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A Typeface a Type Study

COURIE RCOUR IERCOU RIERC OURIER COURI ERCOUR IERCO URIERC

A Type Study Designed & Authored by Justin Bend (2013)

A Designed by Howard G. “Bud” Kettler (1955) CourierCommissioned and designed for use Howard George by IBM in 1955, is a monospaced slab typeface.

Designed for use with the , Courier’s characters are deliberately “BornBud on September” 10, 1919Kettler in New Bremen, Ohio, Howard Kettler had crafted to be uniform in size. This not 20th century industrial and only allows characters to be measured in mechanical innovation called a fascination with type and I design from an early age. for a sturdier serif font. linear inches for manual word counting, His work included still- but also allowed for the replacement of classified engagements with characters when mistakes were made on He was a high school newspaper cartoonist, the American Federal Bureau typewritten pages. a member of the Navy during World Ward II, of Investigation and the a postal clerk, and a newspaper editor. On Canadian Mounted Police. Courier has had four primary uses. October 1, 1952 he accepted a position designing type in Poughkeepsie, His self-professed most Courier was the American for IBM. Just three years later, in 1955, It was the ubiquitous typeface of the fulfilling assignment for IBM answer, becoming the most . Industry standard he designed the “Courier” typeface which was came in the form of designing widely used typeface of the screenplays are written in 12 Courier. B adapted as a standard for IBM . a font for the IBM last 50 years. It naturally evolved as the default font for Braille Writer.

operating languages, and PostScript Bud’s colleagues loved him at IBM. printing devices. The most prominent use of Courier has come from its adoption, in the Roger Roberson, who worked Paul Rainey, an IBM protégé, said, “One with Bud for 24 years, said form of 12pt Courier New, as the official thing he did that no other font designer did that he was always designing typeface of the US State Department from was to rotate the mock up page a full 180 fonts in his spare time. 1955 through 2004. degrees…he wanted to make sure that no one character stood out. He explained that font M designing was meant to be invisible to the Originally tested with the name “Messenger,” reader. He said the reader should not be conscious of characters and just see words.” Designer Howard G. “Bud” Kettler corrected this, stating that “A letter can be just an Howard Kettler died 8 days after his 80th birthday on September 19th, 1999 ordinary messenger, or it can be the in Lexington, KY. courier, which radiates dignity, prestige, and stability.” I II A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R X T U V W X Y Z Courier a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r x t u v w x y z The U.S. Government’s adoption of the ColdCourier typeface for official War use by our 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # State Department coincided with the amplification of our Cold War with the $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + - = { } Soviet Union. When Courier was commissioned TOP SECRET in 1955, our then-ally the U.S.S.R. and our still-young nation had just defeated the [ ] \ | ; : ‘ “ , . / < > fascist alliance of Nazi Germany, Italy and the Empire of Japan in World War II. The EYES ? ~ ` Korean War had ended in 1953, and tension began to mount between Capitalist and ONLY Communist states vying for world ideological and economic dominance.

