Automatic Shoes Polisher Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Jun 2018

POLITEKNIK SULTAN HAJI AHMAD SHAH

AUTOMATIC SHOES POLISHER

NAMA NO. PENDAFTARAN SOBAN RAO A/L 02DAD16F1037

GOPALKRISHNAN

JEGATHISSWAREN A/L 02DAD16F1058

SUNDARAM

ERIC TAN HOW SHEN 02DAD16F1083

TAN KING LUN 02DAD16F1118

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

JUN 2018

Automatic Shoe Polishing Machine

Name No. Matric

1. SOBAN RAO A/L GOPALKRISHNAN 02DAD16F1037

2. JEGATHISSWAREN A/L SUNDARAM 02DAD16F1058

3. ERIC TAN HOW SHEN 02DAD16F1083

4. TAN KING LUN 02DAD16F1118

Approved Project Report

Checked by,

Supervisor signature :

Supervisor name :

Date :

Approved by,

Supervisor signature :

Supervisor name :

Date :

Student’s Confession

Signature :

Name : Jegathisswaren A/L Sundaram

Matric number : 02DAD16F1058

Signature :

Name : Eric Tan How Shen

Matric number : 02DAD16F1083

Signature :

Name : Tan King Lun

Matric number : 02DAD16F1118

Signature :

Name : Soban Rao A/L Gopalkrishnan

Matric number : 02DAD16f1037

Abstract

Leather shoes can be worn by male and female. Male’s leather shoes have 2 types which is shoes with laces and shoes without laces. Female’s leather shoes do not have shoes with laces type but it is not similar with the male’s leather shoes. People polish their shoes to make the leather look shine and clean. Dirt and dust can be easily sticking to the surface of the leather shoes. This causes the leather shoe to look dull and the leather skin can crack easily. An automatic shoe polishing machine can help all the user of leather shoes to polish faster and easier without using any force compared to polishing shoes using brush. Automatic shoe polisher machine can polish all around the surface of the leather shoe by just clicking a button. This machine can operate at any time and does not occupy a lot of space. Other that, polish a shoe can also increase the durability.

Abstrak

Kasut kulit boleh dipakai oleh lelaki dan perempuan. Kasut kulit lelaki mempunyai 2 jenis iaitu kasut bertali dan kasut tanpa tali. Namun, kasut kulit perempuan tidak mempunyai jenis bertali. Menggilap kasut boleh menjadikan kulit kelihatan lebih bersih dan kemas. Habuk dan kotoran mudah melekat pada permukaan. Ini menyebabkan kasut kulit kelihatan kusam dan retak dengan mudah. Mesin polish kasut kulit automatik boleh membantu semua pengguna untuk menggilap lebih cepat dan lebih mudah tanpa menggunakan kekuatan manusia berbanding dengan menggilap menggunakan berus. Mesin polish kasut automatik boleh menggilap seluruh permukaan kasut kulit dengan hanya mengklik satu butang. Mesin ini boleh beroperasi pada bila-bila masa dan tidak mengambil banyak ruang. Selain itu, jangka hayat kasut kulit dapat manambah dengan mengilatkan kasut.

CONTENT

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE

AUTOMATIC SHOE POLISHING MACHINE i STUDENT’S CONFESSION ii ABSTRACT iii ABSTRAK iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3 1.3 OBJECTIVE 3 1.4 SCOPE/LIMITATION 4 1.5 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH 5

2 LITERATURE 2.1 INTRODUCTION 6 2.2 HISTORY 8 2.5 TYPES OF BRUSH 25 2.6 TYPES OF MOTOR 26 2.7 TYPES OF NOZZLE 27 2.8 USAGE 28

3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTRODUCTION 29 3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 29 3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN 32 3.4 PROJECT COST 36 3.5 PROJECT SPECIFICATION 37 3.6 CHOOSING MATERIAL 38 3.7 DATA COLLECTIONS 39

4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 43 4.2 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 44

5 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION 5.1 INTRODUCTION 48 5.2 CONCLUSION 48 5.3 DISCUSSION 49

REFERENCE ATTACHMENT

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while the wearer is doing various activities. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration and fashion. The design of shoes has varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being tied to function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many design elements, such as whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones. Contemporary footwear in the 2010s varies widely in style, complexity and cost. Basic sandals may consist of only a thin sole and simple strap and be sold for a low cost. High fashion shoes made by famous designers may be made of expensive materials, use complex construction and sell for hundreds or even thousands of dollars a pair. Some shoes are designed for specific purposes, such as boots designed specifically for mountaineering or skiing.

Lately they are many people always busy and rushing until they don’t even care about the small matters in their life. Such as shoes had not been polished. Some are so lazy to polish the shoes by right it been leave dirty and mess. Besides, some have no time to for such job which is polish shoes because busy with work and other else. So, the idea comes out to make a “shoe polisher machine” for those wearing leather shoes for work to make life become easier. This machine mainly for busy worker might just spend a few minutes to polish shoes before take step into their working field with better and smarter look. This might save their time and look smart.

Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather, wood or canvas, but in the 2010s, they are increasingly made from rubber, plastics, and other petrochemical- derived materials. Though the human foot is adapted to varied terrain and climate conditions, it is still vulnerable to environmental hazards such as sharp rocks and temperature extremes, which shoes protect against. Some shoes are worn as safety equipment, such as steel-soled boots which are required on construction sites.

