DOCSLIB.ORG

Parasites 1: Trematodes and Cestodes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Readings-Cestodes • Ch. 11 (pp. 293-295, 295 [box Lecture 3: Emerging Parasitic 11.1], 304 [box 11.2]) Helminths part 1: Cestodes (Tapeworms) Presented by Matt Tucker, M.S., MSPH [email protected] HSC4933 Emerging Infectious Diseases HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 Monsters Inside Me Learning Objectives • Just for fun, check out these links: • Know life cycles, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathogenicity, • Cysticercosis (Taenia solium, pork tapeworm): &treatment Background: • Know basic attributes of tapeworms and be able to correctly identify the parasites we discuss as cestodes (as compared to http://animal.discovery.com/invertebrates/monsters- other parasites we discuss). inside-me/pork-tapeworm-cysticercosis/ • Know what tapeworms are pseudophyllidean vs. cyclophyllidean Videos: http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters- • Understand life cycles of cestodes, noting similarities and inside-me-pork-tapeworm.html significant differences • Know prevention strategies http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside- • Understand how serious pathological conditions are caused by me-meter-long-tapeworm.html tapeworms • For each tapeworm, what could make it an emerging problem in the world HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 On the Menu Cestodes (Tapeworms) • Adult cestodes have been found in • Diphyllobothrium latum virtually every species of vertebrate • Taenia spp. animal • Perhaps the most specialized of all • Echinococcus spp. parasites • Two orders encompass cestodes infecting humans: Pseudophyllidae and Cyclophyllidae – The life cycles of pseudophyllideans usually involve a crustacean as a first intermediate host and fish as second intermediate hosts • Unique structure of adults HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 6 1 Tapeworm Terms • Scolex-knoblike anterior (head) end that has suckers or hooklike parts that in the adult stage serve as organs of attachment to the host • Procercoid-first stage in the aquatic life cycle of certain tapeworms, such as the pseudophyllideans, following ingestion of the newly hatched larva (coracidium) by a copepod. • Plerocercoid-when the procercoid and its host are ingested by a fish, the procercoid enters the new host's tissues and becomes a plerocercoid • Oncosphere-larva contained within the external embryonic envelope within the egg and armed with six hooks, undergoes metamorphosis after penetrating into a tissue site in the intermediate host • Cysticercus-larval stage of many tapeworms, consisting of a single invaginated scolex enclosed in a fluid-filled cyst. • Proglottid-part of tapeworm “body” containing a set of reproductive organs HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 7 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 Diphyllobothrium latum D. latum life cycle • Pseudophyllidean • Broadfish tapeworm • Typically the largest human tapeworm • Diphyllobothriasis can be a long-lasting infection • Worldwide infections estimated at 20 million (1999) • Life cycle requires two intermediate hosts • Freshwater fish become infected with Diphyllobothrium sp. • Humans, bears are definitive hosts • Occurs in the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, North America, Asia), Uganda and Chile. HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 Re-emerging Diphyllobothrium? New cases in Brazil • Switzerland, northern Italy, eastern France • Only 1 case in Brazil during January 1998 to December 2003. • Many regional cuisines include raw or • By comparison, 18 cases were diagnosed from undercooked food March 2004 to January 2005. – Sushi and sashimi in Japanese cuisine – All patients who became infected ate raw fish in sushi or sashimi. – Carrpaccio di persico in Italian • New host? – Tartare maison in French-speaking populations – C. undecimalis has not been reported as a D. latum – host, but it is a saltwater fish that spends part of its Fefilte fish in Jewish populations life in fresh water. – Ceviche in Latin American cuisine HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 2 Clinical Features, etc Prevention • Most infections are • Proper sanitation asymptomatic. Manifestations may include abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, • Effective treatment vomiting, and weight loss. • Fish should be well cooked or deep-frozen • Chemical competition-Vitamin B-12 deficiency with pernicious anemia may – Deep-frozen fish and storage (-20C for 7 days or - occur. 