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Sketches of Russian Mires / Streiflichter Auf Die Moore Russlands 255- 321 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; Download Unter ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Stapfia Jahr/Year: 2005 Band/Volume: 0085 Autor(en)/Author(s): Minayeva T., Sirin A. Artikel/Article: Sketches of Russian Mires / Streiflichter auf die Moore Russlands 255- 321 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Sketches of Russian Mires Edited by T. MINAYEVA & A. SIRIN Introduction and low destruction on the other (high hu- midity, but low temperature). This situation Russia is not commonly associated with is typical for Russia's boreal zone, where, in mires. In countries such as Finland or Ire- some regions, mires cover over 50% of the land, mires cover a greater proportion of the land surface (Fig. 1). All possible combina- country's territory and play a more signifi- tions of geomorphologic, climatic, and pale- cant role in its social and economic life. In ogeorgaphic factors across the territory of Russia, mires cover about 8% of the coun- Russia, the world's largest country, result in try's area, and, together with paludified great variation of mire types. lands, account for 20% of its territory (VOM- Mires became a part of land use and cul- PERSKY et al. 1999). However, there are few ture in many regions, and objects of thor- places in the world where one finds such a ough interest for different branches of sci- high diversity of mire types and biogeo- ence. Knowledge of mires in Russia was ini- graphical variations. tiated by German and Dutch experience Mire distribution is distinctly connected (Peatlands of Russia ... 2001, SlRIN & Ml- with bioclimatic zones and subzones. Opti- NAYEVA 2003), but later Russia contributed mum conditions for paludification are to the world brilliant ideas and unique ex- perience in mire study. reached when there is equilibrium between conditions suitable for high production on The origin of mire science is rather pro- one hand (high humidity and temperature), saic and materialistic. In southern areas, Stapfia 85, zugleich Kataloge der OÖ. Landesmuseen Photo 1: A vast expanse of Western Siberian mires. Photo by A.SIRIN. Neue Serie 35 (2005), 255-321 255 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Fig. 1: Peatlands in Russia (peat depths people were in need of arable lands and be- over the course of 20 years, beginning in over 30 cm), percent coverage gan to drain mires to use them for haying 1875. Results were published in a number of (source: VOMPERSKY et al. 1999). and pasturing. In northern areas, where editions (ZHILINSKY 1875, AVGUSTINOVITCH there were too many mires, people drained 1885, VlKHLYAEV 1914 etc.). The expedi- mires to create roads and to protect pastures tions drained large territories, improved the and arable lands from the lateral expansion microclimates of hard-to-reach paludified of mires and from land paludification. In areas, and built roads. During that period, some regions, there was a deficit of timber the inundation of many rivers in European for fuel and people burned peat. The afore- Russia changed, and some experts attributed mentioned examples of direct mire use are this to the reclamation work. The problem known to have existed in Russia since the attracted public attention and launched a seventeenth century. In the eighteenth cen- broad discussion on the hydrological role of tury, peat was already widely used both as a mires, which eventually promoted mire re- fertilizer and as a fuel. In the second half of search. the nineteenth century, mires were already considered to be a land resource, which Research on peat and mires became a stimulated investigations of them as objects rapidly developing branch of science. Sig- of nature. nificant contributions were made by publi- cations of famous researchers such as TAN- Two state-organized expeditions in the F1L1EV (1888), SUKATCHEV (1914), and DOK- nineteenth century- were very important for TUROVSKl (1915). In 1914, the first issue of mire research and for the development of a new scientific journal, «ToptJWHOe fle/lO» mire reclamation methods. The Western ex- (Peat Business), was published. Two peat re- pedition, or Polesskaya, which was led by search institutes were soon established: the General Iosif Zhilinslcv, worked in the Peat Research Institute (1921) and the Ukrainian and Byelams Polessye and in cen- Teaching Peat Institute (1922). During the tral European Russia. The Northern expedi- Soviet period, peat studies were very pro- tion, which was led by Ivan Avgustinovich, ductive. It should be noted, especially for worked in northern and north-western Eu- readers outside of Russia, that VLADIMIR ropean Russia and in what are now the LENIN, who would later become the head of Baltic states. The aforementioned expedi- the first Soviet Russian government, read tions carried out large-scale investigations the book by Vladimir SUKATCHEV, "Mires: 256 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Genesis, Development, and Features", in (1948, 1971) became classical works famil- October 