In 1953 a communist revolution in Cuba, led A B C D E F G H I J K L M by Fidel Castro, had deposed the United NOFORN States-installed President Fulgencio Batista. In 1955 the Central Intelligence N O P Q R X T U V W X Y Z Agency was in Vietnam. Feeling the pressure of third-world Communist ideological SPECIAL a b c d e f g h i j k l m proliferation, and using the very real threat of nuclear war as justification, our government began to encroach upon the HANDLING n o p q r x t u v w x y z sovereignty of other nations like never before. During this period our country took 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # some of the most aggressive and morally questionable actions in its history. SECRET $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + - = { } All of those stories are told in the form of classified documents written in the [ ] \ | ; : ‘ “ , . / < > Courier typeface. III ? ~ ` IV XX 1. A meeting XXwas held in General Carter’s office on 29 XXX November 1963 toXXX discuss the subject program. Those XXX present, in additionXX to General Carter, were Messrs. XX Helms,argued Kirkpatrick, XX xxxxxxxx, Gottlieb and Earman. The Project main thrust of the Xdiscussion was the testing of cer- for the X tain drugs on unwittingXTHE U.S. citizens. Dr. Gottlieb gave continuation X This operation was a covert human research One distinguishing component a brief history of theX MKULTRA program which was not in of the Courier typeface is X GRATEFUL MKUltraprogram run by the CIA’s Office of Scientific of unwitting X that it cannot be trademarked Intelligence using U.S. and Canadian any way at variance Xwith the IG report of August 1963 or copyrighted, and remains XX citizens to test various methods of completely royalty free. on testing,this subject. 2. XMessrs. Gottlieb and xxxxxxxx ar- mental state modification and brain X function under duress. guedusing for theas continuationthe X of unwitting testing, using IBM deliberately chose not X LSD, Heroine, Marijuana, MDMA, cocktails to pursue this intellectual as principalthe principal pointX that controlled testing cannot of amphetamines and barbiturates, and property protection, thus X making Courier some of the be depended upon for Xaccurate results. General Carter, other controlled substances were point that X earliest available shareware. XDEAD administered to unwitting participants. Mr. Kirkpatrick, and IXX do not disagree with this point. Tactics such as isolation, hypnosis, verbal controlled XX and sexual abuse were used. We also accept the necessityXX for having a “stable of X JUNE 6, 1967 testing XXX Famous test subjects included Boston Mobster drugs” on the shelf andXXX the requirement for continued James “Whitey” Bulger, The “Unabomber” Ted researchcannot and developmentX ofLIVE drugs -- not only for possi- X Kaczynski, the author Ken Kesey, and X Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter. The blebe operational depended use butXX also to give CIA insight on the program was active from 1953 to 1973. X These experiments resulted in at least stateupon of forthe art in thisX field and in particular to alert XX one documented death. us to what the oppositionXX is or might be expected to do accurate XX in results.the R&D and employmentX of drugs. 3. xxxxxxxxxx noted DECLASSIFICATION: X that there was no disagreementXX ATLANTIC with theRECORDS recommendations 29 November 1963 XXXXXXXX XX MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX 9PM of the XXIG survey on MKULTRA with the exception of the SUBJECT: MKULTRA PROGRAM X SAN FRANCISCO XX unwittingXX testing problem. In response to a query from Read the original text: http://goo.gl/YFnUjJ GeneralX Carter, he stated that since the IG report such V X VI X testingX FILLMOREhas been held in abeyance. 4.WEST General Carter made Xit clear 1. The Attorney General opened the Meeting by saying thatTHE higher PATRIOTS authority WHO is concerned about progress on the MONGOOSEHAVE BEEN program FIGHTING and feels that more priority should be given to trying to mount sabotage*** **operations.******** The At- Operation torneyIN OUR General HILLS said AND that he wondered************ *if**** **a new look is *************************** notCITIES required FOR at THE this time **in*** ***view******** *of**** **the****** ***meager***** results, LAST SIX MONTHS ****** * *************** This action was the United States’ answer to especially in the sabotage** *field. He *urged******* ***that* “massive Mongoosethe failed Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961. ***** ******** ** activity”WERE REINFORCED be mounted within*** the entire MONGOOSE************** frame- In 1962, Robert F. Kennedy spearheaded the * **** work.TODAY There BY ANwas ARMY a good ** deal**** of discussion ***about***** this, effort to undermine and overthrow the Castro ******** ** ******** regime in Cuba by any means necessary. This andOF General LIBERATION. Lansdale said that another******** attempt***** ***will be operation included domestic sabotage, ** *** ********* paramilitary training of Cuban exiles, made against the major** target which has** been**** ***the***** object solicitation of mafia hit men, and of three unsuccessful* missions, and that approximately**** * assassination attempts against * ****** Fidel Castro himself. six new#@### ##ones are in *the planning stage. Mr.