From Counterrevolution to Consolidation? Language of Nation-Building in the Hungarian Parliamentary Debates, 1920–1928 JYU DISSERTATIONS 82

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

From Counterrevolution to Consolidation? Language of Nation-Building in the Hungarian Parliamentary Debates, 1920–1928 JYU DISSERTATIONS 82 JYU DISSERTATIONS 82 Ville Häkkinen From Counterrevolution to Consolidation? Language of Nation-building in the Hungarian Parliamentary Debates, 1920–1928 JYU DISSERTATIONS 82 Ville Häkkinen From Counterrevolution to Consolidation? Language of Nation-building in the Hungarian Parliamentary Debates, 1920–1928 Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Historica-rakennuksen salissa H320 toukokuun 24. päivänä 2019 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, in building Historica, hall H320 on May 24, 2019 at 12 o’clock noon. JYVÄSKYLÄ 2019 Editors Anssi Halmesvirta Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Timo Hautala Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä Copyright © 2019, by University of Jyväskylä Permanent link to this publication: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7766-5 ISBN 978-951-39-7766-5 (PDF) URN:ISBN:978-951-39-7766-5 ISSN 2489-9003 In loving memory of Merja Häkkinen (1949–2016) ABSTRACT Häkkinen, Ville From Counterrevolution to Consolidation? Language of nation-building in the Hungarian parliamentary debates, 1920–1928 Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2019, 273 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 82) ISBN 978-951-39-7766-5 (PDF) This dissertation analyses the use of political language related to nation-building in the Hungarian Parliament between 1920 and 1928. After defeat in the First World War, the domestic revolutions and the Peace Treaty of Trianon that had caused considerable territorial losses, the Hungarian counterrevolutionary government had to stabilize the political situation in the country and regain its legitimacy. The tool for this stabilization was an increasingly nationalist and exclusive conceptualization of the Hungarian nation, as well as reliance on national history. The societal groups deemed suspicious, such as Socialists and Jews, were not only excluded rhetorically from the sphere of patriotic, loyal and politically competent Hungarians, but also through legislation and oppression barred from being equal members of society. The government-led history politics appropriated the memory and ideals of the most renowned statesmen, yet gave them strictly counterrevolutionary contemporary redescriptions; as an example, Lajos Kossuth, the hero of the 1848 Revolution, was promptly redescribed as a moderate reformist. In foreign policy, the revision of the Treaty of Trianon, the need to regain the lost territories, was conceptualized as a national mission; the lost unity of historic Hungary was to be restored and the Hungarian brethren suffering under foreign rule reunited with the fatherland. To achieve this, the government was ready to resort to both international co-operation and clandestine activism. The analytical approach to political language applied in this study is based on how the Members of Parliament rhetorically constructed arguments and to which values, shared experiences and historical references they appealed. Empirical study indicates that even almost a decade after the revolutionary years the conservative government mainly relied on the counterrevolutionary rhetoric; the Communist threat was a constantly applicable tool to discredit the opposition. The results challenge the established historiographical view of István Bethlen’s premiership (1921–1931) as an era of reformist and ‘conservative-liberal’ politics. The concept of ‘consolidation’ linked to Bethlen in no way signalled the abatement of the confrontational political atmosphere, but instead Bethlen himself repeatedly appeared in Parliament in order to maintain and renew the rhetoric of exclusion