1917, and shortly after the revolu- iar to mire scientists in Russia and abroad. tion promoted and supported mire research Published in 1940, and later revised and re- and exploitation. published in 1949 and 1976, a book by Sergei TYUREMNOV became a reference for A national policy for mire research and many beginning and experienced mire sci- use was created. The Russian government entists. The latest review of mire diversity in established the State Peat Committee as Russia that was made available to foreign early as spring 1918; peatland inventory was readers was prepared by BOTCH & MASING launched in Russia; and field surveys of peat (1983); this review was based on their Russ- deposits in the central part of Russia were carried out. A special decree "On peatlands" ian book published in 1979. YURKOVSKAYA was issued in 1922 and thus promoted the (1992) reviewed the subject based on results development of standardized peatlands in- of recent studies and presented it in a num- ventory and monitoring across the country. ber of maps published in Russia and abroad. Since 1940, the peatlands depositary has ex- Botanists and geobotanists in the former isted as an autonomous organization, and in Mire Science Society (within the All- 1980 it was integrated into the geological Union Botanical Society) contributed much depositary. Presently, the peat depository is to mire science. For many years an unique database covering a great majori- (1971-1998) the head of the Mire Science ty of peatlands. It includes mire mapping, Society was Marina Botch. Society activi- characteristics of peat deposits, and sketch- ties included monthly seminars and bienni- es on their vegetation and hydrology. Regu- al field excursions, which were associated lar inventories and publications based on with symposia and thematic workshops and standardized national surveys offered broad followed by publications (Nature of mires ... possibilities for peatlands studies. 1967, Main principles ... 1972, Mire types of the USSR ... 1974, Genesis and dynam- Later on, the development of Russian ics ... 1978, Mires and mire berries 1979, mire science was focused on special aspects Anthropogenic changes ... 1985, Methods of mires' natural functions and components, of mire study... 1986, Peatland resources ... from the points of view of geobotany, hy- 1989, Structure and development ... 1989, drology, landscape ecology, etc. The land- Mires of protected areas ... 1991). The last scape complex approach to mire research, (eleventh) field seminar-excursion was held which is typical for the Russian school and during the waning days of the Soviet Union, was developed by BOGDANOVSKAYA- in August 1991, in the Tsentralno-Lesnoi GUIENEUF (1969), GALKINA (1946), MAS- Biosphere Nature Reserve in Tver Oblast ING (1974) and others, is very productive (in the European part of Russia). and well known among mire specialists. The Russian school of mire hydrology, which was Over the last decade, a number of col- presented by DUBACH (1936, 1944), IVANOV lective studies were published. They includ- (1953,1957,1975,1981), ROMANOV (1961, ed an analysis and clarification of peat cov- 1968a,b) and others, is considered to be the erage in Russia (VOMPERSKY et al. 1994, foundation of mire hydrology all over the 1999), investigations of mires in several re- world. gions of the country (Mire systems of West- The period 1950-1970 was very produc- ern Siberia 2001, etc.), analyses of available tive as far as the geographical scope of stud- information on mires (Peatlands of Russia ies was concerned. Numerous expeditions in ... 2001) and others. Collective discussions mires were carried out in different regions of on issues such as the wise use of peatlands the country. A comprehensive description (Mires and paludified forests ... 1999) and of regional mire types was given for example the role of mires in the carbon cycle and cli- by PYAVCHENKO (1955,1958) and later sum- mate change (Dynamics of mire ecosystems marized in (1963,1985). Beginning in 1930, ... 1998, Western Siberian peatlands ... mire type distribution and zonation became 2001) were organized. As a result of collab- regular subjects of mire surveys. Well known oration between experts in different sectors, reviews by ZlNSERLING (1932) and KATZ an Action Plan for Peatland Conservation 257 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at and Use in Russia (2003) was compiled and AVGUSDNOVICH I.K. (1885): ABrycntHOsm M. K. KpaTOtii approved. Broad information exchange on ofcop 60J10T M MX ocyiuemie Ha cesepe Pocom. CTI6., 1885. 19 c. (A brief review of mires and mire problems of mire research, use, and conser- reclamation in northern Russia. — St. Peters- vation has been promoted on the website burg: 1-19. In Russian). www.peatlands.ru. BOGDANOVSKAYA-GUIENEUF I.D. (1969): EorflaHO- Describing mires in Russia is tanta- M.fl. 3axoHouepHOcni (popunpoBaHMsi 60J10T BepxoBoro Tuna Ha npnuepe mount to embracing an ocean. In this chap- nojiMCTOBo-JloaaTCKoro MaccnBa. JlennHrpaa: Hayxa, ter, we tried to synthesiie the experiences of JleHKHrp.
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