Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality

SUB Hamburg IIMIIIU A/5J37854 SEVENTH EDITION Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE EDUCATION OF DOMINATED CULTURES IN THE UNITED STATES

Joel Spring Queens College, City University of New York

^Connect Me Learn Graw I Succeed" Hill Contents

ABOUT THE AUTHOR v PREFACE ix

1 Deculturalization and the Claim of Racial and Cultural Superiority by Anglo-Americans 1 Culture and Race as Central Issues in U.S. History and Education 2 Globalization: The Meaning of "Uncivilized" and "Pagan" 3 Anglo-Saxon Concepts of Cultural and Religious Superiority 4 Race, Racism, and Citizenship 6 The Meaning of Equality 7 Globalization and Culture: Cultural Genocide, Deculturalization, Assimilation, Cultural Pluralism, Denial of Education, and Hybridization 8 Deculturalization and Democratic Thought 10 The Naturalization Act of 1 790 and What It Means to Be White 10 Education and Creation of an Anglo-American Culture 11 Educational and Cultural Differences 12 Early Native American Educational Programs 15 Schooling and the Colonization of the "Five Civilized Tribes" 16 Conclusion 19 2 Native Americans: Deculturalization, Schooling, Globalization, and Inequality 21 Citizenship in the New Republic 22 Thomas L. McKenney: The Cultural Power of Schooling 23 The Missionary Educators 25

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Language and Native American Cultures 26 Indian Removal and Civilization Programs 28 Native Americans: Reservations and Boarding Schools 31 The Meriam Report 36 Conclusion 37 3 African Americans: Globalization and the African Diaspora 41 Cultural Transformation and the Forced Migration of Enslaved Africans 43 Atlantic Creoles 44 Slavery and Cultural Change in the North 45 Freedom in Northern States 46 Educational Segregation 47 Boston and the Struggle for Equal Educational Opportunity 48 Plantation Society 51 Learning to Read 53 Citizenship for African Americans 54 Fourteenth Amendment: Citizenship and Education 55 The Great Crusade for Literacy 56 Resisting Segregation 62 The Second Crusade 63 Conclusion 65 4 Asian Americans: Exclusion and Segregation 68 Globalization and Diaspora: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Indian 68 Asian Diaspora to the United States 69 Citizenship 71 Education: From Coolie to Model Minority and Gook 76 Educating the Coolie, Deviant, and Yellow Peril 78 Conclusion 81 5 Hispanic/Latino Americans: Exclusion and Segregation 83 What's in a Name? 83 Issues Regarding Mexican American Citizenship 85 Issues Regarding Puerto Rican Citizenship 88 Mexican American Educational Issues 90 Puerto Rican American Educational Issues 98 VIM Contents

Summary List of Americanization Policies in Public Schools in Puerto Rico 99 Methods of Deculturalization and Americanization 104 Methods of Deculturalization 105 Conclusion 106 6 The Great Civil Rights Movement and the New Culture Wars 109 Globalization: The Great Civil Rights Movement and Wars of Liberation 110 Convention Against Discrimination in Education (1960): Article / 110 School Desegregation 111 Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. 114 Native Americans 116 Indian Education: A National Tragedy 118 Asian Americans: Educating the "Model Minority" 120 Asian Americans: Language and the Continued Struggle for Equal Educational Opportunity 122 Hispanic/Latino Americans 124 Bilingual Education: The Culture Wars Continued 126 Multicultural Education, Immigration, and the Culture Wars 129 Conclusion: Human and Educational Rights 133 7 Resegregation of American Schools in a "Post-Racial" Society 139 The Meaning of Equality in the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 140 A New Meaning for Equality: From Opportunity to Learn Standards to No Child Left Behind 141 What's Missing in No Child Left Behind? 142 What's Left After No Child Left Behind? 143 Segregation of Low-Income Students 144 Income and Racial Segregation of Low-Achieving Students 146 What are the Consequences of Segregation of Low-Achieving Students? 149 Resegregation in a Post-Racial Society 150 Changing Concepts of Race 152 Government Use of Racial Categories 155 Patterns of Adjustment of New Immigrants 158 Conclusion: The Meaning of Equality 160

INDEX 163