against his political opponents. The preponderant role of revision in foreign policy led already in the late 1920s to a considered collusion with Mussolini’s Italy, which rendered Hungary economically and politically dependent on the Fascist state. The rejection of political pluralism eventually served to undermine the ostensibly secure position of the government when faced with the challenge of the extreme Right. In the 1930s the only way for the government to respond to this challenge was to make concessions towards the radical Right. Thus, ‘consolidation’ proved to be a rhetorical tool to which the government resorted when the need arose, but which in no way contributed to the actual, long-term stabilization of the regime. Keywords: 1920s, counterrevolution, history politics, Hungary, nationalism, nation- building, political language, parliament TIIVISTELMÄ Häkkinen, Ville From Counterrevolution to Consolidation? Language of nation-building in the Hungarian parliamentary debates, 1920–1928 Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2019, 273 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 82) ISBN 978-951-39-7766-5 (PDF) Väitöskirjassa analysoidaan kansakunnan rakentamiseen liittyvää poliittisen kielen käyttöä Unkarin parlamentissa vuosina 1920–1928. Ensimmäisen maailmansodan tappion, kotimais- ten vallankumousten ja mittavat aluemenetykset aiheuttaneen Trianonin rauhansopimuk- sen jälkeen Unkarin vastavallankumouksellisen hallituksen oli kyettävä vakauttamaan maan poliittiset olot ja rakennettava legitimiteettinsä uudelleen. Tämän vakauttamisen väli- neenä oli tiukan nationalistinen ja ulossulkeva kansakunnan käsitteellistäminen ja historiaan tukeutuminen. Epäilyttäviksi katsottuja ryhmiä, kuten sosialisteja ja juutalaisia, ei vain reto- risesti suljettu isänmaallisten, luotettavien ja poliittisesti kompetenttien unkarilaisten ulko- puolelle, vaan heidän tasa-arvoista toimintaansa yhteiskunnassa rajoitettiin myös lainsää- dännön ja painostuksen kautta. Unkarin historian maineikkaimpien suurmiesten muisto ja ihanteet asetettiin politiikan palvelukseen, samalla kuitenkin antaen niille tiukasti vastaval- lankumoukselliseen politiikkaan sidotut merkitykset, jolloin esimerkiksi vuoden 1848 val- lankumouksen sankari Lajos Kossuth uudelleenmääriteltiin maltilliseksi reformistiksi. Ulko- politiikassa Trianonin rauhansopimuksen revisio, menetettyjen alueiden takaisin hankkimi- nen, määriteltiin kansallisen tehtävän kautta; historiallisen Unkarin yhtenäisyys oli palau- tettava ja vieraan vallan alla kärsivät unkarilaiset veriveljet liitettävä takaisin isänmaahan. Tämän toteuttamiseksi oltiin valmiit paitsi kansainväliseen yhteistyöhön, myös valonarkaan aktivismiin. Tutkimuksessa käytetty tapa analysoida poliittista kieltä perustuu siihen, miten parla- mentaarikot retorisesti rakensivat argumentteja ja millaisiin arvoihin, jaettuihin kokemuk- siin ja historiaviitteisiin he vetosivat. Empiirinen tutkimus osoittaa, että vielä lähes vuosi- kymmen vallankumousvuosien jälkeen konservatiivihallitus tukeutui pääasiassa vastaval- lankumoukselliseen retoriikkaan; kommunismin uhka oli alati käyttökelpoinen väline op- position diskreditointiin. Tulokset haastavat historiantutkimuksessa vallitsevan käsityksen István Bethlenin pääministerikauden (1921–1931) reformihenkisyydestä ja ʻkonservatiivis- liberaalista’ politiikasta. Bethlenin nimeen liitetty ʻkonsolidaatio’ (vakaus- ja yhtenäisyyspo- litiikka) ei lopulta merkinnyt poliittisen ilmapiirin vastakkainasettelun lientymistä, vaan Bethlen itse osallistui usein parlamenttikeskusteluihin vahvistaen ja uusintaen poliittisia vastustajiaan ulossulkevaa retoriikkaa. Revision ylittämätön rooli ulkopolitiikassa puoles- taan johti jo 1920-luvun lopulla tietoiseen yhteistoimintaan Mussolinin Italian kanssa, mikä asetti Unkarin taloudelliseen ja poliittiseen riippuvuussuhteeseen fasistihallintoa kohtaan. Poliittisen pluralismin torjuminen johti lopulta hallituksen näennäisesti ylivoimaisen aseman heikkouteen nousevan äärioikeiston haasteen edessä. 