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Section I: Power Engineering Federal Agency of Education Public Educational Institution of High Professional Education Tomsk Polytechnic University Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Electric Devices Society (EDS) Proceedings of the 16th International Scientific and Practical Conference of Students, Post-graduates and Young Scientists MODERN TECHNIQUE AND TECHNOLOGIES MTT’ 2010 April 12 - 16, 2010 TOMSK, RUSSIA 1 UDK 62.001.05 (063) BBK 30. 1L. 0 S568 Russia, Tomsk, April 12 - 16, 2010 The twenty second International Scientific and Practical Conference of Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists “Modern Techniques and Technologies” (MTT’2010), Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University. – Tomsk: TPU Press, 2010.- 234 p. Copyright and Reprint Permission: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For other copying, reprint or republication permission, write to IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Operations Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855- 1331. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2010 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Editorial board of proceedings of the conference in English: 1. Zolnikova L.M., Academic Secretary of the Conference 2. Sidorova O.V., leading expert of a department SRWM S&YS SA 3. Golubeva K.A., UDK 62.001.5 (63) IEEE Catalog Number: 04EX773 ISBN: 0-7803-8226-9 Library of Congress: 2003113476 2 CONFERENCE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE V.A. Vlasov Chairman of Scientific Program Committee, ViceRector on Research, Professor, Tomsk, Russia L.M. Zolnikova Academic Secretary of the Conference, TPU, Tomsk, Russia O.V. Sidorova Academic Secretary of the Conference, TPU, Tomsk, Russia A.A. Sivkov 1th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia V.F. Votyakov 2th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia B.B. Moyzes 3th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia O.P. Muravliov 4th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia G.S. Evtushenko 5th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia B.S. Zenin 6th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia A.M. Malyshenko 7th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia A.P. Potylitsyn 8th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia V.K. Kuleshov 9th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia A.S. Zavorin 10th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia M.S. Kukhta 11th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia A.A. Gromov 12th Section Chairman, TPU, Tomsk, Russia 3 4 Section I POWER ENGINEERING 5 XVI Modern Technique and Technologies 2010 MAGNETIC FIELD INFLUENCE ON AN EXPLOSIVE-EMISSIVE PLASMA EXPANSION SPEED Yulia I. Isakova, G. E. Kholodnaya Research supervisor: A.I. Pushkarev, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia e-mail: [email protected] I. INTRODUCTION temperature plasma with high ionization level as Modernizing of engineering products is well. difficult without the application of new progressive The purpose of this work is to investigate an technological processes, which allow the explosive emission plasma expansion speed in increasing of the life and reliability of components the planar diode, at the point of electron beam and connections under very severe operating formation and during the ion beam generation in conditions. Powerful ion beam irradiation a magnetically insulated ion diode. provides heating and cooling of boundary layers II. EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION of a treated item at a rate of more than 107 K/s. Investigations were conducted at accelerator This allows compounds and structures to be TEMP-4M (modification of accelerator TEMP-4 realized in surface layers, which cannot be made [3]. To conduct experiments on the cathode by traditional industrial methods. As a result, the plasma expansion speed in the electron diode, characteristics of materials change: solidity, the TEU-500 pulsed electron accelerator was strength, and wear resistance. While the used [4]. operational characteristics of items made from To measure the total current consumed by the these materials improve also. For wide, industrial diode connection, a Rogowski coil with a reverse implementation of the modification methods of coil was used. The voltage at the potential boundary layers by high-power ion beams, a electrode was measured by a resistive voltage reliable and economical powerful ion beam divider. The recording of the electric signals source with long operational life is necessary. coming from sensors was performed on a The effective generation of powerful ion Tektronix 3052B oscilloscope (500 MHz, 5·109 beams became possible when two important measurements per second). problems were solved: (i) suppression of the Shown in Fig. 1 is a typical oscilloscope trace electronic component of diode current and (ii) of the