresses which would be developed in cables Station1s Potamology Investigations, of system of cable-anchored, floating- by J.B. Tiffany; Soils Investigations, timber jacks. by W.J. Turnbull; Soils Investigation, by S.J. Johnson; Hydrographic and Hydraulic Surveys, by E.P. Fortson; Meander Model U.S. Engineer School. Civil Works, Open Study, by E.B. Lipscomb; Bank-stabilization River Regulation. 19^-9* Includes chapters Model Study, by E.B. Lipscomb; Field In­ on flow in alluvial rivers, training struc­ vestigation of Turbulence Forces, by tures, Middle and Lower Mississippi River, E.'P. Fortson. Volume II comprised edited Missouri River, and Lower Columbia River. transcript of discussions on specific questions. U.S. Engineer School. Open River Regulation; Training Structures. E .202-^(2-59) ML, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment 1959. Station, Corps of Engineers. Verification of Bank-stabilization Model. Waterways Discusses the following: pile, rock and Experiment Station Potamology Investiga­ sand dikes; subaqueous and upper bank tions Report No.2-6, Vicksburg, Miss., paving revetment; and retards of the July 1953- framed, pole bundle, wire fence, and rail tetrahedron types. Tests to establish reliability of model of typical Mississippi River bend in predic­ ting behavior and effectiveness of stabili­ Utah, University, Engineering Experiment Sta­ zation works were conducted in large flume tion. Proceedings of the First Western Section VIII. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures 129

Conference on Asphalt in Hydraulics, Octo­ Engineers have been drawn on heavily as ber 1 9 , 2 0 , 1955 . Bulletin No.78, June source material. 1958. (Available in Research Center Library on microfilm.) Verstoep, C. Report on Test Applications of The following papers contain information Enkalon Mattresses on Magdalena River in applicable to channel stabilization: A Columbia, South America. Shell Condor, Review of Asphalt Construction in Hydrau­ South America, 1961. lics in the Western United States, by L.M. Ellsperman; A Review of Asphalt Con­ struction in Hydraulics in Europe, by Vinzant, G.W. Revetments in the Vicksburg W.F. Van Asbeck; Principles in Design of District. Military Engineer, vol.2 2 , Asphalt Hydraulic Structures, by J.M. no. 1 2 5 , p . M j-8-^5 3 * September-October 1 9 3 0 - Lackey; Asphalt in River and Harbor Work, by W.C. Carey. History of revetment work on the Missis­ sippi, beginning in l88l. Includes early methods, from willow mats to concrete Van Lookeren Campagne, J.P.A. Applications mattresses. of Nylon in Hydraulic Engineering; Experi­ ence Gained in Holland and South America. Dock & Harbour Authority, vol.i+3 ? no.508, Vogel, H.D. Protection of Beds and Banks of p.3l8-32 0 , February 1963. Inland Waterways, Deep Water Channels and Drainage Canals. Preprint of paper pre­ In 1981 mattresses made from nylon were pared for 13th International Navigation used to protect an island in the Magdalena Congress, November 1 , 19^-0 . River in Columbia against erosion. Nylon has little resistance to friction on Lists chief causes of bank failure as sharp stone, but under acceptable condi­ attack by currents, attack by waves, and tions ; the system has proven values and is inadequate drainage. Summarizes different economical. types of bank protective works. Considers twelve causes of revetment failure.