Anyway, some people also don’t know how to polish their shoes properly and they think about leather is thought that shoes may have been used long before this, but because the materials used were highly perishable, there are many products closely related to shoe polish, but not strictly considered as such. So, they can use this tool as well to help progress. On the other way polish shoes can also extend the life of leather shoes which prevent it from crack. Polish also can act as protection for shoes which prevent dust and drink spilled on it. Shoe polish products are low-value items that are infrequently purchased, as a single can might last several months for even the most frequent user, shoe polish brand in most of the world, being sold in over 180 countries.

The only simple method of polishing shoe which has been using for years until now is by polishing using brush. As this technology world becoming wider, even polishing can be done automatically. A machine that can polish front, back and both sides of shoes. A machine that can spray liquid polish through nozzle. This machine can operate anytime by just clicking a button. This machine saves time and uses lesser human effort compare to polishing using brush. Both methods have the same outcome but automatic shoe polisher is faster and simple.

1.2 Problem statement

During daily day, I been found out that my brother was the one who always wore all those leather shoes in family, I also relies that they were rarely to polish their shoes daily or maybe weekly. So, after they come back from work, I will be found out their shoes will become dull and not shiny anymore especially during the raining or windy day leather shoes with wet surface will more easily to attract dust or mud.

Based on the problem, we know that it would take more time and more human effort when we polish using our own hands. Besides that, they are too busy and all the family member are not free to have more time to help them to do so. That what cause my brother always get scold by his boss because of his untied shoes outlook that many causes his company requirement. Other than that, if the brush is too hard it can damage the surface of the shoe leather. Because of the rushing life they always forget about the detail of their life such as clean up their shoes or use the right equipment to take care of it.

1.3 Objective

• Designing a machine that can polish shoes.

• Build a machine that can spray liquid polish.

• Analysing types of brush, motor and nozzles.

1.4 Scope/ Limitation

Every of the limitation is based on the stage of our investment and research. This is to make sure our product can be performed in the best.

1.4.1 Used only for polishing men leather shoes without shoe lays Only shoes without shoe lays can be polished using this automatic shoe polisher machine because this machine uses motor and to avoid the shoe lays get stuck between the brushes.

1.4.2 Build using an unused coffee vending machine This unused coffee vending machine has a lot of space so that this project looks well organised.

1.4.3 DC motor used to rotate the brush DC motor is a direct current. The brush in the project needs DC motor because it rotates in one direction only.

1.4.4 Flat fans type nozzle used to spray the liquid polish. This type of nozzle sprays a wider surface on the shoe. Besides, it sprays a little amount of polish liquid. By this we can save the usage of polish liquid.

1.4.5 Use for Standard Asian shoes size This might be uk6 to uk9

1.5 Importance of research

Make the research is to make sure the durability of the product and the function of it is the best. To prevent the issue of lacking research in the product will make the lifespan of the product decrease and also make it not perform well which it will damage the shoes so other. The main of the product is to decrease the use of energy so we have to pick up the best quality through research to make sure the material been pick is the most suitable for it.

Chapter 2

Literature

2.1 Introduction

Since the 19-century human start to figure out the shoes which made by the texture of leather. They found out leather is better than many other textures which it will stay last longer and it look clean than the fabric. But they also figure out other problem of damage all over the leather texture surface. So, they came by a solution where is apply waxy paste, cream, high concentration liquid on the surface of the leather and polish it to make the shoes became waterproof and dust free on its surface. This way so it can maintain and improve their appearance.

Human been start up to use the manual way to polish the shoes. They start up to use the product such as fabric to apply the wax then they do use the metal brush they knew the brush really damage the surface so they start up to know about the shoes really should not use the rough brush Some of them which don’t know the correct way to wax the shoes will make the shoes condition become worst. They will damage the surface of it cause the surface being scratch on it.

Human start to know about the friction logical so that they apply it with some soft texture item. They also use the brush such as Nylon, Polypropylene, horse hair, Tampico and other more to set up as the brush to polish. But still there still one cons which is they don’t really apply the correct force on it to make it into perfect condition of shiny, some of them only know to brush over it to produce heat to make the wax turn dissolve and kept on the shoes surface.

So nowadays we are trying to create the perfect item that can really use to wax the shoes which like we just have to put our shoes inside of it so it can work by itself. Now we are heaving the research on the multi choice product which can be use as the material to build up the product. As well we are trying to create the product in multifunction which is cleaning and polishing. If the change is giving we will add on wash function in it. Light is the main option that we need on it.

In the end of 19 century Shoe polish products are low-value items that are infrequently purchased, as a single can might last several months for even the most frequent user. So, we also came out with the idea of creating the special “KIWI”. this is because one reason is the gradual replacement of formal footwear with sneakers for everyday use. Other way we also found the change of getting way of marketing to sell all those kiwi spray which only can apply on the product create by us.

Shoe polish (or boot polish) is a waxy paste, cream, or liquid used to polish, shine, and waterproof leather shoes or boots to extend the footwear's life, and restore, maintain and improve their appearance.

