High-Speed Rail Development Programme 2008/9 Principal Consultant

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

High-Speed Rail Development Programme 2008/9 Principal Consultant High-Speed Rail Development Programme 2008/9 Principal Consultant Final Report for Workstream 1 6th January 2009 Table of Contents 1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................................................4 1.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................4 1.2 OBJECTIVES FOR WORKSTREAM 1.................................................................................................................................4 1.3 THE ATKINS REPORT ...................................................................................................................................................5 1.4 OTHER REVIEW WORK UNDERTAKEN ............................................................................................................................5 1.5 FUTURE REVIEW WORK ..............................................................................................................................................6 1.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................................................6 2 OBJECTIVES AND CONTEXT...................................................................................................................................7 2.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................7 2.2 OBJECTIVES FOR HSR.................................................................................................................................................7 2.3 CONTEXT OF A HIGH -SPEED NETWORK ..........................................................................................................................8 3 NETWORK CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................................................................................9 3.1 ROUTES CONSIDERED .................................................................................................................................................9 3.2 OVERVIEW OF HIGH SPEED RAIL .................................................................................................................................10 3.3 STATIONS : INTEGRATION OF HIGH -SPEED RAIL WITH OTHER TRANSPORT MODES .................................................................11 3.4 HIGH -SPEED TECHNOLOGY : INFRASTRUCTURE ...............................................................................................................12 3.4.1 General Information Related to Infrastructure............................................................................................12 3.4.2 Tracks...........................................................................................................................................................12 3.4.3 Route Alignment..........................................................................................................................................13 3.4.4 Structures.....................................................................................................................................................13 3.4.5 Signalling .....................................................................................................................................................13 3.4.6 Energy..........................................................................................................................................................13 3.4.7 Stations........................................................................................................................................................14 3.4.8 Workshop and Depot...................................................................................................................................14 3.5 CONSTRUCTION COSTS .............................................................................................................................................14 3.5.1 Overall Costs................................................................................................................................................14 3.5.2 Unit Costs.....................................................................................................................................................15 3.5.3 Comparative Analysis of Construction Costs ...............................................................................................15 3.5.4 Further Cost Information .............................................................................................................................15 3.6 NETWORK CONSTRUCTION AND PHASING .....................................................................................................................16 3.6.1 Phasing Principles........................................................................................................................................16 3.6.2 Project Phasing within the Authorising [Statutory] Instrument ..................................................................16 3.6.3 Phasing Case Studies ...................................................................................................................................17 4 NETWORK OPERATIONS.....................................................................................................................................18 4.1 HIGH -SPEED TECHNOLOGY : ROLLING -STOCK ................................................................................................................18 4.1.1 High-Speed Rail Rolling-Stock used Internationally.....................................................................................18 4.1.2 The French High-Speed System....................................................................................................................18 4.1.3 Pendolino Trains: Pros and Cons..................................................................................................................18 4.2 TRAIN SERVICE SCHEDULE .........................................................................................................................................19 4.3 OPERATIONAL COSTS ................................................................................................................................................19 4.3.1 Cost Information in the Context of the UK...................................................................................................19 4.3.2 Cost Information from Projects Outside UK.................................................................................................20 5 DEMAND AND REVENUE FORECASTING .............................................................................................................21 5.