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Koreans and Korean Studies in Thailand

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Koreans and Korean Studies in Thailand 1 Koreans and Korean Studies in Thailand Dr. Damrong Thandee Director, Center for Korean Studies at Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok Abstract This paper describes the development of Koreans taking up residency, from early 20th century until present day, in Thailand. For Korean Studies it has yet taken root until the end of Korean War when the veterans brought back a romantic memory to illustrate the Land of the Morning Calm to Thais. Later, the trend rapidly accelerates to the highest level in early 21st century as a result of Korean wave. Key words: Korean studies, Korean residency, Korean War, Korean wave First Contact The official chronicle of the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) called the Goryesa, recorded that… On the seventh lunar month of 1391 in the reign of King Gongyang (1389-1392) the kingdom of Xienluohu (in Seomna-gok and in Korean meaning Siam {or Thailand in present day}) send Nai Gong and other men, together with its native products and a letter to present to the King of Goryeo. Though, the purpose of Nai Gong’s visit was undoubtedly trade, the king gave them an audience and treated them with honor. Another record of Taejo sillok (Veritable Records of the Reign of Taejo), the official chronicle of the Joseon Dynasty, indicated that … the kingdom of Siam sent a subject, Nai Zhang Sidao and other men to present gifts of native products together with two Negroid slaves in 1394. During the stay in Korea, they seem to have been treated quite well by the government of King Taejo, who may have regarded the Kingdom of Siam as a future trading partner of Joseon. Zhang Sidao was honored to a yebin-gyeong, the highest official of the Yebinsa-–the board for reception of state guests. The third record of a Siamese visit was stated in another passage of Taejo sillok dated the 23rd of the fourth lunar month of 1398: The Siamese envoy Lin Dezhang and other men, 2 who had been captured by Japanese, fled and came to Korea. The King gave Dezhang and his men a suit of clothes each and gave some to the servants, too. On the return of the three envoys to Siam, Joseon sent envoys to accompany them. No further information was recorded, including in the Siamese sources such as Phraratcha phonsawadan krung si Ayutthaya (The Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya). It is assumed that the envoys were attacked and killed by Japanese pirates or drowned during a storm. The bilateral relationship between the two kingdoms since then terminated with no more documented records (Cho Hung-guk, 2006). To the contrary, Ayutthaya’s contact with the Chinese flourished due to Admiral Zheng He’s fleets visiting Brunei, Siam, Southeast Asia, India, the Horn of Africa, and Arabia. His trip to Ayutthaya in 1407 laid a solid relationship with Siam. The same was true with 1,500 Japanese who took residency in Ayutthaya during 1617-1630. There are numerous sources from both sides documenting these events. 3 During the colonial period of the 16th century, Europeans took over China’s silk route. They also merged the small kingdoms of Southeast Asia into larger territories and exploited them through the strategy of divide and rule. Each colonized territory consisted of 30-300 ethnic tribes. For Siam, although it was not directly controlled by the imperialists, its boundary covered several groups living together under her national sovereignty. The contacts to the West were intensified and became more favorable since Europeans had better technology to offer in addition to their military superiority. Although contacts to China, Japan, and Korea were not totally replaced, Southeast Asians in general embraced European culture over their Asian counterparts. However people-to-people movements between Northeast Asia and South Asia continued to flow especially from China and Japan. For Koreans, evidence shows that Siamese King Rama III (1788-1851) of the Rattanakosin Era ordered inscribed on the wall corridor of Wat Pho (Temple of Pho, Bangkok) pictures of 32 nationalities living in the Kingdom. Koreans were drawn and put into the Chinese category called “Korean Chinese”. Also the scripture indicated that…there were 13 “Korean Chinese” residing in Bangkok…. They were more like the Vietnamese… (Surangsri, 1947). 