Various substances have been used as shoe polish for hundreds of years, and been hundred over year human been using the basic way to polish shoes and start on early 1960 human came with innovation which they start build polishing machine by using simple rotation item such as wood stick to move on the brush to polish the shoes. Where the idea been start using in future time on 80’s human used to build it bigger than ever but less efficient end up it turn to something useless and occur space and less function. But came to early 2000 something innovative happen which they build a polisher machine which polish front of shoes only. But now the idea of automatic shoes polisher been viral on the worldwide but actually not only shoes polish machine but other also do so. According to the country target where we will reach the Industry 4.0 where there are many of thing already been replace by automatic working machine.

Shoes polish machine can be something extra ordinary because it really can do afford to make shoes surface look better shinier and stay last longer. Old way to wax it is by using heat up the wax and it attach to the surface of leather shoes but the machine used to spray the liquid polish through nozzle, that the simple way to apply wax or polish to shoe without make dirty hand.

2.2 History

2.2.1 History of Shoes

Picture 2.1: Museum display of shoes

Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather, wood or canvas, but in the 2010s, they are increasingly made from rubber, plastics, and other petrochemical-derived materials. Though the human foot is adapted to varied terrain and climate conditions, it is still vulnerable to environmental hazards such as sharp rocks and temperature extremes, which shoes protect against. Some shoes are worn as safety equipment, such as steel-soled boots which are required on construction sites.

Picture 2.2: A shoemaker in the Georgian era, from The Book of English Trades, 1821.

Shoemaking became more commercialized in the mid-18th century, as it expanded as a cottage industry. Large warehouses began to stock footwear in warehouses, made by many small manufacturers from the area.

Until the 19th century, shoemaking was a traditional handicraft, but by the century's end, the process had been almost completely mechanized, with production occurring in large factories. Despite the obvious economic gains of mass-production, the factory system produced shoes without the individual differentiation that the traditional shoemaker was able to provide.

The first steps towards mechanisation were taken during the Napoleonic Wars by the engineer, Marc Brunel. He developed machinery for the mass-production of boots for the soldiers of the British Army. In 1812 he devised a scheme for making nailed-boot- making machinery that automatically fastened soles to uppers by means of metallic pins or nails. With the support of the Duke of York, the shoes were manufactured, and, due to their strength, cheapness, and durability, were introduced for the use of the army. In the same year, the use of screws and staples was patented by Richard Woodman. Brunel's system was described by Sir Richard Phillips as a visitor to his factory in Battersea as follows:

Picture 2.3: Pictured, the bottoming room of the B. F. Spinney & Co. factory in Lynn, Massachusetts, 1872.

By the late 19th century, the shoemaking industry had migrated to the factory and was increasingly mechanized. Pictured, the bottoming room of the B. F. Spinney & Co. factory in Lynn, Massachusetts, 1872.

"In another building I was shown his manufactory of shoes, which, like the other, is full of ingenuity, and, in regard to subdivision of labour, brings this fabric on a level with the oft-admired manufactory of pins. Every step in it is affected by the most elegant and precise machinery; while, as each operation is performed by one hand, so each shoe passes through twenty-five hands, who complete from the hide, as supplied by the currier, a hundred pairs of strong and well-finished shoes per day. All the details are performed by the ingenious application of the mechanic powers; and all the parts are characterised by precision, uniformity, and accuracy. As each man performs but one step in the process, which implies no knowledge of what is done by those who go before or follow him, so the persons employed are not shoemakers, but wounded soldiers, who are able to learn their respective duties in a few hours. The contract at which these shoes are delivered to Government is 6s. 6d. per pair, being at least 2s. less than what was paid previously for an unequal and cobbled article."

However, when the war ended in 1815, manual labour became much cheaper, and the demand for military equipment subsided. As a consequence, Brunel's system was no longer profitable and it soon ceased business.

Similar exigencies at the time of the Crimean War stimulated a renewed interest in methods of mechanization and mass-production, which proved longer lasting. A shoemaker in Leicester, Tomas Crick, patented the design for a riveting machine in 1853. His machine used an iron plate to push iron rivets into the sole. The process greatly

Picture 2.4: Typical dress shoe

Picture of a typical dress shoe. Note that the area labelled as the "Lace guard" is sometimes considered part of the quarter and sometimes part of the vamp.

The basic anatomy of a shoe is recognizable, regardless of the specific style of footwear.

Picture 2.5: A shoemaker making turn shoes at the Rosch eider Hof Open Air Museum All shoes have a sole, which is the bottom of a shoe, in contact with the ground. Soles can be made from a variety of materials, although most modern shoes have soles made from natural rubber, polyurethane, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds. Soles can be simple — a single material in a single layer — or they can be complex, with multiple structures or layers and materials. When various layers are used, soles may consist of an insole, midsole, and an outsole.

The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot under the footbed (also known as sock liner). The purpose of insole is to attach to the lasting margin of the upper, which is wrapped around the last during the closing of the shoe during the lasting operation. Insoles are usually made of cellulosic paper board or synthetic non-woven insole board. Many shoes have removable and replaceable footbeds. Extra cushioning is often added for comfort (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe) or health reasons (to help deal with differences in the natural shape of the foot or positioning of the foot during standing or walking).

