Unified Register of Measures of State Support for Business Activities in Tomsk Region
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Results in I and II Cycles of the Internet Music Competition 2014
Results in I and II cycles of the Internet Music Competition 2014 I cycle: Duo, chamber ensemble, piano ensemble, choir, orchestra, percussion II cycle: Piano, bassoon, flute, french horn, clarinet, oboe, saxophone, trombone, trumpet, tube Internet Music Competition which passes completely through the Internet and it is unique event since its inception. In first and second cycles of the contest in 2014, was attended by 914 contestants from 22 countries and 198 cities from 272 schools: I cycle: "Duo" – 56 contestants "Piano Ensemble" – 94 contestants "Chamber Ensemble" – 73 contestants "Choir" – 23 contestants "Orchestra" – 28 contestant "Percussion "– 13 contestants. II cycle: "Piano" – 469 contestants "Bassoon" – 7 contestants "Flute" – 82 contestants "French horn" – 3 contestants "Clarinet" – 17 contestants "Oboe" – 8 contestants "Saxophone" – 27 contestants "Trombone" – 2 contestants "Trumpet" – 9 contestants "Tube" – 3 contestants The jury was attended by 37 musicians from 13 countries, many of whom are eminent teachers, musicians and artists who teach at prestigious music institutions are soloists and play in the top 10 best orchestras and opera houses. The winners of the first cycle in Masters Final Internet Music Competition 2014: "Duo" – Djamshid Saidkarimov, Pak Artyom (Tashkent, Uzbekistan) "Piano Ensemble" – Koval Ilya, Koval Yelissey (Karaganda, Kazakhstan) "Chamber Ensemble" – Creative Quintet (Sanok, Poland) "Choir" – Womens Choir Ave musiсa HGEU (Odessa, Ukraine) "Orchestra" – “Victoria” (Samara, Russia) "Percussion" – -
Becoming Global and the New Poverty of Cities
USAID FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE BECOMING GLOBAL AND THE NEW POVER Comparative Urban Studies Project BECOMING GLOBAL AND THE NEW POVERTY OF CITIES TY OF CITIES This publication is made possible through support provided by the Urban Programs Team Edited by of the Office of Poverty Reduction in the Bureau of Economic Growth, Agriculture and Trade, U.S. Agency for International Development under the terms of the Cooperative Lisa M. Hanley Agreement No. GEW-A-00-02-00023-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of the Blair A. Ruble authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the Woodrow Wilson Center. Joseph S. Tulchin Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 1300 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20004 Tel. (202) 691-4000 Fax (202) 691-4001 www.wilsoncenter.org BECOMING GLOBAL AND THE NEW POVERTY OF CITIES Edited by Lisa M. Hanley, Blair A. Ruble, and Joseph S. Tulchin Comparative Urban Studies Project Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ©2005 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC www.wilsoncenter.org Cover image: ©Howard Davies/Corbis Comparative Urban Studies Project BECOMING GLOBAL AND THE NEW POVERTY OF CITIES Edited by Lisa M. Hanley, Blair A. Ruble, and Joseph S. Tulchin WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Lee H. Hamilton, President and Director BOARD OF TRUSTEES Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Chair; David A. Metzner, Vice Chair. Public Members: James H. Billington, The Librarian of Congress; Bruce Cole, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities; Michael O. Leavitt, The Secretary, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Condoleezza Rice, The Secretary, U.S. -
History of Radiation and Nuclear Disasters in the Former USSR
History of radiation and nuclear disasters in the former USSR M.V.Malko Institute of Power Engineering National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Akademicheskaya Str.15, Minsk, 220 000, Republic of Belarus E-mail: [email protected] Abstracts. The report describes the history of radiation and nuclear accidents in the former USSR. These accidents accompanied development of military and civilian use of nuclear energy. Some of them as testing of the first Soviet nuclear, Kyshtym radiation accident, radiation contamination of the Karachai lake and the Techa river, nuclear accidents at the Soviet submarine on August 10, 1985 in the Chazhma Bay (near Vladivostok) as well as nuclear accidents on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl NPP were of large scale causing significant radiological problems for many hundreds thousands of people. There were a number of important reasons of these and other accidents. The most important among them were time pressure by development of nuclear weapon, an absence of required financial and material means for adequate management of problems of nuclear and radiation safety, and inadequate understanding of harmful interaction of ionizing radiation on organism as well as a hypersecrecy by realization of projects of military and civilian use of nuclear energy in the former USSR. Introduction. The first nuclear reactor in the USSR reached the critical state on the 25 December 1946 [1] or 4 years later than reactor constructed by Enrico Fermi [2]. The first Soviet reactor was developed at the Laboratory N2 in Moscow (later I.V.Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy). This was a very important step in a realization of the Soviet military atomic program that began in September 1942. -