Van Lookeren Campagne, J.P.A. Use of Nylon in Hydraulic Engineering. Civil Engi­ Wall, W.J. Stabilization Works on the neering (New York), vol.33, no.l, p.31-3 3 * Savannah River. American Society of Civil January 1963• Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.88, In 1961 mattresses made of nylon and filled WW1 , Paper 3063, p.l01-ll6 , February 1962. with sand were used to protect an island in the Magdalena River in Columbia against Development of the Federally authorized erosion. One advantage is that currents navigation project on the Savannah River, are prevented from scouring underneath be­ Ga., requires optimum utilization of open- cause the bag adjusts to any change in bed river control works to obtain a relatively and there is no tendency to float. stabilized channel 9 ft deep with a minimum regulated flow of 5,800 sec-ft at Augusta. Application of past experience with open- Van Orman, C.R. Theory and Practice in the river control developed for the old 6-ft Design of Permeable Jetties. (See Knapp, project was somewhat limited because of F.H., and Libby, J.A. Erosion of Stream recent construction of upstream reservoirs Banks, Its Prevention and Correction.) for flood control, hydroelectric power, and related water uses. The problems involved and the solutions proposed in developing Van Ornum, J.L. The Regulation of Rivers. the 9-ft project are summarized herein. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 191^-. The open-channel control structures and (Research Center Library has on microfilm.) improvements include permeable pile dike contraction works, bank revetments and This treatise on river regulation stresses stabilization works, and channel cutoffs laws of hydraulics and importance of funda­ between Augusta and Savannah, Ga. mental principles underlying fluvial opera­ tions. Presents not only scientific laws but methods and results of experimental Weller, H.E. Report on Bank Protection on investigations. Includes chapters on gen­ the Brahmaputra and Other Rivers in North eral phenomena (as characteristics of river East India, by H.E. Weller, Mississippi channels), works on channel contraction, River Commission. New Delhi, July 19 5 5 - and protection of erodible banks. In the (Research Center Library has on microfilm.) latter chapter are given results of spur dikes, groynes, bank heads, and continuous Report was prepared by Mr. Weller on a revetment. Reports of the Chief of U.S. Technical Cooperation Mission to 130 Section Vili. Channel Improvement and Stabilization Measures

India. Rivers under consideration in this for flood control, major drainage, and report are the Brahmaputra in Assam, the water salvage. One of the most note­ Tista (or Teesta) and Mahananda in the worthy improvements is provision of a northern part of West Bengal, and the Kosi rectified channel within the floodway in Bihar -- rivers fed by tributaries from Cochiti to the Rio Puerco. The pur­ originating in the Himalaya Mountains. pose of this channel is to provide protec­ Numerous landslides, steep slopes, and tion to the levees and decrease the ex­ excessive rainfall overcharge the rivers isting channel area. An interesting fea­ with sediment and debris. Upon entering ture of the channel rectification work the plains they become braided streams. from a sedimentation standpoint is the These are two general types of bank pro­ use of the. Kellner jetty system. tection: continuous protection or revet­ ment, and intermittent as dikes, spurs, and groins. Characteristics of each in­ Woodson, R.C. Stabilization of the Middle dividual river given, types of protection Rio Grande in New Mexico. American Society on each described, and recommendations of Civil Engineers, Proceedings, Journal of mad e . the Waterways and Harbors Division, vol.8 7 ? WWU, Paper 2980, p.1-1 5 , November 1961.

Williams, Ramey. Stabilizing the Plum Point In the Cochiti-Rio Puerco unit of the Rio Reach of the Mississippi River. Engineer­ Grande floodway, the river occupies a wide ing News-Record, v.1 0 1 , p.801-80^, Novem­ shallow channel between the levees, which ber 29, 1928. are subject to attacks by the river. Pile jetties have proven inadequate. Work Personal observations of the original (in 1961) includes levee rehabilitation and stabilization work, which author saw stabilization of about 105 miles'of channel done in l88l and observed in the follow­ Kellner Jetty System is being utilized. ing years while navigating over this reach. Article also gives his conclusions on efficiencies of the stabilization work. Works Committee for Régularisation of the Rhine. Tests and Study of a Rational Method of Constructing Groynes on the Woodson, R.C., and Martin, J.T. The Rio Upper Rhine. Permanent International Grande Comprehensive Plan in New Mexico Association of Navigation Congresses, Bui- and Its Effects on the River Regime letin Wo.38, p.115-133, July 1 9 5 3 . Through the Middle Valley. Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, Gives description of results obtained dur­ Jackson, Mississippi, 19^3 ? Proceedings, ing studies carried out on model con­ P-357-3^5 ? Paper No.4l. U.S. Department structed at Zurich Polytechnical School of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication to study the stabilization of Rhine bed, No.9 7 0 , June 1965. and in nature. Method of laying out navi­ gable channel consisted of construction of Describes system of reservoirs for flood groynes and short longitudinal dykes. and sediment control, and levee improve­ Method of construction of groynes given. ments and channel stabilization necessary APPENDIX A: EXAMPLES OF PERTINENT PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS

APPENDIX A: EXAMPLES OF PERTINENT PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS Al

1 . The plans and specifications listed in this appendix were issued by the U. S. Army

Engineer District, Little Rock. They are included in this report as a sample of similar infor­ mation which may be available in other offices concerned with channel stabilization projects.

