2. Air Pollution

2. Air pollution Emissions to air from all organized and unorganized stationary sources. This indicator characterizes the extent Pollutant emissions from stationary of existing and expected impact of emissions sources in the territory of Belarus are shown of major pollutants to the environment and in Table 2.1. determines the path for achieving the target Sulfur dioxide emissions from stationary values, expressed through national emission sources in 2006-2008 are characterized by a limits. decline and a sharp increase in 2009, due to the The indicator «emissions» consists of increased level of its revenues from the energy two components: emissions from stationary sector. The significant increase in ammonia sources and emissions from mobile sources. emissions, noted in 2008 and 2009 compared with previous years was the result of using new method of assessment of emissions from Pollutant emissions from stationary livestock farms. sources Emissions of nitrogen oxides, particulate Currently in the Republic of Belarus matter and NMVOC from stationary sources to receive information on emissions from for the period remained virtually unchanged stationary sources the data of state statistical and averaged 66.6; 45.7 and 74.4 tons/year, reports on Form 1-OS (air) is used. Form 1-OS respectively. The volume of carbon monoxide (air) is annually provided by enterprises which in 2005-2009 was gradually declining and in emissions exceed 25 tons per year, and if the 2009 was 74.6 tons, which is 29% less than emission of hazard class substances exceeds in 2005. 1 tons/year. Pollutant emissions from The main volume of pollutant emissions from stationary sources are characterized as the stationary sources is associated with the industry total amount of pollutants got into the air (including energy) and housing and communal Table 2.1 Emissions of air pollutants from stationary sources in 2005-2009 Pollutant 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sulphur dioxide (SO2), ths t 73.80 87.80 80.70 64.00 139.50 Nitrogen oxides are converted to 67.38 69.94 65.30 65.00 65.38 nitrogen dioxide, ths t Ammonia, ths t 7.08 7.64 8.28 16.65 19.61 Solid particles in total, ths t 43.90 45.80 45.10 47.50 46.20 Carbon monoxide (CO), ths t 103.90 107.70 94.40 88.40 74.60 Non-methane volatile organic 75.43 72.99 74.38 77.33 71.76 compounds (NMVOC), ths t Cd, t 0.030 0.030 0.035 0.013 0.002 Pb, t 4.230 3.950 4.317 3.644 3.244 Hg, t – – – 0.002 0.004 12 2. Air pollution services which contribution to total emissions was in average 70 and 14% respectively. More than half of the total emission to each of the ingredients is from industries, except for hydrocarbons, the volume of which comes from the housing and communal services (50%). Also a significant contribution to hydrocarbons emissions makes transport and communications (20%). Significant sources of solid substances emissions in addition to the industry are the housing and communal services (10%) and agriculture (10%), carbon monoxide – housing and communal services (20%) and transport and communications (about 10%). Emissions from mobile sources during the Pollutant emissions from mobile sources period characterized by some growth, which Emissions from mobile sources of depending on the substance ranges from 8 to pollutants are calculated on the basis of fuel 17% (Table 2.2). consumption and data on the distribution of The maximum amount of emissions from vehicles in the country, for environmental mobile sources is noted in Minsk and Minsk classes in the percentage of total amount on region, the minimum – in Mogilev region) the basis of data of the Ministry of Transport (Fig. 2.1). and Communication of the Republic of The definitions of the indicator Belarus according to records in the field of «Emissions of pollutants into the air» are environmental protection. shown in Table 2.3. Dust NMVOC Figure 2.1 – Emissions from mobile sources in 2009, ths t 13 Total emissions of sulfur dioxide from within 10% (Fig. 2.3). It should be noted that 2006 until 2008 were reducing, while in 2009 compared with 2005 in 2009 the emissions of there was a sharp increase in the emissions these compounds increased in 1,1 times. of this compound (due to emissions from Inflow of cadmium and lead emissions into stationary resources). In general, over the the atmosphere during the period decreased past 5 years SO2 emissions increased by 1.9 by 15 and 1.3 times respectively. According times (Fig. 2.2). to table 2.3, mercury emissions in 2009 Inflow of suspended solids in the increased by 2 times compared with 2008. five-year period ranged from 73.8 to 85.7 Emissions of all pollutants are characterized thousand tons (see Figure 2.2.). Emissions by positive dynamics aimed on reducing. of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and Emissions of major pollutants per unit NMVOC changed slightly – the change was of the country are increasing: for nitrogen Table 2.2 Emissions of air pollutants from mobile sources in 2005-2009 Pollutant 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sulphur