SINICIZATION and the RISE of CHINA Civilizationalsinicizationsinicization Processes and Beyond and East and West THETHE RISE RISE of of CHINA CHINA
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
SINICIZATION AND THE RISE OF CHINA SINICIZATIONCivilizationalSINICIZATION processes AND beyond AND East and West THETHE RISE RISE OF OF CHINA CHINA CivilizationalCivilizational processes processes beyond beyond East Eastand andWest West Edited by Peter J. Katzenstein ISBN: 978-0-415-80953-5 (hbk) ISEditedBN: 978-0-203-12706-3Edited by by (ebk) Peter PeterJ. Katzenstein J. Katzenstein First published 2012 Chapter 7 Becoming “Chinese” in Southeast Asia Caroline S. Hau (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) First published 2012 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN SimultaneouslyFirst published 2012published in the USA and Canada byby RoutledgeRoutledge 7112 Park Third Square, Avenue, Milton New Park, York, Abingdon, NY 10017 Oxon OX14 4RN RoutledgeSimultaneously is an publishedimprint of in the the Taylor USA &and Francis Canada Group, an informa business ©by2012 Routledge editorial and selected matter, Peter J. Katzenstein; individual contributions,711 Third Avenue, the contributors. New York, NY 10017 TheRoutledge right of is Peter an imprint J. Katzenstein of the Taylor to be &identified Francis asGroup, editor an of informa this work business has been© 2012 asserted editorial by himand inselected accordance matter, with Peter the J. Copyright, Katzenstein; Designs individual and Patents Actcontributions, 1988. the contributors. WAllThei trightsh right the reserved. eofxc Petereptio nJ.No oKatzensteinf partCha pofte thisr 7 to, bookn beo p identifieda mayrt of beth ireprinted sas b oeditorok m aorofy thisbreproducede r eworkprin thase dor, rutilizedbeenepro dassertedu ince dany, t rby aformn himsm iort tin ebyd accordance, anyor u electronic,tilize dwith in a thenmechanical,y fCopyright,orm by aorny Designsother elect rmeans,o nandic, Patents now mknownActec h1988.an oric ahereafterl, or oth einvented,r means, nincludingow know photocopyingn or hereafte rand inve recording,nted, inc lorud inin g panyho tinformationocopying, m storageicrofi lormi retrievalng, and rsystem,ecordin withoutg, or in permissionany inform inat iwritingon stor age or All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or rfrometrie theval spublishers.ystem, wi thout written permission from the publishers. utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now CTrademarkknownhapte ror 7 noticehereafterof th :i sProduct bo invented,ok is orav corporateai lincludingable for names f rphotocopyingee i nmay PD Fbe f otrademarksr andmat recording,as O poren A orcc einss fregisteredanyrom information the itrademarks,ndivid storageual p rando doru are cretrievalt pusedage aonly tsystem, ww forw. ridentificationwithoutoutledg epermission.com and. It explanationh ains bwritingeen m ade awithoutfromvaila bthele intent upublishers.nde rto a infringe.Cr eative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. BritishTrademark Library notice Cataloguing: Product inor Publicationcorporate Datanames may be trademarks or Aregistered catalogue trademarks, record for andthis arebook used is availableonly for fromidentification the British and Library explanation Librarywithout of intentCongress to Cataloginginfringe. in Publication Data SinicizationBritish Library and Cataloguing the rise of in China Publication : civilizational Data processes beyond East and WestA catalogue / edited record by Peter for thisJ. Katzenstein. book is available from the British Library p. cm. Library“Simultaneously of Congress Cataloging published inin Publication the USA andData Canada”—T.p. verso. SinicizationIncludes bibliographical and the rise of references China : civilizational and index. processes beyond East and WestISBN / edited 978-0-415-80953-5 by Peter J. Katzenstein. (hbk.) — ISBN 978-0-415-80952-8 (pbk.) — ISBNp. cm. 978-0-203-12706-3 (ebook) 1. Sinicization. 2. East and West. 3. Civilization—Chinese“Simultaneously published influences. in the USA4. China—Civilization—1949–1976. and Canada”—T.p. verso. 5. China—Civilization—1976-2002.Includes bibliographical references 6.and China—Civilization—2002- index. 7. China—Relations.ISBN 978-0-415-80953-5 8. Economic (hbk.) development—China. — ISBN 978-0-415-80952-8 9. Social (pbk.) change—China.— ISBN 978-0-203-12706-3 I. Katzenstein, (ebook) Peter J. 1. Sinicization. 2. East and West. 3. DS779.23.S56Civilization—Chinese 2012 influences. 4. China—Civilization—1949–1976. 5. 951.05–dc23China—Civilization—1976-2002. 6. China—Civilization—2002-2011034894 7. China—Relations. 8. Economic development—China. 