Shoofly Bend, river miles 362 - 3 5 6 .

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-0 3 -0 5 0 -6 2 -1+2 Sept 61 Pilot channel excavation 62-58 Uov 61 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment, stonefill dikes

Van Buren Reach, river miles 356 - 31+9.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-O3-O5O-56-5 Aug 55 Trenchfill revetment 5 6 -3 8 Apr 56 Trenchfill revetment 6b -2 July 63 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment, and dikes

Haroldton Reach, river miles 3b 6 - 31+2.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-O3-O5O-58-2O Sept 57 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes 62-68 Dec 6l Stonefill dikes 6 3 -1 1 Aug 62 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes

Trustee Bend Cutoff and Big Creek, river miles 3b 2 - 335.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

01^115-03-050-5^-9 Sept 53 Pilot channel excavation 56-22 Jan 56 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment 56-52 Jan 56 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment 59- 25Dec 58 Repairs and reinforcement 6 0 - 1+2Jan 60 Stonefill dikes and revetment 6 1 -6 7 May 6l Stonefill dikes and revetment 6 3 -21+ Sept 62 Stonefill dikes and revetment

Arbuckle Island Cutoff , river miles 33^ - 328.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

civEWG-03-050-62-66 Nov 6l Sch. A - Pilot channel excavation Sch. B - Trenchfill revetment 62- 70Dec 6l Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes 63- 71Feb 63 Trenchfill revetment 61+-19 Sept 63 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment

Moores Island and Guthrie Island,, river miles 309 - 302.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

civENG-03-050-63-68 Feb 63 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes 61+-25 Oct 63 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes A2 Appendix A: Examples of Pertinent Plans and Specifications

7. McLean Bottom and McLean Bottom Cutoff, river miles 302 - 290

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-O3 -O5O-55-8 Aug 5^ Trenchfill revetment and stonefill dikes 55-11+ Sept 5I* Pilot channel excavation 55-26 Dec 5^- Trenchfill revetment and stonefill dikes 55-39 Jan 55 Stonefill revetment 56-1*5 May 56 Trenchfill revetment and stonefill revetment and additional channel excavation 59-25 Dec 58 Lot I - Repair and reinforcement Lot II - Stonefill revetment 61-30 Nov 60 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes 6 1-3 1 Nov 60 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes 61-39 Jan 6l Trenchfill and stonefill revetment 6 1-5 1 Mar 6l Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes 62-75 Jan 62 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes 63-56 Dec 62 Stonefill dikes

Dardanelle Reach, Below Dardanelle and Below Dardanelle Dam, river miles 258 - 2 5 1 .

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

ciYEWG-03-050-50-65 Jan 50 Mattress and trenchfill revetment, pile dike with stonefill 52-53 Jan 52 Trenchfill and pile revetment with stonefill 5 2-7 1 May 52 Trenchfill revetment 59-26 Dec 58 Dike and revetment repairs 60-75 May 60 Revetment repairs 62-13 July 6l Trenchfill revetment 62-52 Oct 61 Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetment w/stonefill; stonefill and pile dikes w/stonefill 63-70 Feb 63 Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetment w/stonefill; stonefill and pile dikes w/stonefill 61+-21+ Oct 63 Includes repairs to mattress revetment

Point Bar and Holla Bend Cutoffs , river miles 251 - 2^4-0.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

civENG-03-050-53-53 Apr 53 Trenchfill revetment 5^-5 Aug 53 Pilot channel excavation 5^-56 June 5^+ Lot I - Trenchfill and stonefill revetment Lot II - Additional pilot channel excavation 55-^9 Mar 55 Trenchfill revetment and stonefill dikes 56-11* Oct 55 Stonefill revetment 57-7 Sept 56 Additional pilot channel excavation; stonefill and trenchfill revetment 59-66 May 59 Stonefill revetment and pile dikes and revetment with stonefill 6l-l*8 Feb 61 Pile dikes with stonefill and stonefill revetment (Minor work also included with 60-75 and 63-70 above.)