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................21 Page 2 of 44 5.2 CURRENT MARKETS ..................................................................................................................................................21 5.3 GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS ...........................................................................................................................................21 5.4 FORECASTING METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................21 5.5 DEMAND FORECASTS FOR SPECIFIC SCHEMES .................................................................................................................22 5.6 BENCHMARKING ......................................................................................................................................................22 5.7 CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................................................22 6 APPRAISAL METHODS ........................................................................................................................................23 6.1 FRAMEWORK FOR PREVIOUS APPRAISAL STUDIES ...........................................................................................................23 6.2 OVERALL BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC CASE , AND DIRECT ECONOMIC BENEFITS .....................................................................24 6.2.1 The Atkins Report ........................................................................................................................................24 6.2.2 Other Papers................................................................................................................................................25 6.3 WIDER ECONOMIC BENEFITS .....................................................................................................................................25 6.3.1 Quantitative Studies ....................................................................................................................................25 6.3.2 The Eddington Transport Study, December 2006 ........................................................................................26 6.3.3 Other Qualitative Studies ............................................................................................................................27
Recommended publications
  • High Speed Rail (London - West Midlands) Supplementary Environmental Statement and Additional Provision 2 Environmental Statement Volume 4 | Off-Route Effects
    HIGH SPEED RAIL (London - West MidLands) Supplementary Environmental Statement and Additional Provision 2 Environmental Statement Volume 4 | Off-route effects High Speed Two (HS2) Limited One Canada Square July 2015 London E14 5AB T 020 7944 4908 X56 E [email protected] SES and AP2 ES 3.4.1 SES AND AP2 ES – VOLUME 4 SES AND AP2 ES – VOLUME 4 www.gov.uk/hs2 HIGH SPEED RAIL (London - West MidLands) Supplementary Environmental Statement and Additional Provision 2 Environmental Statement Volume 4 | Off-route effects July 2015 SES and AP2 ES 3.4.1 High Speed Two (HS2) Limited has been tasked by the Department for Transport (DfT) with managing the delivery of a new national high speed rail network. It is a non-departmental public body wholly owned by the DfT. A report prepared for High Speed Two (HS2) Limited: High Speed Two (HS2) Limited, One Canada Square, London E14 5AB Details of how to obtain further copies are available from HS2 Ltd. Telephone: 020 7944 4908 General email enquiries: [email protected] Website: www.gov.uk/hs2 Copyright © High Speed Two (HS2) Limited, 2015, except where otherwise stated. High Speed Two (HS2) Limited has actively considered the needs of blind and partially sighted people in accessing this document. The text will be made available in full via the HS2 website. The text may be freely downloaded and translated by individuals or organisations for conversion into other accessible formats. If you have other needs in this regard please contact High Speed Two (HS2) Limited. Printed in Great Britain on paper containing at least 75% recycled fibre.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 25 Route Window W2 Canal Way
    Chapter 25 Route window W2 Canal Way Transport for London PORTOBELLO JUNCTION lies adjacent to the Eurostar North Pole depot. To the northeast, beyond the Paddington Branch of 25 Route window W2 the Grand Union Canal are situated commercial uses and gas works. To the north of the canal lies Canal Way the expanse of open space of St Mary’s and Kensal Green cemeteries. 25.6 Access to sites within railway land is from Canal Way, Barlby Road, St. Ervans Road, Elkstone Road and Great Western Road (by bus depot). The permanent works 25.7 All works will take place within the existing railway corridor, with materials taken to and from Transport the works by rail. for London Worksite assessment 25.8 No significant traffic or transport impacts have been identified that are associated with the works in this route window. Mitigation and temporary impacts 25.9 There are no significant traffic and transport impacts to report, so no mitigation is required. Mitigation and permanent impacts Introduction 25.10 There are no significant permanent impacts to report, so no mitigation is required. 25.1 The four tracks in the Great Western Main Line corridor currently increase to six at Ladbroke Grove (in Route Window W1). In order to provide space for a reversing facility at Westbourne Park this four-six track widening location will need to be moved eastwards to Subway Junction, east of Westbourne Park. The remaining two (northern) tracks between Ladbroke Grove and Westbourne Park will be used by Crossrail for movement of empty stock between Old Oak Common depot and the Westbourne Park train reversing facility.