4 Koreans in Thailand In late Joseon Period of Korea, Koreans used the term nambang to refer to Southeast Asia. From the very beginning of the twentieth century, as a result of Japanese influence, the term came to mean “underdeveloped countries inhabited by indigenous peoples” and thus evoked a sense of superiority among Koreans. Several daily newspapers such as the Chosen Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo, and Maeil sinbo then referred to the region as a place of uncivilized countries but rich in natural resources. Later, the Korean Peninsula was annexed under the Japanese flag, and some Joseon harbored an illusion about Southeast Asia, which was derived entirely from visual images carried in the press. Also, the Korean press carried many articles about Koreans who had emigrated to nambang; though, the numbers of emigrants were small. An interesting story appeared in the August 1930 issue of the Byeolgeogon, a monthly magazine about Mr. An, a Korean merchant in Siam, whom it referred to as a “demon of the Southern Seas.” Mr. An peddled ginseng to the Chinese in Siam. He told a 25 year old widow in Seoul about the beautiful night sky formed by two moons in the South Sea and went to Bangkok. It also claims that the number of Korean emigrants then in Siam numbered thirty. Moreover, other articles of various presses of the late 1930s to early 1940s, introduced resources of Siam including rice, teak, and tin that would serve as a good opportunity for Korea to advance into Siam (Kang Hee-jung, 2004). 5 The first Korean immigrant who settled down in Siam was Mr. Lee Kyung-son (pseudo-name). This intellectual, who previously assumed occupations as a writer and a movie producer, fled Japanese authorities to Shanghai in 1931 because of an anti-Japanese accusation against him. A year later, he took refuge in Bangkok and married a Thai woman to whom he taught English, but he had to retreat again to the countryside during WWII in order to avoid the Japanese Imperial Army in Siam. The couple later returned to Bangkok after the war and engaged in a trading business. Mr. Lee Kyung-son met 12-15 Koreans who were drafted into the Japanese Imperialist Army and one comfort woman, who decided to live in the Kingdom after Japan surrendered to the Allies. With assistance from Mr. Lee’s family to teach them the Thai language, they could comfortably adapt and dwell in the Kingdom. Later, they married with Siamese spouses in order to obtain permanent residency since Siam and Korea had yet to establish diplomatic relations (Kim Young-aih, 2008). These Koreans became a close-knit group working and supporting each other and eventually achieved success. Two critical events, i.e., the change from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy in 1932 and the change of the name from Siam to Thailand in 1939 did not impact the Korean residents in the Kingdom. There is no documented evidence that Siamese 6 immigrated to Korea in the early 20th century, which would have been in part due to the Japanese colonization of the Korean Peninsula. Contemporary WW II marked a significant change in the relationship between Thailand and Korea at the state level. First, when the Korean peninsula was no longer occupied by Japanese in 1945, it was divided into two newly established countries, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic Republic of Korea (North Korea) in 1948. These two adopted different political ideologies but sought unification on their own terms. The world was shortly thereafter divided into two camps and the Cold War began. Moreover, the Chinese Communist Party took control of the Chinese mainland government in 1949. The war between the democratic South and the socialist North then broke out. On request from the United Nations, Thailand became the first nation to send combat troops to the defense of South Korea from the North’s invasion. Four thousand tons of rice was promptly sent to Korea as food aid, which was followed by an infantry battalion from the 21st Royal Infantry 7 Regiment, together with several warships which left Bangkok Port on 23 October 1950. During the course of the Korean War, Thailand dispatched a total of 12,940 soldiers to Korea. It was recorded that 136 Thai soldiers lost their lives in the war. Thailand maintained its soldiers as station guards for a decade after the war. This participation solidified the Thai- Korean relationship. Thais take pride in knowing that her brave soldiers fought to protect South Korea’s sovereignty. In 1974, the government of the Republic of Korea built a monument and a Thai pavilion in Pacheon City to honor the Thai soldiers who took part in the Korean War. The Thai government maintains a memorial at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea to commemorate the sacrifices made. One military officer acts as a liaison officer at the Armistice Committee and six soldiers are members of the United Nations Command Honor Guard Company in Seoul in order to contribute to the maintenance of peace and stability in the Korean Peninsula. In response to the tense world order in that era, Thailand and the Philippines together with 6 allies formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954. In 1961, the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) was created by Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia. Both organizations aimed to protect members against the influence of communism in 8 Southeast Asia.
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