1930-luvulla hallituksen ainoa keino vastata haasteeseen oli myönnytysten tekeminen oikeistoradikaalille politiikalle. Näin ollen ʻkonsolidaatio’ osoittautui vallanpitäjien retoriseksi keinoksi, jota hyödynnettiin tar- peen vaatiessa, mutta joka ei merkinnyt järjestelmän vakauttamista pitkällä aikavälillä. Asiasanat: 1920-luku, historiapolitiikka, kansakunnan rakentaminen, nationalismi, poliittinen kieli, parlamentti, Unkari, vastavallankumous Author’s address Ville Häkkinen Department of History and Ethnology P.O. Box 35 (H) 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland [email protected] Supervisors Docent Anssi Halmesvirta Department of History and Ethnology P.O. Box 35 (H) 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland Professor Pasi Ihalainen Department of History and Ethnology P.O. Box 35 (H) 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland Reviewers Docent Heino Nyyssönen Department of Philosophy, Political Science and Contemporary History University of Turku, Finland Docent Miklós Zeidler Department of Modern and Contemporary Hungarian History Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Opponent Docent Heino Nyyssönen Department of Philosophy, Political Science and Contemporary History University of Turku, Finland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For nearly ten years I have known that I would one day defend a doctoral dissertation. Yet, the closer to the day I have journeyed, the less likely it seemed that I would ever reach it. What back then appeared as work well suited to my competence has over the years turned into a struggle over my personal and academic identity and credibility. As I write this, the last piece of the upcoming dissertation, I’m still confused about what the process has resulted in and how it has left me. Nevertheless, I can rejoice in the fact that the work is finally
Recommended publications
  • The Case of Hungary from Reform Socialism to Financial Nationalism (1968-2019)
    The politics of financialisation: the case of Hungary from reform socialism to financial nationalism (1968-2019) Abstract: This paper is a case study of the effects of financialisation in Hungarian politics. Financialisation both as a global regime of capital accumulation and also in transforming people’s everyday lives influenced Hungarian politics deeply over the last fifty years and our understanding of the present hegemony of Viktor Orbán’s Fidesz party should be anchored in this political economic history. Already before the transition in 1989, market-oriented reforms were introduced and Hungary was integrated into global financial markets primarily through the foreign credit borrowing of the state, which made it particularly dependent on foreign investors as the state-socialist industries collapsed post-89. From the late-1990s subsequent governments allowed the proliferation of credit-fuelled consumption within the framework of a ‘privatised Keynesian’ regime, which majorly contributed to the severity of the 2008 crisis in Hungary. Right wing parties built up strong anti-austerity campaigns culminating in the 2010 elections when the legitimacy of the left-liberal parties collapsed. Instead of resorting to often rehearsed arguments about Hungary’s ‘democratic backsliding’ this paper suggests that the current hegemony of Fidesz is to a great extent the result of unfulfilled promises about economic welfare after transitioning to liberal market capitalism. And that politically, the Orbán regime’s financial nationalist agenda resonates with voters based on concrete past struggles which many associate with liberalised financial markets (banks and foreign currency credit) and international institutions like the EU or the IMF. It is a weakness of both the domestic left-liberal opposition and some recent scholarship on Orbán as an illiberal leader to fail to acknowledge this aspect of his regime’s popularity.