The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes often have leather or resin rubber outsoles; casual or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or a synthetic material like polyurethane. The outsole may comprise a single piece, or may be an assembly of separate pieces, often of different materials. On some shoes, the heel of the sole has a rubber plate for durability and traction, while the front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design: athletic or so-called cleated shoes like soccer, rugby, baseball and golf shoes have spikes embedded in the outsole to improve traction.

The midsole' is the layer in between the outsole and the insole, typically there for shock absorption. Some types of shoes, like running shoes, have additional material for shock absorption, usually beneath the heel of the foot, where one puts the most pressure down. Some shoes may not have a midsole at all.

The heel is the bottom rear part of a shoe. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They are often made of the same material as the sole of the shoe. This part can be high for fashion or to make the person look taller, or flat for a more practical and comfortable use.[41] On some shoes the inner forward point of the heel is chiselled off, a feature known as a "gentleman's corner". This piece of design is intended to alleviate the problem of the points catching the bottom of trousers and was first observed in the 1930s.[42] A heel is the projection at the back of a shoe which rests below the heel bone. The shoe heel is used to improve the balance of the shoe, increase the height of the wearer, alter posture or other decorative purposes. Sometimes raised, the high heel is common to a form of shoe often worn by women, but sometimes by men too. See also stiletto heel.

The upper helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or flip-flops, this may be nothing more than a few straps for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, trainers and most men's shoes, will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style to look attractive. The upper is connected to the sole by a strip of leather, rubber, or plastic that is stitched between it and the sole, known as a welt.

Picture 2.6: Cutaway view of a typical shoe.

Most uppers have a mechanism, such as laces, straps with buckles, zippers, elastic, Velcro straps, buttons, or snaps, for tightening the upper on the foot. Uppers with laces usually have a tongue that helps seal the laced opening and protect the foot from abrasion by the laces. Uppers with laces also have eyelets or hooks to make it easier to tighten and loosen the laces and to prevent the lace from tearing through the upper material. An aglet is the protective wrapping on the end of the lace.

The vamp is the front part of the shoe, starting behind the toe, extending around the eyelets and tongue and towards back part of the shoe. The medial is the part of the shoe closest to a person's centre of symmetry, and the lateral is on the opposite side, away from their centre of symmetry. This can be in reference to either the outsole or the vamp. Most shoes have shoelaces on the upper, connecting the medial and lateral parts after one puts their shoes on and aiding in keeping their shoes on their feet. In 1968, Puma SE introduced the first pair of sneakers with Velcro straps in lieu of shoelaces, and these became popular by the 1980s, especially among children and the elderly.

The toe box is the part that covers and protects the toes. People with toe deformities, or individuals who experience toe swelling (such as long distance runners) usually require a larger toe box.

2.2.3 History of Shoes Polisher

Picture 2.7: A boot polisher on a railway platform in Mumbai, India

Shoeshine or shoe polisher is an occupation in which a person polishes shoes with shoe polish. They are often known as shoeshine boys because the job is traditionally that of a male child. Other synonyms are bootblack and shoeblack. While the role is deprecated in much of Western civilization, shining shoes is an important source of income for many children and families throughout the world. Some shoe shiners offer extra services, such as shoe repairs and general tailoring. Many well-known and high-profile people started their working life as shoe shiners, including singers and presidents.

2.2.4 History

Picture 2.8: The earliest reliably dated photograph of a person, taken in spring 1838 by Daguerre Shoe polish was not well known as a commercial product until the early 20th century. Throughout the late 19th century shoeshine boys plied their trade on the streets, particularly those in the cities of the United Kingdom.

The earliest known daguerreotype (photograph) of a human feature a man having his shoes shined in the lower corner of the print. Though the image shows Paris' busy Boulevard du Temple, the long exposure time (about ten or twelve minutes) meant that moving traffic cannot be seen; however, the two men at lower left (one apparently having his boots polished by the other) remained still long enough to be distinctly visible.

Picture 2.9: A shoes polisher in Japan, 2016

Picture 2.10: The Independent Shoe-Black by John Thomson, 1877.

Picture 2.11: Shoe-shiner at work in Tepotzotlan, Mexico

Picture 2.12: Shoe-shiner at work in Porto, Portugal

Picture 2.13: Modern profession Shoe Polisher

The profession is common in many countries around the world, with the revenue earned by the shoe shiner being a significant proportion of a family income, particularly when the father of the family has died or can no longer work. In Afghanistan some children will work after school and can earn 100 Afghanis (around £1) each day. Many street children use shoe shining as their only means of income.

Some cities require shoe shiners to acquire licences in order to work legally. In August 2007 shoe shiners in Mumbai, India were told that they could no longer work on the railway stations due to "financial irregularities". Every Shoeshine Association was asked to reapply for their licence, with many worried that they would lose out to a rival.

In the UK, shoe shiners are often found working in business districts where professionals congregate. The shoe shiner is perceived as an informational hub, studiously polishing and buffing whilst dispensing helpful advice on local affairs and events Several high-profile figures worked as shoe shiners at one point of their lives:

2.2.5 Famous shoes shiners

• Mahmoud Ahmed – Ethiopian singer

• James Brown – "The Godfather of Soul". He used to shine shoes and sing and dance on Ninth Street in Augusta, Georgia; in 1993 the road was renamed "James Brown Boulevard" in his honour.

• Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva – later President of Brazil

• Alejandro Toledo – later President of Peru

• Malcolm X – worked as a shoeshine boy at a Lindy Hop nightclub in New York City

• Rod Blagojevich – later Governor of Illinois

• Sammy Sosa Former Dominican baseball player predominately for the Chicago Cubs

• Čika Mišo, last Bosnian shoe shiner

• Willie Brown, San Francisco Mayor and Speaker of the California State Assembly

2.2.6 History of Polish

Picture 2.14: An open can of dubbin

From medieval times, dubbin, a waxy product, was used to soften and waterproof leather; but it did not impart shine. It was made from natural wax, oil, soda ash and tallow. As leather with a high natural veneer became popular in the 18th century, a high glossy finish became important, particularly on shoes and boots. In most cases, homemade polishes were used to provide this finish, often with lanolin or bees waxes a base.

English Army Blacking from 1895

In the late 18th and early 19th century many forms of shoe polish became available, yet were rarely referred to as shoe polish or boot polish. Instead, they were often called blacking, especially when mixed with lampblack, or still were referred to as dubbin. Tallow, an animal by-product, was used to manufacture a simple form of shoe polish at this time. Chicago, where 82% of the processed meat consumed in the United States was processed in the stock yards, became a major shoe polish producing area.

Other early leather preserving products included the Irish brand Punch, which was first made in 1851. In 1889, an English man by the name of William Edward Wren, started making shoe polishes and dubbin under the brand name Wren's. In just 3 years, he won the “First in the Field – First Award Leather Trades Exhibition 1892″ award which was awarded by the Leather Trades Exhibition held in Northampton, the centre of Britain’s boot making industry. This signified the importance and prestige of the exhibition in the trade and was a recognition of Wren's quality. In 1890 the Kroner Brothers established EOS, a shoe polish factory in Berlin, which serviced the Prussian military. It finally closed in 1934 when the Nazis forbade Jews to operate a business. The German brand, Erdal, went on sale in 1901.

Prior to 1906, shoe polish was not well known as a purchasable product, nor was it particularly sophisticated. While sales were not especially high, a few brands, like Nugget, were available in the U.K. during the 19th century. The practice of shining people’s shoes gradually caught on and soon many shoeshine boys in city streets were offering shoe shines using a basic form of shoe polish along with a polishing cloth.

Picture 2.15: Payaso (clown) brand shoe polish from mid-20th-century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the Museo del Objeto del Objeto.

The first shoe polish to resemble the modern varieties (aimed primarily at inducing shine) were the British and British Commonwealth brands like Cherry Blossom, Kiwi and Wren's. An advertisement published in March 1947 by Wren's claimed that William Wren originated the first wax polish in 1889. As the advertisement was endorsed with the Royal Warrant, its claim would be deemed creditable. However, the most well-known brand was Kiwi. Scottish expatriates William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making "boot polish" in a small factory in 1904 in Melbourne, Australia.Their formula was a major improvement on previous brands. It preserved shoe leather, made it shine, and restored colour. By the time Kiwi Dark Tan was released in 1908, it incorporated agents that added suppleness and water resistance. Australian-made boot polish was then considered the world's best. Black and a range of colours became available, and exports to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand began, although the polish is now made in the Far East. Previously owned by the Sara Lee Corporation since 1984, Kiwi was sold in 2011 to SC Johnson.

Ramsay named the shoe polish after the kiwi, the national bird of New Zealand; Ramsay's wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay, was a native of Oamaru, New Zealand. It has been suggested that, at a time when several symbols were weakly associated with New Zealand, the eventual spread of Kiwi shoe polish around the world enhanced the Kiwi's popular appeal and promoted it at the expense of the others.

A rival brand in the early years was Cobra Boot Polish, based in Sydney. Cobra was noted for a series of cartoon advertisements in The Sydney Bulletin, starting in 1909, using a character called "Chunder Loo of Akim Foo." Chunder is Australian slang for vomit, and possibly originated through the rhyming slang of Chunder Loo and spew (another slang word for vomit).

Picture 2.16: Three common types of British shoe polish of the 1960s or 1970s: two different versions of Cherry Blossom and a version of Wren's

At the end of the 19th century, leather shoes and boots became affordable to the masses, and with the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the demand for large numbers of polished army boots led to a need in the market for a product that would allow boots to be polished quickly, efficiently and easily. The polish was also used to shine leather belts, handgun holsters, and horse tack. This demand led to a rapid increase in the sales of shoe and boot polish. The popularity of Kiwi shoe polish spread throughout the British Commonwealth and the United States. Rival brands began to emerge, including Shinola and Cavalier (United States), Cherry Blossom (United Kingdom), Parwa (India), Jean Bart(France), and many others. Advertising became more prominent; many shoe polish brands used fictional figures or historical characters to spread awareness of their products. In the German documentary of 1927 Berlin: Symphony of a Great City, a scene focuses on shoe shining with a polish called Nigrin sporting the face of a black person.

