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Caso Del Frijol (Phaseolus Spp.) Y Maíz (Zea Mays L.) En La Microcuenca De Simiris Y Subcuenca De Las Damas, Región Piura”

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Caso Del Frijol (Phaseolus Spp.) Y Maíz (Zea Mays L.) En La Microcuenca De Simiris Y Subcuenca De Las Damas, Región Piura” UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS “Agrobiodiversidad y cambio climático: “Caso del Frijol (Phaseolus spp.) y Maíz (Zea mays L.) en la Microcuenca de Simiris y Subcuenca de Las Damas, Región Piura” Presentada por: Angela María Mendoza Ato Tesis para Optar el Título Profesional de: BIÓLOGO Lima – Perú 2017 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS “Agrobiodiversidad y cambio climático: “Caso del Frijol (Phaseolus spp.) y Maíz (Zea mays L.) en la Microcuenca de Simiris y Subcuenca de Las Damas, Región Piura” Presentada por: Angela María Mendoza Ato Tesis para Optar el Título Profesional de: BIÓLOGO Sustentada y aprobada por el siguiente jurado: _________________________ ______________________________ Mg. Bot. Trop. Aldo Ceroni Stuva Mg. Bot. Trop. Mercedes Flores Pimentel PRESIDENTE MIEMBRO ___________________________ __________________________ Ing. Agr. Rolando Egúsquiza Bayona Maestr. Cs. Juan Torres Guevara MIEMBRO ASESOR DEDICATORIA: Cuando esté con mi maíz en masa Cuando esté días enteros con mis plantas Cuando la luna aclara la noche hermosa Cuando estén los campesinos preparados ¡Soy simiriseño y qué! En Jiménez (1991)1 Todo este esfuerzo a Mis queridos padres Miguel y Mildred y a mis hermanos A mis amados hijos Bonifacio y Peluche Al guía de este trabajo, Juan Torres 1 Jimenez, M. 1991. Soy simiriseño … y qué!. CEPESER. Piura, PE. 56 p. AGRADECIMIENTO Agradezco de manera muy especial a la Comunidad Campesina de Simirís, en la persona de los señores Siserón Moreto, Valery López, Demetrio Jiménez, Donatilo Ramírez, Andrés Pintado, Margarito Jiménez y Willy Ramírez, porque con su apoyo incondicional y la confianza que depositaron en mí, se hizo posible esta investigación. A Elva López y Sergio López que con sus cuidados pude sentir que tenía un segundo hogar. A los señores Fidela y Demetrio Jiménez, Lola Tacure, Dagoberto Ramírez, Andrés Pintado y su esposa, Paula Tacure y Demetrio Ramírez, todos ellos por darme cobijo cuando lo necesitaba. Al señor Manuel Peña y Daniel Calle, de la Comunidad Campesina de Simirís por su amistad. A mi profesor y asesor Juan Torres por darme la oportunidad de realizar esta investigación con su asesoría y sobre todo porque a pesar de mi inestabilidad apostó por mí y aconsejó para el camino de la vida profesional. Al Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA), por el financiamiento para la realización de esta investigación en el marco del Proyecto TAAF-Mesoandino, en especial a Gaby Rivera por su confianza y apoyo constante. A los profesores e investigadores que ayudaron en gran medida a mi trabajo dándome luces para el entendimiento del mismo: Fidel Torres, Amelia Huaringa, Roxana Castañeda, Ricardo Sevilla, Elsa Fung, Nicolás Ibáñez, Mercedes Flores, Julián Chura, Juan José Alegría y Merelyn Valdivia. Aprovecho este espacio para expresar, todo mi agradecimiento a mis padres, por brindarme las posibilidades de crecer y descubrir cosas que nunca hubiera imaginado conocer. Gracias por quererme. Gracias a Johnatan, por su paciencia, apoyo y todo su amor, ¡sin ti no la hubiera hecho! A mi hermana Mary y tío Juan, por ofrecerme su apoyo en los momentos precisos. A mis amigos Claudia, André, David, Merelyn, Indira, Oswaldo, José Luis, Jennifer por darme las mejores buenas vibras siempre cuando estaba de bajada. Y a los que participaron en esta investigación de alguna u otra manera Elvis Moreto, Amilkar Moreto, Eduardo O’Brien, Inés Torres, Edson Arias, Ronald Mamani, Arturo Cornejo, Sasiy Calderón y Renato Bueno. ÍNDICE GENERAL RESUMEN ...................................................................................................................... xv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... xvii I. INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................... 1 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ............................................................................ 5 2.1. ECOSISTEMAS DE MONTAÑA .................................................................... 5 2.2. SABER COMPARTIDO (CULTURAL DOMAIN O LOCAL KNOWLEDGE, CONOCIMIENTO ANCESTRAL) .................................................. 6 2.3. AGROBIODIVERSIDAD ................................................................................. 6 2.3.1. EVIDENCIA DEL USO DE LEGUMINOSAS Y MAÍZ EN EL PASADO 8 2.3.2. PARIENTES SILVESTRES ........................................................................ 10 2.3.3. FAMILIA FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAS) ............................................... 11 2.3.4. FAMILIA GRAMINEAE O POACEAE ..................................................... 19 2.4. CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO .................................................................................. 