Cardens Bottom, river miles 2^0 - 238 .

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-03-050-53-12 Sept 52 Pile dikes with stonefill and stonefill dikes 5l*-12 Oct 53 Stonefill dikes (See also 63-70 above.) Appendix A: Examples of Pertinent Plans and Specifications A3

11. Galla Creek and Crane Island, river miles 238 - 23^-*

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

crvENG-03-050-56-26 Mar 56 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment 62-83 Feb 62 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment, pile w/stonefill, and stonefill dikes

Dowdle Bend, river miles 233 228.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

civEïïG-03-050-57-21 Nov 56 Trenchfill revetment 58-18 Aug 57 Trenchfill revetment 58-61 Apr 58 Trenchfill revetment 63-39 Oct 62 Stonefill dikes and pile dikes with stonefill

Willow Bend, river miles 226 226.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

civEWG-03-050-56-18 Jan 56 Stonefill dikes 59-26 Dec 58 Bankhead repairs 62-101 Apr 62 Stonefill dike extensions

±k. Point Remove Creek, river miles 22k - 222.

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included______

CIVENG-03-050-63-88 Mar 63 Lot I - Stonefill revetment and dikes, and pile dikes with stonefill

15. Ellis Island and Cypress Bend, river miles 221-217.

Inventory No.____ Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-O3-O5O-6I-52 Mar 6l Sch A - Pilot channel excavation Sch B - Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetment w/stonefill; pile dikes with stonefill 63-88 Mar 63 Lot II - Stonefill, trenchfill and pile revetment with stonefill; stonefill and pile w/stonefill dikes

l6. Morrilton Cutoff, river miles 216 - 209.

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included

crvENG-03-050-50-61 Jan 50 Pilot channel excavation 52-1+9 Jan 52 Trenchfill revetment, pile dikes with stonefill 61-23 Nov 60 Trenchfill revetment, pile dikes w/stone­ fill, and reinforcement of existing structure 62-101 Apr 62 Stonefill dikes, pile dikes w/stonefill, pulling existing dike, and reinforcement of existing structures

17. Stane Reach and Cadron Ridge, river miles 209 ~ 203«

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included

civENG-03-050-53-17 Oct 52 Pile dikes with stonefill 5^-31 Jan 5^ Stonefill dikes and reinforce existing dikes 61-Ì+3 Jan 61 Reinforce existing dikes (Continued) AU Appendix A: Examples of Pertinent Plans and Specifications

1 7 . Stane Reach and Cadron Ridge, river miles 209 - 203 (Cont'd).

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included

CIVENG-03-050-6^-11 Oct 63 Trenchfill revetment, pile dike and pile revetment w/stonefill, stonefill revet­ ment and dikes and reinforce existing ' dikes

18. Faulkner and Perry Counties, Stanley Bar and Hickmans Bend, river miles 200 - 19^7

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

crvEKG-03-050-58-21 Sept 57 Stonefill dikes 58-27 Nov 57 Stonefill dikes 60-23 Oct 59 Reinforce existing structures 60-44 Jan 60 Pile dikes with stonefill 6i - 4o Jan 61 Trenchfill revetment, pile dikes and revetment w/stonefill and stonefill revetment and dikes 62-8 1 Feb 62 Trenchfill revetment, pile dikes w/stone' fill, stonefill dikes, and stone in existing dikes 6^-27 Oct 63 Stonefill dikes 19 . Benedicts Reach, river miles 195 - 191«

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included

CIVENG-03-050-62-97 May 62 Pile revetment and dikes with stonefill, stonefill dikes and revetment

20. Devils Bend and Beaverdam Island, river miles 188 - 185.

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included

CIVENG-03-050-62-71 Jan 62 Trenchfill revetment and stonefill revetment and dikes 63-44 Oct 62 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment, stone fill and pile dikes with stonefill

21. Palarm Reach, river miles I86 - l80.

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included

CIVENG-03-050-63-3U Sept 62 Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetment w/stonefill, stonefill and pile dikes w/stonefill

