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Universitt Leipzig UNIVERSITÄT LEIPZIG Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften Historisches Seminar Lehrstuhl für Ost- und Südosteuropäische Geschichte West – Mitte – Ost ― Der Europadiskurs und europabezogene Denkstile in Ungarn vom Reformzeitalter bis zum Ende des Kommunismus MAGISTERARBEIT zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magister Artium (M.A.) vorgelegt von Frank Henschel 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Höpken 2. Gutachter: Dr. des. Carl Bethke Abgabe: 4. Dezember 2008 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung........................................................................................................................................3 1.1. Thematische Vorbemerkungen ...................................................................................................3 1.2 Methodische Vorbemerkungen...................................................................................................7 2. Liberalismus und Nationalismus als Modelle der „Europäisierung“ – 1780-1848..............10 2.1 Sprachnationalismus vs. Staatspatriotismus...............................................................................12 2.2 Der Europadiskurs in Literatur und Historiographie...............................................................15 2.3 Der Europadiskurs im Vormärz-Ungarn...................................................................................19 2.3.1 „Fährenland“ nach Europa – István Graf Széchenyi...............................................................19 2.3.2 Wider den Osten – Miklós Wesselényi.......................................................................................22 2.3.4 Die westliche Mitte – Lajos Kossuth.........................................................................................25 3. Revolution und Neoabsolutismus – 1848-1867........................................................................30 3.1 Die Revolution in Ungarn im europäischen Kontext ..............................................................30 3.1.1 Vorstoß ...........................................................................................................................................31 3.1.2 Rückschlag......................................................................................................................................34 3.2 Ungarn im Neoabsolutismus – Europa im Exil........................................................................37 3.2.1 Nicht ohne Österreich – Zsigmond Kemény ...........................................................................39 3.2.2 Die herrschenden Ideen in Europa – József Eötvös ..............................................................39 3.2.3 Zerfall Österreichs und neuer Bund für Europa – Mihály Táncsics......................................43 3.2.4 Mahnung aus dem Exil – Kossuths „Donaubund“ .................................................................45 3.2.5 Nationalstaat statt Föderation – Der Königsweg für Europa?...............................................48 4. K.u.K. in Europa – 1867-1918 ....................................................................................................50 4.1 Die „Europäizität Ungarns“ im Dualismus ..............................................................................50 4.1.1 Das Nationalitätengesetz als Beitrag zur „Europäisierung“....................................................51 4.1.2 Wirtschaftlicher Anschluss an Europa? ....................................................................................54 4.1.3 Die Innen- und Außenpolitik der „Tisza-Ära“ .........................................................................56 4.1.4 Historiographie zwischen „kuruz“ und „labanc“ .....................................................................57 4.2 „Fährenland“ zwischen Ost und West – 1890-1918.................................................................59 4.2.1 Marschrichtung Osten – Von Großungarn zum Turanischen Reich.....................................61 4.2.2 Marschrichtung Westen – Die bürgerlichen Radikalen und der erneuerte Föderationsgedanke.......................................................................................................................65 4.2.3 Ungarn in „Mitteleuropa“ ............................................................................................................69 5. Zwischen Isolation und Europaeuphorie – 1918-1945 ...........................................................72 5.1 Das Ende der Monarchie und die Phase der Experimente – 1918-1920..............................72 5.1.1 Europas Zusammenbruch und Zukunft – Oszkár Jászi ........................................................73 5.1.2 Neues Europa durch neue Staaten – József