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Koreans and Korean Studies in Thailand
Dr. Damrong Thandee Director, Center for Korean Studies at Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok
Abstract
This paper describes the development of Koreans taking up residency, from early 20th century until present day, in Thailand. For Korean Studies it has yet taken root until the end of Korean War when the veterans brought back a romantic memory to illustrate the Land of the Morning Calm to Thais. Later, the trend rapidly accelerates to the highest level in early 21st century as a result of Korean wave.
Key words: Korean studies, Korean residency, Korean War, Korean wave
First Contact
The official chronicle of the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) called the Goryesa, recorded that… On the seventh lunar month of 1391 in the reign of King Gongyang (1389-1392) the kingdom of Xienluohu (in Seomna-gok and in Korean meaning Siam {or Thailand in present day}) send Nai Gong and other men, together with its native products and a letter to present to the King of Goryeo. Though, the purpose of Nai Gong’s visit was undoubtedly trade, the king gave them an audience and treated them with honor. Another record of Taejo sillok (Veritable Records of the Reign of Taejo), the official chronicle of the Joseon Dynasty, indicated that … the kingdom of Siam sent a subject, Nai Zhang Sidao and other men to present gifts of native products together with two Negroid slaves in 1394. During the stay in Korea, they seem to have been treated quite well by the government of King Taejo, who may have regarded the Kingdom of Siam as a future trading partner of Joseon. Zhang Sidao was honored to a yebin-gyeong, the highest official of the Yebinsa-–the board for reception of state guests.
The third record of a Siamese visit was stated in another passage of Taejo sillok dated the 23rd of the fourth lunar month of 1398: The Siamese envoy Lin Dezhang and other men, 2
who had been captured by Japanese, fled and came to Korea. The King gave Dezhang and his men a suit of clothes each and gave some to the servants, too.
On the return of the three envoys to Siam, Joseon sent envoys to accompany them. No further information was recorded, including in the Siamese sources such as Phraratcha phonsawadan krung si Ayutthaya (The Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya). It is assumed that the envoys were attacked and killed by Japanese pirates or drowned during a storm. The bilateral relationship between the two kingdoms since then terminated with no more documented records (Cho Hung-guk, 2006). To the contrary, Ayutthaya’s contact with the Chinese flourished due to Admiral Zheng He’s fleets visiting Brunei, Siam, Southeast Asia, India, the Horn of Africa, and Arabia. His trip to Ayutthaya in 1407 laid a solid relationship with Siam. The same was true with 1,500 Japanese who took residency in Ayutthaya during 1617-1630. There are numerous sources from both sides documenting these events.
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During the colonial period of the 16th century, Europeans took over China’s silk route. They also merged the small kingdoms of Southeast Asia into larger territories and exploited them through the strategy of divide and rule. Each colonized territory consisted of 30-300 ethnic tribes. For Siam, although it was not directly controlled by the imperialists, its boundary covered several groups living together under her national sovereignty. The contacts to the West were intensified and became more favorable since Europeans had better technology to offer in addition to their military superiority. Although contacts to China, Japan, and Korea were not totally replaced, Southeast Asians in general embraced European culture over their Asian counterparts. However people-to-people movements between Northeast Asia and South Asia continued to flow especially from China and Japan. For Koreans, evidence shows that Siamese King Rama III (1788-1851) of the Rattanakosin Era ordered inscribed on the wall corridor of Wat Pho (Temple of Pho, Bangkok) pictures of 32 nationalities living in the Kingdom. Koreans were drawn and put into the Chinese category called “Korean Chinese”. Also the scripture indicated that…there were 13 “Korean Chinese” residing in Bangkok…. They were more like the Vietnamese… (Surangsri, 1947).