    [Show full text]
  • Signalling on the High-Speed Railway Amsterdam–Antwerp
    Computers in Railways XI 243 Towards interoperability on Northwest European railway corridors: signalling on the high-speed railway Amsterdam–Antwerp J. H. Baggen, J. M. Vleugel & J. A. A. M. Stoop Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Abstract The high-speed railway Amsterdam (The Netherlands)–Antwerp (Belgium) is nearly completed. As part of a TEN-T priority project it will connect to major metropolitan areas in Northwest Europe. In many (European) countries, high-speed railways have been built. So, at first sight, the development of this particular high-speed railway should be relatively straightforward. But the situation seems to be more complicated. To run international services full interoperability is required. However, there turned out to be compatibility problems that are mainly caused by the way decision making has taken place, in particular with respect to the choice and implementation of ERTMS, the new European railway signalling system. In this paper major technical and institutional choices, as well as the choice of system borders that have all been made by decision makers involved in the development of the high-speed railway Amsterdam–Antwerp, will be analyzed. This will make it possible to draw some lessons that might be used for future railway projects in Europe and other parts of the world. Keywords: high-speed railway, interoperability, signalling, metropolitan areas. 1 Introduction Two major new railway projects were initiated in the past decade in The Netherlands, the Betuweroute dedicated freight railway between Rotterdam seaport and the Dutch-German border and the high-speed railway between Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and the Dutch-Belgian border to Antwerp (Belgium).
    [Show full text]
  • Pioneering the Application of High Speed Rail Express Trainsets in the United States
    Parsons Brinckerhoff 2010 William Barclay Parsons Fellowship Monograph 26 Pioneering the Application of High Speed Rail Express Trainsets in the United States Fellow: Francis P. Banko Professional Associate Principal Project Manager Lead Investigator: Jackson H. Xue Rail Vehicle Engineer December 2012 136763_Cover.indd 1 3/22/13 7:38 AM 136763_Cover.indd 1 3/22/13 7:38 AM Parsons Brinckerhoff 2010 William Barclay Parsons Fellowship Monograph 26 Pioneering the Application of High Speed Rail Express Trainsets in the United States Fellow: Francis P. Banko Professional Associate Principal Project Manager Lead Investigator: Jackson H. Xue Rail Vehicle Engineer December 2012 First Printing 2013 Copyright © 2013, Parsons Brinckerhoff Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, mechanical (including photocopying), recording, taping, or information or retrieval systems—without permission of the pub- lisher. Published by: Parsons Brinckerhoff Group Inc. One Penn Plaza New York, New York 10119 Graphics Database: V212 CONTENTS FOREWORD XV PREFACE XVII PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH 3 1.1 Unprecedented Support for High Speed Rail in the U.S. ....................3 1.2 Pioneering the Application of High Speed Rail Express Trainsets in the U.S. .....4 1.3 Research Objectives . 6 1.4 William Barclay Parsons Fellowship Participants ...........................6 1.5 Host Manufacturers and Operators......................................7 1.6 A Snapshot in Time .................................................10 CHAPTER 2 HOST MANUFACTURERS AND OPERATORS, THEIR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 11 2.1 Overview . 11 2.2 Introduction to Host HSR Manufacturers . 11 2.3 Introduction to Host HSR Operators and Regulatory Agencies .
    [Show full text]
  • High Speed Rail (London – West Midlands)
    IN PARLIAMENT HOUSE OF COMMONS SESSION 2013-14 HIGH SPEED RAIL (LONDON – WEST MIDLANDS) P E T I T I O N Against the Bill – Praying to be heard by counsel, &c. __________ TO THE HONOURABLE THE COMMONS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED. THE HUMBLE PETITION OF THE COUNCIL OF THE ROYAL BOROUGH OF KENSINGTON AND CHELSEA SHEWETH as follows: 1. A Bill (hereinafter called “the Bill”) has been introduced into and is now pending in your honourable House intituled “A Bill to Make provision for a railway between Euston in London and a junction with the West Coast Main Line at Handsacre in Staffordshire, with a spur from Old Oak Common in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham to a junction with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link at York Way in the London Borough of Islington and a spur from Water Orton in Warwickshire to Curzon Street in Birmingham; and for connected purposes”. 2. The Bill is presented by Mr Secretary McLoughlin, supported by the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister, Mr Chancellor of the Exchequer, Secretary Theresa May, Secretary 1 Vince Cable, Secretary Iain Duncan Smith, Secretary Eric Pickles, Secretary Owen Paterson, Secretary Edward Davey, and Mr Robert Goodwill. 3. Clauses 1 to 36 set out the Bill’s objectives in relation to the construction and operation of the railway mentioned in paragraph 1 above. They include provision for the construction of works, highways and road traffic matters, the compulsory acquisition of land and other provisions relating to the use of land, planning permission, heritage issues, trees and noise.