** *Johnson**** said @#@@############# * **** * ############### ***** None of these tactics were successful, and that “massive####### ####activity”###### # * would** have to appear* * **to* come some historians now characterize them as ###############* ************ ****** carried out by the United from within. He ##also####*###* #**said**** that*** he hopes soon*** to be able terrorist actions # ** * *#*##*#*##*##*##### ****** ***** States against the island of Cuba. ******###### *** **** to present to the ***Group**** a plan *for*** giving******** **Cuban exiles moreTHE of BATTLE a free hand,****** *with *the full***** **realization******** that this DECLASSIFICATION: ********** ***** **************** wouldFOR giveA FREE more visibility*********** *to their******** *activities.************ On this MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD ******************** *** **** ******* SUBJECT: Minutes of Meeting of the Special Group (Augmented) latterCUBA point,AND AN Mr. *McCone*********** ***said****** **that******** *he*** **reserves***** judgment on Operation MONGOOSE, 4 October 1962 ******************************** asUNDIVIDED to the feasibility *** **and******* **desirability********************* *of** such a pro- Read the original text: http://goo.gl/gXi3If ******************** ************* gram.AMERICA (Mr. Johnson* *agree******** ***that* ****** *he** **has**** **reservations as ********************** ************ well.)HAS BEGUN.2. Mr. McCone* *then********** **said****** **that***** *he gets the impres- sions that high levels**** **of* *the*** *government*** want to get on ADELANTE! ******************* with activity but still**** *wish******* *to retain a low noise VII VIII level. He does not believe that this will be possible. Any sabotage would be blamed on the United States. 3. A “Remember the Maine” incident could be arranged in sev- eral forms: a. We could blow up a U.S. ship in Guantanamo Bay and blame Cuba. b. We could blow up a drone (unmanned) vessel anywhere in the Cuban waters. We could arrange to cause such incident in the vicinity of Havana or Santiago as a spectacular result of Cuban attack from the air or sea, or Operation both. The presence of Cuban planes or ships merely investigating the intent of the vessel could be fairly compelling evidence that the ship was taken under attack. This plan was developed by the CIA to Tom Vanderbilt of Slate.com The nearness toO HavanaN or SantiagoD would add credibility describes the Courier font as R O O N Northwoodsmanufacture justification for all-out O “perhaps the most H S invasion of the island of Cuba. especially toW thoseR T people that mightT have heard the blast recognizable typeface of the S D D WO 20th century – a visual or have seen theR fire. The UnitedH States could follow up The plan called for either purposefully of typewritten WSOO WS H provoking a legitimate attack from Cuba on bureaucratic anonymity, the with an air/sea Orescue operationNO coveredD by U.S. fighters to the United States or, barring that, to stage widespread dissemination of O HT O organized domestic acts of sabotage and information (and a T classification of documents), “evacuate” remainingN O members of the non-existent crew. terrorism carried out on U.S. soil against stark factuality, and R innocent civilians. They would be blamed on streamlined efficiency. Casualty lists in U.S. newspapers would cause a helpful wave Cuba, and used as a motivator to create public support for all-out war. of national indignation. 4. We could develop a Communist Anyone who has done Freedom Cuban terror campaign in the Miami area, in other Florida The Kennedy Administration, including of Information Act research Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, will inevitably find black cities and even in Washington. The terror campaign could be rejected this plan as presented by the marker lines obscuring lines of Courier type…it has come Department of Defense Joint Chiefs of Staff. to serve as blunt pointed at refugees seeking haven in the United States. We shorthand for secrecy or The very existance of this very real plan for the chilling revelation could sink a boatload of Cubans en route to Florida (real or has fueled varied conspiracy theories, brought to light.” simulated). We could foster attempts on lives of Cuban refu- including the JFK Assassination and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. gees in the United States even to the extent of wounding in instances to be widely publicized. Exploding a few plastic DECLASSIFICATION: bombs in carefully chosen spots, the arrest of Cuban agents 13 March 1962 MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE and the release of prepared documents substantiating Cuban Subject: Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba (TS) involvement, also would be helpful in projecting the idea of Read the original text: http://goo.gl/tPTPbX IX an irresponsible government. 5. A “Cuban-based, X Castro-sup- ported” filibuster could be simulated against a neighboring

Caribbean nation (in the vein of the 14 June invasion of the Dominican Republic). We know that Castro is backing sub- versive efforts clandestinely against Haiti, the Dominican 1Republic,9 Guatemala,1 and Nicaragua at present and possible Type Specification Main Headline 44/38pt Courier New Regular Sub Headline 9/8pt Courier Bold Caption 5/7pt Courier Bold Primary Text 7/8pt Courier New Regular Large Footer Text 10/12pt Courier Regular/Bold Oblique Primary Footer Text Title 10/12pt Courier Regular Primary Footer Text Body 6/7pt Courier Bold Book Specification 5” x 5” Courier Type Specimen Booklet

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PBDS 615: Typography I

University of Baltimore

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