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Koreans in Thailand
In late Joseon Period of Korea, Koreans used the term nambang to refer to Southeast Asia. From the very beginning of the twentieth century, as a result of Japanese influence, the term came to mean “underdeveloped countries inhabited by indigenous peoples” and thus evoked a sense of superiority among Koreans. Several daily newspapers such as the Chosen Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo, and Maeil sinbo then referred to the region as a place of uncivilized countries but rich in natural resources. Later, the Korean Peninsula was annexed under the Japanese flag, and some Joseon harbored an illusion about Southeast Asia, which was derived entirely from visual images carried in the press. Also, the Korean press carried many articles about Koreans who had emigrated to nambang; though, the numbers of emigrants were small. An interesting story appeared in the August 1930 issue of the Byeolgeogon, a monthly magazine about Mr. An, a Korean merchant in Siam, whom it referred to as a “demon of the Southern Seas.” Mr. An peddled ginseng to the Chinese in Siam. He told a 25 year old widow in Seoul about the beautiful night sky formed by two moons in the South Sea and went to Bangkok. It also claims that the number of Korean emigrants then in Siam numbered thirty. Moreover, other articles of various presses of the late 1930s to early 1940s, introduced resources of Siam including rice, teak, and tin that would serve as a good opportunity for Korea to advance into Siam (Kang Hee-jung, 2004). 5
The first Korean immigrant who settled down in Siam was Mr. Lee Kyung-son (pseudo-name). This intellectual, who previously assumed occupations as a writer and a movie producer, fled Japanese authorities to Shanghai in 1931 because of an anti-Japanese accusation against him. A year later, he took refuge in Bangkok and married a Thai woman to whom he taught English, but he had to retreat again to the countryside during WWII in order to avoid the Japanese Imperial Army in Siam. The couple later returned to Bangkok after the war and engaged in a trading business. Mr. Lee Kyung-son met 12-15 Koreans who were drafted into the Japanese Imperialist Army and one comfort woman, who decided to live in the Kingdom after Japan surrendered to the Allies. With assistance from Mr. Lee’s family to teach them the Thai language, they could comfortably adapt and dwell in the Kingdom. Later, they married with Siamese spouses in order to obtain permanent residency since Siam and Korea had yet to establish diplomatic relations (Kim Young-aih, 2008). These Koreans became a close-knit group working and supporting each other and eventually achieved success. Two critical events, i.e., the change from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy in 1932 and the change of the name from Siam to Thailand in 1939 did not impact the Korean residents in the Kingdom. There is no documented evidence that Siamese 6
immigrated to Korea in the early 20th century, which would have been in part due to the Japanese colonization of the Korean Peninsula.
Contemporary
WW II marked a significant change in the relationship between Thailand and Korea at the state level. First, when the Korean peninsula was no longer occupied by Japanese in 1945, it was divided into two newly established countries, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic Republic of Korea (North Korea) in 1948. These two adopted different political ideologies but sought unification on their own terms. The world was shortly thereafter divided into two camps and the Cold War began. Moreover, the Chinese Communist Party took control of the Chinese mainland government in 1949. The war between the democratic South and the socialist North then broke out. On request from the United Nations, Thailand became the first nation to send combat troops to the defense of South Korea from the North’s invasion. Four thousand tons of rice was promptly sent to Korea as food aid, which was followed by an infantry battalion from the 21st Royal Infantry 7
Regiment, together with several warships which left Bangkok Port on 23 October 1950. During the course of the Korean War, Thailand dispatched a total of 12,940 soldiers to Korea. It was recorded that 136 Thai soldiers lost their lives in the war. Thailand maintained its soldiers as station guards for a decade after the war. This participation solidified the Thai- Korean relationship. Thais take pride in knowing that her brave soldiers fought to protect South Korea’s sovereignty. In 1974, the government of the Republic of Korea built a monument and a Thai pavilion in Pacheon City to honor the Thai soldiers who took part in the Korean War. The Thai government maintains a memorial at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Korea to commemorate the sacrifices made. One military officer acts as a liaison officer at the Armistice Committee and six soldiers are members of the United Nations Command Honor Guard Company in Seoul in order to contribute to the maintenance of peace and stability in the Korean Peninsula.
In response to the tense world order in that era, Thailand and the Philippines together with 6 allies formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954. In 1961, the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) was created by Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia. Both organizations aimed to protect members against the influence of communism in 8
Southeast Asia. However, the attempts virtually failed when the Vietnam War escalated in 1955, leading to full-scale war until 1975. This brought several countries from both camps, including Thailand and Korea to participate. The Vietnam War led to South Korea developing closer relations with Thailand.
Socio-cultural relations
The first group of Korean immigrants who permanently resided in Thailand, after World War II, became a vehicle to bring Korean culture to the kingdom when they opened a restaurant, namely Korean House and set up a business, called Hyundai Engineering & Construction in the early 1960s. The love song “Aridang,” (Arirang in Korean) a story of a Thai soldier and a Korean girl who meet during the Korean War has also been sung across the country in the aftermath of Korean War. The Korean government dispatched a group of officials for a study tour on Thai agricultural development to use for its first national development plan. Thai citizens then perceived Korea as a friendly but remote country and labeled it as the “White Ginseng” which it differentiated from the “Red Ginseng” or North Korea. Nonetheless, most Thais and its government treat both North and South Korea equally well.