22. Rector Chute, Pulaski Co. Penal Farm and Crystal Hill, river miles 180 - 173/ :

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

crvENG-03-050-60-59 Mar 60 Trenchfill revetment and pile dikes with stonefill 61-73 May 6l Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetment with stonefill 62-85 Feb 62 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment, stone­ fill and pile dikes with stonefill; and reinforcement of existing structures 64-38 Nov 63 Trenchfill revetment, pile dike w/stonefill and stone in existing dikes 1 H

Utah Point, river miles 172 VD

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-O3-O5O-6O-5O Feb 60 Pike dikes with stonefill ( Continued) Appendix A: Examples of Pertinent Plans and Specifications A5

23. Utah point. River miles 172 - 169 (Cont'd).

Inventory No« Date ______Type Work Included______

CIVENG-O3-O5O-62-85 Fed 62 Stonefill and pile dikes w/stonefill, trenchfill and stonefill revetment, and reinforcement of existing dikes *6^-38 Nov 63 Pile revetment with stonefill (* Included in 62-85 and 6U-38 above.)

2b . Waterworks Bend, river miles 169-1 6 6 .

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included______

CIVEWG-03 -050 -63-1 July 62 Stonefill and pile dikes w/stonefill, trenchfill and pile revetment

2 5 . North Little Rock, river miles 167 - 1 6 6 .

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-03 -050 -U8-9 Aug b T Lumber mattress revetment (Old Flood Con­ trol Project)

Gates Island, Peach Orchard Bend and Below Peach Orchard Bend, river miles 161+ . 159.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

civEMG-03-050-61-18 Oct 60 Trenchfill revetment and pile dikes with stonefill 61-28 Nov 60 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment, pile dikes and revetment with stonefill 62-92 Mar 62 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment, pile dikes with stonefill 63-72 Feb 63 Trenchfill and stonefill revetment, st one ■ fill and pile dikes with stonefill

2 7 . Fourche Place and Willow Bar Cutoffs, river miles 159 - 15^«

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

crvENG-03-050-59-39 Mar 59 Trenchfill revetment and pile dikes with stonefill 61-29 Nov 60 Sch A - Pilot channel excavation Sch B - Trenchfill revetment 61-56 May 61 Stonefill revetment, pile dikes and revetment w/stonefill 61-81+ June 61 Pilot channel excavation, trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dikes, pile dikes, and revetment w/stonefill 63-8 July 62 Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetment with stonefill

2 8 . Above Browns Bend and Browns Bend, river miles 15^ - 1 5 0 »

Inventory N o. Date ______Type Work Included

>-56-6 Aug 55 Trenchfill revetment 57-^8 Nov 57 Stonefill dikes 59-33 Jan 59 Stonefill and pile dikes with stonefill *60-38 Dec 59 Maintenance repairs 60-79 June 60 Pile revetment and dikes with stonefill, and stonefill dikes 62-16 July 61 Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetment w/stonefill, stonefill dikes and pile dikes with stonefill *63-58 Dec 62 Stone in existing structures, trenchfill revetments, and stonefill and pile dikes w/stonefill A 6 Appendix A: Examples of Pertinent Plans and Specifications

2 9 . Estes Place and Warings Bend, river miles 150 - 1^6 .

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CrVEHG-0 3 -0 5 0 -5i+-22 Dec 53 Pile dikes w/stonefill and trenchfill revetment 5^-Uo Mar 5^ Trenchfill revetment 55-5 Aug 5*+ Pile dikes with stonefill 5 8-M Dec 57 Maintenance repairs of trenchfill revetment 58-59 Apr 58 Maintenance repairs, trenchfill and pile revetment w/stonefill 59-13 Oct 58 Trenchfill revetment 59-^3 Mar 59 Pile dikes w/stonefill and reinforcement of existing structures *60-38 Dec 59 Maintenance repairs 61-53 Mar 61 Maintenance repairs 61-55 Mar 61 Pilot channel excavation, stonefill dikes, and pile dikes with stonefill *62-92 Mar 62 Additional stone in existing pile dikes *63-58 Dec 52 Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetment with stonefill, stonefill dikes and stone in existing structures (* 62-92 included, in work at Gates Island, Peach Orchard Bend and 6 0-38 and 6 3-58 included in work at Browns Bend.)

