COURIE RCOUR IERCOU RIERC OURIER COURI ERCOUR IERCO URIERC A Type Study Designed & Authored by Justin Bend (2013) A Typeface Designed by Howard G. “Bud” Kettler (1955) CourierCommissioned and designed for use Howard George by IBM in 1955, Courier is a monospaced slab serif typeface. Designed for use with the typewriter, Courier’s characters are deliberately “BornBud on September” 10, 1919Kettler in New Bremen, Ohio, Howard Kettler had crafted to be uniform in size. This not 20th century industrial and only allows characters to be measured in mechanical innovation called a fascination with type and I design from an early age. for a sturdier serif font. linear inches for manual word counting, His work included still- but also allowed for the replacement of classified engagements with characters when mistakes were made on He was a high school newspaper cartoonist, the American Federal Bureau typewritten pages. a member of the Navy during World Ward II, of Investigation and the a postal clerk, and a newspaper editor. On Canadian Mounted Police. Courier has had four primary uses. October 1, 1952 he accepted a position designing type in Poughkeepsie, New York His self-professed most Courier was the American for IBM. Just three years later, in 1955, It was the ubiquitous typeface of the fulfilling assignment for IBM answer, becoming the most American typewriter. Industry standard he designed the “Courier” typeface which was came in the form of designing widely used typeface of the screenplays are written in 12 point Courier. B adapted as a standard for IBM typewriters. a Braille font for the IBM last 50 years. It naturally evolved as the default font for Braille Writer. operating system languages, and PostScript Bud’s colleagues loved him at IBM. printing devices. The most prominent use of Courier has come from its adoption, in the Roger Roberson, who worked Paul Rainey, an IBM protégé, said, “One with Bud for 24 years, said form of 12pt Courier New, as the official thing he did that no other font designer did that he was always designing typeface of the US State Department from was to rotate the mock up page a full 180 fonts in his spare time. 1955 through 2004. degrees…he wanted to make sure that no one character stood out. He explained that font M designing was meant to be invisible to the Originally tested with the name “Messenger,” reader. He said the reader should not be conscious of characters and just see words.” Designer Howard G. “Bud” Kettler corrected this, stating that “A letter can be just an Howard Kettler died 8 days after his 80th birthday on September 19th, 1999 ordinary messenger, or it can be the in Lexington, KY. courier, which radiates dignity, prestige, and stability.” I II A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R X T U V W X Y Z Courier a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r x t u v w x y z The U.S. Government’s adoption of the ColdCourier typeface for official War use by our 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # State Department coincided with the amplification of our Cold War with the $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + - = { } Soviet Union. When Courier was commissioned TOP SECRET in 1955, our then-ally the U.S.S.R. and our still-young nation had just defeated the [ ] \ | ; : ‘ “ , . / < > fascist alliance of Nazi Germany, Italy and the Empire of Japan in World War II. The EYES ? ~ ` Korean War had ended in 1953, and tension began to mount between Capitalist and ONLY Communist states vying for world ideological and economic dominance. In 1953 a communist revolution in Cuba, led A B C D E F G H I J K L M by Fidel Castro, had deposed the United NOFORN States-installed President Fulgencio Batista. In 1955 the Central Intelligence N O P Q R X T U V W X Y Z Agency was in Vietnam. Feeling the pressure of third-world Communist ideological SPECIAL a b c d e f g h i j k l m proliferation, and using the very real threat of nuclear war as justification, our government began to encroach upon the HANDLING n o p q r x t u v w x y z sovereignty of other nations like never before. During this period our country took 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ! @ # some of the most aggressive and morally questionable actions in its history. SECRET $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + - = { } All of those stories are told in the form of classified documents written in the [ ] \ | ; : ‘ “ , . / < > Courier typeface. III ? ~ ` IV XX 1. A meeting XXwas held in General Carter’s office on 29 XXX November 1963 toXXX discuss the subject program. Those XXX present, in additionXX to General Carter, were Messrs. XX Helms,argued Kirkpatrick, XX xxxxxxxx, Gottlieb and Earman. The Project main thrust of the Xdiscussion was the testing of cer- for the X tain drugs on unwittingXTHE U.S. citizens. Dr. Gottlieb gave continuation X This operation was a covert human research One distinguishing component a brief history of theX MKULTRA program which was not in of the Courier typeface is X GRATEFUL MKUltraprogram run by the CIA’s Office of Scientific of unwitting X that it cannot be trademarked Intelligence using U.S. and Canadian any way at variance Xwith the IG report of August 1963 or copyrighted, and remains XX citizens to test various methods of completely royalty free. on testing,this subject. 