For Thais, they were proud to have a supporting role in the Korean War. In the early 1980s Korea reciprocated by receiving Thai officials to the Land of the Morning Calm and to learn about Saemual Undong—a successful rural development project of the early 1980s. Thailand continues its diplomatic tradition by developing friendships with other countries and welcoming other ethnic groups. Korea intends to use sociocultural relations to support its own economic development. In addition, Korean society is relatively closed as they believe in their ethnic homogeneity. They strictly limit immigration, especially from Southeast Asia.
Education and Korean Studies
Education and technical exchanges between Thailand and South Korea have increased in recent years. Both formal and informal ties through countless channels predominate. This is because both societies put a high value on education and trust it will bring sustainable relationships. Apart from study tours, formal language education was instituted at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS) in 1966. Its major purpose is to train human resources for international trading and cooperation to support national reconstruction and development. 9
In 1983, the Yong-in campus of the same university began to offer a BA degree in Thai language whereas Busan University of Foreign Studies at Busan, Korea established a similar degree program in its Thai Department. Each of three departments can take 30-40 students annually in accordance with a quota permitted by the Ministry of Education. Some students pursue graduate studies in Thailand while others complete an MA degree at HUFS.
For Thailand, Prince Songkhla University at Pattani campus became the first university to offer Korean language as an elective subject in 1986. Chulalongkorn University followed in 1991 and Burapa University in 1995. Later, Burapa University began its BA Degree program in 2000 while the Pattani campus followed in 2001. Korean language education has become popular across the country. To date eight universities have a program leading to a bachelor’s degree, together with Chulalongkorn university offering a MA program in Korean Studies, whereas 23 universities offer the language as an elective. The Thai National Education Act of 1999 mandated that the Ministry of Education establish a curriculum that incorporated foreign languages into schools as follow: (1) primary school level: students in grade 5 and 6 must study English; (2) lower secondary school level: students can choose one of four foreign languages to study (English, French, Japanese, or Arabic); (3) upper secondary school level: students can choose one or more of seven foreign languages (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Arabic, and Pali); (4) university level: undergraduate students should be able to use English for communication and also have the opportunity to study a second foreign language. In addition, universities should provide the majors or minors at the undergraduate level for different foreign language groups as prioritized according to its goal: English, languages of neighboring countries (e.g. Laos, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Burmese, Malaysian), oriental languages (e.g. Chinese, Japanese, Korean), and western languages (e.g. German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian).
Later, Chinese and Korean were included by law for teaching at the upper middle school. Accordingly, 25,000 students from 71 secondary schools across the country learn Korean as a secondary language. The Korean International Cooperation Agency has annually provided over 60 volunteers to teach in those institutions to curve the shortage of instructors teaching Korean language. Such a fever has largely resulted from Thai’s fascination with Korean culture. Much of the language study is to fulfill self-satisfaction rather than to master the language for employment. It is doubtful that this can be sustained because jobs related to Korean language are limited and unable to absorb all those who specialize in it. 10
In 1978, the Department of History at Ramkhamhaeng University (a semi-open university as class attendance is not required but regular classes are provided for those who wish to learn at the campus) became the first to offer the course Modern Korean History as an elective subject. In 1995, the Department of Sociology and Anthropology became the first to provide an elective Korean Society and Culture. Korean Economy and Korean Politics were taught as part of East Asian courses offered by the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science. Modern Korean History regularly absorbed 70 students each semester. Surprisingly, 1,056 students took the first Korean Society and Culture class. Enrollment kept rising and, in the early years of the new millennium, reached over 10,000 students per class per semester. Up to the present day, over 150,000 students have studied this course since it was first offered. With such high enrollments, textbooks and research papers including texts on the website (www.ru.ac.th/korea) are likely to find an audience.
Exchange professors and students are largely conducted through agreements signed between Korean and Thai universities. There are also a few hundred students currently studying in educational institutions in both countries at their own expense. Joint research and international seminars in various fields of study have taken place over the past 25 years. The most significant events were when Her Royal Highness Princess Chulabhorn visited the Republic of Korea’s science and technology institutes as well as to attend a joint symposium between 2006-2008. A number of articles and books as well as research papers on Korean studies are published and widely circulated among Thai academics and to the public.
