Association Between Islets of Langerhans and Pancreatic Ductal System in Adult Rat

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Association Between Islets of Langerhans and Pancreatic Ductal System in Adult Rat Diabetologia 2001) 44: 575±584 Ó Springer-Verlag 2001 Association between islets of Langerhans and pancreatic ductal system in adult rat. Where endocrine and exocrine meet together? E.Bertelli1, M.Regoli1, D.Orazioli1, M.Bendayan2 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy 2 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada Abstract to the ducts. For each series, 93.48 5.43% of the is- lets contacting the duct tree were associated with Aims/hypothesis. Studies on the functional and mor- small-sized ducts or centroacinar cells. Electron mi- phological relations between exocrine and endocrine croscopy revealed that some insulin and somatostatin pancreas have been conducted mainly to disclose the cells do face the duct lumen. Insulin was detected influence of islets of Langerhans on acinar parenchy- within the duct lumen and in the endosomal compart- ma. Less attention has been paid to the relations oc- ment of the duct cells. curring between islets and pancreatic ducts. Conclusions/interpretation. The finding that most is- Methods. A series of consecutive sections of normal lets are connected with the duct system in the adult adult rat pancreas were double stained with islet hor- pancreas is discussed in terms of hormone secretion mones) and duct cytokeratin 20) markers. Electron into the ducts, islet histogenesis and the relation microscopy was conducted to investigate the ultra- among the three tissue components of the pancreas, structural features of duct-islet relations and anti-in- the endocrine, the exocrine and the duct system. sulin immunogold labelling was carried out to reveal [Diabetologia 2001) 44: 575±584] the presence of insulin in the pancreatic duct system. Results. Consecutive double-stained sections demon- Keywords Pancreas, islet cells, duct epithelial cells, strated that 73.60 2.97% of the islets were attached cytokeratin, glucagon, somatostatin, insulin, rat. It is common to describe the endocrine and the exo- dreds of thousands variable-sized clusters of endo- crine pancreas as if they were two distinct and inde- crine cells islets of Langerhans), has evolved to facil- pendent entities. However the pancreas is an inte- itate interactions between the two glandular compo- grated organ involved in the digestion and absorption nents [1]. In order to determine reciprocal influences, of nutrients on the one hand, and in the regulation of many aspects of the relations occurring between exo- blood glucose homeostasis, on the other. Most proba- crine and endocrine pancreas have been investigated bly, the unique anatomical architecture of this organ, in the past three decades [2, 3]. Because of the obser- characterized by the dispersion of the endocrine com- vation that, in contrast to ªtele-insularº acini, ªperi- ponent throughout the acinar parenchyma as hun- insularº acini are formed by larger cells, containing more zymogen granules [2, 4±6], numerous studies have addressed the roles) played by the islet hor- Received: 12 October 2000 and in revised form: 18 January mones in tuning acinar cell secretion and the anatom- 2001 ical pathways, the so called ªislet-acinar axisª, through which this influence is exerted [2, 3, 7]. A Corresponding author: Dr. Eugenio Bertelli, Dept. of Biomed- large body of evidence indicates that a continuous ical Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Sie- na, Italy insulo-acinar venous portal system conveys hormone Abbreviations: AP, Alkaline phosphatase; CK20, cytokeratin enriched blood from the islets to the acinar parenchy- 20; MAb, monoclonal antibody; PAb, polyclonal antibody ma [2, 3, 8, 9]. The amount of acinar tissue that is ac- 576 E.Bertelli et al.: Association between islets and pancreatic ducts tually involved in this portal system and its physiolog- AP)-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG was from Roche Diagnostics ic relevance are, however, still issues of debate [10, Monza, Italy) and AP-conjugated rat serum absorbed anti- 11]. mouse IgG from Sigma-Aldrich Milan, Italy). In contrast, much less attention has been paid to Animals and tissues. A total of 10 male adult Sprague-Dawley the relations between the endocrine pancreas and rats 3 to 9 months of age), fed with a standard diet, were the ductal system. In normal conditions, only ªextra- used for this study. Principles of laboratory animal care were insularº endocrine tissue, represented by single cells followed as well as the Italian law on animal experiments. Af- or small buds of endocrine cells, is usually thought to ter anaesthesia, four animals were killed by decapitation and be associated with the duct lining [12±16]. Islets of the pancreatic tissue was sampled. The pancreas of each ani- Langerhans, by contrast, have been reported to be mal was divided into four pieces, fixed overnight in 1% glu- taraldehyde, dehydrated and embedded in methylmethacry- connected with the ductal system only in the fetal late. The pancreas of