35C until solid, storing at -35C for 15hrs) • Massive infections may result in – Cooking fish at a temperature of 55°C kills intestinal obstruction. plerocercoid larvae in 5 min • Migration of proglottids can cause cholecystitis or cholangitis. • Placing fish in a concentration of brine (12% • Treatment: Praziquantel, Niclosamide NaCl) • Fish inspection HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14 Other important Diphyllobothrium Taenia spp. spp. • D. nihonkaiense • 1977: 3200 yr old mummy found with Taenia egg – Japanese broad tapeworm • Ancient greeks documented tapeworms – 1986- found to be distinct from D. latum • Worldwide distribution-estimated 50 – Wild Pacific salmon as second intermediate host million affected – Cases in Europe emerging • T. saginata: beef tapeworm – In Japan over last 20 years, average of less than 0.5 • T. solium: pork tapeworm cases/100,000 people, but increased to 1 case/100,000 in • T. saginata has higher global prevalence 2008 • T. solium is more prevalent in poorer • Other species linked to Pacific salmon: D. klebanovskii communities where humans live in (Russia), D. ursi (North America) close contact with pigs • Humans are the only definitive hosts • 1980 outbreak in the Pacific U.S. of diphyllobothriasis for T. saginata and T. solium. linked to salmon HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 . Taenia sp. life cycle Clinical features • The majority of T. saginata and T. solium carriers are unaware of their infection. • Gastrointestinal symptoms are due to the presence of the tape worm. • Carriers of T. solium carry a substantial risk of acquiring cysticercosis by fecal-oral autoinfection and members of their households are also at increased risk HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 18 3 Prevention, Tx, Dx Cysticercosis • Prevention is based on strict meat inspection, health • Caused by ingestion of T. solium eggs, education, cooking pork and beef well, hygiene, and through fecal-oral transmission or possibly widespread sanitary installations. through autoinfection • Prevention of fecal contamination of soil, water, food, • Humans are dead-end hosts of the larval stage humans/animals through safe disposal of sewage; and develop cysticercosis similar to pigs avoidance of sewage water for irrigation use. • Many parts of body are affected, most • Cysticerci killed by irradiation or cooking meat at 56⁰C, commonly subcutaneous tissues, eyes, brain freezing at -5⁰C for 1 week • 50,000 cases of neurocysticercosis reported • Treatment: Praziquantel each year globally • Dx: ID of eggs and proglottids in feces, but not • More than 1,000 new cases of neurocysticercosis diagnosed in the U.S. each possible 3 months following infection, prior to year. “Measly pork” development of adult tapeworms. – A total of 221 cysticercosis deaths were identified in U.S. from 1990-2002 • Neurocysticercosis: most common parasitic disease of CNS. HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 19 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 20 Disease Features • Neurocysticercosis causes diverse manifestations including seizures, mental disturbances, focal neurologic deficits, and signs of intracerebral lesions. **not acquired by eating infected • Severe inflammatory responses to dying pork, but by eating cysticerci can cause sudden death eggs • Extracerebral cysticercosis can cause ocular, cardiac, or spinal lesions with associated symptoms. • Asymptomatic subcutaneous nodules and calcified intramuscular nodules can be encountered. HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 Worldwide prevalence of Cysticercosis neurocysticercosis • Dx by demonstrating the cysticercus in the tissue involved • Very difficult to treat, but varying success: praziquantel, albendazole in combination with corticosteroids to reduce swelling caused by immune attack on dead worms • Prevention-early detection, eliminating adult tapeworms, promoting personal hygiene 23 24 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases Burneo et al. 2009 4 Echinococcus spp. background Echinococcus granulosus • Hydatid disease • Causes cystic echinococcosis=most frequent • Recognized by Hippocrates in 400 BC • Occurs globally, but more frequently in rural, grazing areas where dogs ingest organs from • Major species infecting humans infected animals. – E. granulosus • Sylvatic cycle where humans accidentally – E. multilocularis infected • Dogs and wild canids are the definitive host – More typically, humans infected where for Echinococcus tapeworms, but zoonotic domestic herbivores raised near dogs potential is important – Humans serve as aberrant intermediate • Hydatid cysts hosts, developing potentially aggressive – Slowly enlarging, mass lesions producing pain and damaging tissue cysts and physical obstruction/pressure on surrounding organs. • Unlike most parasitic diseases, – If the cyst ruptures, "daughter" cysts may be echinococcosis
Recommended publications
  • Globalization and Infectious Diseases: a Review of the Linkages