Nuclear Status Report Additional Nonproliferation Resources
NUCLEAR NUCLEAR WEAPONS, FISSILE MATERIAL, AND STATUS EXPORT CONTROLS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION REPORT NUMBER 6 JUNE 2001 RUSSIA BELARUS RUSSIA UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN JON BROOK WOLFSTHAL, CRISTINA-ASTRID CHUEN, EMILY EWELL DAUGHTRY EDITORS NUCLEAR STATUS REPORT ADDITIONAL NONPROLIFERATION RESOURCES From the Non-Proliferation Project Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Russia’s Nuclear and Missile Complex: The Human Factor in Proliferation Valentin Tikhonov Repairing the Regime: Preventing the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction with Routledge Joseph Cirincione, editor The Next Wave: Urgently Needed Steps to Control Warheads and Fissile Materials with Harvard University’s Project on Managing the Atom Matthew Bunn The Rise and Fall of START II: The Russian View Alexander A. Pikayev From the Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies The Chemical Weapons Convention: Implementation Challenges and Solutions Jonathan Tucker, editor International Perspectives on Ballistic Missile Proliferation and Defenses Scott Parish, editor Tactical Nuclear Weapons: Options for Control UN Institute for Disarmament Research William Potter, Nikolai Sokov, Harald Müller, and Annette Schaper Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes Updated by Tariq Rauf, Mary Beth Nikitin, and Jenni Rissanen Russian Strategic Modernization: Past and Future Rowman & Littlefield Nikolai Sokov NUCLEAR NUCLEAR WEAPONS, FISSILE MATERIAL, AND STATUS EXPORT CONTROLS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION REPORT NUMBER 6 JUNE -
TOMSK REGION (Structure of the Electronic Investment Card) 1
TOMSK REGION (structure of the electronic investment card) 1. General Information 1.1. Historical Review 1.2. Geographical Location 1.3. Population 1.4. Natural Resources 1.5. Transport Infrastructure 2. Social and Economic Development of the Region 2.1. Major Economic Indices 2.2. Characteristics of the Main Branches of Industry 2.2.1. Fuel Industry 2.2.2. Non-Ferrous Metallurgy 2.2.3. Chemical and Petrochemical Industries 2.2.4. Machine Building, Metalworking, Electrical Industries 2.2.5. Medical. Pharmaceutical Industry and Biotechnologies 2.2.6. Information Technologies 2.2.7. New Materials and Nanotechnologies 2.2.8. Light Industry 2.2.9. Food Industry 2.2.10. Timber Industry Complex 2.2.11. The Construction Complex 2.2.12. Agriculture 2.2.13. Scientific and Educational Complex 2.2.13.1.Research Institutions of the Tomsk Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences 2.2.13.2.Scientific Institutions of the Tomsk Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences 2.2.13.3.The Tomsk Region State High Educational Institutions 2.2.13.4.Research Institutes affiliated with the Universities 3. Investment 3.1. Why is Tomsk region attractive for investments 3.2. Investment Policy 3.3. Legal Regulation of the Investment Support at the Regional Level 4. Tomsk Research and Innovation Special Economic Zone 5. Contact Information 6. Internet Resources 1. General Information Tomsk region is a part of the Siberian Federal District of the Russian Federation. There are 16 districts and 6 towns within the region. 1.1. -
Subject of the Russian Federation)
How to use the Atlas The Atlas has two map sections The Main Section shows the location of Russia’s intact forest landscapes. The Thematic Section shows their tree species composition in two different ways. The legend is placed at the beginning of each set of maps. If you are looking for an area near a town or village Go to the Index on page 153 and find the alphabetical list of settlements by English name. The Cyrillic name is also given along with the map page number and coordinates (latitude and longitude) where it can be found. Capitals of regions and districts (raiony) are listed along with many other settlements, but only in the vicinity of intact forest landscapes. The reader should not expect to see a city like Moscow listed. Villages that are insufficiently known or very small are not listed and appear on the map only as nameless dots. If you are looking for an administrative region Go to the Index on page 185 and find the list of administrative regions. The numbers refer to the map on the inside back cover. Having found the region on this map, the reader will know which index map to use to search further. If you are looking for the big picture Go to the overview map on page 35. This map shows all of Russia’s Intact Forest Landscapes, along with the borders and Roman numerals of the five index maps. If you are looking for a certain part of Russia Find the appropriate index map. These show the borders of the detailed maps for different parts of the country. -
03-0312-Russian-Federation-Atomic-Energy-Reactor-Decommissioning-3.12.2003.Pdf
TREATIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ACTS SERIES 03-312 ________________________________________________________________________ ATOMIC ENERGY Agreement Between the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and the RUSSIAN FEDERATION Signed at Vienna March 12, 2003 NOTE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE Pursuant to Public Law 89—497, approved July 8, 1966 (80 Stat. 271; 1 U.S.C. 113)— “. .the Treaties and Other International Acts Series issued under the authority of the Secretary of State shall be competent evidence . of the treaties, international agreements other than treaties, and proclamations by the President of such treaties and international agreements other than treaties, as the case may be, therein contained, in all the courts of law and equity and of maritime jurisdiction, and in all the tribunals and public offices of the United States, and of the several States, without any further proof or authentication thereof.” RUSSIAN FEDERATION Atomic Energy Agreement signed at Vienna March 12, 2003; Entered into force March 12, 2003. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE MINISTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR ATOMIC ENERGY CONCERNING THE CESSATION OF PLUTONIUM PRODUCTION AT THE OPERATING ADE-4 AND ADE-5 REACTORS IN SEVERSK (TOMSK REGION) AND ADE-2 REACTOR IN ZHELEZNOGORSK (KRASNOYARSK REGION) The Department ofEnergy ofthe United States ofAmerica (DOE) and the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Atomic Energy (MinAtom ofRussia), hereinafter referred to as the Parties, Noting that the March 12, 2003 Amendment to the -
Marketing Management of Innovation Development Potential Concept Based on Closed Cities in the Russian Federation
Marketing management of innovation development potential concept based on closed cities in the Russian Federation Tamara P. Danko – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Marketing Department, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics [email protected] Aleksandr K. Podzhary – Leading Specialist, AO NIKIET (Rosatom State Corporation enterprise), pakoproryv@ gmail.com Elena L. Agibalova – PhD in Philology, Head of the Academic Department of Foreign Languages №3, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics [email protected] System-wide importance of Russian territories’ socio-economic development enhances their independence; they bear greater responsibility for the results of territorial economic development. In this regard, it is necessary to identify and update the marketing stance in managing the potential of these territories. The management of territories’ potential needs to ensure high efficiency of all spheres and areas of their productive, economic and commercial activities, consideration of integration problems connected with structural development and utilization of territories’ potential in general as well as coordination of different functions and resolution of potentially critical situations: migrations, ecological aspects, etc. The standing and role of marketing management of territorially organized economic systems’ potentials are dependent not only on macroeconomic conditions or opportunities of territories themselves but also on the arrangement of competitive strengths, mechanisms of competitive interaction in managing territories’ -
Helping Russia Downsize Its Nuclear Complex: a Focus on the Closed Nuclear Cities
Helping Russia Downsize its Nuclear Complex: A Focus on the Closed Nuclear Cities Report of an International Conference held at Princeton University March 14-15, 2000 Oleg Bukharin, Harold Feiveson, Frank von Hippel and Sharon K. Weiner (Princeton University) Matthew Bunn (Harvard University) William Hoehn and Kenneth Luongo (RANSAC) Program on Nuclear Policy Alternatives Center of International Studies and Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Princeton University June 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface 3 Executive Summary 4 Glossary of Abbreviations and Acronyms 7 Introduction 9 MinAtom’s Downsizing Plans 10 Progress to Date 14 US Assistance Programs 17 Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) Blend-Down and Purchase Agreement 17 Nuclear Cities Initiative 19 Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention 20 International Science and Technology Center 21 Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program 22 Nuclear Material Protection, Control and Accounting Program 22 A Way Forward 23 The Domenici Initiative 23 Box: Key Elements of Senator Domenici’s Draft “Nuclear Weapons Complex Conversion Act of 2000” 24 Development of a Russian Plan for Downsizing 25 Box: The Sarov Conversion Initiative 26 A More Coherent Strategy for US programs 27 Promising Initiatives 28 The Need for Increased Funding 30 Conclusion 32 Appendices 1. Downsizing Projections on a City-by-City Basis 33 2. Conference Agenda and List of Participants 48 Tables 1. Russia’s Nuclear Cities in 2000 12 2. Defense-Program (DP) Workers and Expenditures at US DOE Nuclear Facilities, FY 1998 13 3. Downsizing Projections for Weapons Workers in Russia’s Nuclear Cities 15 1 A1-1. Russia’s Nuclear-Weapon Production Complex 36 A1-2. -
Service of the Readers with Disabilities in Municipal Rural Libraries Of