three other animals were fixed for 2 h in pancreas as a short-lived result of endocrine histogen- Bouin's fluid, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. esis [17±19]. In adults, the eventual retention and the Tissues from three additional rats were used for electron extent of such associations is controversial [20, 21] microscopy. Perfusion was carried out for 20 min with 1% glu- because no specific study has addressed this subject, taraldehyde in 0.1 mol/l sodium cacodylate buffer pH 7.35) apart from one investigator's pioneer work in guinea through the thoracic aorta. The pancreas was sampled, trim- pigs [22]. A study of this issue appears particularly med, further fixed for 2 h with the same fixative at 4C, post- fixed with 1% OsO4 in cacodylate buffer for 2 h at 4C, dehy- important considering that islets of Langerhans dif- drated and embedded in Epon 812. ferentiate and develop from precursor cells hosted in the duct lining. These precursors or stem cells are be- Conventional histology, immunocytochemistry and transmis- lieved to persist in the pancreas of adult individuals sion electron microscopy. Blocks of methylmethacrylate-em- within the wall of the duct system [23±25]. Moreover, bedded pancreatic tissue were cut leaving a step between experimental studies have indicated that islet hor- each section for a total length of about 100 mm. Thirty random sections 3.5 mm thick) were routinely stained with 0.1% tolui- mones are possible modulators of ductal secretion dine blue. [26, 27]. Indeed, whereas insulin appears to increase A total of 5 series of 25 consecutive sections 4 mm thick) secretin-induced pancreatic juice secretion [26±28], were cut from five different blocks of paraffin-embedded pan- glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide as well as soma- creas and used for immunocytochemistry. The first section of tostatin seem to have an inhibitory affect on duct each series and the last one of the fifth series were considered cell functions [26, 27]. Many other ªnon-classicalº is- as ªrandom sectionsº. Double immunocytochemical staining was carried out with the anti-CK20 MAb and with a cocktail let hormones such as pancreastatin, neuropeptide ty- of anti-somatostatin and anti-glucagon antisera. Sections were rosine NPY) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine YY) deparaffinazed, rehydrated, treated with 0.1% trypsin to re- could also be involved in duct cell secretion [27], trieve CK20 antigenicity as previously reported [31], washed with peptide YY, in particular, inhibiting spontaneous in PBS and incubated overnight at 4C with the anti-CK20 and secretin-stimulated bicarbonate secretion [29]. MAb dilution 1/100). After rinsing with PBS, sections were In recent studies, cytokeratin 20 CK20) has been incubated with AP-conjugated anti-mouse IgG and the AP re- action was developed with NBT/BCIP stock solution as chro- found to be expressed by all rat pancreatic duct cells mogen diluted in 0.1 mol/l TRIS buffer, pH 9.5, 0.05 mol/l including centroacinar cells) regardless of the size MgCl2, 0.1 mol/l NaCl, 2 mmol/l levamisole. Slides were then of the ducts [30, 31]. Taking advantage of cytokeratin rinsed with distilled water to stop the reaction, equilibrated 20's reliability as a ductal marker, we studied the ex- with PBS, and incubated with 0.25 mol/l EDTA for 30 min to tent of the topographical associations occurring be- inactivate AP as previously reported [32]. After washing with tween islets and ducts in the adult rat pancreas. Using PBS, slides were incubated overnight at 4C with the cocktail double immunocytochemical labellings, which reveal of anti-somatostatin and anti-glucagon antibodies both at a di- lution of 1/50. Sections were subsequently rinsed in PBS, incu- both CK20 and islet hormone immunoreactive cells, bated with AP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG and the reaction we were able to demonstrate that most islets of was developed with Fast-Red tablets Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Langerhans of the adult rat pancreas are directly con- Italy). nected with the pancreatic ductal system. This finding For transmission electron microscopic analysis, consecutive adds a new and important piece of information to the ultrathin sections were routinely stained and observed with a mosaic of the multiple relations occurring among the Philips 201 or 410 electron microscope. For the immunocyto- chemical detection of insulin at the electron microscope level, different components of the pancreas. we followed previously published techniques [7]. Briefly, ultra- thin sections of 1% glutaraldehyde-1% OsO4 fixed, epon-em- bedded adult rat pancreatic tissue were treated with a saturat- Materials and methods ed aqueous solution of sodium metaperiodate followed, after rinsing with PBS, by a 2 h incubation with a guinea-pig anti-bo- Antibodies. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies PAb) to somatosta- vine insulin antibody dilution 1/200). After rinsing with PBS, tin and glucagon were purchased from Novocastra Lab. New- the sections were incubated with the protein A-gold complex castle upon Tyne, UK).