voltage on the potential electrode and of formation of a solid plasma on the anode surface. the load impedance (Accelerator:TEMP-4M). То solve the problem of solid plasma formation on the anode surface, in 1980 Logachev, Remnev and Usov first suggested using the phenomenon of explosive electron emission [1]. In spite of much progress in powerful ion beam generation, many processes in an ion diode with magnetic self-insulation and with an explosive emission anode have not been researched enough. In particular, there is no experimental information about the effect of duration of solid emissive surface formation on anode and plasma extension velocity. As for the generation of an electron beam, the planar diodes with explosive emission cathodes are widely used. Whenever the micro explosions Fig.1. (1) Oscilloscope traces of voltage and occur, the plasma forms at the cathode. One of (2) calculated values of impedance. the most important processes accompanying the generation of electron beam in diode with the III. BASIC CALCULATION EQUATIONS explosive emission cathode is the expansion of An analysis of plasma behavior in the anode- cathode plasma [2]. As soon as the anode- cathode gap was performed based on the cathode gap is blocked the generation of the current-voltage characteristics of the diode. The electron beam stops. The dynamics investigation electron and ion current densities flowing through of explosive emission plasma expansion the diode in the mode restricted by volume represents an interest not only for the developers charge are determined by the following of high-current electron accelerators. It is also expressions [5]: interesting for the study of the behavior of low- 6 Section I: Power Engineering 2/3 2/3 ε 24 e U − U of magnetic field on the expansion dynamics of electron J 0 ⋅=⋅= 1033.2 6 e 2 2 (1) explosive-emission plasma within the A-C gap. At current 9 me d0 d0 PIB generation, the reduction of the expansion of 2/3 ion ε 0 24 zi U explosive emission plasma is a useful effect, J ion ⋅= (2) current 9 m d )( 2 which decreases the possibility of gap bridging by i 0 plasma. where U is the voltage applied to the diode; d0 is the anode-cathode gap, me is electron mass; mi is ionic mass; zi is ionic charge. Taking into account the reduction of anode- cathode gap due to expansion of plasma from the emissive surface of the potential electrode, the electron current density is equal to: 2/3 − U tJ ⋅= 1033.2)( 6 (3) e d − vt)( 2 0 where v is plasma expansion velocity. If the diode operates in the mode of volumetric charge limitation, then from correlation (3), we obtain the cathode plasma expansion speed as: −6 2/3 1033.21 0 ⋅⋅⋅ US Fig.2. Change of explosive emission plasma tv )( d0 −= (4) t I speed during mode of volumetric charge e limitation in electron diode with graphite and where S0 is the square area of potential electrode copper cathodes and in ion diode (planar and (cathode during negative pulsed) of diode. This focusing) with cathode composed of graphite, correlation is used further down in the calculation aluminum and copper. of plasma expansion speed. Two modes of diode operation can be pointed CONCLUSION out: discrete emission surface mode and space The performed high-time resolution charge limitation mode. investigations of speed dynamics of explosive IV. DISCRETE SURFACE EMISSION MODE emission plasma expansion in the diode showed that after the formation of solid plasma surface on Operation of the magnetically self-isolated the cathode and prior to the end of pulse the diode at the first (negative) pulse and during the plasma speed does not change and equals 2±0.5 pause between pulses (see Fig. 1) is analogous cm/μs for cathode made of graphite and carbon to the operating mode of a planar diode with fiber, 4±0.5 cm/μs for copper cathode. The explosive emission cathode at electron beam investigations have been performed for various generation. anode-cathode gaps and cathode diameters. Our research shows that in the discrete Through these experiments, we have found that surface emission mode, the magnetic field the magnetically insulated diode expansion rate influence on plasma dynamics in the A-C gap is of cathode plasma (graphite, Al, Cu) across the insignificant. The duration of plasma solid surface anode-cathode gap is significantly lower than the formation on the cathode is proportionate to its expansion rate of plasma in electron diodes with area. This is true for the explosive emission explosive emission cathodes. cathode in the electron diode (without magnetic field) and in the ion diode with magnetic self- REFERENCES insulation of electrons. 1 E.I. Logachev, G.E. Remnev and Y.P. Usov, V. SPACE CHARGE LIMITATION MODE Techn. Phys. Lett., vol. 6, no. 22, pp. 1404–1406, Nov. 1980. After covering the potential electrode surface 2 A.I. Pushkarev and R.V. Sazonov, IEEE with plasma, the total diode current is limited only by the vacuum electron charge in the anode- Trans.
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