On the academic publication side, the publisher of the social studies textbook used for the secondary school level in Thailand has since the 1980s put information on Korea as a separate topic in the chapter of “East Asia Countries,” where the history and geography of the Korean Peninsula are briefly summarized. The establishment of the geography of the two Koreas is discussed until the period after the Korean War. However, China and Japan are described in more detail and dominate the chapter.
A textbook for university students majoring in history, entitled History and Analysis of Contemporary Asia, provides a lengthy chapter on Korea. It was first published in the mid–1970s and relied on English manuscripts. Also, teaching materials on Korean economics, politics, and international relations were drawn from English textbooks. As several mistakes in translation were found and misspellings were rampant, inaccurate information sometimes accompanied Korean Studies courses. 11
In response to the unavailability of Korean Studies resources in Thai, the Korean Overseas Information Service published a translated book Facts about Korea in 1974 and sent it to many education institutes and to the general public. However, it had little impact on the knowledge of Korea among Thai people due to the small number of copies in distribution.
The first and most comprehensive book in Thai on Korean history, entitled Korean Modern History, was written in 1978 by Bhuwadon Songpraset, a then lecturer in the Department of History at Ramkhamhaeng University. The author focused on the history of the Korean Peninsula from the early period of Tangun until the Park Chung-hee regime. He drew materials from reliable sources and references on every topic, so that the book offered the most accurate information on Korean history. However, the book strongly criticized the South Korean government during the 1970s when the mood against the totalitarian regime was widespread and the young author no doubt found himself against the dictatorship. The book was later reprinted in 1987 with no revision and is now out-of-print.
The second half of the 1980s saw a rise of publications on Korean studies in Thailand in response to the need to learn more about Korean economic development. Sukhothaithamathirat Open University published two books, the first of which devoted a lengthy unit of study on “Governments and Politics in North and South Korea” while the second included a chapter called “Political Doctrine and Economic Development Strategy of Republic of Korea” for students majoring in political science. Ramkhamaheng University also published Politics of Korea for students taking a class on East Asian Politics while this author wrote South Korea: The Role of Government in National Development and Korean Society and Culture in 1987. In 1989 he wrote Korean Management. Besides textbooks, A Note from South Korea was written by Prapon Ruangnarong, who spent a year teaching Thai language at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. This book later won first prize for non-fiction at the Thailand National Book Festival in 1990.
More publications on Korea flourished in the 1990s as research centers continued to explore Korean studies in various fields. Two master’s degree theses, under this author’s supervision, were done on Korean Unification. Meanwhile, Trace on the Ginsaeng was written by H.R.H. Princes Sirindhorn, who compiled the accounts from her daily notebook maintained during the royal visit to South Korea. The content of this valuable royal publication dealt primarily with culture, presented in pictures and descriptions of places visited, to enable readers to understand and appreciate its content as if they, too, had 12
accompanied the Princess. Here…South Korea was another narrative book written by a Thai person while living in Korea as an exchange professor. Inside Korea: New Asian Tiger provided 46 short articles and was published in a leading newspaper throughout 1990-1991. It analyzed Korean society in order to answer how Koreans managed to successfully develop their country within a short period of time. The writing was fiction-like in style, using “Su- yon”, a Korean female whom he met on his trip as a symbol of Korean character to discuss with him in dialogue the book’s various topics.
Sureerat (2014) did a study on Korean Studies academic works in Thailand during the period of 1977 – 2013 in case of Thai Library Integral System and found that the content of Korean Studies academic works were in 11 items: society, tourism, politics, foreign affairs, history, language, trade unions, culture, science, religion, and economy. The greatest or 32 percent of content was on economy while culture 22 percent and language 14 percent. A total of 26 universities, most of them locating in Bangkok metropolitan, did research on Korean studies. Ramkhamhaeng university produced the most of 21.64 percent of the research products while Thammasart university and Chulalongkorn university did 14.46 and 9.94 percent respectively.
Cultural Relations
In the area of culture, five Thai universities located in different regions have established a Center for Korean Studies and have frequently organized activities open to the public since the early 1990s. Each center becomes a supplement to language education and is a campus of knowledge in Korean studies through its own website for Thais. The same is true for the Thai Culture Center at HUFS, the only Center on Thai Culture in Korea.