    Globalization and Infectious Diseases: a Review of the Linkages

    TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 SPECIAL TOPICS NO.3 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) The "Special Topics in Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research" series are peer-reviewed publications commissioned by the TDR Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research. For further information please contact: Dr Johannes Sommerfeld Manager Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research (SEB) UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Lance Saker,1 MSc MRCP Kelley Lee,1 MPA, MA, D.Phil. Barbara Cannito,1 MSc Anna Gilmore,2 MBBS, DTM&H, MSc, MFPHM Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum,1 D.Phil. 1 Centre on Global Change and Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK 2 European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST) London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Copyright © World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 2004 All rights reserved. The use of content from this health information product for all non-commercial education, training and information purposes is encouraged, including translation, quotation and reproduction, in any medium, but the content must not be changed and full acknowledgement of the source must be clearly stated.
  • Opisthorchiasis: an Emerging Foodborne Helminthic Zoonosis of Public Health Significance

    Opisthorchiasis: an Emerging Foodborne Helminthic Zoonosis of Public Health Significance

    IJMPES International Journal of http://ijmpes.com doi 10.34172/ijmpes.2020.27 Medical Parasitology & Vol. 1, No. 4, 2020, 101-104 eISSN 2766-6492 Epidemiology Sciences Review Article Opisthorchiasis: An Emerging Foodborne Helminthic Zoonosis of Public Health Significance Mahendra Pal1* ID , Dimitri Ketchakmadze2 ID , Nino Durglishvili3 ID , Yagoob Garedaghi4 ID 1Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Gujarat, India 2Faculty of Chemical Technologies and Metallurgy, Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia 3Department of Sociology and Social Work, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia 4Department of Parasitology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Abstract Opisthorchiasis is an emerging foodborne parasitic zoonosis that has been reported from developing as well as developed nations of the world. Globally, around 80 million people are at risk of acquiring Opisthorchis infection. The source of infection is exogenous, and ingestion is considered as the primary mode of transmission. Humans get the infection by consuming raw or undercooked fish. In most cases, the infection remains asymptomatic. However, in affected individuals, the clinical manifestations are manifold. Occasionally, complications including cholangitis, cholecystitis, and cholangiocarcinoma are observed. The people who have the dietary habit of eating raw fish usually get the infection. Certain occupational groups, such as fishermen, agricultural workers, river fleet employees, and forest industry personnel are mainly infected with Opisthorchis. The travelers to the endemic regions who consume raw fish are exposed to the infection. Parasitological, immunological, and molecular techniques are employed to confirm the diagnosis of disease. Treatment regimens include oral administration of praziquantel and albendazole. In the absence of therapy, the acute phase transforms into a chronic one that may persist for two decades.
  • Possible Influence of the ENSO Phenomenon on the Pathoecology

    Possible Influence of the ENSO Phenomenon on the Pathoecology

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications Natural Resources, School of 2010 Possible influence of the ENSO phenomenon on the pathoecology of diphyllobothriasis and anisakiasis in ancient Chinchorro populations Bernardo Arriaza Universidad de Tarapacá, [email protected] Karl Reinhard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Adauto Araujo Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, [email protected] Nancy C. Orellana Convenio de Desempeño Vivien G. Standen Universidad de Tarapacá, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard Arriaza, Bernardo; Reinhard, Karl; Araujo, Adauto; Orellana, Nancy C.; and Standen, Vivien G., "Possible influence of the ENSO phenomenon on the pathoecology of diphyllobothriasis and anisakiasis in ancient Chinchorro populations" (2010). Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications. 10. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresreinhard/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Karl Reinhard Papers/Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 66 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 105(1): 66-72, February 2010 Possible influence of the ENSO phenomenon on the pathoecology of diphyllobothriasis and anisakiasis in ancient Chinchorro populations Bernardo T Arriaza1/+, Karl J Reinhard2, Adauto
  • Clinical Cysticercosis: Diagnosis and Treatment 11 2

    Clinical Cysticercosis: Diagnosis and Treatment 11 2

    WHO/FAO/OIE Guidelines for the surveillance, prevention and control of taeniosis/cysticercosis Editor: K.D. Murrell Associate Editors: P. Dorny A. Flisser S. Geerts N.C. Kyvsgaard D.P. McManus T.E. Nash Z.S. Pawlowski • Etiology • Taeniosis in humans • Cysticercosis in animals and humans • Biology and systematics • Epidemiology and geographical distribution • Diagnosis and treatment in humans • Detection in cattle and swine • Surveillance • Prevention • Control • Methods All OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) publications are protected by international copyright law. Extracts may be copied, reproduced, translated, adapted or published in journals, documents, books, electronic media and any other medium destined for the public, for information, educational or commercial purposes, provided prior written permission has been granted by the OIE. The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. The views expressed in signed articles are solely the responsibility of the authors. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. –––––––––– The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization or the World Organisation for Animal Health concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
  • Imaging Findings in Neurocysticercosis