    [Show full text]
  • R.B.K.C. Corporate Templates
    HS2 Growth Task Force – The Challenge Response from the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham The local authorities welcome HS2 Limited’s revised delivery role to make High Speed 2 an engine for growth. They are pleased to be able to provide the following response that identifies specific opportunities for the development of land at and around the proposed Old Oak Common HS2 / Crossrail station, and demonstrates how these opportunities can be realised to maximise local economic growth. The authorities would also like to draw attention to how the design and development of Old Oak Common station can best support regional development, how parts of this development can be delivered in advance of HS2, and highlight an opportunity to achieve a capital return on the North Pole Depot which is owned by the Department for Transport. This response identifies the opportunity for 92,000 jobs and 22,500 new homes. However, without the outlined changes to current HS2 proposals half the new homes and a quarter of the new jobs will not be created and redevelopment of Kensal Canalside Opportunity Area will be effectively sterilised. Connecting markets, businesses and people Question 1: Do cities have visions and strategic plans to maximise growth from HS2? 1.1 In central west London an Opportunity Area Planning Framework for Old Oak Common is being produced by LB Hammersmith & Fulham (LBHF), LB Brent and LB Ealing in partnership with the Mayor of London and Transport for London (TfL). This envisages the area becoming London’s next Canary Wharf scale development.
    [Show full text]
  • A European High-Speed Rail Network: Not a Reality but an Ineffective Patchwork
    EN 2018 NO 19 Special Report A European high-speed rail network: not a reality but an ineffective patchwork (pursuant to Article 287(4), second subparagraph, TFEU) AUDIT TEAM The ECA’s special reports set out the results of its audits of EU policies and programmes, or of management-related topics from specific budgetary areas. The ECA selects and designs these audit tasks to be of maximum impact by considering the risks to performance or compliance, the level of income or spending involved, forthcoming developments and political and public interest. This performance audit was carried out by Audit Chamber II Investment for cohesion, growth and inclusion spending areas, headed by ECA Member Iliana Ivanova. The audit was led by ECA Member Oskar Herics, supported by Thomas Obermayr, Head of Private Office; Pietro Puricella, Principal Manager; Luc T’Joen, Head of Task; Marcel Bode, Dieter Böckem, Guido Fara, Aleksandra Klis- Lemieszonek, Nils Odins, Milan Smid, Auditors. Richard Moore provided linguistic support. From left to right: Thomas Obermayr, Guido Fara, Milan Smid, Aleksandra Klis-Lemieszonek, Richard Moore, Luc T’Joen, Marcel Bode, Pietro Puricella, Dieter Böckem, Oskar Herics. 2 CONTENTS Paragraph Abbreviations and glossary Executive summary I - XI Introduction 1 - 13 High-speed rail in Europe 1 - 2 The EU’s high-speed rail network is growing in size and in rate of utilisation 3 - 4 EU policies for high-speed rail 5 - 9 Transport policy 5 - 7 Cohesion policy 8 - 9 EU support for building high-speed lines: significant, but a fraction
    [Show full text]
  • Analyse De La Deuxième Phase De La Branche Est De La Ligne À Grande Vitesse (LGV) Rhin-Rhône
    MINISTÈRE DE LA TRANSITION ÉCOLOGIQUE ET SOLIDAIRE Analyse de la deuxième phase de la branche Est de la ligne à grande vitesse (LGV) Rhin-Rhône Rapport n° 012304-01 établi par Michel ROSTAGNAT P UNovembre B 2018 L I É PUBLIÉ Les auteurs attestent qu'aucun des éléments de leurs activités passées ou présentes n'a affecté leur impartialité dans la rédaction de ce rapport Statut de communication Préparatoire à une décision administrative Non communicable Communicable (données confidentielles occultées) Communicable PUBLIÉ PUBLIÉ Sommaire Résumé.....................................................................................................................4 