2. XMessrs. Gottlieb and xxxxxxxx ar- mental state modification and brain X function under duress. guedusing for theas continuationthe X of unwitting testing, using IBM deliberately chose not X LSD, Heroine, Marijuana, MDMA, cocktails to pursue this intellectual as principalthe principal pointX that controlled testing cannot of amphetamines and barbiturates, and property protection, thus X making Courier some of the be depended upon for Xaccurate results. General Carter, other controlled substances were point that X earliest available shareware. XDEAD administered to unwitting participants. Mr. Kirkpatrick, and IXX do not disagree with this point. Tactics such as isolation, hypnosis, verbal controlled XX and sexual abuse were used. We also accept the necessityXX for having a “stable of X JUNE 6, 1967 testing XXX Famous test subjects included Boston Mobster drugs” on the shelf andXXX the requirement for continued James “Whitey” Bulger, The “Unabomber” Ted researchcannot and developmentX ofLIVE drugs -- not only for possi- X Kaczynski, the author Ken Kesey, and X Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter. The blebe operational depended use butXX also to give CIA insight on the program was active from 1953 to 1973. X These experiments resulted in at least stateupon of forthe art in thisX field and in particular to alert XX one documented death. us to what the oppositionXX is or might be expected to do accurate XX in results.the R&D and employmentX of drugs. 3. xxxxxxxxxx noted DECLASSIFICATION: X that there was no disagreementXX ATLANTIC with theRECORDS recommendations 29 November 1963 XXXXXXXX XX MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXX 9PM of the XXIG survey on MKULTRA with the exception of the SUBJECT: MKULTRA PROGRAM X SAN FRANCISCO XX unwittingXX testing problem. In response to a query from Read the original text: http://goo.gl/YFnUjJ GeneralX Carter, he stated that since the IG report such V X VI X testingX FILLMOREhas been held in abeyance. 4.WEST General Carter made Xit clear 1. The Attorney General opened the Meeting by saying thatTHE higher PATRIOTS authority WHO is concerned about progress on the MONGOOSEHAVE BEEN program FIGHTING and feels that more priority should be given to trying to mount sabotage*** **operations.******** The At- Operation torneyIN OUR General HILLS said AND that he wondered************ *if**** **a new look is *************************** notCITIES required FOR at THE this time **in*** ***view******** *of**** **the****** ***meager***** results, LAST SIX MONTHS ****** * *************** This action was the United States’ answer to especially in the sabotage** *field. He *urged******* ***that* “massive Mongoosethe failed Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961. ***** ******** ** activity”WERE REINFORCED be mounted within*** the entire MONGOOSE************** frame- In 1962, Robert F. Kennedy spearheaded the * **** work.TODAY There BY ANwas ARMY a good ** deal**** of discussion ***about***** this, effort to undermine and overthrow the Castro ******** ** ******** regime in Cuba by any means necessary. This andOF General LIBERATION. Lansdale said that another******** attempt***** ***will be operation included domestic sabotage, ** *** ********* paramilitary training of Cuban exiles, made against the major** target which has** been**** ***the***** object solicitation of mafia hit men, and of three unsuccessful* missions, and that approximately**** * assassination attempts against * ****** Fidel Castro himself. six new#@### ##ones are in *the planning stage. Mr.** *Johnson**** said @#@@############# * **** * ############### ***** None of these tactics were successful, and that “massive####### ####activity”###### # * would** have to appear* * **to* come some historians now characterize them as ###############* ************ ****** carried out by the United from within. He ##also####*###* #**said**** that*** he hopes soon*** to be able terrorist actions # ** * *#*##*#*##*##*##### ****** ***** States against the island of Cuba. ******###### *** **** to present to the ***Group**** a plan *for*** giving******** **Cuban exiles moreTHE of BATTLE a free hand,****** *with *the full***** **realization******** that this DECLASSIFICATION: ********** ***** **************** wouldFOR giveA FREE more visibility*********** *to their******** *activities.************ On this MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD ******************** *** **** *******