    Imaging Findings in Neurocysticercosis

    Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 09/07/2015. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. Radiología. 2013;55(2):130---141 www.elsevier.es/rx UPDATE IN RADIOLOGY ଝ Imaging findings in neurocysticercosis ∗ S. Sarria Estrada , L. Frascheri Verzelli, S. Siurana Montilva, C. Auger Acosta, A. Rovira Canellas˜ Unitat de Ressonància Magnètica (IDI), Servei de Radiologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain Received 2 September 2011; accepted 23 November 2011 KEYWORDS Abstract Neurocysticercosis, caused by the larvae of Taenia solium, is the parasitic infec- Taenia solium; tion that most commonly involves the central nervous system in humans. Neurocysticercosis is Cysticercosis; endemic in practically all developing countries, and owing to globalization and immigration it Neurocysticercosis; is becoming more common in developed countries like those in western Europe. Computed The most common clinical manifestations are epilepsy, focal neurologic signs, and intracranial tomography; hypertension. Magnetic resonance The imaging findings depend on the larval stage of Taenia solium, on the number and loca- imaging tion of the parasites (parenchymal, subarachnoid, or intraventricular), as well as on the host’s immune response (edema, gliosis, and arachnoiditis) and on the development of secondary lesions (arteritis, infarcts, or hydrocephalus). The diagnosis of this parasitosis must be established on the basis of the clinical and radiologi- cal findings, especially in the appropriate epidemiological context, with the help of serological tests. © 2011 SERAM. Published by Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved. PALABRAS CLAVE Neurocisticercosis. Hallazgos radiológicos Taenia solium; Cisticercosis; Resumen La neurocisticercosis es una parasitosis humana causada por las larvas de la Taenia Neurocisticercosis; solium, que es la que con mayor frecuencia afecta el sistema nervioso central.
  • Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): an Update

    Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): an Update

    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Dibothriocephalus Latus (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy): An Update Vasco Menconi 1 , Paolo Pastorino 1,2,* , Ivana Momo 3, Davide Mugetti 1, Maria Cristina Bona 1, Sara Levetti 1, Mattia Tomasoni 1, Elisabetta Pizzul 2 , Giuseppe Ru 1 , Alessandro Dondo 1 and Marino Prearo 1 1 The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; [email protected] (V.M.); [email protected] (D.M.); [email protected] (M.C.B.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (G.R.); [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (M.P.) 2 Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +390112686251 Received: 11 June 2020; Accepted: 12 July 2020; Published: 14 July 2020 Abstract: Dibothriocephalus latus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea; syn. Diphyllobothrium latum), is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite responsible for diphyllobothriasis in humans. Although D. latus has long been studied, many aspects of its epidemiology and distribution remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, mean intensity of infestation, and mean abundance of plerocercoid larvae of D. latus in European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and its spatial distribution in three commercial fishing areas in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy). A total of 598 specimens of P.
  • Thirty-Seven Human Cases of Sparganosis from Ethiopia and South Sudan Caused by Spirometra Spp

    Thirty-Seven Human Cases of Sparganosis from Ethiopia and South Sudan Caused by Spirometra Spp

    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 93(2), 2015, pp. 350–355 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0236 Copyright © 2015 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Case Report: Thirty-Seven Human Cases of Sparganosis from Ethiopia and South Sudan Caused by Spirometra Spp. Mark L. Eberhard,* Elizabeth A. Thiele, Gole E. Yembo, Makoy S. Yibi, Vitaliano A. Cama, and Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; Ethiopia Dracunculiasis Eradication Program, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; South Sudan Guinea Worm Eradication Program, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan; The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia Abstract. Thirty-seven unusual specimens, three from Ethiopia and 34 from South Sudan, were submitted since 2012 for further identification by the Ethiopian Dracunculiasis Eradication Program (EDEP) and the South Sudan Guinea Worm Eradication Program (SSGWEP), respectively. Although the majority of specimens emerged from sores or breaks in the skin, there was concern that they did not represent bona fide cases of Dracunculus medinensis and that they needed detailed examination and identification as provided by the World Health Organization Collaborating Center (WHO CC) at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). All 37 specimens were identified on microscopic study as larval tapeworms of the spargana type, and DNA sequence analysis of seven confirmed the identification of Spirometra sp. Age of cases ranged between 7 and 70 years (mean 25 years); 21 (57%) patients were male and 16 were female. The presence of spargana in open skin lesions is somewhat atypical, but does confirm the fact that populations living in these remote areas are either ingesting infected copepods in unsafe drinking water or, more likely, eating poorly cooked paratenic hosts harboring the parasite.
  • Psychiatric Manifestations Ofneurocysticercosis: a Study of 38