Recommended publications
  • Cholecystokinin Expression in the Developing and Regenerating Pancreas and Intestine
    233 Cholecystokinin expression in the developing and regenerating pancreas and intestine G Liu, S V Pakala, D Gu, T Krahl, L Mocnik and N Sarvetnick Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA (Requests for offprints should be addressed to N Sarvetnick; Email: [email protected]) Abstract In developmental terms, the endocrine system of neither NOD mice continued this pattern. By contrast, in IFN- the gut nor the pancreatic islets has been characterized transgenic mice, CCK expression was suppressed from fully. Little is known about the involvement of cholecysto- birth to 3 months of age in the pancreata but not intestines. kinin (CCK), a gut hormone, involved in regulating the However, by 5 months of age, CCK expression appeared secretion of pancreatic hormones, and pancreatic growth. in the regenerating pancreatic ductal region of IFN- Here, we tracked CCK-expressing cells in the intestines transgenic mice. In the intestine, CCK expression per- and pancreata of normal mice (BALB/c), Non Obese sisted from fetus to adulthood and was not influenced Diabetic (NOD) mice and interferon (IFN)- transgenic by IFN-. Intestinal cells expressing CCK did not mice, which exhibit pancreatic regeneration, during em- co-express glucagon, suggesting that these cells are bryonic development, the postnatal period and adulthood. phenotypically distinct from CCK-expressing cells in We also questioned whether IFN- influences the expres- the pancreatic islets, and the effect of IFN- on sion of CCK. The results from embryonic day 16 showed CCK varies depending upon the cytokine’s specific that all three strains had CCK in the acinar region of microenvironment.
    [Show full text]
  • Pancreatic B-Cell Replacement: Advances in Protocols Used for Differentiation of Pancreatic Progenitors to B-Like Cells
    FOLIA HISTOCHEMICA REVIEW ET CYTOBIOLOGICA Vol. 57, No. 3, 2019 pp. 101–115 Pancreatic b-cell replacement: advances in protocols used for differentiation of pancreatic progenitors to b-like cells Muhammad Waseem Ghani1, Li Ye1, Zhao Yi1, Hammad Ghani2, Muhammad Waseem Birmani1, Aamir Nawab1, Lang Guan Cun1, Liu Bin1, Xiao Mei1 1Department of Livestock Production and Management, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China 2Nawaz Sharif Medical College University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Abstract Insulin-producing cells derived from in vitro differentiation of stem cells and non-stem cells by using different factors can spare the need for genetic manipulation and provide a cure for diabetes. In this context, pancreatic progenitors differentiating to b-like cells garner increasing attention as b-cell replacement source. This kind of cell therapy has the potential to cure diabetes, but is still on its way of being clinically useful. The primary restriction for in vitro production of mature and functional b-cells is developing a physiologically relevant in vitro culture system which can mimic in vivo pathways of islet development. In order to achieve this target, different approaches have been attempted for the differentiation of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells to b-like cells. Here, we will review some of the state-of-the-art protocols for the differentiation of pancreatic progenitors and differentiated pancreatic cells into b-like cells with a focus on pancreatic duct cells. (Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors: Ultrastructure
    ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY SCIENCE, Vol. 10, No. 1 Copyright© 1980, Institute for Clinical Science, Inc. Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors: Ultrastructure MERY KOSTIANOVSKY, M.D. Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 ABSTRACT Endocrine pancreatic tumors are frequently multicellular and produce several hormones and peptides. A review of the basic concepts of hormone secretion, pancreatic islet cell composition and ultrastructural make-up of tumors is presented. The importance of correlating ultrastructural, immuno- cytochemical and biochemical studies of these tumors is emphasized. Introduction Morphofunctional Aspects of Pancreatic Islets During the last few years a great amount of information was accumulated regarding At the present time four different types the mechanisms of synthesis, storage and of cells have been described in the pan­ release of hormones.14,28,31 The use of ex­ creatic islets,17,33 each having a specific perimental in vitro m odels21,25,26,28 was secretory product (table I). A variety of very helpful in clarifying the participation other cells possibly exists, although of different organelles in the biosynthesis, further identification is awaited. By light cellular “packaging” and emyocytosis of microscopy, it is not possible to distin­ the secretory products. In a review, Lacy31 guish one type of cell from the other. has proposed a working model for hor­ Histochemical procedures are of help, mone secretion, describing the sim­ however, and B cells are easily stained ilarities between different endocrine with aldehyde fuchsin. The dicferent pro­ glands. Some of this information was ob­ cedures and empiric nature oi the silver tained through the studies of endocrine stain22 added confusion in the nomen­ pancreatic tumors as in the case of the clature of the cells (as seen in table I) discovery of pro-insulin in a beta cell where the same cell has been described adenoma.62 The purpose of this paper is to by different names.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference ID: 4125998
    HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION • Determine the number of vials to be reconstituted based on the patient’s These highlights do not include all the information needed to use weight and prescribed dose (2.2) ® CHIRHOSTIM safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for • ChiRhoStim® must be reconstituted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride CHIRHOSTIM®. Injection prior to administration (2.2) • See full prescribing information for complete information on exocrine ® CHIRHOSTIM (human secretin) for injection, for intravenous use test methods (2.3) Initial U.S. Approval: 2004 -------------------------RECENT MAJOR CHANGES----------------------------­ ---------------------DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS---------------------­ Dosage and Administration (2.1) 07/2017 For injection: 16 mcg or 40 mcg of human secretin as a lyophilized powder in Contraindications, removed (4) 07/2017 single-dose vial for reconstitution (3) Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2) 07/2017 -------------------------------CONTRAINDICATIONS-----------------------------­ -------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE----------------------------- None (4) ChiRhoStim® is a secretin class hormone indicated for stimulation of: • pancreatic secretions, including bicarbonate, to aid in the diagnosis of -----------------------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS-----------------------­ exocrine pancreas dysfunction (1) • Hyporesponse to Secretin Stimulation Testing in Patients with • gastrin secretion to aid in the diagnosis of gastrinoma (1) Vagotomy, Inflammatory Bowel Disease or Receiving
    [Show full text]
  • Digestive System Physiology of the Pancreas
    Digestive System Physiology of the pancreas Dr. Hana Alzamil Objectives Pancreatic acini Pancreatic secretion Pancreatic enzymes Control of pancreatic secretion ◦ Neural ◦ Hormonal Secretin Cholecystokinin What are the types of glands? Anatomy of pancreas Objectives Pancreatic acini Pancreatic secretion Pancreatic enzymes Control of pancreatic secretion ◦ Neural ◦ Hormonal Secretin Cholecystokinin Histology of the Pancreas Acini ◦ Exocrine ◦ 99% of gland Islets of Langerhans ◦ Endocrine ◦ 1% of gland Secretory function of pancreas Acinar and ductal cells in the exocrine pancreas form a close functional unit. Pancreatic acini secrete the pancreatic digestive enzymes. The ductal cells secrete large volumes of sodium bicarbonate solution The combined product of enzymes and sodium bicarbonate solution then flows through a long pancreatic duct Pancreatic duct joins the common hepatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla The ampulla empties its content through papilla of vater which is surrounded by sphincter of oddi Objectives Pancreatic acini Pancreatic secretion Pancreatic enzymes Control of pancreatic secretion ◦ Neural ◦ Hormonal Secretin Cholecystokinin Composition of Pancreatic Juice Contains ◦ Water ◦ Sodium bicarbonate ◦ Digestive enzymes Pancreatic amylase pancreatic lipase Pancreatic nucleases Pancreatic proteases Functions of pancreatic secretion Fluid (pH from 7.6 to 9.0) ◦ acts as a vehicle to carry inactive proteolytic enzymes to the duodenal lumen ◦ Neutralizes acidic gastric secretion Enzymes ◦