3 0 . Case Bar Cutoff and Harris Bend, river miles 1^6 - 138.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

civEiJG-03-050-56-27 Apr 56 Trenchfill revetment 59-28 Dec 58 Maintenance repairs *61-53 Mar 61 Maintenance repairs 62-iti Sept 6l Sch A - Pilot channel excavation Sch B - Trenchfill, stonefill and pile revetments w/stonefill and pile dikes with stonefill *63-131 June 63 Trenchfill revetments, stonefill dikes and revetments

3 1 . Emergency Bank Protection - Jessie Core Place, river mile 13^4- (Old Flood Control Project).

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CrVENG-03-050-^6-3^ Dec k -5 Pile dikes Jan k 8 Repairs to pile dikes

3 2 . Brodie Bend Cutoff and Mocks Point, river miles 138 - 1 3 0 .

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

civENG-03-050-56-11 Sept 55 Pilot channel excavation, trenchfill and stonefill revetment 58-19 Aug 57 Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetment and dike 60-26 Oct 59 Pile dikes and revetment w/stonefill, and stone reinforcement of existing revetments *61-53 Mar 61 Maintenance repairs 62-103 May 62 Pile dikes with stonefill and dumped stone revetment *63-131 June 63 Pile dikes and revetment with stonefill and stonefill dikes and revetment (* Includes work at Case Bar Cutoff and Harris Bend.) Appendix A: Examples of Pertinent Plans and Specifications A7

33 • Adamsburg Landing and Adamsburg Chute, river miles 128 - 1 2 2 .

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-0 3-050-50 -67 Mar 50 Standard mattress revetment, pile dikes and revetment 56 -19 Jan 56 Maintenance repairs and stone in existing dikes 57-31+ Dec 56 Stonefill dike and revetment 58-1+5 Dec 57 Extend existing stonefill dike and repair existing revetment and dikes 59-9 Sept 58 Repair and reinforce existing revetment 60-65 May 60 Reinforce existing revetment 62-71+ Jan 62 Reinforce existing revetment and dikes 63-1+5 Nov 62 Stonefill dikes and revetment, pile dikes and revetment w/stonefill and trenchfill revetment

3^. Hensley Bar Cutoff, river miles 122 - 1 1 7 .

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

crvENG-03-050-50-66 Mar 50 Pilot channel excavation *50-67 Mar 50 Standard mattress revetment and pile revetment 52-75 Jun 52 Trenchfill revetment 53-61 Apr 53 Pile revetment with stonefill 55-16 Sept 5^ Stonefill dikes and revetment *56-19 Jan 56 Trenchfill and stonefill revetments 59-7 Sept 58 Stonefill dike and revetment *59-28 Dec 58 Maintenance repairs 60-61+ May 60 Trenchfill revetment and additional stone in existing structures *62-71+ Jan 62 Stonefill and pile revetment with stone- fill; dumped stone revetment and rein­ forcement of existing structures (* Includes work at Adamsburg Landing and Adamsburg Chute.)

3 5 • Emergency Bank Protection, vicinity Jefferson County Free Bridge, river mile Il8 - 115 (Old Flood Control Project).

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-03-050-^8-19 July k7 Pile dikes t9-2t Oct bQ Dike repairs 5O-I8 Aug t9 Bank protection, mattress repairs

36. Jack Bradley Bend, river miles 118 - 115.

Inventory Ho. Date ______Type Work Included______

CIVENG-03-050-59-19 Nov 58 Trenchfill revetment, pile dike and revet­ ment with stonefill * 62-7^ Jan 62 Pile dike and revetment w/stonefill; stone in existing structures (* Includes work at Adamsburg Landing, Adamsburg Chute and Hensley Bar Cutoff.)

3 7 - Jefferson County Free Bridge to Rob Roy Bridge, river miles 1 0 1.7 - 89 (Note: Not including Work By Other Districts Prior to 1 July 1961-Miles 1 0 1.7 to Mouth).