    Psychiatric Manifestations Ofneurocysticercosis: a Study of 38

    61261ournal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1997;62:612-616 Psychiatric manifestations of neurocysticercosis: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.62.6.612 on 1 June 1997. Downloaded from a study of 38 patients from a neurology clinic in Brazil Orestes Vicente Forlenza, Antonio Helio Guerra Vieira Filho, Jose Paulo Smith Nobrega, Luis dos Ramos Machado, Nelio Garcia de Barros, Candida Helena Pires de Camargo, Maria Fernanda Gouveia da Silva Abstract developing countries of Asia, Africa, Latin Objective-To determine the frequency America, and central Europe, where prevalence and features of psychiatric morbidity in a rates vary from 0-1 to 4-0%.2 8 It may also be cross section of 38 outpatients with neuro- found in urban areas of developed countries cysticercosis. among ethnic subgroups.9 12 Methods-Diagnosis of neurocysticerco- The two host life cycle of the cestode sis was established by CT, MRI, and CSF involves humans as definitive hosts and swine analysis. Psychiatric diagnoses were as intermediate hosts. The adult intestinal form made by using the present state examina- of the parasite is acquired by eating under- tion and the schedule for affective disor- cooked pork contaminated with cysticerci,13 14 ders and schizophrenia-lifetime version; whereas cysticercosis is usually acquired by a cognitive state was assessed by mini men- fecal-oral mechanism-that is, by the ingestion tal state examination and Strub and of Taenia solium eggs shed in the faeces of a Black's mental status examination. human carrier. Contaminated water and food Results-Signs of psychiatric disease and (especially raw vegetables) are the most com- cognitive decline were found in 65-8 and mon sources of infection.19 16 The digested eggs 87-5% of the cases respectively.
  • Praziquantel Treatment in Trematode and Cestode Infections: an Update

    Praziquantel Treatment in Trematode and Cestode Infections: an Update

    Review Article Infection & http://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2013.45.1.32 Infect Chemother 2013;45(1):32-43 Chemotherapy pISSN 2093-2340 · eISSN 2092-6448 Praziquantel Treatment in Trematode and Cestode Infections: An Update Jong-Yil Chai Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Status and emerging issues in the use of praziquantel for treatment of human trematode and cestode infections are briefly reviewed. Since praziquantel was first introduced as a broadspectrum anthelmintic in 1975, innumerable articles describ- ing its successful use in the treatment of the majority of human-infecting trematodes and cestodes have been published. The target trematode and cestode diseases include schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, het- erophyidiasis, echinostomiasis, fasciolopsiasis, neodiplostomiasis, gymnophalloidiasis, taeniases, diphyllobothriasis, hyme- nolepiasis, and cysticercosis. However, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica infections are refractory to praziquantel, for which triclabendazole, an alternative drug, is necessary. In addition, larval cestode infections, particularly hydatid disease and sparganosis, are not successfully treated by praziquantel. The precise mechanism of action of praziquantel is still poorly understood. There are also emerging problems with praziquantel treatment, which include the appearance of drug resis- tance in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni and possibly Schistosoma japonicum, along with allergic or hypersensitivity
  • Download Full Article