    [Show full text]
  • Act Cciii of 2011 on the Elections of Members Of
    Strasbourg, 15 March 2012 CDL-REF(2012)003 Opinion No. 662 / 2012 Engl. only EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) ACT CCIII OF 2011 ON THE ELECTIONS OF MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT OF HUNGARY This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-REF(2012)003 - 2 - The Parliament - relying on Hungary’s legislative traditions based on popular representation; - guaranteeing that in Hungary the source of public power shall be the people, which shall pri- marily exercise its power through its elected representatives in elections which shall ensure the free expression of the will of voters; - ensuring the right of voters to universal and equal suffrage as well as to direct and secret bal- lot; - considering that political parties shall contribute to creating and expressing the will of the peo- ple; - recognising that the nationalities living in Hungary shall be constituent parts of the State and shall have the right ensured by the Fundamental Law to take part in the work of Parliament; - guaranteeing furthermore that Hungarian citizens living beyond the borders of Hungary shall be a part of the political community; in order to enforce the Fundamental Law, pursuant to Article XXIII, Subsections (1), (4) and (6), and to Article 2, Subsections (1) and (2) of the Fundamental Law, hereby passes the following Act on the substantive rules for the elections of Hungary’s Members of Parliament: 1. Interpretive provisions Section 1 For the purposes of this Act: Residence: the residence defined by the Act on the Registration of the Personal Data and Resi- dence of Citizens; in the case of citizens without residence, their current addresses.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hungarian Historical Review “Continuities and Discontinuities
    The Hungarian Historical Review New Series of Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Volume 5 No. 1 2016 “Continuities and Discontinuities: Political Thought in the Habsburg Empire in the Long Nineteenth Century” Ferenc Hörcher and Kálmán Pócza Special Editors of the Thematic Issue Contents Articles MARTYN RADY Nonnisi in sensu legum? Decree and Rendelet in Hungary (1790–1914) 5 FERENC HÖRCHER Enlightened Reform or National Reform? The Continuity Debate about the Hu ngarian Reform Era and the Example of the Two Széchenyis (1790–1848) 22 ÁRON KOVÁCS Continuity and Discontinuity in Transylvanian Romanian Thought: An Analysis of Four Bishopric Pleas from the Period between 1791 and 1842 46 VLASTA ŠVOGER Political Rights and Freedoms in the Croatian National Revival and the Croatian Political Movement of 1848–1849: Reestablishing Continuity 73 SARA LAGI Georg Jellinek, a Liberal Political Thinker against Despotic Rule (1885–1898) 105 ANDRÁS CIEGER National Identity and Constitutional Patriotism in the Context of Modern Hungarian History: An Overview 123 http://www.hunghist.org HHHR_2016_1.indbHR_2016_1.indb 1 22016.06.03.016.06.03. 112:39:582:39:58 Contents Book Reviews Das Preßburger Protocollum Testamentorum 1410 (1427)–1529, Vol. 1. 1410–1487. Edited by Judit Majorossy and Katalin Szende. Das Preßburger Protocollum Testamentorum 1410 (1427)–1529, Vol. 2. 1487–1529. Edited by Judit Majorossy und Katalin Szende. Reviewed by Elisabeth Gruber 151 Sopron. Edited by Ferenc Jankó, József Kücsán, and Katalin Szende with contributions by Dávid Ferenc, Károly Goda, and Melinda Kiss. Sátoraljaújhely. Edited by István Tringli. Szeged. Edited by László Blazovich et al. Reviewed by Anngret Simms 154 Egy székely két élete: Kövendi Székely Jakab pályafutása [Two lives of a Székely: The career of Jakab Székely of Kövend].
    [Show full text]
  • Cécile Tormay.” Hungarian Cultural Studies
    Kádár, Judit. “An Exceptional Case of Women’s Self-Advocacy in Interwar Hungary: Cécile Tormay.” Hungarian Cultural Studies. e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 13 (2020) DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2020.385 An Exceptional Case of Women’s Self-Advocacy in Interwar Hungary: Cécile Tormay* Judit Kádár Abstract: A Hungarian writer who became a prominent public figure in the Horthy era, Cécile Tormay’s (1875-1937) fame and success was principally due to her memoir, Bujdosó könyv [‘The Hiding Book’], a work published in 1920-21 that depicts the two Hungarian revolutions following World War I. This popular work enjoyed several editions during the interwar period and was translated into English and French for propaganda purposes. After World War II, Bujdosó könyv was among the first works banned by Hungarian authorities for its anti-Semitism. Hailed as the most notable female author