Picture 2.17: 1930s British advertisement for Cherry Blossom boot polish

Shoe manufacturing improvements in the mid-19th century allowed for factories to produce large numbers of shoes made of leather, and later synthetic materials. This increase in leather shoe production continued well into the 20th century and led to a surge in the number of retail shoe stores in the industrialized world, and subsequently a call for shoe polish by footwear consumers.

Shoe polish was to be found just about everywhere Allied troops ventured. American war correspondent Walter Graeber wrote for TIME magazine from the Tobruk trenches in 1942 that "old tins of British-made Kiwi polish lay side by side with empty bottles of Chianti." A story indicative of the rise in global significance of shoe polish is told by Jean (Gertrude) Williams, a New Zealander who lived in Japan during the Allied occupation straight after World War II. American soldiers were then finding the dullness of their boots and shoes to be a handicap when trying to win the affections of Japanese women. U.S. military footwear of the time was produced in brown leather with the rough side out. When the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces arrived in Japan—all with boots polished to a degree not known in the U.S. forces—the G.I.s were more conscious than ever of their feet. The secret was found to rest not only in spit and polish, but in the superior Australian boot polish, a commodity which was soon exchanged with the Americans on a fluctuating basis of so many packets of cigarettes for one can of Kiwi boot polish.

Shoe polish products are low-value items that are infrequently purchased, as a single can might last several months for even the most frequent user. Consumer demand is inelastic and largely insensitive to price change, while sales volumes are generally low. In the shoe polish market as a whole, some 26% of turnover is accounted for by pastes, 24% by creams, 23% by aerosols, and 13% by liquids. In recent years, the demand for shoe polish products has either been static or declined; one reason is the gradual replacement of formal footwear with sneakers for everyday use.

There are numerous branded products available, as well as generic store brands. There are two chief areas of shoe polish sales: to the general public, and to specialists and trade, such as shoe repairers, and cobblers. The sales percentages between the two outlets are roughly comparable.

Kiwi remains the predominant shoe polish brand in most of the world, being sold in over 180 countries. Today, it is manufactured in Australia, Canada, France, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Other leading brands include Kelly's, Shinola, Lincoln Shoe Polish, Meltonian, Angelus, Woly, Salamander, Collonil and Cherry Blossom.

2.2.7 Men’s shoes can be categorized by how they are closed:

• Oxfords (also referred as "Balmorals"): the vamp has a V-shaped slit to which the laces are attached; also known as "closed lacing". The word "Oxford" is sometimes used by American clothing companies to market shoes that are not Balmorals, such as Blüchers.

• Derby shoe: the laces are tied to two pieces of leather independently attached to the vamp; also known as "open lacing" and is a step down in dressiness. If the laces are not independently attached to the vamp, the shoe is known as a blucher shoe. This name is, in American English, often used about derbys.

• Monk-straps: a buckle and strap instead of lacing

• Slip-ons: There are no lacings or fastenings. The popular loafers are part of this category, as well as less popular styles, such as elastic-sided shoes.

2.2.8 Sizes

Picture 2.18: World's largest pair of shoes, Riverbank Centre, Philippines – 5.29 metres (17.4 ft.) long and 2.37 metres (7 ft. 9) in wide, equivalent to a French shoe size of 75

Shoe size is an alphanumerical indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person. Often it just consists of a number indicating the length because many shoemakers only provide a standard width for economic reasons. There are several different shoe-size systems that are used worldwide. These systems differ in what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Only a few systems also take the width of the feet into account. Some regions use different shoe-size systems for different types of shoes (e.g., men's, women's, children's, sport, or safety shoes).

Units for shoe sizes vary widely around the world. European sizes are measured in Paris Points, which are worth two-thirds of a centimetre. The UK and American units are approximately one-quarter of an inch, starting at 8¼ inches. Men's and women's shoe sizes often have different scales. Shoes size is often measured using a Brannock Device, which can determine both the width and length size values of the foot.

2.3 Type of Brush

6 Nylon 6.12 Nylon Polypropylene 6.6 Nylon Horse Hair Tampico

Heat 250 250 225 300 370 283 Distortion (F)

Melting Point 410 405 330 500

Bend 90 90 70-80 90 excel poor Recovery (%)

Shelf Life excel excel good excel poor fair

Abrasion good excel good excel good Poor Resistance

Specific Gravity 1.13-4 1.04-5 .90-1 1.13-4 1.3 .6 (G/CC) Tensile Strength 50-60M 50-60M 50-80M 60-70M (PCI) Table 2.1: Type of Brush

Reference: https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/18/help-and-how- to/graphs/how-to/general-graph-options/focus-on-critical-data/brush-data-points/

2.4 Types of Motor

According to the inspection the motor that we been investigate we found 3 type of motor that might be accepted as our motor. Electric motor is used to convert electrical energy into the rotation speed. Function is for move the gear and brush shaft.

Picture 2.20: 12v DC motor Picture 2.21: 24v DC motor

Picture 2.22: 12v DC double shaft motor Picture 2.23: Bevel gear

2.5 Types of Nozzle

We did research about the type of the nozzle tip, and about the angle of the mouth of the tip. We came out with the conclusion that we need wilder angle of it so that the spray can spray over all surface of shoes.

The most used of nozzle is for Nozzle

• The nozzle performs four basic functions • Atomizes liquid into droplets. • Disperses the droplets in a specific pattern. • Meters liquid at a certain flow rate. • Provides hydraulic momentum.