    Download Full Article

    Risk of Parasitic Worm Infection from Eating Raw Fish in Hawai‘i: A Physician’s Survey J. John Kaneko MS DVM and Lorraine B. Medina MPH Abstract Public health concerns have been raised over the risk of parasitic (584) reported having diagnosed cases in the two year period prior helminth (roundworm, tapeworm and fl uke) infections from eating to completing the survey. Fifteen cases were reported including raw fi sh, an increasing US consumer trend. Hawai‘i consumers eat 7 cases of anisakiasis, 1 case of diphyllobothriasis and 7 cases in seafood at nearly 3 times the US national average rate, with a long which the parasite was unknown. Hawai‘i-specifi c cases cannot be tradition and high level of raw fi sh consumption. The local fi sh spe- identifi ed in this survey because coastal states were lumped into cies commonly eaten raw in Hawai‘i include tuna (bigeye, yellowfi n, three regions. Nine of the 15 cases were reported from the Pacifi c albacore and skipjack), marlin (blue and striped) and deepwater region that included Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California and snappers (long-tailed red, pink and blue green). Forty-eight Hawai‘i- based physicians (gastroenterologists, internists, general and family Hawai‘i. The AGA survey does not contain specifi c information practitioners) were surveyed to count known cases of parasitic worm linking the consumption of any Hawai‘i fi sh species of importance infection linked to raw fi sh consumption and to explore physicians’ to the state’s raw fi sh consumers to cases of fi sh-borne parasitic perceptions of risk associated with the consumption of fresh, never infections.
  • Control of Neurocysticercosis

    Control of Neurocysticercosis

    WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION FIFTY-SIXTH WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY A56/10 Provisional agenda item 14.2 6 March 2003 Control of neurocysticercosis Report by the Secretariat BACKGROUND 1. Cysticercosis of the central nervous system (neurocysticercosis) is caused by the larval stage (cysticerci) of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. The two-host life cycle of this tapeworm comprises human beings as definitive hosts and swine as intermediate hosts. Pigs become infected when they ingest human faeces containing T. solium eggs, which develop in the muscle and brain into cysticerci. When people eat undercooked pork containing viable cysticerci, they develop an intestinal tapeworm infection, but not cysticercosis of the central nervous system. Human beings can also become intermediate hosts, however, by directly ingesting T. solium eggs shed in the faeces of human carriers of the parasite. These eggs then develop into cysticerci which migrate mostly into muscle (causing cysticercosis) and into the central nervous system where the cysticerci can cause seizures and many other neurological symptoms (cysticercosis of the central nervous system). Both these forms of human cysticercosis are therefore human-to-human infections acquired by the faeco-oral route in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation. Such a route of transmission is strongly supported by the concentration of cases of cysticercosis of the central nervous system in communities with human carriers of Taenia, which clustering also supports the argument that carriers of Taenia are potent sources of contagion. 2. Cysticercosis of the central nervous system is the most important neurological disease of parasitic origin in humans. It causes serious morbidity and in areas where T.
  • Fish As the Natural Second Intermediate Host of Gnathostoma Spinigerum

    Fish As the Natural Second Intermediate Host of Gnathostoma Spinigerum

    FISH AS THE NATURAL SECOND INTERMEDIATE HOST OF GNATHOSTOMA SPINIGERUM Wichit Rojekittikhun, Jitra Waikagul and Tossapon Chaiyasith Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract. Gnathostomiasis is a helminthic disease most frequently occurring in Thailand. Human infections are usually found to be caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum, although five species of the genus Gnathostoma exist in Thailand, and three of these are capable of infecting man. In Thailand, 47 species of vertebrates – fish (19), frogs (2), reptiles (11), birds (11) and mammals (4) – have been reported to serve naturally as the second intermediate (and/or paratenic) hosts of G. spinigerum. Of these, fish, especially swamp eels (Monopterus albus), were found to be the best second intermediate/paratenic hosts: they had the highest prevalence rate and the heaviest infection intensity. However, the scientific names of these fish have been revised from time to time. Therefore, for clarity and consistency, we have summarized the current scientific names of these 19 species of fish, together with their illustrations. We describe one additional fish species, Systomus orphoides (Puntius orphoides), which is first recorded as a naturally infected second intermediate host of G. spinigerum. INTRODUCTION cause disease (Araki, 1986; Ogata et al, 1988; Ando et al, 1988; Nawa et al, 1989; Almeyda-Artigas, 1991; Several helminthic zoonoses can be transmitted to Akahane et al, 1998; Almeyda-Artigas et al, 2000). humans via both marine and freshwater fish. These There have been at least five species of Gnathostoma include capillariasis (caused primarily by Capillaria documented in Thailand: G. spinigerum, G. hispidum, phillipinensis), gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma spinige- G.