of the interwar period, Tormay’s name rose anew after the fall of socialism in 1989. Fueled by the official biography written two years after her death in the Horthy era by the conservative professor of literature, János Hankiss, a revival in the cult surrounding Tormay’s work has taken place in recent years. Hankiss portrayed Tormay as a woman of Hungarian noble descent whose deeds were motivated by sheer patriotism. This paper contends that Cécile Tormay was embraced by the interwar elite for her active role in the counter-revolutionary conspiracy against the First Hungarian Republic. Keywords: assimilation, anti-Semitism, Christian “gentlemanly” middle class, “urban” middle class, Cécile Tormay Biography: Judit Kádár received her Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungarian Minority Politics in Post
    ACTA UNIV. SAPIENTIAE, EUROPEAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES, 10 (2016) 79–106 DOI: 10 .1515/auseur-2016-0022 Hungarian Minority Politics in Post-Socialist Romania: Interests, Strategies, and Discourses1 Tibor TORÓ Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania Department of International Relations and European Studies torotibor@sapientia .ro Abstract. This paper analyses the integration strategies formulated by the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania and the Hungarian political elite in the post-communist period . It argues that the internal debates of the political community are formulated in a field where other actors (the Hungarian and the Romanian state, political parties, European institutions, etc ). carry out their activities, which deeply influences both the chosen strategies and the needed resources for their implementation . Moreover, it questions the monolithic organization of the minority organization, showing that DAHR as the representative of the minority community was shaped by several internal debates and conflicts. Also from 2003 these conflicts have grown beyond the borders of the organization and since 2008 we can follow a whole new type of institutionalization . In achieving this, I introduce three strategies – individual integration, collective integration, and organizational integration – which are chosen by different fragments of the Hungarian minority elite both toward the Hungarian and the Romanian political sphere . Throughout the 1989–2012 period, the outcome of the conflict between the supporters of these strategies is deeply influenced by the policies of the two states. Keywords: minorities, Hungarians in Romania, elites, post-communism, political mobilization After the 1989 Revolution, the Hungarian minority in Romania organized itself quickly, the Hungarian elite formed its political organization, the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (DAHR), right at the peak of the new era .
    [Show full text]
  • Revolutionary Marxism 2017 Special Annual English Edition
    Without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary movement. V. I. Lenin, What is to be done? Revolutionary Marxism 2017 Special annual English edition www.devrimcimarksizm.net [email protected] Devrimci Marksizm Üç aylık politik/teorik dergi (Yerel, süreli yayın) İngilizce yıllık özel sayı Sahibi ve Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü: Şiar Rişvanoğlu Yönetim Yeri: Adliye Arkası 3. Sokak Tüzün İşhanı No: 22/2 ADANA Baskı: Net Copy Center, Özel Baskı Çözümleri, Ömer Avni Mh., İnönü Cad./ Beytül Malcı Sok. 23/A, 34427 Beyoğlu/İstanbul Tel: +90-4440708 Yurtdışı Fiyatı: 10 Avro Kıbrıs Fiyatı: 20 TL Fiyatı: 15 TL (KDV Dahil) Cover photo Protesters gather in Tahrir Square on February 1, 2011. Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Image Revolutionary Marxism 2017 CONTENTS In this issue 5 The rise of proto-fascism and the struggle against it Sungur Savran The great challenge: Winning the working 11 class back from ideological irredentism Tamás Krausz An updated, second edition of the 27 Horthy regime in Hungary Ewa Groszewska The new Polish government: 37 Anti-neoliberal but anti-left profile first Class struggles across the world Savas Michael-Matsas The French Spring and the crisis in Europe 43 Balkan Socialist Center Against austerity, fascism, war, 65 “Christian Rakovsky” environmental catastrophe, and barbarism, and RedMed fight for international socialism! Historical materialist analysis of Islamism Burak Gürel Islamism: A comparative-historical overview 77 Mustafa Kemal Coşkun The class bases of political articulation: 102 Islamism in Turkey Reassessing the Soviet experience Özgür Öztürk Economic background of the 121 collapse of the Soviet Union In this issue Revolutionary Marxism is a brand new journal of theory with quite a long history.