The Korean Cultural Center Bangkok Office on Sukhumvit road opened in 2013 to promote awareness of Korean culture in Thailand. The Center organizes its functions as a classroom teaching Korean language, cooking, and music and has a library as well as a meeting place. Exhibitions are often held in its main hall. Opposite the Center is a “Korean Town” at Sukhumvit 12 road building where Korean restaurants, shops, groceries, and offices including the Korean Association in Thailand, and lodging services are concentrated. A Korean private company in Bangkok aims to promote Korea through its monthly Thai- Korean bilingual magazine—The Bridges, while also organizing the Korea–Thailand Festival in December every year. Along with another Korean company, both bring in K-pop celebrities for concerts in Thailand throughout each year. 13
Thai people fancy Tae Kwon Do where some athletes have successfully won medals in international competitions including the Olympic Games. School children seriously train and practice this sport under Korean and Thai coaches while some vow to become prospective national athletes to compete in international arenas.
Thai food is popular worldwide for its flavor and healthy herbal ingredients. There are 56 Thai restaurants located throughout Korea. Korean food is also a favorite among Thai middle class. However, the price is rather high so Korean restaurants are mostly located in large cities where people can afford to eat at them.
The bilateral movement of peoples and their cultures marked a breakthrough when Thai International first flew to Seoul on1 April 1968 and a year later in October, Korean Air landed at Bangkok Airport. Since December 2014, nine Korean and four Thai carriers, excluding charter flights carried 1.6 million passengers a year between Thailand and Korea. Coupled with sophisticated information technology, socio-cultural relations unprecedentedly soared and will likely continue to do so.
Korean Wave
The popular song “Aridang” was regarded as the first Korean wave in Thai society from the 1960s through the 1970s. In addition, the story was dramatized in TV dramas with different versions from time to time. The last version aired in 1999.
The new millennium saw again a rise of Thai interest in South Korea when television stations broadcasted series of Korean TV movies. Especially starting from early 2001, Thai viewers were exposed to Korean modern life-styles from such movies, along with TV documentary films shown during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. In 2004-5, Thai TV spectators across the nation would watch Dae Jang-Guem (Jewel of the Palace), a Korean TV series, on weekend evenings. They immensely enjoyed the movies, arguing and talking with friends about the development of that story as well providing comments on what they saw in the scenes. They positively embraced Korean pop culture in those years. Youth in particular were wholeheartedly obsessed with Korean culture; so, the desire to learn about Korea and the Korean language was strong.
TV drama, however, was not exclusively featured as the “second Korean wave” but joined the wide-ranging activities and products of Korea, i.e., music, games, and commercial products. To elaborate, My Sassy Girl aired in May 2002 and was considered the first 14
successful movie on Thai TV, while Autumn in My Heart was even more successful. The heroin in the latter drama, Song Hee-gyo and her image made a long- lasting impression on Thai fans. The same was true for the actor Song Seung-hyon, as his poster became very popular among Thai youth. Later Chefs’ Proposal, Hotellier, and Winter Sonata gained much popularity.
The first Korean singing group invited to the Kingdom was Baby V.O.X. who made a success by selling more than 200,000 CDs. Se7en and Rain also became popular in 2003 and led to the Se7en frenzy. Meanwhile, online gaming was recognized widely. The first Korean game to enter the Thailand online market was Ragnarok. Later, Mu and Laghaim entered the market. The games became extremely popular with teenagers; thus, Thai authorities had to impose a ban on some games. Lastly, Korean products flooded the Thai market and included mobile phones, equipment, cars, electric household appliances, and durable goods. Korea has been considered as the world’s top-ten cultural exporter. Significantly, the Korean wave began with an export of Korean TV dramas. The export of Korean movies was worth over one million dollars per year (Kim Hong-koo, 2008).
Thai television channels have continuously aired Korean series at prime times since the 2000s, until they curved such broadcasting due to the heavy influx of the Korean series. Korean films are also popular among young Thai movie goers. In 2013, there were 5 Korean dramas on air, 7 movies, and 37 K-pop events in Thailand but no such Thai equivalents in South Korea (The Bridges, 2014).
The only Thai film Ong Bark attracted a number of Korean movie viewers in the mid- 2000s while other Thai movies found limited success in Korea due to people’s negative attitude toward Southeast Asian products.
A Thai academia drew its conclusion from her study that there was a close relationship between Korean dramas and the tourist industry. Thai visitors to Korea significantly increased because of how much Thais admired Korean cultural products (Pijitra, 2010).
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In conclusion, Thailand and Korea have had bilateral relationships for over 600 years. As such, now is a golden opportunity to reap the outcomes to advance understanding and to improve socio-cultural, economic and political relations for years to come.