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction of Stellate Cells with Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells
    Cancers 2010, 2, 1661-1682; doi:10.3390/cancers2031661 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers Review Interaction of Stellate Cells with Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells Hansjörg Habisch 1, Shaoxia Zhou 1, Marco Siech 2 and Max G. Bachem 1,* 1 Department Clinical Chemistry and Central Laboratory, University of Ulm, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (H.H); [email protected] (S.Z.) 2 Department of surgery, Ostalbklinikum Aalen, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] (M.S.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-731-500-67500/01; Fax: +49-731-500-67506. Received: 28 July 2010; in revised form: 2 September 2010 / Accepted: 2 September 2010 / Published: 9 September 2010 Abstract: Pancreatic cancer is characterized by its late detection, aggressive growth, intense infiltration into adjacent tissue, early metastasis, resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy and a strong ―desmoplastic reaction‖. The dense stroma surrounding carcinoma cells is composed of fibroblasts, activated stellate cells (myofibroblast-like cells), various inflammatory cells, proliferating vascular structures, collagens and fibronectin. In particular the cellular components of the stroma produce the tumor microenvironment, which plays a critical role in tumor growth, invasion, spreading, metastasis, angiogenesis, inhibition of anoikis, and chemoresistance. Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and activated stellate cells produce the extracellular matrix components and are thought to interact actively with tumor cells, thereby promoting cancer progression. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the role of pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) in the desmoplastic response of pancreas cancer and the effects of PSC on tumor progression, metastasis and drug resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Normal Pancreatic Function 1. What Are the Functions of the Pancreas?
    Normal Pancreatic Function Stephen J. Pandol Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Los Angeles, California USA [email protected] Version 1.0, June 13, 2015 [DOI: 10.3998/panc.2015.17] 1. What are the functions of the This chapter presents processes underlying the functions of the exocrine pancreas with pancreas? references to how specific abnormalities of the The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine pancreas can lead to disease states. function. This chapter is devoted to the exocrine functions of the pancreas. The exocrine function 2. Where is the pancreas located? is devoted to secretion of digestive enzymes, ions and water into the intestine of the gastrointestinal The illustration in Figure 1 demonstrates the (GI) tract. The digestive enzymes are necessary anatomical relationships between the pancreas for converting a meal into molecules that can be and organs surrounding it in the abdomen. The absorbed across the surface lining of the GI tract regions of the pancreas are the head, body, tail into the body. Of note, there are digestive and uncinate process (Figure 2). The distal end enzymes secreted by our salivary glands, of the common bile duct passes through the head stomach and surface epithelium of the GI tract of the pancreas and joins the pancreatic duct as it that also contribute to digestion of a meal. enters the intestine (Figure 2). Because the bile However, the exocrine pancreas is necessary for duct passes through the pancreas before entering most of the digestion of a meal and without it the intestine, diseases of the pancreas such as a there is a substantial loss of digestion that results cancer at the head of the pancreas or swelling in malnutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Índice De Denominacións Españolas