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤɌɨɦɫɤɨɝɨɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɥɨɝɢɹɢɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. 2016. ʋ 4 (24) ɍȾɄ 027.52 (571.16) DOI: 10.17223/22220836/24/25 ɄȺ. Ʉɭɡɨɪɨ, ȺȺ. Ʌɹɩɤɨɜɚ ɈȻɋɅɍɀɂȼȺɇɂȿɑɂɌȺɌȿɅȿɃɋɈȽɊȺɇɂɑȿɇɇɕɆɂ ȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈɋɌəɆɂɁȾɈɊɈȼɖəȼɆɍɇɂɐɂɉȺɅɖɇɕɏɋȿɅɖɋɄɂɏ ȻɂȻɅɂɈɌȿɄȺɏɌɈɆɋɄɈɃɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ: ȺɇȺɅɂɁɈɉɕɌȺ1 ȼɫɬɚɬɶɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɨɩɵɬɪɚɛɨɬɵɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɌɨɦɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɩɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣɫɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹɜ 2010-ɯɝɝ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵɬɚɤɢɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɢɯɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɚɤɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɧɟ- ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣɢɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɨɣɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɢɮɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟ- ɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨ- ɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɰɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɭɛɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸɢɯɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ, ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ, Ɍɨɦɫɤɚɹɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹɜɌɨɦɫɤɨɣɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬɨɤɨɥɨ 60 ɬɵɫɹɱɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵ- ɦɢɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ (ɷɬɨɛɨɥɟɟ 5 % ɨɬɨɛɳɟɝɨɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ), ɢɡɧɢɯɩɨɱɬɢ 4 ɬɵɫɹɱɢɞɟɬɟɣɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ [1]. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢ- ɦɟɧɟɟɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɢɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ [2. ɋɬ. 22]. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚ- ɧɢɢɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹɤɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ- -
Project Activities
PROJECT ACTIVITIES At present, the region members under the auspices of the Northern Forum are implementing 19 projects on various fronts including: 1. Renewable energy sources. Power supply for isolated settlements of Northern regions. (Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Gangwon Province, State of Alaska). 2. Prevention of addictions. (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) 3. Infectious diseases control (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Yamalo- Nenets Autonomous Okrug, State of Alaska). 4. Suicide prevention. (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Sakha Republic (Yakutia)). 5. Telemedicine (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Gangwon Province). 6. Schools Partnership (Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, State of Alaska, Lapland). 7. Bear Working Group (Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Dalarna, State of Alaska, Kamchatka Krai, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug). 8. Youth Ecological Forum (Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). 9. Working Group on Water and Climate Change (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), State of Alaska, Krasnoyarsk Krai). 10. Northern Zoos Cooperation (Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Dalarna, Lapland, Krasnoyarsk Krai). 11. Development of Specially Protected Areas (Sakha Republic (Yakutia); Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug; Krasnoyarsk Krai; WWF Russia; Natural heritage protection Fund). 12. Festival of Northern Fishing -
Nuclear Facility
Tomsk-7/Seversk, Russia Nuclear facility The explosion of a nuclear reprocessing facility in Tomsk-7 dispersed large amounts of radioactivity over an area of 120 km2, exposing tens of thousands of people to increased levels of radiation and contaminating air, water and soils for many generations to come. It is considered the most serious Russian nuclear accident after Chernobyl and the Kyshtym accident at Mayak. History Tomsk-7 was a “secret city” in Siberia until 1992, when it reverted to its historical name of Seversk. It housed several nuclear facilities for large-scale pro- duction of plutonium and uranium for nuclear fuel such as plutonium, uranium, zirconium, ruthenium, ce- and weapons, including reprocessing of spent fuel. rium, niobium and antimony, continually exposing the The closed city was home to about 100,000 workers population to radioactivity.1 According to the Bellona and their families. One of the worst accidents in the Foundation, a Norwegian environmental NGO, about history of the Russian nuclear industry occurred at the 30 major accidents occurred at the Tomsk-7 nuclear Tomsk-7 reprocessing facility on April 6, 1993. That facility, releasing about 10 g of plutonium into the at- day, workers were pouring nitric acid into a tank in mosphere each year. The NGO also documents large order to separate plutonium from spent nuclear fuel. quantities of nuclear waste from 50 years of plutonium It is not clear whether the accident was caused by production, which have accumulated on the confi nes human or technical error, but it is believed that a lack of the nuclear facility.