    [Show full text]
  • ISCHE 2014 Book of Abstracts
    i Published 2014 by ISCHE. ISSN 2313-1837 These abstracts are set in Baskerville Old Face, designed in 1757 by John Baskerville in Birmingham, UK. A writing master, businessman, printer and type designer, he conducted experiments to improve legibility which also included paper making and ink manufacturing. In 1758, he was appointed printer to Cambridge University Press, and despite his personal Atheism, printed a folio Bible in 1763. His typefaces were greatly admired for their simplicity and refinement by Pierre Simon Fournier, and Giambattista Bodoni. Benjamin Franklin, printer and fellow member of the Royal Society of Arts, took the designs to the US, where they were adopted for most federal Government publishing. Baskerville type was revived in 1917 by Harvard University Press and may nowadays be found in Microsoft Word. ii Contents Welcome p. iii Acknowledgements p. viii Conference theme p. x Keynotes: biographies and abstracts p. xi Early career bursaries p. xiv Brian Simon bursaries p. xv Guide to using abstract book p. xvi Abstracts of papers p. 1 (In alphabetical order of authors) Synopses of panels p. 385 (In order of sessions presented at conference) Name index / list of presenters p. 422 iii Welcome To all delegates at ISCHE 36 – a very warm welcome to London! We are looking forward very much indeed to hosting this great event, exploring the immense theme of education, war and peace. My thanks go first of all to the ISCHE executive committee for supporting this event, to the UK History of Education Society as the national hosts, and to the Institute of Education at the University of London for the use of its extensive facilities for the conference.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Alberta
    University of Alberta Making Magyars, Creating Hungary: András Fáy, István Bezerédj and Ödön Beöthy’s Reform-Era Contributions to the Development of Hungarian Civil Society by Eva Margaret Bodnar A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics © Eva Margaret Bodnar Spring 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract The relationship between magyarization and Hungarian civil society during the reform era of Hungarian history (1790-1848) is the subject of this dissertation. This thesis examines the cultural and political activities of three liberal oppositional nobles: András Fáy (1786-1864), István Bezerédj (1796-1856) and Ödön Beöthy (1796-1854). These three men were chosen as the basis of this study because of their commitment to a two- pronged approach to politics: they advocated greater cultural magyarization in the multiethnic Hungarian Kingdom and campaigned to extend the protection of the Hungarian constitution to segments of the non-aristocratic portion of the Hungarian population.
    [Show full text]
  • Trianon 1920–2020 Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920
    Trianon 1920–2020 Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920 TRIANON 1920–2020 SOME ASPECTS OF THE HUNGARIAN PEACE TREATY OF 1920 Edited by Róbert Barta – Róbert Kerepeszki – Krzysztof Kania in co-operation with Ádám Novák Debrecen, 2021 Published by The Debreceni Universitas Nonprofit Közhasznú Kft. and the University of Debrecen, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of History Refereed by Levente Püski Proofs read by Máté Barta Desktop editing, layout and cover design by Zoltán Véber Járom Kulturális Egyesület A könyv megjelenését a Nemzeti Kulturális Alap támomgatta. The publish of the book is supported by The National Cultural Fund of Hungary ISBN 978-963-490-129-9 © University of Debrecen, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of History, 2021 © Debreceni Universitas Nonprofit Közhasznú Kft., 2021 © The Authors, 2021 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Printed by Printart-Press Kft., Debrecen Managing Director: Balázs Szabó Cover design: A contemporary map of Europe after the Great War CONTENTS Foreword and Acknowledgements (RÓBERT BARTA) ..................................7 TRIANON AND THE POST WWI INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MANFRED JATZLAUK, Deutschland und der Versailler Friedensvertrag von 1919 .......................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • 56 Stories Desire for Freedom and the Uncommon Courage with Which They Tried to Attain It in 56 Stories 1956
    For those who bore witness to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, it had a significant and lasting influence on their lives. The stories in this book tell of their universal 56 Stories desire for freedom and the uncommon courage with which they tried to attain it in 56 Stories 1956. Fifty years after the Revolution, the Hungar- ian American Coalition and Lauer Learning 56 Stories collected these inspiring memoirs from 1956 participants through the Freedom- Fighter56.com oral history website. The eyewitness accounts of this amazing mod- Edith K. Lauer ern-day David vs. Goliath struggle provide Edith Lauer serves as Chair Emerita of the Hun- a special Hungarian-American perspective garian American Coalition, the organization she and pass on the very spirit of the Revolu- helped found in 1991. She led the Coalition’s “56 Stories” is a fascinating collection of testimonies of heroism, efforts to promote NATO expansion, and has incredible courage and sacrifice made by Hungarians who later tion of 1956 to future generations. been a strong advocate for maintaining Hun- became Americans. On the 50th anniversary we must remem- “56 Stories” contains 56 personal testimo- garian education and culture as well as the hu- ber the historical significance of the 1956 Revolution that ex- nials from ’56-ers, nine stories from rela- man rights of 2.5 million Hungarians who live posed the brutality and inhumanity of the Soviets, and led, in due tives of ’56-ers, and a collection of archival in historic national communities in countries course, to freedom for Hungary and an untold number of others.