Pásztor................................................................76 5.1.3 Die Räterepublik und Europa......................................................................................................80 5.2 Revision und Föderation – Der Europadiskurs der zwanziger und dreißiger Jahre............82 5.2.1 Die Friedensverhandlungen in Trianon......................................................................................83 5.2.2 Der Revisionismus als dominanter Denkstil der Zwischenkriegszeit....................................84 5.2.3 Die „Östliche Schweiz“ – Oszkár Jászi......................................................................................87 5.2.4 Das neue „Hungaria“ in Europa – Lászlo Ottlik......................................................................90 5.2.5 Die Pan-Europa Bewegung in Ungarn.......................................................................................92 5.2.6 Das neue Mitteleuropa – Elemér Hantos ..................................................................................94 5.2.7 Ungarn in Osteuropa – Tivadar Raith und Dezső Szabó........................................................97 5.3 Das „rechte“ Europa.....................................................................................................................100 6. Ungarn im „Osten“ – Der Europa-Diskurs in der Volksrepublik – 1945-1990..................107 6.1 Ungarn zwischen „Ost“ und „West“..........................................................................................107 6.1.1 Der Ausgang des Krieges und die Etablierung des Stalinismus.............................................107 6.1.2 Die Misere Osteuropas – István Bibó........................................................................................109 6.2 Aspekte einer eigenständigen außenpolitischen Konzeption – 1956 als Versuch der Rückkehr nach Europa .................................................................................................................113 6.2.1 Neutralität in Europa – Imre Nagy.............................................................................................113 6.2.2 1956 – Eine Revolution für Europa............................................................................................116 6.3 Die Historiographie und der Mitteleuropadiskurs der 1980er Jahre......................................119 6.3.1 Ungarn als östliches Zerrbild des Westens – Jenő Szűcs.........................................................121 6.3.2 Die unvollständige Modernisierung – Iván T. Berend.............................................................123 6.3.3 Ungarn in Mitteleuropa – György Konrád................................................................................125 7. Resumee ..........................................................................................................................................128 8. Quellen und Literaturverzeichnis 8.1 Quellen 8.1.1 Internet-Quellen 8.1.2 gedruckte Quellen 8.2 Sekundärliteratur 8.2.1 selbstständige Beiträge 8.2.2 unselbstständige Beiträge 1. Einleitung 1.1 Thematische Vorbemerkungen Die Frage zu stellen, ob Ungarn ein Teil Europas sei, erscheint müßig, beinahe überflüssig, wird doch kein Mensch mehr seine Zugehörigkeit zu Europa bestreiten, erst recht nicht, da es seit 2004 Mitglied der Europäischen Union ist. Aber diese Europäische Union ist erst knappe 60 Jahre alt, und ihre immer wieder vorgenommene Gleichsetzung mit „Europa“ an sich1, führt zu einer Identifizierung beider Begriffe, sicherlich auch deswegen, weil sich leichter erklären lässt, was die EU ist, als dass sich sagen ließe, was denn nun eigentlich der Begriff „Europa“ umfasse, enthalte und ausschließe, auch für die Historikerzunft. Eine „europäische Geschichte“ zu schreiben, die auch wirklich – wenigstens geographisch, wenn schon keine weiteren Einschränkungen vorgenommen werden – die gesamte Geschichte des Kontinents umfasst, schien bis vor kurzer Zeit ein Ding der Unmöglichkeit, ignorierten oder marginalisierten viele Handbücher und Gesamtdarstellungen doch wesentliche Bestandteile „Europas“ und konzentrierten sich vornehmlich auf westeuropäische Geschichte.2 Dies mag vielfältige Gründe haben, methodische, heuristische oder organisatorische, aber es ist ohne Frage auch der Teilung des Kontinents geschuldet, welche nach dem Zeiten Weltkrieg ein auch schon vorher diskursiv konstruiertes „Osteuropa“ 3 politisch und historisch zementierte und dadurch die im westlichen Teil stattfindende supranationale Integration als Entwicklung des eigentlichen (westlichen) Europas erschienen ließ, in das die vom Kommunismus befreiten Nationen wieder 1 Es sei nur an die immer noch nicht beendete Diskussion um eine EU-Perspektive für die Türkei erinnert, bei der es bald nicht mehr um politische und wirtschaftliche, sondern
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