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Reference
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Royal Thai Government, 2014 “NCPO Chief Reaffirms Promotion of Trade and Investment between Thailand and Korea,” July 2, 2014.
In Thai Ahn, Jong-yang and Ryui Guen-woo, 2008 “The Trends and Characteristics of Trade between Korea and Thailand,” Paper presented to Bangkok International Conference for the 50th Anniversary of Korea-Thailand Diplomatic Relations. Organized by Korean Association of Thai Studies and the Embassy of the Republic of Korea to Thailand, on 7-8 August 2008 at Radison Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Choi, Chang-sung, 2008 “Respective Situation of Thai Language Education in Korea and Korean Language Education in Thailand,” Paper presented to Bangkok International Conference for the 50th Anniversary of Korea-Thailand Diplomatic Relations. Organized by Korean Association of Thai Studies and the Embassy of the Republic of Korea to Thailand, on 7-8 August 2008 at Radison Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Damrong Thandee, 1999 Korea Today. Academic paper, Center for Korean Studies at Ramkhamhaeng University. Bangkok. DamrongThandee, 2011 Development of Peoples’ and Socio-cultural Relations between Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. Bangkok: Ramkhamhaeng University Press. Damrong Thandee, 2004 Korean Society and Culture. Bangkok: Ramkhamhaeng University Press. Department of Trade Negotiation, 2011 ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Agreement. Ministry of Commerce, Thailand. Jung, Hwan-seung, 2008 “A Study of Perception on National Images of Thai and Korean Students,” Paper presented to Bangkok International Conference for the 50th Anniversary of Korea-Thailand Diplomatic Relations. Organized by Korean Association of Thai 17
Studies and the Embassy of the Republic of Korea to Thailand, on 7-8 August 2008 at Radison Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Jung, Hwan-seung and Parit Yinsen, 2014 600 Years of Thai-Korea Relationship. Songla: Chanmueng Printing, 2014. Lee, Byung-do, 2008 “Factors and Resolution of Cross-Cultural Conflict Faced by the Koreans in Thailand,” Paper presented to Bangkok International Conference for the 50th Anniversary of Korea-Thailand Diplomatic Relations. Organized by Korean Association of Thai Studies and the Embassy of the Republic of Korea to Thailand, on 7-8 August 2008 at Radison Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand.
Kim, Hong-koo, 2008 “Origin and Evolution of Korean Wave: A Case of Thailand,” Paper presented to Bangkok International Conference for the 50th Anniversary of Korea-Thailand Diplomatic Relations. Organized by Korean Association of Thai Studies and the Embassy of the Republic of Korea to Thailand, on 7-8 August 2008 at Radison Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Kim, Young-aih, 2008. “Koreans Living in Thai Society during the 1960s to 1970s,” Paper presented to Bangkok International Conference for the 50th Anniversary of Korea-Thailand Diplomatic Relations. Organized by Korean Association of Thai Studies and the Embassy of the Republic of Korea to Thailand, on 7-8 August 2008 at Radison Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Park, Bun-soon, 2008 “Korea’s Direct Investment in Thailand and Its Characteristics,” Paper presented to Bangkok International Conference for the 50th Anniversary of Korea-Thailand Diplomatic Relations. Organized by Korean Association of Thai Studies and the Embassy of the Republic of Korea to Thailand, on 7-8 August 2008 at Radison Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Surangsri Tansiengsom, 1947 Relationship between Thailand and Republic of Korea 1949-1999. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Publisher.
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------, 2014 “2013 Korean Wave in Thailand.” The Bridges. Thai-Korean bilingual magazine. January 2014.
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Note:
Damrong Thandee is Director of Center for Korean Studies at Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok. He earned his first degree from Chiangmai University and pursued graduate degrees from Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; University of London; and University of Hawaii. He published numerous books and articles on Korean Studies including Korean Society and Culture, Korean Politics, Korean Management, and Relationship between China, Korea and Japan.
Damrong Thandee, “Koreans and Korean Studies in Thailand,” บทความพิเศษนําเสนอตอการ่ ประชุมนานาชาติด้านการเรียนการสอนภาษาเกาหลีในประเทศไทย ปี 2558 (The International Conference on Korean Language Education 2015) จัดโดยสาขาวิชาเกาหลี คณะอักษรศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย ณ อาคารมหาจักรีสิรินธร ชั้น 5 คณะอักษรศาสตร์ จุฬาฯ ในวันที่ 28 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2558.