    VOCABULARIO Índice de denominacións españolas 255 VOCABULARIO 256 VOCABULARIO agente tensioactivo pulmonar, 2441 A agranulocito, 32 abaxial, 3 agujero aórtico, 1317 abertura pupilar, 6 agujero de la vena cava, 1178 abierto de atrás, 4 agujero dental inferior, 1179 abierto de delante, 5 agujero magno, 1182 ablación, 1717 agujero mandibular, 1179 abomaso, 7 agujero mentoniano, 1180 acetábulo, 10 agujero obturado, 1181 ácido biliar, 11 agujero occipital, 1182 ácido desoxirribonucleico, 12 agujero oval, 1183 ácido desoxirribonucleico agujero sacro, 1184 nucleosómico, 28 agujero vertebral, 1185 ácido nucleico, 13 aire, 1560 ácido ribonucleico, 14 ala, 1 ácido ribonucleico mensajero, 167 ala de la nariz, 2 ácido ribonucleico ribosómico, 168 alantoamnios, 33 acino hepático, 15 alantoides, 34 acorne, 16 albardado, 35 acostarse, 850 albugínea, 2574 acromático, 17 aldosterona, 36 acromatina, 18 almohadilla, 38 acromion, 19 almohadilla carpiana, 39 acrosoma, 20 almohadilla córnea, 40 ACTH, 1335 almohadilla dental, 41 actina, 21 almohadilla dentaria, 41 actina F, 22 almohadilla digital, 42 actina G, 23 almohadilla metacarpiana, 43 actitud, 24 almohadilla metatarsiana, 44 acueducto cerebral, 25 almohadilla tarsiana, 45 acueducto de Silvio, 25 alocórtex, 46 acueducto mesencefálico, 25 alto de cola, 2260 adamantoblasto, 59 altura a la punta de la espalda, 56 adenohipófisis, 26 altura anterior de la espalda, 56 ADH, 1336 altura del esternón, 47 adipocito, 27 altura del pecho, 48 ADN, 12 altura del tórax, 48 ADN nucleosómico, 28 alunarado, 49 ADNn, 28
    [Show full text]
  • University of Southampton Research Repository Eprints Soton
    University of Southampton Research Repository ePrints Soton Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON REGULATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF TISSUE INHIBITORS OF METALLOPROTEINASE-1 AND –2 BY HEPATIC AND PANCREATIC STELLATE CELLS Dr Peter Raymond McCrudden B.Sc.(Hons) MBBS FRCP Submitted for the degree of MD Faculty of Medicine, Health and Biological Sciences June 2010 For Ute, Nicolas, Katia and India 2 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF MEDICINE, HEALTH AND LIFE SCIENCES (MHLS) SCHOOL OF MEDICINE DIVISION OF INFECTION, INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNITY Doctor of Medicine REGULATION OF THE SYNTHESIS OF TISSUE INHIBITORS OF METALLOPROTEINASE-1 AND –2 BY HEPATIC AND PANCREATIC STELLATE By Dr Peter Raymond McCrudden Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a central role in fibrosis development by production of extracellular matrix and also by secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) including TIMP-2 and MMP-2.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiology of the Pancreas
    Te xt . Only in Females’ slide . Only in Males’ slides . Important Lecture . Numbers No.4 . Doctor notes . Notes and explanation “Be The Best Version Of You” 1 We recommended you to study Histology & Anatomy of pancreas first. Physiology of the pancreas Objectives: 1-Functional Anatomy. 2-Major components of pancreatic juice and their physiologic roles. 3-Cellular mechanisms of bicarbonate secretion. 4-Cellular mechanisms of enzyme secretion. 5-Activation of pancreatic enzymes. 6-Hormonal & neural regulation of pancreatic secretion. 7-Potentiation of the secretory response. 8- Pancreatic acini. 2 Functional Anatomy & Histology of the Pancreas Today we are concern about the digestive role of pancreas not the endocrine role, the endocrine part represent 95% of its Extra function, the left 5% represent the digestive part. Functional Anatomy: The pancreas, which lies parallel to and beneath the stomach is a large compound gland with most of its internal structure similar to that of the salivary glands (Look like them so they have both acinar cells and tubal cells) Islet of langerhans in the pancreas: the pancreas, in addition to its digestive functions, secretes two important hormones: Insulin (beta cells, 60%). Islet of Langerhans have different type of cells (alpha, beta and delta) and If we go and get a cross section view of the every single one of them can release a certain hormone. pancreatic tissue. We can see many acinar Glucagon (alpha cells, ~25%). cells and in the middle we have a ductal That are crucial for normal regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Also somatostatin is lumen. secreted by delta cells (form ~10% of islets’s cells).
    [Show full text]