22 2.5. EVENTOS EXTREMOS ................................................................................. 25 2.5.1. EVENTO EL NIÑO ..................................................................................... 25 2.5.2. SEQUÍA ....................................................................................................... 28 2.6. EL CLIMA RELACIONADO A LOS CONOCIMIENTOS TRADICIONALES ..................................................................................................... 30 2.7. ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO ................................................. 31 2.7.1. ADAPTACIÓN BASADA EN COMUNIDADES (ABC) .......................... 32 2.7.2. MEDIDAS DE ADAPTACIÓN .................................................................. 33 2.7.3. ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO RELACIONADA A LOS CONOCIMIENTOS TRADICIONALES ............................................................... 34 2.8. SITUACIÓN DE LA COMUNIDAD CAMPESINA DE SIMIRÍS (MICROCUENCAS DE SIMIRÍS Y SUBCUENCA DE LAS DAMAS) ................. 35 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................................................ 40 3.1. UBICACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA ........................................................................ 40 3.2. CONCEPTOS UTILIZADOS ......................................................................... 43 3.3. RECOLECCIÓN DE FRIJOL (Phaseolus spp., Cajanus cajan y Lablab purpureus) ................................................................................................................... 45 3.4. RECOLECCIÓN DE MAÍZ (Zea mays) ......................................................... 48 3.5. RECOLECCIÓN DE FREJOLES SILVESTRES ........................................... 49 i 3.6. METODOLOÍA PARA LAS MEDICIONES MICROMETEOROLÓGICA 50 3.7. METODOLOGÍA PARA EL ANÁLISIS DE COMPONENTES METEOROLÓGICOS DEL AÑO 2013 ..................................................................... 51 3.8. METODOLOGÍA DE IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LAS TENDENCIAS DE PRECIPITACIÓN ....................................................................................................... 52 3.9. METODOLOGÍA PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE PERCEPCIONES SOBRE AGROBIODIVERSIDAD, CLIMA Y ADAPTACIÓN .............................. 52 3.9.1. ENCUESTAS ............................................................................................... 53 3.9.2. ENTREVISTAS ........................................................................................... 54 3.10. LA HERRAMIENTA CVCA (ANÁLISIS DE CAPACIDAD Y VULNERABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA) ......................................................................... 57 3.11. LA HERRAMIENTA CRiSTAL ..................................................................... 57 3.12. METODOLOGÍA DE GENERACIÓN DE MEDIDAS DE ADAPTACIÓN A NIVEL LOCAL........................................................................................................... 59 3.13. SECUENCIA METODOLÓGICA .................................................................. 61 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ......................................................................... 62 4.1. AGROBIODIVERSIDAD: CULTIVO DE FRIJOL (Phaseolus spp.) Y VARIEDADES DE MAÍZ (Zea mays) y FABACEAS SILVESTRES ...................... 62 4.1.1. FRIJOL (Phaseolus spp., Lablab purpureus, Cajanus cajan ) .................... 62 4.1.2. MAÍZ (Zea mays)......................................................................................... 66 4.1.3. FREJOLES SILVESTRES ........................................................................... 73 4.1.4. PERCEPCIÓN SOBRE LA POPULARIDAD DE FRIJOL, MAÍZ Y FABÁCEAS SILVESTRES .................................................................................... 78 4.1.5. PERCEPCIÓN SOBRE LA RESPUESTA DE FRIJOL, MAÍZ Y FABACEAS SILVESTRES A EVENTOS EL NIÑO Y SEQUÍAS EN EL PASADO ................................................................................................................. 84 4.2. CLIMA: LOS EVENTOS EXTREMOS Y PERCEPCIÓN DE LA VARIABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA .............................................................................. 103 4.2.1. MICROMETEOROLOGÍA ....................................................................... 103 4.2.2. ANÁLISIS DE LOS COMPONENTES METEOROLÓGICOS DEL AÑO EN ESTUDIO ........................................................................................................ 108 4.2.3. ANÁLISIS CIMÁTICO DE LA ZONA DE ESTUDIO ............................ 110 4.2.4. PERCEPCIÓN SOBRE EL CAMBIO DE CLIMA .................................. 111 4.2.5. PERCEPCIÓN SOBRE LA OCURRENCIA DE EVENTOS EL NIÑO Y SEQUÍAS A PARTIR DE 1925 ...........................................................................
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