Hollow cone nozzles-Disc and core type Flat fan nozzles

These are used largely for broadcast These are used largely all-around spray of spraying, where foliar penetration and insert coverage are not essential. At pressure of 4 ~8psi At pressure of 15~30

Table 2.2: Type of Nozzle

2.6 Usage

Shoe polish is applied to the shoe using a rag, cloth, or brush. Shoe polish is not a cleaning product, and therefore the footwear should be both clean and dry before application. A vigorous rubbing action to apply the polish evenly on the boot, followed by further buffing with a clean dry cloth or brush, usually provides good results. Another technique, known as spit-polishing or bull polishing, involves gently rubbing polish into the leather with a cloth and a drop of water or spit. This achieves the mirror-like, high-gloss finish sometimes known as a spit shine or bull which is especially valued in military organizations. Despite the term, saliva is less commonly used as the vehicle or diluent with polish than is water. Polishes containing carnauba wax can be used as a protective coating to extend the life and look of a leather shoe.

Shoe polish may be purchased pre-soaked into a hard sponge, which can be used to buff leather without needing to apply any additional polish to either the leather or the sponge. This is usually known as an applicator. A number of companies that manufacture shoe care products also sell a liquid shoe polish in a squeezable plastic bottle, with a small sponge applicator at the end. To decrease its viscosity, bottled polish usually has very low wax content.

There are many products closely related to shoe polish, but not strictly considered as such. Other chemical products may be used to clean and shine shoes— in particular whiteners for white shoes, and a variety of sprays and aerosols for cleaning and waterproofing suede shoes. A banana peel can also be used to effectively shine shoes, but it is not recommended.

Although shoe polish is primarily intended for leather shoes, some brands specify that they may be used on non-porous materials, such as vinyl. The polish is generally the same colour as the shoes it will be used upon, or it may be neutral, lacking any intrinsic colour.

Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1 Introduction

Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques.

All the steps have to follow step by step and carefully. If any wrong occurs the project will not work properly. Before the project finish, all the process has to done by follow the procedure to ensure the project work properly without any problem. First of all, we have to design project.

3.2 Method of Data Collection

Between the method of 9P and PRIME, method of Prime been used in this Data Collection. The definition for PRIME is contains of Problem statement, Research, Ideas, Make and Evaluate in this method.

3.2.1 P (Problem Statement)

During daily day, I been found out that my brother was the one who always wore all those leather shoes in family, I also relies that they was rarely to polish their shoes daily or maybe weekly. So after they come back from work I will found out their shoes will become dull and not shiny anymore especially during the raining or windy day leather shoes with wet surface will more easily to attract dust or mud. Based on the problem, we know that it would take more time and more human effort when we polish using our own hands. Besides that, if the brush is too hard it can damage the surface of the shoe leather. Because of the rushing life they always forget about the detail of their life such as clean up their shoes.

3.2.2 R (Research)

Research is one of the ways to collect data while on going the project. The purpose of this research is to achieve the objective of this project. One of the methods is by doing the survey on this project. The survey way is through quantitative and qualitative. About the quantitative it been doing through fill up the form from the people of the age 25~50, while the qualitative data which is collected through the interview from those peoples, the table below show the result from the survey,

Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Agree Disagree 1. I always wear leather shoes to 4 11 5 work. 2. 20 Shoes will dry out, crack and 7 13 eventually disintegrate if not polished properly. 3. I worry about my shoes whenever 7 11 2 it gets dirty or muddy. 4. Polishing shoes costs money, time 6 10 4 and energy. 5. It is difficult to find time to polish 12 8 my shoes. 6. An automatic shoe polisher can 9 11 be very helpful in saving time and energy. 7. I believe all office workers should 5 14 1 own an automatic shoe polisher. 8. An automatic shoe polisher 7 13 should be available in any office. Table 3.1: Survey result of 20 respondents

3.2.3 I (Invention)

Human always attract to the first impression to the object, yes it all about the shape and the function of it. The step of it divided into 4 steps which is list down the specification, design concept, make decision, and detail design for the shoes polishing machine.

3.2.4 M (Modification)

Modification used to make the product to become better and multifunction on it. The modification will start from the outlook of the product According to the research, outlook of the polish machine usual only stay but in the innovation, it will contribute the wheel on the polisher box so it can be move around and also make better clean for all around of the shoes and not only on the toe. Not only that the project also does innovation in the polish liquid where change it into spray where it will have better surface and the polish spray will be saved more. This project looking for lower cost in the building cost so that it can be used by many options and also looking modification in the safety spec where will let the user use the product with confident.

3.2.5 E (Evaluate) Evaluate process is one of the most importance part of the project. Every change of the project must be start with research before to test of the safety of it, every stability, ability, and the useful of it by but still have to according to the objective. The process of assemble and testing will work on after the process of measuring and cutting process. The assemble process must be on going according to plan and the size must be true to size. The research also needs to get the actual size to make sure the stability and safety achieve it Quality control.

