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Reconnection with Asi Kéyi: Healing Broken Connections' Implications

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Reconnection with Asi Kéyi: Healing Broken Connections' Implications Reconnection with Asi Kéyi: Healing Broken Connections’ Implications for Ecological Integrity in Canadian National Parks by Roberta Nakoochee A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Roberta Nakoochee, August, 2018 ABSTRACT RECONNECTION WITH ASI KÉYI: HEALING BROKEN CONNECTIONS’ IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY IN CANADIAN NATIONAL PARKS Roberta Nakoochee Advisor: University of Guelph, 2018 Dr. Robin Roth The establishment of protected areas has long served to displace Indigenous peoples from their traditional territories, undermining Indigenous knowledge systems and the ecology of which they are a part. In the Yukon Territory, Kluane National Park recognizes Southern Tutchone ‘Cultural Reintegration’ as an indicator of ecological integrity. The park thus hosted Healing Broken Connections, a project managed in partnership with the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations and Kluane First Nation which sought to address 50 years of First Nation displacement from the park. The purpose of this thesis is to identify how reconnection to land can be achieved and how well this was reflected within the activities of the project. Results indicate that Healing Broken Connections strengthened the partners’ nation-to-nation relationship and began a healing process between people and land inherent to the park’s management priorities but also identified key factors that need addressing in order for healing to continue. Acknowledgements This thesis is the result of stories shared with me by people of the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations and Kluane First Nation. Without sharing their stories of resilience and strength, none of this research would be possible. I would first like to acknowledge this ‘resilience’, as I have never met, heard stories of, or read about a people of Turtle Island that do not demonstrate it. I would also like to acknowledge the invaluable information and support I received from current and former leaders within Champagne and Aishihik First Nations, Kluane First Nation, and Parks Canada that made this research possible. Special thanks to Lawrence Joe, Mary Jane Johnson, Linaya Workman, Paula Banks, Robin Bradasch, Pauly Sias, and Larry ‘Rocky’ Joe. Just as important were the inspiration of the many strong women within and outside the Department of Geography at the University of Guelph who supported me and offered guidance throughout this graduate program. These include, but are not limited to: My advisor, Dr. Robin Roth, for your wisdom, understanding, and patience; my mother, Beverley, for creating a pathway paved in independence and strength for me to always follow; and Kookum, for hearing my prayers and teaching your children how to survive in a world that did not always want them to. Special thanks to A Tribe Called Red and my ‘accountability club’, made up of my closest friends, for getting me through many long sessions of writing. This research was supported by the SSHRC-funded collaborative research project ‘Canadian Conservation in Global Context: Intersections with Asia and Africa’ (www.ccgc-iaa.ca) co-led by Dr. Robin Roth (University of Guelph) and Dr. Elizabeth Lunstrum (York University). Additionally supported by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship and the Northern Scientific Training Program. iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction and Literature Review ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Background to the Study ........................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Aim and Research Question/Objectives .............................................................................. 11 1.4 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Literature Review................................................................................................................. 13 Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas: Implications for Indigenous Knowledge Systems 13 Nation-to-Nation Governance and Environmental Comanagement ...................................... 21 Comanagement Relationships and Respect for Indigenous Ways of Knowing ..................... 25 Chapter 2: Research Approach and Methods .............................................................................................. 29 2.1 Approach – Community Engagement and Indigenizing Research ...................................... 29 2.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................................... 36 2.3 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 42 2.4 Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 43 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 46 Introduction and Context ........................................................................................................... 46 Research Approach and Methods .............................................................................................. 56 Results and Discussion .............................................................................................................. 59 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 82 References .................................................................................................................................. 84 Chapter 4: Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 88 4.1 Thesis Summary................................................................................................................... 88 4.2 Contributions ....................................................................................................................... 93 Practical ................................................................................................................................. 93 Scholarly ................................................................................................................................ 96 4.3 Limitations and Future Research ......................................................................................... 99 References ................................................................................................................................................. 101 Appendix A: Participant Consent Forms ................................................................................. 107 Appendix B: Interview Participant Biographies (Alphabetical) .............................................. 113 Appendix C: Considerations for Supporting Reconnection to Land ....................................... 115 iv List of Tables Table 1: Framework used to monitor ecological integrity indicators ........................................... 95 List of Figures Figure 1: Map of Kluane National Park and Reserve (yellow) with Park and Reserve boundaries and traditional territories of KFN (purple) and CAFN (red). ......................................................... 7 Figure 2: Hand drawn map of Ontario used to introduce myself to focus group participants ...... 41 Figure 4: Information plaque on Haines Road describing KNP&R as an 'unbroken, pristine' natural system ............................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 3: Description of KNP&R history at Park Visitor Centre in Haines, Junction ................. 81 v Chapter 1: Introduction and Literature Review 1.1 Introduction In August 2017, I learned I have a knack for cutting moose meat into very thin strips. I sat at a table in a large canvas tent for hours, an escape from the hot sun, fixated on the movement of the blade of my knife across the soft tissue of the ka-näy (moose) who gave his life to feed the Kluane First Nation (KFN) community. The realization of my skill, and my willingness to commit to it, was happily welcomed by the individuals I was spending the week with at KFN’s 7th Annual Culture and Harvest Camp. The previous evening while I was setting up my campsite at the end of the first full day of the week-long gathering, I heard a commotion of voices and vehicles. Rushing by, Mary Jane Johnson, KFN’s Heritage Manager, slowed
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