Liste des recommandations...................................................................................5 Introduction..............................................................................................................6 1. Où en est-on ?.......................................................................................................8 1.1. Bilan de la première phase.........................................................................................8 1.1.1. Modalités d’établissement du bilan LOTI.........................................................9 1.1.2. Evolution du trafic voyageurs...........................................................................9 1.1.3. Bilan financier................................................................................................12 1.2. Le service.................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Track Report 2006-03.Qxd
    DIRECT FIXATION ASSEMBLIES The Journal of Pandrol Rail Fastenings 2006/2007 1 DIRECT FIXATION ASSEMBLIES DIRECT FIXATION ASSEMBLIES PANDROL VANGUARD Baseplate Installed on Guangzhou Metro ..........................................pages 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 PANDROL VANGUARD Baseplate By L. Liu, Director, Track Construction, Guangzhou Metro, Guangzhou, P.R. of China Installed on Guangzhou Metro Extension of the Docklands Light Railway to London City Airport (CARE project) ..............pages 8, 9, 10 PANDROL DOUBLE FASTCLIP installation on the Arad Bridge ................................................pages 11, 12 By L. Liu, Director, Track Construction, Guangzhou Metro, Guangzhou, P.R. of China PANDROL VIPA SP installation on Nidelv Bridge in Trondheim, Norway ..............................pages 13,14,15 by Stein Lundgreen, Senior Engineer, Jernbanverket Head Office The city of Guangzhou is the third largest track form has to be used to control railway VANGUARD vibration control rail fastening The Port Authority Transit Corporation (PATCO) goes High Tech with Rail Fastener............pages 16, 17, 18 in China, has more than 10 million vibration transmission in environmentally baseplates on Line 1 of the Guangzhou Metro by Edward Montgomery, Senior Engineer, Delaware River Port Authority / PACTO inhabitants and is situated in the south of sensitive areas. Pandrol VANGUARD system has system (Figure 1) in China was carried out in the country near Hong Kong. Construction been selected for these requirements on Line 3 January 2005. The baseplates were installed in of a subway network was approved in and Line 4 which are under construction. place of the existing fastenings in a tunnel on PANDROL FASTCLIP 1989 and construction started in 1993. Five the southbound track between Changshoulu years later, the city, in the south of one of PANDROL VANGUARD TRIAL ON and Huangsha stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives De Trafic Et De Circulation Sud-Est : LGV Paris
    Ligne à Grande Vitesse Paris − Orléans − Clermont-Ferrand − Lyon TRAFICS PERSPECTIVES DE TRAFIC ET DE CIRCULATIONS SUD-EST : LGV PARIS – LYON ET LGV POCL Juin 2011 setec international Réseau ferré de France (RFF), propriétaire du réseau ferré national et maître d’ouvrage du projet, a initié des études générales et techniques d’une ligne à grande vitesse (LGV) Paris – Orléans – Clermont-Ferrand – Lyon. Ces études sont cofinancées par l’Etat, la Région Ile-de-France, la Région Centre, la Région Bourgogne, la Région Auvergne, la Région Rhône-Alpes et RFF. Au stade amont actuel, les études visent à éclairer les fonctionnalités et les enjeux majeurs qui constituent le fondement des orientations possibles. Dans ce contexte, et si l’opportunité de la ligne était confirmée par le débat public, les analyses feront l’objet d’études de plus en plus détaillées, selon les processus habituels. Dans ce cadre, ce document constitue le rapport de présentation des trafics et circulations sur la LGV Paris - Lyon et