dioxide (SO2), ths t 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 Nitrogen oxides are converted to 94.2 107.1 106.6 116.4 109.8 nitrogen dioxide, ths t Solid particles in total, ths t 29.9 34.2 34.3 38.2 34.0 Carbon monoxide (CO), ths t 698.6 780.4 768.5 815.2 777.8 Non-methane volatile organic 189.9 214.3 212.4 229.2 214.4 compounds (NMVOC), ths t ths t PM Figure 2.2 – Total emissions of sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and ammonia on the territory of Belarus in 2005-2009 14 2. Air pollution Table 2.3 Dynamics of national emissions of major pollutants into the atmosphere in Belarus in 2005-2009 Pollutant 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sulphur dioxide (SO2), ths t 75.10 89.30 82.20 65.60 140.90 Nitrogen oxides are converted 161.580 177.040 171.900 181.403 175.180 to nitrogen dioxide, ths t Ammonia, ths t 7.08 7.64 8.28 16.65 19.61 Solid particles in total, ths t 73.80 80.0 79.40 85.70 80.20 Carbon monoxide (CO), ths t 802.50 888.10 862.90 903.60 852.40 Non-methane volatile organic 265.33 287.29 286.78 306.53 286.16 compounds (NMVOC), ths t Cd, t 0.030 0.032 0.035 0.013 0.002 Pb, t 4.227 3.948 4.317 3.644 3.244 Hg, t – – – 0.002 0.004 ths t NMVOC Figure 2.3 – Total emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and NMVOC on the territory of Belarus in 2005-2009 oxides, particulate matter and NMVOC this emissions – about 8 t/km2, followed by the figure for the last 5 years has increased by Grodno region – 4,3 t/km2, for other areas the 8%, for carbon monoxide – by 6% and sulfur density does not exceed 3 t/km2 (Fig. 2.4A). dioxide – by 89%, for ammonia – 200% Density distribution of sulfur oxides is different (Table 2.4). from carbon monoxide. Thus, the maximum Minsk region is characterized by density for emissions of SOx is observed the maximum density of carbon dioxide in Vitebsk region (1,1 t/km2), followed by 15 Minsk and Gomel regions (0,7-0,9 t/km2) The highest specific emissions of carbon (Figure 2.4B). monoxide have Minsk and Grodno regions The maximum density of nitrogen oxides (more than 94 kg/person). The inflow of and particulate matter recorded in Minsk sulfur dioxide is maximum for Vitebsk region region – more than 1.1 respectively and more (over 30 kg per person.) (Fig. 2.5). than 0,5 t/km2. By the value of the density of By the emissions of nitrogen oxides nitrogen oxides there is Grodno region (0,8- in Vitebsk region this figure exceeds 0,9 t/km2), for all other areas the density of 22 kg/person, followed by Grodno pollutant emissions do not exceed 0.8 t/km2 (20 kg/pers.), Mogilev and Gomel regions (Figure 2.4C). (from 18 to 20 kg/person). For Minsk and By the density of particulate emissions Brest regions emissions of nitrogen oxides besides Minsk region there is Grodno and shall not exceed 18 kg per person. Mogilev regions – 0.45 and 0.37 t/km2, Quite different is distribution of specific for other areas this figure does not exceed emissions of particulate matter. For Vitebsk, 0,3 t/km2 (Figure 2.4D). Grodno and Mogilev regions this option is It is determined that emissions of major above 10 kg/person. For the rest is less than pollutants the per capita increase: for carbon 8 kg per person. monoxide this figure for the last 5 years has Forecast of the expected development increased by 10%, for NMVOC – 11, for of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere is particulate matter and nitrogen oxides – 12, presented in Table 2.6 and Figure 2.6. for sulfur dioxide – by 94, for ammonia – by According to the forecast emissions in 188% (Table 2.5). 2020 emissions of sulfur and NMVOC will А) B) C) D) Figure 2.4 – Density of emissions of carbon monoxide (A), sulfur oxides (B), nitrogen oxides (C) and particulate matter (D) in administrative regions of Belarus in 2009, t/km2 16 2. Air pollution Table 2.4 Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere per unit area of the country, t/km2 Pollutant 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 0.36 0.43 0.40 0.32 0.68 Nitrogen oxides are converted to nitrogen 0.78 0.85 0.83 0.87 0.84 dioxide Ammonia 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.09 Solid particles in total 0.36 0.39 0.38 0.41 0.39 Carbon monoxide (CO) 3.87 4.28 4.16 4.35 4.11 Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) 1.28 1.38 1.38 1.48 1.38 Cd 1.4510-4 1.5410-4 1.6910-4 6.2610-5 9.6310-6 Pb 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 Hg – – – 9.6310-6 1.9310-5 Table 2.5 Emissions of air pollutants per capita, kg/person Pollutant 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 7.66 9.16 8.46 6.77 14.84 Nitrogen oxides are converted to nitrogen 16.49 18.16 17.70 18.72 18.45 dioxide Ammonia 0.72 0.78 0.85 1.72 2.07 Solid particles in total 7.53 8.20 8.17 8.84 8.45 Carbon monoxide (CO) 81.89 91.08 88.83 93.25 89.79 Non-methane volatile organic compounds 27.07 29.46 29.52 31.63 30.14 (NMVOC) Cd 3.0610-6 3.28 10-6 3.60 10-6 1.3410-6 2.1110-7 Pb 4.3110-4 4.05 10-4 4.44 10-4 3.7610-4 3.4210-4 Hg – – – 2.0610-7 4.2110-7 decrease.

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