3.3 Research Design

According to the research in the internet, few of the example of the shoe’s polisher machine found that can be used as the reference to be our project modal. But at the end, best modal chosen as the best sketching. The sketching choosing through size, function, weight, and outlook, the project required to choose the best according to the objective. never the less that fully function and spacing of the machine also require to calculate and use all the space to the max, such as adding vending machine into it or add other features on it so the spacing will not be waste as well.

3.3.1 Sketching

Picture 3.1: Sketching 1

This sketching contains of 2 DC motor and round by nozzle. While side brush working with belting principle where the brush will side by the pulling brush of the belt. On the back side the with only one dc motor connect with brush.

Picture 3.2: Sketching 2

This sketching contains of 2 DC motor and round by nozzle. Since the side brush is connected to a spring it will move according to our size of the feet. Front side and back side follow up with the same concept which is brush attach to DC motor

Picture 3.3: Sketching 3

This sketching consists 2 nozzles to spray liquid polish, 1 24v DC motor to rotate the roller so that the belting can turn. This belting system covers up the side and back part of the shoes. The front part of the shoe polished by a brush connected to the DC motor. 3.3.2 Biometric Table

No Criteria Sketching 1 Sketching 2 Sketching 3

1 design 3 4 2 2 cost 3 3 3 3 size 3 3 3 4 weight 3 3 2 5 material 3 4 3 total 13 17 13 Table 3.2: Biometric table

Legend 1 – worst 2 – bad 3 – average 4 – good 5 - best

3.4 Project Cost

No. COMPONENT UNIT PRICE TOTAL (RM) (RM)

1 DC Motor 24V 2 60 120

2 Bearing Roller 5 8 40

3 Nylon Brush 4 10 40

4 Polish liquid 1 16 16

5 Nozzle 2 10 20

6 Pump 1 40 40

7 Power supply 1 100 100

TOTAL 376

Table 3.3: Project cost 3.5 Project specifications 3.5.1 Project Body

Picture 3.4: Project body Automatic shoes polisher is a project that been built by using 50% metal as body and for outer box we used another 50% wood as the material so it composite will be balance and get the effect that we want. The box for outer has the dimension of 22cm x 45cm x 11cm otherwise for the shoe’s polisher body got the dimension of 17cm x 28cm x 10cm.

3.5.2 Switch

Picture 3.5: Switch buttons

We chose to use the switch as alternative because it only as needed when it needs such as polish liquid. The first button display is to turn on the brush so that the brush will move along the button is switched on. Meanwhile the second switch is for the polish liquid cause the amount can be setting by pressing the button.

3.6 Choosing Material

At first planning the project we decide to use the hard and strong metal to build the body, but we found out the weight is not really supporting so that we do use aluminium as the wall of the shoes box and use (1cm x 1 cm) metal hollow as the support.

Why do we use the aluminium as the body of the shoe’s polisher? Because it has it weight to reduce the shaking to transfer to other part. So that we use (1cm x 1cm) hollow to build the support so that will reduce the shaking and make it more stable.

While the outer box as wood is because it is easily to make into shape and the colour is more attractive. It also helps in reduce weight so it would be portable.

3.7 Data Collections

3.7.1 Brush Experiment

Objective: Find out the most durable brush

Apparatus and Materials: Different type of brush

Data:

Type of Brush Polypropylene Nylon Horse Tampico Reason Hair

Price

Durable

Easy to form

Table 3.4: Brush Experiment 5 – great

3 - midrange

1 – poor

3.7.2 Nozzle Experiment Objective: To check out which nozzle fit the liquid perfect.

Apparatus and Materials: - A4 paper - Different type of nozzle - Pump - Test tube

Manipulated Variables: Types of Nozzles

Fixed Variables: Time

Procedure:

i) Spray the liquid on the paper with the different type of nozzle. ii) Measure and list down the length and width in the data table. iii) Calculate the area of the Surface Area. iv) Pump the liquid to the test tube with different nozzle. v) Calculate and list down the volume of the liquid after 10 seconds in the data table. vi) Calculate the flow rate of each nozzle Data:

Types of nozzle: Solid Stream Experiment Surface Area Flow Rate Length, Width, Area, 푚2 Time, s Volume, Flow Rate, m m 푚3 푚3/푠 1 10 2 10 3 10 Average Table 3.5: Solid Stream Nozzle Experiment

Types of nozzle: Flat Fans Experiment Surface Area Flow Rate Length, Width, Area, 푚2 Time, s Volume, Flow Rate, m m 푚3 푚3/푠 1 10 2 10 3 10 Average Table 3.6: Flat Fans Nozzle Experiment

Types of nozzle: Hollow Cone Experiment Surface Area Flow Rate Length, Width, Area, 푚2 Time, s Volume, Flow Rate, m m 푚3 푚3/푠 1 10 2 10 3 10 Average Table 3.7: Hollow Cone Nozzle Experiment

3.7.3 Motor Experiment Objective: Find out which motor is the best

Apparatus and Materials: Data provided from motor

Manipulated Variables: Type of motor.

Fixed Variables: Time

Data:

Type of Motor Speed of Motor, rpm Torque, Nm Time, s Rotation, rev Speed, rpm Force, N Radius, r Torque, Nm 24V DC Motor 10 12V DC Motor 10 12V DC Double 10 Shaft Motor Table 3.8: Motor Experiment Calculation: 푇 = 퐹 × 푟