des premiers éléments concernant l’exploitation d’un doublet de ligne LGV Paris – Lyon et LGV POCL. Il a été établi par Setec international et son contenu reste de sa propre responsabilité. Sommaire 1. PREAMBULE – CONTENU DU RAPPORT 1 2. LA SITUATION ACTUELLE DE LA LGV PARIS - LYON 2 2.1. LE FONCTIONNEMENT DE LA LIGNE 2 2.2. LE TRAFIC DE LA LIGNE EN 2008 4 3. METHODE ET HYPOTHESES POUR LA SIMULATION DU BESOIN EN SILLONS AUX DIFFERENTS HORIZONS 5 3.1. INTRODUCTION 5 3.2. CALAGE DU MODULE D’AFFECTATION DE LA DEMANDE DANS LES TRAINS 5 3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • ETUDE D'impact SUR L'environnement Etude LGV Kenitra -Tanger
    Etude LGV Kenitra -Tanger ETUDE D’IMPACT SUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT Maître d’Ouvrage Direction Projets LGV Groupement de Bureaux d’Etudes Mandataire du Groupement Sous-traitant du Groupement A 3 8 7 L G V K T 0 I E N 0 0 0 2 C 5 Code affaire Projet Tronçon Phase Discipline Type document Emetteur N° document Indice 143 Type d'ouvrage Localisation N° page Nom du fichier : A387-LGVKT-0-APS-IEN-TRAP-SCID-0002-C4.doc Sous-traitant du Groupement Mandataire du Groupement Etude LGV Kenitra-Tanger APPROBATION ET MISE A JOUR DES DOCUMENTS C5 07-07-2010 R. EL OUAFI Mise à jour suite aux remarques du CNEIE C4 17-06-2010 R. EL OUAFI Mise à jour suite aux remarques du CNEIE C3 11-03-2010 Mise à jour suite à revue interne C2 25-jan-09 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU D. CHAZELLE Mise à jour suite à revue interne C1 18-jan-09 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU Mise à jour suite à réunion avec la CNEIE B3 29-oct-09 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU Observations de SYSTRA B2 28-oct-09 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU Modification du projet par SYSTRA B1 13-oct-09 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU Observations de INEXiA et de SYSTRA A4 13-fev-09 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU Modification du projet par SYSTRA A3 12-fev-09 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU Modification du projet par SYSTRA A2 27-dec-08 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU Modification du projet par SYSTRA A1 21-oct-08 A MEKKAOUI M. ATTOU Indice Date Etabli Vérifié Validation BE Visa MOE Description A387-LGVKT-0-APS-IEN-TRAP-SCID-0002-C5 Page 2 / 143 Sous-traitant du Groupement Mandataire du Groupement Etude LGV Kenitra-Tanger SOMMAIRE 1 PREAMBULE _________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Eurostar and More
    PUBLISHED BY Upper Canada RaHway Society DECEMBER 1995 P.O. Box 122, Station A NUMBER SSI Toronto, Ontario M5W IA2 ISSN I 193-7971 Features this month Research and Reviews Transcontinental EUROSTARAND MORE 4 RAILWAY ARCHAEOLOGY 12 THE RAPIDO 15 •f The first part of Bob Sandusky's trip to • Courtaulds' equipment in Cornwall •f CN's plans for garbage in containers France and Great Britain. THE PANORAMA 17 New restaurant in Mont-Royal station OTTAWA TRANSITWAY EXTENSION 9 •f West Coast Express special trains •f A few eastern ramblings • The newest leg, opened in September Avalanche on BCR Tumbler Sub. •f Rail removals in Port Hope THE TRAIN SPOTTERS CP'S NEW GE LOCOMOTIVES ON TEST . 10 ... 19 ••• Photos at Rigaud by Michel Belhumeur. 4 Notes on weather arrd fire -f Tour of the West A word of explanation Renewals for 1996 meeting will begin at 7:30 p.m. at the Toronto As I write this note, it is early February, quite With the last issues of Rail and Transit, most Hydro offices, 14 Carlton Street, just east of some time after the date on which I would members will have received renewal forms for College subway station. have preferred to be completing the December 1996. The dues are unchanged from 1995, The following meeting will be on March issue of Rail and Transit. $29.00 for addresses in Canada, $27.00 (U.S.) 15. After the business of the annual general The circumstances which led to this mis• or $35.00 (Canadian) for addresses in the U.S.
    [Show full text]