9. Social change—China. I. Katzenstein, Peter J. DS779.23.S56 2012 ISBN 951.05–dc23 13: 978-0-415-80953-5 (hbk) 2011034894 ISBN 13: 978-0-415-80952-8 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-12706-3 (ebk) TypesetISBN 13: in 978-0-415-80953-5Bembo (hbk) byISBN Cenveo 13: 978-0-415-80952-8 Publisher Services (pbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-12706-3 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Cenveo Publisher Services 7 BECOMING “CHINESE” IN SOUTHEAST ASIA1 Caroline S. Hau Over the past three decades, it has become “chic”2 to be “Chinese” or to showcase one’s “Chinese” connections in Southeast Asia. Leaders ranging from President Corazon Cojuangco Aquino of the Philippines to Prime Minister Kukrit Pramoj of Thailand to President Abdurrahman Wahid of Indonesia have proclaimed their Chinese ancestry. Since 2000, Chinese New Year (Imlek) has been officially cel ebrated in Indonesia, after decades of legal restrictions governing access to eco nomic opportunities and Chinese-language education, use of Chinese names, and public observance of Chinese customs and ceremonies. Beyond elite and official pronouncements, popular culture has been instrumen tal in disseminating positive images of “Chinese” and “Chineseness.” In Thailand, for example, the highly rated TV drama Lod Lai Mangkorn (Through the Dragon Design, 1992), adapted from the novelistic saga of a penurious Chinese immigrant turned multimillionaire and aired on the state-run channel, has claimed the entre preneurial virtues of “diligence, patience, self-reliance, discipline, determination, parsimony, self-denial, business acumen, friendship, family ties, honesty, shrewd ness, [and] modesty” as “Chinese” and worthy of emulation.3 The critical acclaim and commercial success of another “rags-to-riches” epic from the Philippines, Mano Po (I Kiss Your Hand, 2002), spawned six eponymous “sequels.”4 In Indonesia, the biopic Gie (2005) sets out to challenge the stereotype of the “Chinese” as “material man,” communist, and dictator’s crony by focusing on legendary activist Soe Hok Gie. In Malaysia, the award-winning Sepet (Slit-eyes, 2005) reflects on the vicissitudes of official multiracialism through the story of a well-to-do Malay girl whose passion for East Asian pop culture leads her to befriend, and fall in love with, a working-class Chinese boy who sells pirated Video Compact Discs. 176 Caroline S. Hau The term “re-Sinicization” (or “resinification”) has been applied to the revival of hitherto devalued, occluded, or repressed “Chineseness,” and more generally to the phenomenon of increasing visibility, acceptability, and self-assertiveness of ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia and elsewhere.5 The phenomenon of “re- Sinicization” marks a significant departure from an era in which “China” served as a model for the localization of socialism and propagation of socialist revolution in parts of Southeast Asia in the 1950s and 1960s, and Southeast Asian “Chinese” were viewed and treated as economically dominant, culturally different, and polit ically disloyal Others to be “de-Sinicized” through nation-building discourses and policies. All of these illustrate the non-linear, reversible and reinforcing character istics of Sinicization. For want of a better word, the term “re-Sinicization” has served as an expedient signpost for the variegated manifestations and revaluations of such Chineseness. Its use does not simply affirm the conventional understanding of Sinicization as a uni linear, unidirectional, and foreordained process of “becoming Chinese” that radi ates (or is expected to increasingly radiate) outward from mainland China.6 Since the “Sinosphere”7 was inhabited by different “Chinas” at different times in history, the process of modern “Sinicization” cannot be analyzed in terms of a self- contained, autochthonous “China” or “Chinese” world, let alone “Chinese” iden tity. These “Chinas” were themselves products of hybridization8 and acculturation born of their intimate and sometimes contentious cultural, economic, and military contacts with populations across their western continental frontiers, most notably Mongols and Manchus, and with Southern Asia (India and Southeast Asia) across their southern frontiers.9 This Sinosphere began to break down in the mid- nineteenth century. In their modern articulations, “China,” “Chinese,” and “Chineseness” are relational terms that, over the past century and a half, point to a history of conceptual disjunctions and historical hybridizations arising from the hegemonic challenges that the maritime powers of the “West” posed to the Sinocentric world. And in that world, social, economic, cultural, and intellectual interactions among many different sites were intense and largely enabled by the regional and global flows and movements of capital, people, goods, technologies, and ideas within and beyond the contexts of British and, later, American hegemony in East and Southeast Asia. Without discounting China’s contribution to modern world-making10 over the past century and a half, this chapter complicates the idea of “Sinicization” as a mainland state-centered