    [Show full text]
  • A SZEGEDI GONDOLAT Írta : GRÓF KLEBELSBERG KUNO
    A SZEGEDI GONDOLAT írta : GRÓF KLEBELSBERG KUNO „Ezer éve, hogy e nemzet Itt magának hazát szerzett, És ha jőne most halála, A jövendő mit találna, Mi neki arról beszélne, Hogy itt hajdan magyar éle ?" (Petőfi : A magyar nemzet) műalkotások, melyeket az Iparművészet e bír, aminek különösen politikailag nyughatatlan A száma ismertet, a szegedi gondolat jegyében időkben, mozgalmak vagy éppen forradalom ide- jöttek létre. A szegedi gondolatot pedig nem jén van fokozott jelentősége, mikor — megfelelő puszta városszeretet, afféle lokálpatriotizmus, vidéki központok hiányában — a főváros köny- nem is alföldi partikularizmus sugallta, hanem nyebben felhevülő közhangulata minden ellen- egyik szerves alkotórésze az egy egységes nemzeti állás nélkül ragadhatja magával és döntheti koncepciónak. Hiszen csak az olyan politika kalandba az egész országot. Hiába ekkora népes- lehet üdvös valamely országra nézve, amelynél ség megkívántatik ahhoz, hogy egy város művelő- a különféle célok nem tervszerűtlenül hemzseg- dési, társadalmi és gazdasági téren igazi góc- nek, hanem a kisebb-nagyobb részcélok össze- ponttá, a maga országrészében, régiójában irá- függő rendszert alkotnak, a maguk összeségében nyító tényezővé válhasson s mint külön város- tervszerű egészet képeznek. Ebből az emelkedet- egyéniség önálló szerepet tölthessen be a tebb szempontból igyekszem az alábbi sorokban nemzet életében. E hiány részbeni pótlására megmutatni, hogy a szegedi műalkotások és a igyekszünk megteremteni Nagy-Szegedet. szegedi gondolat mint illeszkednek be egy maga- Magának
    [Show full text]
  • Rivista Di Studi Ungheresi”
    12 – 2013 Copyright © 2013 Sapienza Università Editrice Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 – 00185 Roma www.editricesapienza.it [email protected] ISSN 1125-520X Iscrizione Registro Operatori Comunicazione n. 11420 La traduzione, l’adattamento totale o parziale, la riproduzione con qualsiasi mezzo (compresi microfilm, film, fotocopie), nonché la memorizzazione elettronica, sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. L’editore è a disposizione degli aventi diritto con i quali non è stato possibile comunicare, per eventuali involontarie omissioni o inesattezze nella citazione delle fonti e/o delle foto. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All eligible parties, if not previously approached, can ask directly the publisher in case of unintentional omissions or incorrect quotes of sources and/of photos. Finito di stampare nel mese di luglio 2013 presso il Centro Stampa Università Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5 – 00185 Roma INDICE I. Atti del Convegno in memoria di Tibor Klaniczay al 20o anniversario della sua scomparsa 7 Programma del convegno 9 Riccardo Scrivano, Rinascimento e manierismo nel pensiero 10 di Tibor Klaniczay László Szörényi, Tibor Klaniczay, rinnovatore degli studi sulla 12 letteratura ungherese antica Péter Sárközy, Un grande italianista ungherese: Tibor Klaniczay 18 Gabriella Miggiano, Tibor Klaniczay e l'Umanesimo 29 italiano nel contesto europeo Andrea Ubrizsy Savoia, Giardino rinascimentale versus Orto Botanico 60 Miklós Boda, Le ricerche biliografiche di József Koller (1745-1832), 78 studioso di Janus Pannonius, in Italia II.
    [Show full text]