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-03-050Ï63-32 Sept 62 Pile dike repairs 63-95 Apr 63 Trenchfill revetment, pile dikes with stonefill and dike repairs 61+-10 Aug 63 Pile dikes with stonefill (Continued) AÖ Appendix A: Examples of Pertinent Plans and Specifications

37. Jefferson County Free Bridge to Rob Hoy Bridge, river miles 1 0 1.7 - 89 (Note: Not Including Work by Other Districts Prior to 1 July 1961-Miles 1 0 1.7 to Mouth) (Cont Td).

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included

dVENG-0 3 -050^ - 2l+ Oct 63 Dike and mattress repairs 6k-k 0 Nov 63 Pilot channel, trenchfill revetment, stone- fill revetment, earth embankment

Rob Roy Bridge to Arkansas Post , river miles 89.0 to ^2.0.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-O3-O5O-62-2O Aug 61 Standard mattress revetment 62-22 Aug 61 Stonefill dikes and pile dikes with stone- fill 62-25 Aug 61 Standard mattress revetment 62-28 Aug 61 Standard mattress revetment 62-37. Sept 6l Pilot channel excavation, trenchfill revetment, and levee setback 62 -U8 Oct 61 Standard mattress revetment 62-65 Nov 61 Pile dike repairs and standard mattress revetment repairs 62-8^ Feb 62 Trenchfill revetments, stonefill dikes, pile revetments and pile dikes w/stone- fill, and pile revetments and pile dikes w/lumber mattress 63-3 July 62 Trenchfill revetments; stonefill revet­ ments and dikes; pile revetments and pile dikes w/stonefill; and pile revet­ ments and pile dikes w/lumber mattress 63-15 July 62 Pile dikes with stonefill 63-26 Sept 62 Stonefill revetment and dikes *63-32 Sept 62 Pile dike and revetment repairs 63-37 Oct 62 Stonefill revetments and dikes, and pile revetments and pile dikes with stonefill 63-ia Oct 62 Trenchfill revetment; stonefill revetment and dike, and pile revetment and pile dikes with stonefill 63-1+6 Dec 62 Trenchfill revetment; stonefill revetment; and pile revetment and pile dikes with stonefill 63-79 Mar 63 Stonefill dikes and pile dikes with stonefill 63-92 June 63 Lot I - Trenchfill revetment, stonefill revetments and dikes, and pile revetment and pile dike with stonefill 61+-7 Aug 63 Trenchfill revetment; stonefill revetment and dikes; and pile dikes with stonefill 61+-9 Aug 63 Trenchfill revetments; stonefill revetments and dikes, and pile dikes with stonefill 61+-17 Sept 63 Trenchfill revetments, stonefill revetments and dike, pile revetment and pile dike with stonefill and removing existing pile dikes with stonefill *61+-2l+ Oct 63 Stone on mattress and also mattress repair (* Includes work at Jefferson Co. Free Bridge to Rob Roy Bridge.)

Arkansas Post to Mile 31+.0, river miles ^2.0 - 3^*0.

Inventory No. Date Type Work Included

CIVENG-03-050Ï63-32 Sept 62 Mattress repair 63-92 June 63 Lot II - Trenchfill revetments, stonefill revetment and dikes, and pile revetment and pile dike with stonefill 63-120 May 63 Ark-White River Cutoff closure structure (Continued) Appendix A: Examples of Pertinent Plans and Specifications A2

39. Arkansas Post to Mile 3^«03 river miles ^2.0 - 3^.0 (Cont'd).

Inventory No. Date ______Type Work Included______

CIVENG-03-050-6U-2U Oct 63 Pile revetment with stonefill (* Includes work at Jefferson Co. Free Bridge to Rob Roy Bridge and Rob Roy Bridge to Arkansas Post.)

B. Bank Stabilization, White River, Arkansas.

1. Batesville, Arkansas to Augusta, Arkansas.

Inventory No.____ Date Type Work Included

CIVENO-03-050-^6-17 Sept ^5 Dumped rockfill, protection of U. S. Highway 67 Bridge and other cvng bank locations at Newport, Arkansas 5k-lk Oct 53 Pile revetment with stonefill 59-61 May 59 Sch A - Trenchfill revetment, protection of U. S. Highway 6k Bridge, Augusta, Arkansas Sch B - Trenchfill revetment, protection of State Highway 11 Bridge, Batesville, Arkansas 6^-28 Nov 63 Lumber mattress revetment Jackson County Levee District No. 2