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Li He Institute for Sustainable Industry and Liveable Cities Victoria University Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements Of AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND RESIDENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE IN TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN TRANSITION IN CHINA: A CASE STUDY OF YANGSHUO, GUANGXI PROVINCE Li He (B.A. Business Administration; M.Sc. Tourism Management) Institute for Sustainable Industry and Liveable Cities Victoria University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2019 Preface The first time I went to Yangshuo was with my family back in 2007. The beautiful views, the Liu Sanjie music show, and extremely busy West Street all left a strong impression on me. I was delighted that I had the opportunity to return to this place and to get to know its people in more depth during my PhD study. It is an absolutely different feeling to have a hands-on experience of something. When you read about the impacts of tourism on people’s quality of life in a textbook or journal article, it’s a more holistic view. But when you have actually been in the place and spoken to people, seen the smiles on their faces, heard their voices, shared their emotions and noticed the changes, it is very different. I realised, not simply understood, how tourism has changed people’s lives, made them happy, or made them worried. Talking to the residents and getting to know each of them made them no longer a number in the statistical analysis - the quantity matters, and each individual also matters. One thing I am sure about is that without tourism, their lives would be very different. This study was conducted to determine residents’ perceived quality of life; to understand their opinions, emotions and perceptions. Their answers to my questions and their statements contained their emotions, attitudes and perceptions. My interviews were undertaken in Mandarin, and many of my participants’ powerful words lost their power or effect when I translated them into English, due to my translation skills which are not at a professional level. This is a big pity. Another unfortunate aspect is that due to the length, the methodology and the focus of the thesis, I cannot share the whole stories of my participants. However, I hope the snapshots in this thesis can help you to imagine and feel the life of Yangshuo residents living between blue rivers and green lotus. Li He, Melbourne, 27 July 2019 ii Yangshuo 1961 (Photographer unknown. Provided by Yangshuo Tourism Bureau) Yangshuo 2005 (Photographer unknown. Provided by Yangshuo Tourism Bureau) Yangshuo 2014 (Photo taken by Hongsheng Liao. Provided by Yangshuo Tourism Bureau) iii Abstract Tourism, as an instrument to eliminate poverty in rural communities globally, has attracted great academic attention for over a decade. One of the key topics in tourism impact research is how tourism influences local residents’ quality of life, which has been studied intensively using a quantitative approach. However, while correlations between tourism impacts and residents’ quality of life were evidenced by numerous case studies, our understanding of what influences the links between the two remains limited. This gap restrains the effectiveness of using tourism to improve residents’ quality of life in the process of developing the economy in the destination community. Additionally, as quality of life is a highly-contextualised concept, there is a call for more studies to be undertaken on tourism-related quality of life in different cultural contexts, including China. To address the need to understand the factors ‘bridging’ tourism impacts and residents’ quality of life, the presented study conducted a case study in the first tourism destination that was opened to international visitors in China, Yangshuo County, Guangxi Province. The study aimed to identify the important domains of quality of life among residents in Yangshuo and their perceived tourism impacts, explore the links between residents’ quality of life and tourism development from different perspectives of various tourism stakeholders, and understand residents’ expectation of improved quality of life and tourism development in the long term. A qualitative case study methodology was applied. Over 45 residents, government representatives and tourism stakeholders were interviewed during June and July 2015. The key findings include the following: 1. Interviewed residents’ perceived quality of life domains include family and family culture, material and environmental well-being, employment, income and living cost, community identity and social interaction, public service and safety, lifestyle and freedom and sense of security. Tourism was perceived to contribute to the enhancement of these residents’ quality of life throughout the years, especially in the material and environmental well-being and employment iv and income life domains. However, these residents perceived a reduced satisfaction degree towards environmental well-being and sense of security for future income due to the recent tourism development in Yangshuo. 2. The perceived economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts of tourism in Yangshuo were similar to existing tourism impact case studies. More positive economic impacts were perceived while more negative environmental impacts were identified. There were diverse views in some impacts, influenced by personal level factors. However, different from what literature suggests, these residents were supportive of tourism development in Yangshuo regardless of their household dependence on the tourism industry, which might be explained by the theory of place attachment. 3. Triple “bridges” composed of Tian (Time), Di (Place), Ren (People) as well as opportunities affected by policy and other tourism stakeholders were identified as links between tourism and residents’ quality of life. The bridges illustrated how the timing of tourism development, the destination characteristics and people-people interactions determined how residents’ perceived tourism impacts on their quality of life. The declining residents’ quality of life was primarily associated with the decrease in opportunities, including their capability to access future income. Policy change was seen as the principal cause. However, from the government’s and other interviewed stakeholders’ perspectives, the re-structure of opportunities in Yangshuo was key to its sustainable tourism development and the realisation of residents’ expectations. Based on these findings, a theoretical framework was developed to describe tourism impacts and perceived quality of life through bridges, opportunities and factors influencing opportunities. The implications of the findings and the conceptual framework to a broader community, the limitations of this study and future research recommendations are provided in this thesis. v Doctor of Philosophy Declaration “I, Li He, declare that the PhD thesis entitled An Integrated Framework Of Tourism Development And Residents' Quality Of Life In Tourism Destinations In Transition In China: A Case Study Of Yangshuo, Guangxi Province is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work”. Signature Date vi Acknowledgements My PhD at Victoria University, Australia, has been a long journey of curious discovery, academic learning, professional growth and, especially, self-discovery and self- breakthrough. My study attempted to address an important research problem that matters to the broad communities. The completion of this thesis attempted to answer an important question that only matters to me –– can I overcome my perfectionism and procrastination? I am so glad that the answer to the latter question is “YES”. I would like to thank the many people responsible for where I am today. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my principal supervisor, Professor Terry DeLacy, and my co-supervisor, Dr Min Jiang, for their constant guidance, encouragement, mentorship and support during this journey. I have experienced many challenges due to my own personality weaknesses or changes in my life. Without Terry and Min’s invaluable support and supervision, I would not have been able to overcome these difficulties and have the thesis submitted today. Additionally, they shared with me not only their knowledge in research but also wisdom in being a good and responsible person. Terry and Min helped me through the toughest times. They gave me the confidence to believe in myself. I cannot show enough gratitude to both of them. I would like to acknowledge Victoria University for providing a fee waiver essential to pursue my PhD degree. I also would like to thank ORTQI (previously named Office for Postgraduate Research) for providing research training, support and various assistance. I would also like to thank my tourism colleagues at the university for their invaluable advice and help. Yangshuo was the case study location for this thesis. Many people in Yangshuo supported and helped me with my data collection, especially all my participants, who gave me their time and generously shared their experiences and thoughts. I cannot list vii their names for confidentiality reasons, but I would like to acknowledge their important contribution to my successful data collection. Above all, and although I doubt if any of them, apart from my partner, will read my thesis, I would like to give special
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